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17 pages, 3135 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrophobic Properties of Pine Wood Coatings Based on Epoxy Varnish and (Fluoro)Alkyl Methacrylate Copolymers

by Viktor V. Klimov, Vladislav V. Arkhipov, Olga V. Klimova, Manh D. Le, Evgeny V. Bryuzgin and Alexander V. Navrotskii

Polymers 2025, 17(23), 3172; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17233172 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study presents water-repellent coatings for pine wood surfaces based on epoxy varnish modified with glycidyl methacrylate–(fluoro)alkyl methacrylate copolymers, achieving superhydrophobic properties with contact angles up to 155° while maintaining the natural texture of the wood. The influence of the application method on [...] Read more.

This study presents water-repellent coatings for pine wood surfaces based on epoxy varnish modified with glycidyl methacrylate–(fluoro)alkyl methacrylate copolymers, achieving superhydrophobic properties with contact angles up to 155° while maintaining the natural texture of the wood. The influence of the application method on the microtexture and water-repellent properties of the coatings has been demonstrated. Incorporating functional copolymers considerably improves water resistance: after 60 days of immersion, water absorption is reduced more than threefold compared to coatings made with unmodified epoxy varnish. Furthermore, the coatings maintain their water-repellent properties and preserve the wood’s appearance even after six months of exposure to the tropical climate of South Vietnam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wood and Wood-Based Composites: New Frontiers in Modification, Performance, and Sustainability)

15 pages, 861 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Cluster of Risks: Correlates of Energy Drink Consumption with Smoking, Diet, and Burnout in the Polish Adult Population

by Adrianna Szalonka, Anna Zimny-Zając, Siddarth Agrawal, Grzegorz Mazur and Aleksandra Butrym

Nutrients 2025, 17(23), 3747; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233747 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: We examined the prevalence and correlates of energy drink (ED) consumption in Polish adults using an archival, nationally sourced dataset. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 120,000 adults from the archival 2024 National Health Test of Poles (computer-assisted web interview). ED consumption [...] Read more.

Background: We examined the prevalence and correlates of energy drink (ED) consumption in Polish adults using an archival, nationally sourced dataset. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 120,000 adults from the archival 2024 National Health Test of Poles (computer-assisted web interview). ED consumption was assessed by frequency and dichotomized for regression (ever vs. never). Multivariable logistic regression estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals; an age cut-off was derived using ROC/Youden. Owing to the cross-sectional design, all estimates are interpreted as associations rather than causal effects. Results: In this national sample, 16.9% of adults reported ever consuming energy drinks, while regular (weekly or more frequent) consumption was rare (2.8%). After multivariable adjustment, the strongest independent correlates of ever consuming an energy drink were an age ≤53 years (aOR 3.80, 95% CI 3.61–4.01), male sex (aOR 3.17, 95% CI 3.03–3.32), frequent fast-food consumption (aOR 2.63, 95% CI 2.51–2.76), and being a current smoker (aOR 2.49, 95% CI 2.23–2.77). In contrast to the initial hypothesis, consumption was not found to be independently associated with education level. A strong, dose-dependent relationship was observed between consumption frequency and an increased prevalence of sleep disturbances, depression, and somatic complaints like headaches and chest pain. Conclusions: Energy drink consumption in Poland is concentrated within a high-risk demographic of young to middle-aged men and is deeply embedded within a cluster of adverse health behaviors. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive public health interventions that address the entire lifestyle pattern, rather than focusing solely on energy drink use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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21 pages, 2831 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Comparison of Piston-, Flap-, and Double-Flap-Type Wave Makers in a Numerical Wave Tank

by Kaicheng Yan, Haoyu Dou, Jungkeun Oh and Daewon Seo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122273 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

In naval and ocean engineering, accurate simulation of incident waves is essential for predicting the motion response of offshore structures. Traditional wave generation methods, such as piston- and flap-type wave makers, often face challenges in accurately replicating the orbital motion of water particles [...] Read more.

In naval and ocean engineering, accurate simulation of incident waves is essential for predicting the motion response of offshore structures. Traditional wave generation methods, such as piston- and flap-type wave makers, often face challenges in accurately replicating the orbital motion of water particles beneath the free surface, which can limit their applicability in high-fidelity simulations. In this study, a numerical investigation is conducted to compare the performance of piston-type, flap-type, and double-flap-type wave makers using STAR-CCM+. The influence of water depth on wave height accuracy is evaluated across different measurement locations within a numerical wave tank. Theoretical analysis of wave generation mechanisms is incorporated to clarify the applicability limits of linear theory and to better interpret the numerical results. Results indicate that, under the tested two-dimensional CFD conditions, the double-flap-type wave maker tended to provide closer agreement with theoretical predictions, particularly at greater depths, compared with conventional methods. These findings suggest potential advantages of the double-flap configuration and provide insights for refining wave generation techniques in numerical and experimental wave tanks, thereby supporting more reliable hydrodynamic analyses of floating structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

35 pages, 1299 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Succinoglycan-Based Biomaterials: Structural Features, Functional Derivatives, and Multifunctional Applications

by Kyungho Kim, Jae-pil Jeong and Seunho Jung

Polysaccharides 2025, 6(4), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6040106 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Succinoglycan (SG), a rhizobial exopolysaccharide produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti, has attracted increasing attention as a sustainable biomaterial due to its unique molecular structure and versatile physicochemical properties. Over the past decade, an expanding number of studies have explored SG in biomedical, pharmaceutical, [...] Read more.

Succinoglycan (SG), a rhizobial exopolysaccharide produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti, has attracted increasing attention as a sustainable biomaterial due to its unique molecular structure and versatile physicochemical properties. Over the past decade, an expanding number of studies have explored SG in biomedical, pharmaceutical, and materials-science contexts; however, a comprehensive understanding linking its biosynthetic mechanisms, structural features, chemical modifications, and functional performances has not yet been systematically summarized. This review therefore aims to bridge this gap by providing an integrated overview of recent advances in SG research from biosynthesis and molecular design to emerging multifunctional applications, while highlighting the structure, property, and function correlations that underpin its material performance. This review summarizes recent advances in SG biosynthesis, structural characterization, chemical modification, and multifunctional applications. Progress in oxidation, succinylation, and phenolic grafting has yielded derivatives with remarkably enhanced rheological stability, antioxidant capacity, antibacterial activity, and multi-stimuli responsiveness. These developments have supported the creation of biodegradable and bioactive smart films possessing superior barrier, mechanical, and optical properties, thereby extending their potential use in bio-medical and biotechnological applications such as food packaging and wound dressings. In parallel, SG-based hydrogels exhibit self-healing, adhesive, and injectable characteristics with tunable multi-stimuli responsiveness, offering innovative platforms for con-trolled drug delivery and tissue engineering. Despite these advances, industrial translation remains hindered by challenges including the need for scalable fermentation, reproducible quality control, and standardized modification protocols to ensure batch-to-batch consistency. Overall, the structural tunability and multifunctionality of SG highlight its promise as a next-generation platform for polysaccharide-based biomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Current Opinion in Polysaccharides)

15 pages, 524 KB

Open AccessArticle

Qualitative Alterations of Mandibular Kinematics in Patients with Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders: An Axiographic Study Using the Cadiax Diagnostic System

by Daniel Surowiecki, Malgorzata Tomasik and Jolanta Kostrzewa-Janicka

Diagnostics 2025, 15(23), 3044; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15233044 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Myogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) typically present with pain but without obvious restriction of mandibular motion, making subtle dysfunctions difficult to detect clinically. In this study, we evaluated mandibular kinematics in myogenous TMDs using an electronic axiography system (Cadiax Diagnostic). The specific [...] Read more.

Background: Myogenous temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) typically present with pain but without obvious restriction of mandibular motion, making subtle dysfunctions difficult to detect clinically. In this study, we evaluated mandibular kinematics in myogenous TMDs using an electronic axiography system (Cadiax Diagnostic). The specific objective of this study was to evaluate whether patients with myogenous temporomandibular disorders exhibit qualitative abnormalities in mandibular movements that are not detectable using conventional clinical examination. Methods: Twenty-six patients with myogenous TMD (muscle pain without intra-articular disorders, diagnosed per DC/TMD) and 26 matched controls were examined. Clinical assessment (DC/TMD Axis I) measured mandibular range of motion and deviations. Instrumental recordings of maximal opening, protrusion, and laterotrusion were obtained with Cadiax 4. Quantitative (excursion ranges) and qualitative (movement symmetry and sagittal deviations) parameters were analyzed. Condylar position changes between the reference position and maximum intercuspation were evaluated (Condyle Position Measurement, CPM). Exact χ² or Fisher tests were applied with effect sizes (φ) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Maximal opening, lateral excursions, and protrusion ranges were statistically similar between groups (mean opening: 47.96 ± 6.5 mm in TMDs vs. 49.46 ± 5.4 mm in controls, p = 0.40; 95% CI of difference –1.8 to 4.8 mm). However, qualitative deviations were more frequent in TMD. Of note, 12/26 (46.2%) patients vs. 6/26 (23.1%) controls showed a ΔY deflection during protrusion (χ² = 3.06, p = 0.08; φ ≈ 0.24; difference = 23.1%, 95% CI –2.0–48.2%). Identical proportions (46.2% vs. 23.1%) showed a ΔY deflection upon opening (χ² = 3.06, p = 0.08). Inferior condylar shifts (distractions) on closing into intercuspation occurred only in the mTMD group: 5/26 (19.2%) left condyles vs. 0% (p ≈ 0.05; 95% CI diff 4.1–34.4%) and 2/26 (7.7%) right vs. 0% (p ≈ 0.49; 95% CI –2.5–17.9%). Condylar compressions (superior shifts) were similar between groups. In summary, roughly half of TMD patients exhibited lateral jaw deflections (ΔY) and exclusive condylar “distraction” on closure; upon comparison, these conditions were rare in controls. Conclusions: Despite normal mandibular range of motion, patients with myogenous TMDs exhibited qualitative abnormalities in jaw kinematics, including movement deflections, condylar asymmetries, and centric–intercuspal discrepancies. Axiographic analysis with Cadiax enabled detection of subtle functional changes not identifiable in routine examinations, underscoring its diagnostic value in early dysfunction and potential therapeutic planning. The detection of kinematic abnormalities could influence early diagnosis or treatment planning for myogenous TMDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Diagnostics)

30 pages, 7856 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Overall and Module-Specific Performance Comparisons for Residential Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Systems in the Maldives

by Khalid Adil Ali Mohamed, Hussain Shareef, Ibrahim Nizam, Ayodele Benjamin Esan and Ahmad K. ALAhmad

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6272; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236272 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Global restrictions related to climate change and the increasing demand for electricity are accelerating the transition from conventional energy sources, such as oil, gas, and coal, to renewable options like wind, solar, and biomass. Among these, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are highly promising, [...] Read more.

Global restrictions related to climate change and the increasing demand for electricity are accelerating the transition from conventional energy sources, such as oil, gas, and coal, to renewable options like wind, solar, and biomass. Among these, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are highly promising, offering clean and reliable electricity generation. In support of the Maldives’ target to achieve net-zero emissions by 2030, the deployment of PV systems has significantly increased. However, there is still a lack of detailed operational performance assessment specific to the Maldives. This study aims to address this gap and fulfill three main objectives. Firstly, to evaluate the real performance of six selected rooftop grid-connected PV systems installed in the Greater Malé region, Maldives. Secondly, the ideal performance ignoring shading, soiling, and aging effects of the selected systems on the islands are simulated, and the optimal orientation angles are estimated. Finally, the real and predicted performances are compared, and a module-level analysis is conducted to pinpoint the area for improving the performance of the rooftop PV systems installed on the island. The well-known International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC) standard, IEC 61724, is used for operational performance assessment, in addition, the PVsyst simulation tool and the S-Miles microinverters monitoring system are implemented for simulation and module-level analysis, respectively. In 2023, the six studied sites recorded annual daily averages of 2.52–4.45 kWh/kWp/day for yield factor, 0.98–2.9 h/day for total loss, 45.19–82.13% for performance ratio (PR), 10.51–18.55% for capacity utilization factor (CUF), and 7.69–15.94% for system efficiency. The actual performance was found to be lower than the simulated ideal values. The main reasons for this reduction were near-shading and microinverter connection issues. The orientation study showed that a 5° tilt angle with an azimuth between −25° and 5° gives the best results for fixed PV installations. These findings can guide better PV system design and operation in the Maldives and other similar climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

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35 pages, 2028 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Advances in Image-Based Diagnosis of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Using Deep Learning and Machine Learning: A Systematic Review

by Haifa F. Alhasson and Shuaa S. Alharbi

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2928; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122928 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This review systematically assesses machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) applications using images to diagnose diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), focusing on detection, segmentation, and classification. The study explores trends, challenges, and quality measurements of the reviewed research. Methods: A comprehensive search [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This review systematically assesses machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) applications using images to diagnose diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), focusing on detection, segmentation, and classification. The study explores trends, challenges, and quality measurements of the reviewed research. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in October 2025 across 14 databases, covering studies published between 2010 and 2025. Studies employing ML/DL for DFU diagnosis with accurate measurements were included, while those without image-based methods, AI techniques, or relevant outcomes were excluded. Out of 4653 articles initially identified, 1016 underwent detailed review, and 102 met the inclusion criteria. Results: The analysis revealed that ML/DL models are effective tools for DFU diagnosis, achieving accuracy between 0.88 and 0.97, specificity between 0.85 and 0.95, and sensitivity between 0.89 and 0.95. Common methods included Support Vector Machines (SVMs) for ML and U-Net or fully convolutional neural networks (FCNNs) for DL. Recent studies also explored thermal infrared imaging as a promising diagnostic technique. However, only 45% of segmentation datasets and 67.3% of classification datasets were publicly accessible, limiting reproducibility and further development. Conclusions: This review provides valuable insights into trends and key findings in ML/DL applications for DFU diagnosis. It highlights the need for improved data availability and sharing to enhance reproducibility, accuracy, and reliability, ultimately improving patient care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes: Comorbidities, Therapeutics and Insights (3rd Edition))

23 pages, 2430 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effects of Supplementing Rumen-Protected Lysine and Methionine on Apparent Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation Parameters, and Microbial Profiles in Lactating Dairy Cows Under Different Environmental Conditions

by Ruoran Tao, Ke Wang, Xing Han, Xu Tang, Dian Wang, Yuhang Ding, Yuhong Ma, Maocheng Jiang, Sijia Liu, Yinghao Huang, Caiyun Fan, Zhao Zhuo and Jianbo Cheng

Animals 2025, 15(23), 3439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15233439 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of supplementing rumen-protected lysine (RPL; 60 g/d) and methionine (RPM; 30 g/d) on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial composition in 30 early-lactation Holstein dairy cows under both heat stress (HS) and non-heat stress (NHS) conditions. Cows were [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of supplementing rumen-protected lysine (RPL; 60 g/d) and methionine (RPM; 30 g/d) on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial composition in 30 early-lactation Holstein dairy cows under both heat stress (HS) and non-heat stress (NHS) conditions. Cows were paired based on parity, milk yield, and body weight, and then assigned to one of two dietary treatments: the control group (CON), receiving the basal diet only, or the RPLM group, which received the basal diet supplemented with 60 g/d of RPL and 30 g/d of RPM (n = 15 per group). All animals underwent a transition from HS to NHS conditions during the experimental period, allowing for within-animal comparison across thermal environments. Results demonstrated that RPLM supplementation significantly improved the apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p < 0.05), with a significant treatment × environment interaction observed for DM digestibility (p < 0.01). Under HS conditions, RPLM reduced ruminal NH₃-N concentration (p < 0.05) and increased total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetate, and butyrate levels (p < 0.01), suggesting enhanced nitrogen utilization and energy metabolism. No significant effects were observed on ruminal pH or the acetate-to-propionate ratio. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that RPLM supplementation increased the relative abundance of fiber-degrading and butyrate-producing taxa, including NK4A214_group, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, norank_f__Muribaculaceae, and norank_f__F082. These microbial taxa exhibited strong positive correlations with DM and CP digestibility (p < 0.001). LEfSe analysis further confirmed their status as key microbial biomarkers in the RPLM-NHS group. Collectively, concurrent supplementation of RPL and RPM modulates the ruminal microbiota, alleviates HS-induced reductions in digestive efficiency, and enhances overall nutrient utilization in dairy cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals and Feed Additives in Ruminant Nutrition: Effects on Health, Microbiota, and Methane Emissions)

17 pages, 474 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phosphorus Fertilizer Effects Following Continuous Application of Biochar-Based Soil Amendments in Low-Input Cropping System

by Amsalu Tilahun, Bettina Eichler-Löbermann, Amsalu Nebiyu, Gebeyanesh Worku, Milkiyas Ahmed and Abebe Nigussie

Agronomy 2025, 15(12), 2751; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122751 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Biochar produced from phosphorus (P)-rich feedstocks has often been promoted as an alternative P fertilizer. However, existing evidence has mainly been obtained from incubation experiments and field trials with a rather short duration, leaving uncertainty about whether repeated low-rate applications of biochar can [...] Read more.

Biochar produced from phosphorus (P)-rich feedstocks has often been promoted as an alternative P fertilizer. However, existing evidence has mainly been obtained from incubation experiments and field trials with a rather short duration, leaving uncertainty about whether repeated low-rate applications of biochar can meaningfully supply P and increase soil P pools over time. This study evaluates the agronomic effects of 10 years of application of biochar derived from plant biowaste (BIO) and bones (BC) at an application rate of 4 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, compared with a mineral P fertilizer (MIN), compost application (COM), and a zero-P control. The application of P through BC and COM led to higher total soil P concentrations than the control. Changes in labile P pools (H₂O–P, NaHCO₃–P, Bray-P) were generally modest, but BC again tended to yield higher values relative to the other treatments. The ratio of organic to inorganic P was not influenced by fertilizer type. A clear effect of the amendments on maize yield was observed, with BC producing the highest yields among all amendments (6.4 t ha⁻¹; average 2020–2023), and yields were occasionally further increased when BC was combined with COM. The BIO treatments also achieved yields that were at least comparable to those of the MIN treatment (4.7 t ha⁻¹). Despite the limited effects on labile soil P pools, the amendments increased yields and can be considered effective substitutes for mineral P fertilizers at this application rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

23 pages, 7155 KB

Open AccessArticle

Motion Characteristics Analysis of the Wave Glider Under Wave and Current Coupling

by Paixia Li, Liangtian Gu and Liucun Zhu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2272; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122272 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

The wave glider is an unmanned marine observation platform propelled by wave energy. Accurate prediction of its motion performance is crucial for structural design and motion control. This paper presents a four-degree-of-freedom nonlinear coupled dynamic model for wave gliders in complex marine environments, [...] Read more.

The wave glider is an unmanned marine observation platform propelled by wave energy. Accurate prediction of its motion performance is crucial for structural design and motion control. This paper presents a four-degree-of-freedom nonlinear coupled dynamic model for wave gliders in complex marine environments, developed using a separated-body modeling approach. The model incorporates the torsional properties of the umbilical cable and includes coupled environmental forces that account for wave–current interactions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model agrees well with existing studies. Based on the model, experimental analyses were conducted to investigate the turning and heading tracking performance under various operational conditions. The findings reveal that the rudder angle determines the radius and direction. The significant wave height influences the longitudinal velocity and turning rate; the average longitudinal velocity increases from

0.15 m / s

(at

0.5 m

wave height) to

0.3 m / s

(at

1.25 m

wave height), leading to a notable increase in turning cycles per unit time. Current disturbances cause trajectory drift, the pattern of which depends on the wave–current angle, exhibiting a distinct

η

-direction offset under

90^{\circ}

conditions. A conventional PID controller fails to achieve precise heading maintenance under second-order wave forces. The surface float exhibits more pronounced oscillations than the submerged glider, and the heading deviation becomes more severe at a wave height of

1.25 m

. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

26 pages, 645 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of Applications of Experimental Designs in Wafer Manufacturing

by Hsuan-Yu Chen and Chiachung Chen

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2025, 8(6), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi8060183 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Semiconductor wafer fabrication is one of the most complex and demanding processes in industry. The process involves numerous sequential steps, including photolithography, deposition, etching, and chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP). At advanced process nodes below 5 nanometers, even angstrom-level deviations in parameters such as oxide [...] Read more.

Semiconductor wafer fabrication is one of the most complex and demanding processes in industry. The process involves numerous sequential steps, including photolithography, deposition, etching, and chemical–mechanical polishing (CMP). At advanced process nodes below 5 nanometers, even angstrom-level deviations in parameters such as oxide thickness or critical dimension (CD) can lead to yield degradation or device failure. Traditional single-factor experimental methods are insufficient to capture the inherent multivariate interactions within plasma, thermal, and chemical processes. This review introduces the application of Design of Experiments (DOE) in wafer fabrication and demonstrates that it provides a statistically rigorous framework for addressing these challenges. It enables the simultaneous analysis of multiple variables, quantifying main effects and interactions, and developing predictive models with fewer runs. DOE can accelerate process development, reduce wafer consumption, enhance process robustness, and support applications in processes such as photolithography, CMP, and deposition. Beyond process optimization, DOE, combined with virtual metrology, machine learning, and digital twin technologies, provides a balanced dataset for predictive analytics and real-time control. Its functions encompass proactive monitoring, adaptive formulation optimization, and eco-efficient manufacturing aligned with sustainability goals. As wafer fabs adopt AI-assisted, simulation-driven environments, experimental design remains the foundation for knowledge-intensive, data-driven decision-making. This ensures continuous improvement in yield, manufacturability, and competitiveness in future semiconductor miniaturization processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering)

27 pages, 2127 KB

Open AccessArticle

Western Knowledge in Print: The Chinese Weekly and the Reading Integration of China’s Modern Elites

by Yanhua Song and Shulin Tan

Religions 2025, 16(12), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121511 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Chinese Weekly, published by the Christian Literature Society for China, functioned as a key platform for the negotiation between Western knowledge and Chinese intellectual culture in late Qing and early Republican China. Supported by an official consignment system and a nationwide [...] Read more.

The Chinese Weekly, published by the Christian Literature Society for China, functioned as a key platform for the negotiation between Western knowledge and Chinese intellectual culture in late Qing and early Republican China. Supported by an official consignment system and a nationwide distribution network, the newspaper participated deeply in China’s transformation of modern knowledge. Through the introduction of Western concepts in astronomy, geology, medicine, and education, it helped shape new cognitive frameworks through which Chinese literati interpreted the world. The “Illustrated Columns,” containing commentaries from officials and letters from gentry-merchants, illuminated the evolving thought patterns of Chinese intellectual elites as they encountered and reinterpreted Western learning. In the late Qing period, the paper penetrated local administrative structures and cultivated among officials and gentry the belief that “Western newspapers must be read.” Entering the early Republic, it increasingly emphasized reader interaction and inter-journal dialogue, fostering a renewed sense of community among the nation’s knowledge elites. Thus, while The Chinese Weekly served as a major medium for disseminating Western learning, it also became a space where Chinese intellectuals appropriated and localized such knowledge, demonstrating their agency in the processes of cultural and epistemological exchange. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chinese Christianity and Knowledge Development)

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25 pages, 820 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Component-Oriented Model for Risk Assessment in the Design of High-Tech Products

by Roman Trishch, Liudmyla Lutai, Eduard Khomiak, Zbigniew Krzysiak, Waldemar Samociuk, Edvin Hevorkian, Paweł Stączek and Miroslaw Rucki

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(23), 12639; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312639 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study proposes a component-based model for assessing risks in the design of high-tech products. The model took into account the novelty of components, which affected the risk level in the development process. The risk assessment was based on fuzzy set theory, which [...] Read more.

This study proposes a component-based model for assessing risks in the design of high-tech products. The model took into account the novelty of components, which affected the risk level in the development process. The risk assessment was based on fuzzy set theory, which allowed determination of the degree of importance of risk-generating factors, such as technical, economic, and organizational risks. The components were divided into “old” ones with the possibility of adaptation and “new” ones being implemented for the first time. The structure of the project included adaptation, acquisition, and development of new components. The component-oriented approach allowed for a reduction in the negative impact of risks in the early stages of development while optimizing decision-making on further product development. A case study involving the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) was conducted to demonstrate the model’s applicability. The assessed aggregated project risk varied from 0.0992 for projects based primarily on reusable components to 0.1902 for those involving a high proportion of newly developed components. The model’s sensitivity to component novelty made it possible to differentiate between low- and moderate-risk design scenarios. This is especially valuable for early-stage project selection and risk-informed “go/no-go” decisions in the design of complex systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Models, Analysis, and Assessment of Complex Systems)

12 pages, 1269 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Driven Analysis of Wrist-Worn Sensor Data for Monitoring Individual Treatment Response and Optimizing Levodopa Dosing in Parkinson’s Disease

by Mathias Sander, Moritz R. Messner, Sina K. Knapp, Franz M. J. Pfister and Urban M. Fietzek

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7273; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237273 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by motor fluctuations in later disease stages that complicate treatment with levodopa. Traditional approaches to dosing often fail to capture the complex and dynamic nature of these fluctuations. In this study, we present the PD9™ [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by motor fluctuations in later disease stages that complicate treatment with levodopa. Traditional approaches to dosing often fail to capture the complex and dynamic nature of these fluctuations. In this study, we present the PD9™ algorithm, a novel approach to continuous motor state monitoring using data from a wrist-worn inertial measurement unit sensor. The algorithm provides minute-by-minute assessments of motor state severity on a unified scale quantifying bradykinesia, dyskinesia, and ON states. Data collected from 67 patients over 55,482 min were analyzed to assess levodopa response cycles. Across 218 identified levodopa cycles, the algorithm revealed reproducible patterns of symptom development based on the motor state at the time of levodopa administration. In particular, levodopa doses administered during non-ideal motor states (e.g., during dyskinesia) highlighted the limitations of fixed, empirically determined dosing regimens and underscore the need for individualized therapy, based on motor state. These findings demonstrate how AI-enabled continuous monitoring could help realize a more personalized treatment of Parkinson’s disease and improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wearable Sensors and Other Sensing Technologies for Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders)

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68 pages, 6382 KB

Open AccessReview

Metallic Mechanical Metamaterials Produced by LPBF for Energy Absorption Systems

by Gabriele Grima, Kamal Sleem, Gianni Virgili, Alberto Santoni, Maria Laura Gatto, Stefano Spigarelli, Marcello Cabibbo and Eleonora Santecchia

Metals 2025, 15(12), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15121315 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Metallic mechanical metamaterials have attracted the attention of many industrial sectors due to their unique properties which enable them to outperform natural materials in unconventional ways. Metal metamaterials encompass multiple fields, including materials science, mechanics, and industrial technology, and they have become particularly [...] Read more.

Metallic mechanical metamaterials have attracted the attention of many industrial sectors due to their unique properties which enable them to outperform natural materials in unconventional ways. Metal metamaterials encompass multiple fields, including materials science, mechanics, and industrial technology, and they have become particularly popular following the implementation of reliable, high-resolution, efficient metal additive manufacturing processes. This review takes a joint approach, providing an in-depth analysis of the base materials and geometries that characterize metamaterials in order to understand their behavior in response to impacts at different load regimes and to offer readers a critical overview of the most suitable design choices for energy absorption systems. Furthermore, this review highlights advanced metamaterial optimization methods that are useful for increasing the mechanical energy absorbed avoiding peak impulse transfer to the people, instrumentation, or generic loads that mechanical metamaterials are designed to protect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing of Metals)

15 pages, 593 KB

Open AccessReview

Exosome-Derived microRNAs as Liquid-Biopsy Biomarkers in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Narrative Review and Evidence Map

by Crina Oana Pintea, Cristian Ion Mot, Islam Ragab, Şerban Talpoş, Karina-Cristina Marin, Nicolae Constantin Balica, Edward Seclaman, Kristine Guran and Delia Ioana Horhat

Biomedicines 2025, 13(12), 2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13122929 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as minimally invasive biomarkers for laryngeal squamous- cell carcinoma (LSCC). Because oral and maxillofacial surgeons are integral to head-and-neck oncologic and reconstructive pathways, such liquid-biopsy signals could support perioperative decision-making (selection for organ-preserving surgery), margin surveillance, and [...] Read more.

Exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as minimally invasive biomarkers for laryngeal squamous- cell carcinoma (LSCC). Because oral and maxillofacial surgeons are integral to head-and-neck oncologic and reconstructive pathways, such liquid-biopsy signals could support perioperative decision-making (selection for organ-preserving surgery), margin surveillance, and reconstructive planning. We conducted a preregistered, protocol-driven search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to 1 June 2025. Given the very small number of clinically comparable diagnostic studies, discordant index tests/thresholds, and high heterogeneity, we did not perform quantitative pooling or publication-bias testing. Instead, we undertook a narrative synthesis and constructed an evidence map; risk of bias tools (QUADAS-2; ROBINS-I) were applied descriptively to inform qualitative confidence. Nine studies were formally analysed based on eligibility to the study topic. Two serum-based case–control investigations (111 LSCC, 80 controls) reported areas under the ROC curve of 0.876 (miR-21 + HOTAIR) and 0.797 (miR-941), with corresponding sensitivities of 94% and 82%. Seven mechanistic papers showed that vesicular cargos—including miR-1246, circPVT1, and LINC02191—drive STAT3-dependent M2 polarisation, NOTCH1-mediated stemness, Rap1b-VEGFR2 angiogenesis, and glycolytic re-programming, producing 1.6–2.6-fold increases in invasion, tube formation, or xenograft growth. Only three studies fulfilled MISEV-2018 characterisation criteria, and none incorporated external validation. This narrative review and evidence map identifies promising but preliminary diagnostic signals and biologically plausible mechanisms for exosomal miRNAs in LSCC; however, the evidence is sparse, single-region, methodologically inconsistent, and at high risk of bias. Findings do not support clinical implementation at this stage. Priorities include harmonised EV workflows, prespecified thresholds, and prospective, multi-centre validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology and Oncology)

22 pages, 3157 KB

Open AccessArticle

Embedded Implementation of Real-Time Voice Command Recognition on PIC Microcontroller

by Mohamed Shili, Salah Hammedi, Amjad Gawanmeh and Khaled Nouri

Automation 2025, 6(4), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation6040079 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

This paper describes a real-time system for recognizing voice commands for resource-constrained embedded devices, specifically a PIC microcontroller. While most existing speech ordering support solutions rely on high-performance processing platforms or cloud computation, the system described here performs fully embedded low-power processing locally [...] Read more.

This paper describes a real-time system for recognizing voice commands for resource-constrained embedded devices, specifically a PIC microcontroller. While most existing speech ordering support solutions rely on high-performance processing platforms or cloud computation, the system described here performs fully embedded low-power processing locally on the device. Sound is captured through a low-cost MEMS microphone, segmented into short audio frames, and time domain features are extracted (i.e., Zero-Crossing Rate (ZCR) and Short-Time Energy (STE)). These features were chosen for low power and computational efficiency and the ability to be processed in real time on a microcontroller. For the purposes of this experimental system, a small vocabulary of four command words (i.e., “ON”, “OFF”, “LEFT”, and “RIGHT”) were used to simulate real sound-ordering interfaces. The main contribution is demonstrated in the clever combination of low-complex, lightweight signal-processing techniques with embedded neural network inference, completing a classification cycle in real time (under 50 ms). It was demonstrated that the classification accuracy was over 90% using confusion matrices and timing analysis of the classifier’s performance across vocabularies with varying levels of complexity. This method is very applicable to IoT and portable embedded applications, offering a low-latency classification alternative to more complex and resource intensive classification architectures. Full article

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20 pages, 3083 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Dynamic Ampacity Assessment Method for Direct Burial Cables Based on an Electro-Thermal-Fluid Multiphysics Coupling Model

by Wenlong Zhang and Ziwei Ma

Energies 2025, 18(23), 6271; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18236271 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Traditional ampacity evaluation methods for direct burial cables, like the correction factor method and the IEC 60287 analytical method, suffer from large calculation errors when dealing with complex installation environments. This paper investigated the influence of multiple environmental factors and proximity effects on [...] Read more.

Traditional ampacity evaluation methods for direct burial cables, like the correction factor method and the IEC 60287 analytical method, suffer from large calculation errors when dealing with complex installation environments. This paper investigated the influence of multiple environmental factors and proximity effects on the ampacity of 35 kV YJLV22-26/35 3 × 400 mm² direct burial cables using an electro-thermal-fluid coupling FEM model. The results indicate that when accounting for surface temperature and burial depth, the correction factor method may overestimate ampacity by up to 7%, while the analytical method may underestimate it by up to 24%. When soil thermal resistance variations are considered, the correction factor method could overestimate ampacity by 14%, whereas the analytical method may underestimate it by 10%. Due to neglecting solar radiation and air convection effects, these two methods can introduce calculation errors of 23% and 34%, respectively. The ampacity of multi-circuit parallel configurations increases with greater circuit spacing. Based on FEM simulation results, a new dynamic ampacity evaluation method has been proposed that comprehensively considers multiple environmental variables including ambient temperature, burial depth, soil thermal resistivity, solar radiation intensity, wind speed, the number of parallel circuits, and circuit spacing. This method can be directly applied to guide engineering design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Design, Operation and Maintenance Technology for Electric Power Equipment)

11 pages, 812 KB

Open AccessReview

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Clinical Management

by Meryeme Abddaoui, Youssef Aghlallou, Imane Tlemçani and Moncef Amrani Hassani

Hematol. Rep. 2025, 17(6), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/hematolrep17060066 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by the t(15;17)(q24;q21) translocation, generating the PML::RARA fusion gene that blocks myeloid differentiation and drives leukemogenesis. Despite advances in therapy, early mortality remains a major challenge due to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a distinct subtype of acute myeloid leukemia characterized by the t(15;17)(q24;q21) translocation, generating the PML::RARA fusion gene that blocks myeloid differentiation and drives leukemogenesis. Despite advances in therapy, early mortality remains a major challenge due to severe coagulopathy. This review aims to summarize recent insights into APL pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies. Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of the literature addressing the molecular mechanisms of APL, its associated coagulopathy, and current diagnostic and therapeutic standards, with a focus on evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice. Results: The hallmark PML: RARA oncoprotein disrupts nuclear body function and retinoic acid signaling, resulting in differentiation arrest and apoptosis resistance. APL-associated coagulopathy arises from overexpression of tissue factor, release of cancer procoagulant, inflammatory cytokines, and annexin II-mediated hyperfibrinolysis. Diagnosis requires integration of cytomorphology, immunophenotyping, coagulation studies, and molecular confirmation. Immediate initiation of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) upon clinical suspicion, combined with aggressive supportive care, is critical to control bleeding risk. Conclusions: APL is now a highly curable leukemia when recognized early and treated with targeted therapy. Rapid diagnosis, prompt ATRA administration, and meticulous hemostatic support are essential to reduce early mortality. Further refinements in minimal residual disease monitoring are expected to improve patient outcomes. Full article

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28 pages, 4366 KB

Open AccessArticle

m-EDI Measurement Using Low-Cost Spectrometric Sensors Based on Photodiode Arrays with Narrowband Color Filters: An Exploration of Alternative Calibration Methods

by Diego Rodriguez, Javier Ribas, Pablo Quintana-Barcia, David Gacio, Daniel Mallada and Marina S. Perdigao

Sensors 2025, 25(23), 7269; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25237269 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Recent studies have highlighted the key role of lighting in regulating circadian rhythms and its impact on human health. Exposure to blue light, especially at specific times of day, is now quantified using the melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (m-EDI) parameter, defined in the [...] Read more.

Recent studies have highlighted the key role of lighting in regulating circadian rhythms and its impact on human health. Exposure to blue light, especially at specific times of day, is now quantified using the melanopic Equivalent Daylight Illuminance (m-EDI) parameter, defined in the CIE S 026 standard. This parameter is proportional to the integral, in the visible range, of the spectral power distribution and the melanopic sensitivity function, which peaks near 490 nm, and is similar to a Gaussian distribution. Low-cost spectrometric sensors using photodiode arrays and narrowband filters offer a cost-effective way to estimate m-EDI through a weighted sum of channel responses. However, due to inherent sensor variability, individual calibration is recommended. The standard approach involves multiple linear regression to fit the sensor’s output to reference values using a set of test light sources. This method is easy to implement but depends heavily on the selection of calibration illuminants, which must outnumber the channels. This paper analyzes the sensitivity of this method to the sensor’s spectral response and the choice of calibration sources. A revised calibration approach is proposed, selectively discarding channels to reduce deviations from the target response. Applied to several sensors, this method significantly improves calibration accuracy and robustness, reducing the RMS error for several test LEDs from 17.6 to 1.36 lux. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

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15 pages, 863 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering the Complexity of Smoke Point in Virgin Olive Oils to Develop Simple Predictive Models

by Anna Díez-Betriu, Beatriz Quintanilla-Casas, Josep J. Masdemont, Alba Tres, Stefania Vichi and Francesc Guardiola

Foods 2025, 14(23), 4099; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14234099 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

The smoke point marks the onset of thermal degradation in edible oils. Although in this work we validated and improved its determination, it still relies on a subjective visual assessment and remains incompletely understood in relation to oil composition. This limitation reduces its [...] Read more.

The smoke point marks the onset of thermal degradation in edible oils. Although in this work we validated and improved its determination, it still relies on a subjective visual assessment and remains incompletely understood in relation to oil composition. This limitation reduces its reliability as a criterion for selecting frying oils in both industrial and culinary contexts. This study provides a systematic evaluation of how key chemical attributes of virgin olive oils influence their smoke point and proposes predictive models that could overcome the limitations of direct measurement. Forty-eight virgin olive oils were characterized, and multivariate modeling was applied to identify the most influential predictors. Free fatty acid content was the main determinant of the smoke point, exhibiting a strong inverse relationship, while saturated fatty acids and oxidative stability were shown to increase the smoke point by limiting the formation of volatile lipid oxidation products. Partial least squares models enabled accurate predictions using only routine quality parameters, such as free fatty acid content and saturated fatty acid content. Gaussian process regression further improved predictive performance and achieved high accuracy using free fatty acid content alone or, alternatively, other analytical parameters that are easily and routinely determined in olive oil. These findings offer a potential practical framework for estimating the smoke point without direct testing, with relevant implications for virgin olive oil quality control and the selection of oils for high-temperature applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Olive Oil Quality, Production, and Consumption: 2nd Edition)

21 pages, 8433 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Evaluation of Steel/CFRP Hybrid Part Using Progressive Damage Model and Cohesive Zone Model

by Jae-Chang Ryu, Min-Gi Kim, Joon-Young Seo, Chan-Joo Lee, Do-Hoon Shin and Dae-Cheol Ko

Materials 2025, 18(23), 5382; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235382 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) is a typical lightweight material used in the aerospace industry. However, the automotive industry has focused on the application of composite materials in vehicle components for weight reduction. In particular, hybrid parts consisting of CFRP reinforcement and a steel outer [...] Read more.

Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) is a typical lightweight material used in the aerospace industry. However, the automotive industry has focused on the application of composite materials in vehicle components for weight reduction. In particular, hybrid parts consisting of CFRP reinforcement and a steel outer have been investigated in many studies as a solution to satisfy weight reduction and high strength. In this paper, a steel/CFRP hybrid part was evaluated by impact analysis using several material models, such as the Johnson–Cook model, progressive damage analysis (PDA), and cohesive zone model (CZM). First, the mechanical properties of the steel were determined under different strain rates to assess collision effects. Subsequently, the material properties of the CFRP were evaluated to predict the failure of composite material in the tensile and compressive directions. In addition, the cohesive properties of adhesive film were evaluated under normal and shear modes. Finally, impact analysis using the obtained material properties was conducted to predict the behavior and strength of the steel/CFRP hybrid part under collisions, and the results were compared with the experimental results for verification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

16 pages, 514 KB

Open AccessReview

Sepsis and the Liver

by Eleni V. Geladari, Anastasia-Amalia C. Kalergi, Apostolos A. Evangelopoulos and Vasileios A. Sevastianos

Diseases 2025, 13(12), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13120388 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sepsis-associated liver injury (SALI) is a critical and often early complication of sepsis, defined by distinct hyper-inflammatory and immunosuppressive phases that shape patient phenotypes. Methods: Characterizing these phases establishes a foundation for immunomodulation strategies tailored to individual immune responses, as discussed subsequently. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sepsis-associated liver injury (SALI) is a critical and often early complication of sepsis, defined by distinct hyper-inflammatory and immunosuppressive phases that shape patient phenotypes. Methods: Characterizing these phases establishes a foundation for immunomodulation strategies tailored to individual immune responses, as discussed subsequently. Results: The initial inflammatory response activates pathways such as NF-κB and the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to a cytokine storm that damages hepatocytes and is frequently associated with higher SOFA scores and a higher risk of 28-day mortality. Kupffer cells and infiltrating neutrophils exacerbate hepatic injury by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, thereby causing cellular damage and prolonging ICU stays. During the subsequent immunosuppressive phase, impaired infection control and tissue repair can result in recurrent hospital-acquired infections and a poorer prognosis. Concurrently, hepatocytes undergo significant metabolic disturbances, notably impaired fatty acid oxidation due to downregulation of transcription factors such as PPARα and HNF4α. This metabolic alteration corresponds with worsening liver function tests, which may reflect the severity of liver failure in clinical practice. Mitochondrial dysfunction, driven by oxidative stress and defective autophagic quality control, impairs cellular energy production and induces hepatocyte death, which is closely linked to declining liver function and increased mortality. The gut-liver axis plays a central role in SALI pathogenesis, as sepsis-induced gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability allow bacterial products, including lipopolysaccharides, to enter the portal circulation and further inflame the liver. This process is associated with sepsis-related liver failure and greater reliance on vasopressor support. Protective microbial metabolites, such as indole-3-propionic acid (IPA), decrease significantly during sepsis, removing key anti-inflammatory signals and potentially prolonging recovery. Clinically, SALI most commonly presents as septic cholestasis with elevated bilirubin and mild transaminase changes, although conventional liver function tests are insufficiently sensitive for early detection. Novel biomarkers, including protein panels and non-coding RNAs, as well as dynamic liver function tests such as LiMAx (currently in phase II diagnostics) and ICG-PDR, offer promise for improved diagnosis and prognostication. Specifying the developmental stage of these biomarkers, such as identifying LiMAx as phase II, informs investment priorities and translational readiness. Current management is primarily supportive, emphasizing infection control and organ support. Investigational therapies include immunomodulation tailored to immune phenotypes, metabolic and mitochondrial-targeted agents such as pemafibrate and dichloroacetate, and interventions to restore gut microbiota balance, including probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation. However, translational challenges remain due to limitations of animal models and patient heterogeneity. Conclusion: Future research should focus on developing representative models, validating biomarkers, and conducting clinical trials to enable personalized therapies that modulate inflammation, restore metabolism, and repair the gut-liver axis, with the goal of improving outcomes in SALI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastroenterology)

22 pages, 1735 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Hydrothermal Carbon/Bentonite Composites in Improving the Thermal Stability, Filtration, and Lubrication of Water-Based Drilling Fluids

by Yubin Zhang, Daqi Li, Xianguang Wang, Changzhi Chen and Hanyi Zhong

Minerals 2025, 15(12), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15121263 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

With the increasing harsh drilling environments encountered more frequently than ever before, developing environmentally benign and multifunctional additives is essential to formulate high performance drilling fluids. Herein, hydrothermal carbon/bentonite composites (HCBCs) were prepared by a hydrothermal carbonization reaction using soluble starch and sodium [...] Read more.

With the increasing harsh drilling environments encountered more frequently than ever before, developing environmentally benign and multifunctional additives is essential to formulate high performance drilling fluids. Herein, hydrothermal carbon/bentonite composites (HCBCs) were prepared by a hydrothermal carbonization reaction using soluble starch and sodium bentonite as raw materials. A systematic investigation was conducted into the effects of HCBC concentration on the rheological, filtration, and lubricating characteristics of xanthan gum, modified starch, and high-temperature polymer slurries. These properties were evaluated before and after exposure to hot rolling at different temperatures. The hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of HCBC were evaluated. Observation showed plentiful micro- and nano-sized carbon spheres deposited on the bentonite particles, endowing the bentonite with better dispersion. HCBCs could maintain stability of the water-based drilling fluids’ rheological profile, decrease filtration loss, and improve the lubrication with relatively low concentrations. The excellent properties were attributed to the highly efficient scavenging of free radicals and the stabilization of bentonite particle dispersion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clay Minerals: Roles in Oil and Gas Generation, Drilling, and Enhanced Recovery)

15 pages, 663 KB

Open AccessArticle

Grievances and Polarization on Social Media: Perspectives from Religious Young Adults in Conflict-Ridden Amsterdam

by Clyde Anieldath Missier

Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(12), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14120691 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study aims to understand how religious affective content in the digital realm influences epistemic authority, social imaginaries, and religious beliefs among young adults (individuals between 18 and 35) with a university education and who identify as Christian, Hindu, or Muslim in Amsterdam, [...] Read more.

This study aims to understand how religious affective content in the digital realm influences epistemic authority, social imaginaries, and religious beliefs among young adults (individuals between 18 and 35) with a university education and who identify as Christian, Hindu, or Muslim in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Data indicate the growing role of digital platforms as epistemic sources for religious maintenance, while families, private sacred-text teachings, religious leaders, and the community continue to serve as primary sources. Cultural capital, such as higher education and social skills, does not necessarily make respondents psychologically or emotionally resilient to be able and effectively deal with moral distrust and hate speech on social media. In daily life individuals feel cross-pressured between their religious attitudes, and secular educational institutions and government agencies who promote liberal values while perceiving religion as a threat, despite not consistently adhering to those liberal values themselves. Hence, this experienced injustice in the city, enhanced by the negative framing of religion in digital media, may influence the social judgement of individuals and the processes of alienation, polarization and radicalization. Full article

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22 pages, 3624 KB

Open AccessArticle

Albumin-Phthalocyanine Nanoconjugates as Platforms for Enhanced Photodynamic Cancer Therapy

by Valentina I. Gorbacheva, Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11559; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311559 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the enhancement of photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy through the encapsulation of platinum phthalocyanine (Pc) in albumin nanoparticles (ANP). Encapsulation of Pc in ANP) significantly enhances its biological effects in photodynamic therapy by increasing cellular uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis and promoting [...] Read more.

This study investigates the enhancement of photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy through the encapsulation of platinum phthalocyanine (Pc) in albumin nanoparticles (ANP). Encapsulation of Pc in ANP) significantly enhances its biological effects in photodynamic therapy by increasing cellular uptake through receptor-mediated endocytosis and promoting lysosomal accumulation. This leads to marked lysosomal stress and regulated necrotic cell death pathway, while free Pc causes moderate oxidative stress with reversible apoptosis and autophagy. The enhanced phototoxicity of encapsulated Pc was evident across multiple cancer cell lines, especially aggressive phenotypes, whereas resistant lines showed lower sensitivity likely due to efficient ROS scavenging. Despite improved initial uptake, rapid lysosomal release and extracellular extrusion of Pc limit long-term intracellular retention. Morphological and gene expression analyses confirmed distinct cell death mechanisms between free and encapsulated Pc, underscoring the critical role of nanocarrier-mediated delivery in modulating oxidative stress and cellular response. These findings highlight the importance of nanoparticle design in optimizing PDT efficacy by effectively triggering necrotic cell death pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physicochemical Properties and Applications of Nanomaterials in Biology and Medicine)

15 pages, 354 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time on Their Side: How Visual Timers Affect Anticipatory Anxiety, Performance, and On-Task Behavior in Elementary Math Assessments

by Quentin Hallez and Victoire Vallier

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(12), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15120243 (registering DOI) - 28 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the impact of visual timers on 7- to 9-year-old students’ mathematical performance, anticipatory anxiety related to math assessment, and on-task behavior during a timed assessment. Building on previous findings that visual timers reduce anxiety and improve performance, this research further [...] Read more.

This study investigated the impact of visual timers on 7- to 9-year-old students’ mathematical performance, anticipatory anxiety related to math assessment, and on-task behavior during a timed assessment. Building on previous findings that visual timers reduce anxiety and improve performance, this research further examined how children interact with a Time-Timer and whether its use influenced off-task behaviors. Forty-four children completed a timed mathematical assessment under two counterbalanced conditions: with and without a visible Time-Timer. Results replicated the anxiolytic effect of visual timers indicating significantly lower anticipatory anxiety levels prior to task onset in the Time-Timer condition. However, no significant difference in math performance was observed between conditions. Notably, the Time-Timer condition was associated with a significant reduction in inattentive and motor instability behaviors. This effect was particularly pronounced for children at higher risk for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, as measured by the Conners’ questionnaire. Furthermore, engagement with the Time-Timer was highly heterogeneous; while some children never consulted the device, 25% of participants monitored it with high frequency (i.e., more than seven times in a five-minute period). While this study supports the use of visual timers for reducing anxiety and promoting on-task behaviors, it highlights the need to understand individual differences in usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subjective Time: Cognition, Emotion and Beyond)

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