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Recent Articles  

11 pages, 471 KiB  
Article
Differences in Health Behaviors by Survival Status and Time Since Diagnosis in Patients with Gastric or Colon Cancer
by HyoSung Cha and JooYong Park
Gastrointest. Disord. 2025, 7(3), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/gidisord7030045 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Health behavior management plays a critical role in improving outcomes for cancer survivors. This study aims to examine differences in health behaviors based on survival status and time since diagnosis among individuals with gastric or colorectal cancer. Methods: Data were [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Health behavior management plays a critical role in improving outcomes for cancer survivors. This study aims to examine differences in health behaviors based on survival status and time since diagnosis among individuals with gastric or colorectal cancer. Methods: Data were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2014–2021). Among adults aged ≥40 years, 478 individuals diagnosed with gastric or colorectal cancer within the past 10 years were included. Participants were classified as current patients or survivors based on current disease status, and time since diagnosis was categorized as ≤3 years or >3 years. All analyses accounted for complex sample weights. Differences in health behaviors were evaluated using weighted t-tests and Rao–Scott chi-square tests, and weighted logistic regression was used to assess the association between time since diagnosis and current alcohol use. Results: Current alcohol consumption was significantly more prevalent in survivors (49.2%) than in current patients (29.9%) (p = 0.0002). Among current patients, those diagnosed more than three years earlier showed a higher drinking rate (40.9%) compared with those diagnosed within three years (25.4%) (p = 0.0411). In logistic regression analysis, time since diagnosis >3 years was associated with higher odds of alcohol consumption (OR = 2.32, 95% CI: 1.04–5.20), even after adjusting for age and sex. No significant differences were observed in smoking, aerobic activity, strength exercise, or walking. Conclusions: A longer time since diagnosis was associated with increased alcohol consumption in gastric and colorectal cancer patients, highlighting the need for sustained behavioral interventions during survivorship. Full article
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30 pages, 9446 KiB  
Article
Seasonal and Long-Term Water Regime Trends of Cheremsky Wetland: Analysis Based on Sentinel-2 Spectral Indices and Composite Indicator Development
by Oleksandr Melnyk and Ansgar Brunn
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(14), 2363; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142363 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Wetlands are critically important ecosystems, but their dynamics, especially in complex regions such as the Ukrainian Polissya, remain poorly understood. This study focuses on the Cheremsky Nature Reserve, an internationally important wetland, to assess long-term (2017–2024) seasonal (spring-summer) trends in water surface conditions. [...] Read more.
Wetlands are critically important ecosystems, but their dynamics, especially in complex regions such as the Ukrainian Polissya, remain poorly understood. This study focuses on the Cheremsky Nature Reserve, an internationally important wetland, to assess long-term (2017–2024) seasonal (spring-summer) trends in water surface conditions. Using Sentinel-2 data and the Google Earth Engine platform, 14 spectral water indices were calculated. Their temporal trends were analyzed using Sen’s method, mutual correlations, and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the main patterns of variability. Based on the normalized trends and weights obtained from the first two principal components, an integral composite index (CI) for spring and summer seasons was developed. The results revealed seasonal differences in the behavior of the indices and their contribution to the principal components, as well as spatial differentiation of water regime trends within the reserve. The proposed CI allows for an integrated assessment of the long-term dynamics of the wetlands, which is important for the development of conservation and management strategies. Full article
21 pages, 3484 KiB  
Article
The Adsorptive Removal of Paracetamol as a Model Pollutant from an Aqueous Environment Using Activated Carbons Made from Selected Nutshells as Agricultural Waste
by Beata Doczekalska, Krzysztof Kuśmierek and Andrzej Świątkowski
Processes 2025, 13(7), 2198; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072198 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
In this study, carbon adsorbents obtained from agricultural waste, i.e., walnut, hazelnut, and pistachio nutshells, were investigated for the removal of paracetamol (acetaminophen, 4-hydroxyacetanilide) (PAR) from aqueous solutions. Activated carbons (ACs) were produced via a two-step procedure. In the first step, the carbonization [...] Read more.
In this study, carbon adsorbents obtained from agricultural waste, i.e., walnut, hazelnut, and pistachio nutshells, were investigated for the removal of paracetamol (acetaminophen, 4-hydroxyacetanilide) (PAR) from aqueous solutions. Activated carbons (ACs) were produced via a two-step procedure. In the first step, the carbonization of nutshells was carried out at 600 °C, and in the second step, the chemical activation was carried out at 750 °C using alkaline activators, i.e., NaOH and KOH. For all of the ACs obtained and characterized, PAR adsorption kinetics, the adsorption at equilibrium, and the effects of the solution pH were investigated. All results obtained for each nutshell depend on the type of activating agent used. However, in the case of a given activator, there are differences resulting from the type of raw material. Kinetic and isothermal studies revealed that PAR adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order and the Langmuir models, respectively. The adsorption capacities of the ACs were very high and ranged from 332.2 to 437.8 mg/g. This study highlights the remarkable potential of nutshells as valuable and cost-effective precursors for the production of ACs that can effectively remove paracetamol from water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Activated Carbon: Contaminant Removal for Environmental Sustainability)
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17 pages, 4316 KiB  
Article
A Coverage Path Planning Method with Energy Optimization for UAV Monitoring Tasks
by Zhengqiang Xiong, Chang Han, Xiaoliang Wang and Li Gao
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2025, 15(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea15030039 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Coverage path planning solves the problem of moving an effector over all points within a specific region with effective routes. Most existing studies focus on geometric constraints, often overlooking robot-specific features, like the available energy, weight, maximum speed, sensor resolution, etc. This paper [...] Read more.
Coverage path planning solves the problem of moving an effector over all points within a specific region with effective routes. Most existing studies focus on geometric constraints, often overlooking robot-specific features, like the available energy, weight, maximum speed, sensor resolution, etc. This paper proposes a coverage path planning algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that minimizes energy consumption while satisfying a set of other requirements, such as coverage and observation resolution. To deal with these issues, we propose a novel energy-optimal coverage path planning framework for monitoring tasks. Firstly, the 3D terrain’s spatial characteristics are digitized through a combination of parametric modeling and meshing techniques. To accurately estimate actual energy expenditure along a segmented trajectory, a power estimation module is introduced, which integrates dynamic feasibility constraints into the energy computation. Utilizing a Digital Surface Model (DSM), a global energy consumption map is generated by constructing a weighted directed graph over the terrain. Subsequently, an energy-optimal coverage path is derived by applying a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to traverse this map. Extensive simulation results validate the superiority of the proposed approach compared to existing methods. Full article
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26 pages, 4876 KiB  
Article
A Systematic Approach to Evaluate the Use of Chatbots in Educational Contexts: Learning Gains, Engagements and Perceptions
by Wei Qiu, Chit Lin Su, Nurabidah Binti Jamil, Maung Thway, Samuel Soo Hwee Ng, Lei Zhang, Fun Siong Lim and Joel Weijia Lai
Computers 2025, 14(7), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14070270 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
As generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots gain traction in educational settings, a growing number of studies explore their potential for personalized, scalable learning. However, methodological fragmentation has limited the comparability and generalizability of findings across the field. This study proposes a unified, learning [...] Read more.
As generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) chatbots gain traction in educational settings, a growing number of studies explore their potential for personalized, scalable learning. However, methodological fragmentation has limited the comparability and generalizability of findings across the field. This study proposes a unified, learning analytics–driven framework for evaluating the impact of GenAI chatbots on student learning. Grounded in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of diverse learner data, the framework integrates assessment outcomes, conversational interactions, engagement metrics, and student feedback. We demonstrate its application through a multi-week, quasi-experimental study using a Socratic-style chatbot designed with pedagogical intent. Using clustering techniques and statistical analysis, we identified patterns in student–chatbot interaction and linked them to changes in learning outcomes. This framework provides researchers and educators with a replicable structure for evaluating GenAI interventions and advancing coherence in learning analytics–based educational research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Learning Environments)
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12 pages, 2491 KiB  
Article
Feasibility and Clinical Outcomes of Robot-Assisted Sacrocolpopexy Using Autologous Round Ligament Grafts: A Novel Non-Mesh Surgical Approach for Pelvic Organ Prolapse
by Shinichi Togami, Takashi Ushiwaka, Nozomi Furuzono, Yusuke Kobayashi, Chikako Nagata, Mika Fukuda, Mika Mizuno, Shintaro Yanazume and Hiroaki Kobayashi
Medicina 2025, 61(7), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071242 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background and Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical outcomes of a novel non-mesh robot-assisted sacrocolpopexy (RSC) using autologous round ligament (ARL) grafts in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 92 patients who underwent non-mesh RSC [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical outcomes of a novel non-mesh robot-assisted sacrocolpopexy (RSC) using autologous round ligament (ARL) grafts in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 92 patients who underwent non-mesh RSC with ARL grafts at Kagoshima University Hospital between August 2020 and June 2024. All patients met the inclusion criteria for symptomatic POP-Q stage II or higher and elected to undergo non-mesh RSC. The procedures were performed using the da Vinci® Xi or the hinotori™ Surgical Robot System. The clinical characteristics, operative data, complications, and recurrence rates were analyzed. Results: ARL harvesting was feasible in all patients, and the non-mesh RSC procedure was completed without conversion to open surgery or any intraoperative complications. The median operative time was 251 min, and the median blood loss was 30 mL. Postoperative complications of Clavien-Dindo grade ≥ 2 occurred in five patients (5%), all of whom developed pelvic infections. De novo stress urinary incontinence was observed in one patient (1%). POP recurrence occurred in seven patients (8%) during a median follow-up of 3 months (range, 3–18 months), all of whom presented with cystocele. Five patients underwent reoperation, and two were managed conservatively. All patients experienced postoperative symptomatic improvement. A higher BMI and advanced POP-Q stage were significant predictors of recurrence. Conclusions: This is the first report of non-mesh RSC using an ARL graft. The procedure is feasible and effective, avoids the use of synthetic mesh, and offers short-term outcomes comparable to those of mesh-based RSC. ARL-based RSC represents a promising alternative, especially for patients at risk of mesh-related complications. Long-term follow-up is required to confirm durability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)
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30 pages, 574 KiB  
Article
Reimagining Chemistry Education for Pre-Service Teachers Through TikTok, News Media, and Digital Portfolios
by Juan Peña-Martínez, Minghui Li, Ana Cano-Ortiz, Sara García-Fernández and Noelia Rosales-Conrado
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7711; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147711 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study explores the integration of digital media tools—specifically TikTok, online press news analysis, and digital portfolios—into pre-service chemistry teacher education to enhance student engagement, foster conceptual understanding, and highlight the relevance of chemistry in society. The educational intervention involved 138 pre-service teachers [...] Read more.
This study explores the integration of digital media tools—specifically TikTok, online press news analysis, and digital portfolios—into pre-service chemistry teacher education to enhance student engagement, foster conceptual understanding, and highlight the relevance of chemistry in society. The educational intervention involved 138 pre-service teachers who analysed digital news articles to reflect on the societal and environmental implications of chemistry, promoting media literacy and awareness of socioscientific issues. Additionally, they created short-form TikTok videos, using social media to communicate scientific concepts creatively and interactively. All participants compiled their work into digital portfolios, which served as both a reflective and integrative tool. A post-course Likert-scale questionnaire (N = 77) revealed high overall satisfaction with the methodology, with 94.8% valuing the news analysis activity and 59.7% finding TikTok particularly engaging. Despite some limitations regarding access to technical infrastructure, the findings indicate that incorporating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in this manner supports motivation, meaningful learning, and the development of key teaching competencies. This case study contributes practical insights into ICT use in science education. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
18 pages, 1035 KiB  
Article
A Segmented Linear Regression Study of Seasonal Profiles of COVID-19 Deaths in Italy: September 2021–September 2024
by Marco Roccetti and Eugenio Maria De Rosa
Computation 2025, 13(7), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13070165 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Using a segmented linear regression model, we examined the seasonal profiles of weekly COVID-19 deaths data in Italy over a three-year-long period during which the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and post-Omicron variants were predominant (September 2021–September 2024). Comparing the slopes of the regression segments, we [...] Read more.
Using a segmented linear regression model, we examined the seasonal profiles of weekly COVID-19 deaths data in Italy over a three-year-long period during which the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and post-Omicron variants were predominant (September 2021–September 2024). Comparing the slopes of the regression segments, we were able to discuss the variation in steepness of the Italian COVID-19 mortality trend, identifying the corresponding growth/decline profile for each considered season. Our findings show that, although the COVID-19 weekly death mortality has been in a declining trend in Italy since the end of 2021 until the end of 2024, there have been increasing alterations in the COVID-19 deaths for all winters and summers of that period. These increasing mortality variations were more pronounced in winters than in summers, with an average progressive increase in the number of COVID-19 deaths, with each new week, of 55.75 and 22.90, in winters and in summers, respectively. We found that COVID-19 deaths were, instead, less frequent in the intermediate periods between winters and summers, with an average decrease of −38.01 COVID-19 deaths for each new week. Our segmented regression model has fitted well the observed COVID-19 deaths, as confirmed by the average value of the determination coefficients: 0.74, 0.63 and 0.70, respectively, for winters, summers and intermediate periods. In conclusion, favored by a general declining COVID-19 mortality trend in Italy in the period of interest, transient rises of the mortality have occurred both in winters and in summers, but received little attention because they have always been compensated by consistent downward drifts occurring during the intermediate periods between winters and summers. Full article
16 pages, 830 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Path Planning for Unmanned Autonomous Vehicles Based on CAS-UNet and Graph Neural Networks
by Yuchu Ji, Rentong Sun, Yang Wang, Zijian Zhu and Zhenghao Liu
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4283; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144283 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This paper proposes a deeply integrated model called CAS-GNN, aiming to solve the collaborative path-planning problem for multi-agent vehicles operating in dynamic environments. Our proposed model integrates CAS-UNet and Graph Neural Network (GNN), and, by introducing a dynamic edge enhancement module and a [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a deeply integrated model called CAS-GNN, aiming to solve the collaborative path-planning problem for multi-agent vehicles operating in dynamic environments. Our proposed model integrates CAS-UNet and Graph Neural Network (GNN), and, by introducing a dynamic edge enhancement module and a dynamic edge weight update module, it improves the accuracy of obstacle boundary recognition in complex scenarios and adaptively changes the influence of different edges during the information transmission process. We generate data through online trajectory optimization to enhance the model’s adaptability to dynamic environments. Simulation results show that our proposed CAS-GNN model has good performance in path planning. In a dynamic scenario involving six vehicles, our model achieved a success rate of 92.8%, a collision rate of 0.0836%, and a trajectory efficiency of 64%. Compared with the traditional A-GNN model, our proposed CAS-GNN model improves the planning success rate by 2.7% and the trajectory efficiency by 8%, while reducing the collision rate by 23%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Communications)
12 pages, 565 KiB  
Article
Children’s Allergic Sensitization to Pets: The Role of Air Pollution
by Yufeng Miao, Yingjie Liu, Ruixue Huang, Yuan Xue, Le Liu and Qihong Deng
Atmosphere 2025, 16(7), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16070833 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Allergic sensitization (AS) to pets is a notable health concern, with a 10–30% prevalence in developed countries, significantly higher than in developing nations; however, the critical exposure windows and reasons for this global disparity remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate associations between [...] Read more.
Allergic sensitization (AS) to pets is a notable health concern, with a 10–30% prevalence in developed countries, significantly higher than in developing nations; however, the critical exposure windows and reasons for this global disparity remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate associations between perinatal and current animal exposure and childhood AS among 2598 preschoolers (aged 3–6) in Changsha, China. Data on AS and pet exposure were gathered via questionnaires, while children’s prenatal and current exposure to outdoor air pollutants (PM10, NO2) was estimated from monitoring stations. Multiple logistic regression models revealed an overall AS prevalence of 1.8%. Current animal or pet exposure was significantly associated with childhood AS (adjusted OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.12–4.29). Conversely, no significant association was found for perinatal exposure. Intriguingly, a stratified analysis showed that the association with current exposure was significant only in children exposed to low levels of outdoor PM10 (adj. OR 2.97, 95% CI 1.21–7.27) and NO2 (adj. OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.23–7.37). The study concludes that current exposure to pets significantly increases childhood AS risk. This effect is unexpectedly magnified in environments with low outdoor air pollution. This novel finding not only may explain the higher prevalence of pet allergies in developed countries but also suggests that as air quality improves alongside rising pet ownership, developing nations like China could face a significant future increase in pet sensitization, highlighting a critical emerging public health challenge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Air Pollution: A Silent Threat to Human Health and the Atmosphere)
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4 pages, 166 KiB  
Editorial
An Editorial on the Special Issue “Where Are We Now and Where Is Cell Therapy Headed?”
by Andrea Papait and Paola Chiodelli
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(7), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17070894 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Cell-based therapies have swiftly transitioned from experimental modalities to core components of modern translational medicine [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Where Are We Now and Where Is Cell Therapy Headed?)
16 pages, 317 KiB  
Article
The Hypoglycaemic Effects of the New Zealand Pine Bark Extract on Sucrose Uptake and Glycaemic Responses in Healthy Adults—A Single-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial
by Wen Xin Janice Lim, Rachel A. Page, Cheryl S. Gammon and Paul J. Moughan
Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2277; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142277 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: The New Zealand pine bark has been demonstrated in vitro to inhibit digestive enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion (alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4)). Objective: This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of the New Zealand pine bark on sucrose uptake [...] Read more.
Background: The New Zealand pine bark has been demonstrated in vitro to inhibit digestive enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion (alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4)). Objective: This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects of the New Zealand pine bark on sucrose uptake and glycaemic responses in humans. Methods: A single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover trial was carried out involving healthy adults (n = 40 (M: 12, F: 28), 30.1 ± 1.3 years, BMI 23.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2, HbA1c 32.5 ± 0.6 mmol/mol, FBG 4.7 ± 0.1 mmol/L). A control (75 g of sucrose powder only), and two doses of the pine bark extract (50 and 400 mg) were provided on separate occasions, with 75 g of sucrose mixed in 250 mL of water. Blood samples were collected at −10, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min via a finger prick test. A linear mixed model for repeated measures (SPSS v30, IBM) was applied, and data presented as model-adjusted mean ± SEM. Results: Compared to control (247.5 ± 14.0 mmol/L×min), the iAUCglucose was significantly reduced with the 400 mg dose (211.8 ± 13.9 mmol/L×min, 14.4% reduction, and p = 0.037), but not with 50 mg dose (220.8 ± 14.2 mmol/L×min, 10.8% reduction, and p = 0.184). Compared to control (9.1 ± 0.2 mmol/L), glucose peak value was significantly reduced with the 50 mg dose (8.6 ± 0.2 mmol/L, 5.5% reduction, and p = 0.016) but not with the 400 mg dose (8.7 ± 0.2 mmol/L, 4.4% reduction, and p = 0.093). There were no statistically significant changes in postprandial insulin levels with the pine bark extract compared to control. Conclusion: The New Zealand pine bark extract attenuated sucrose uptake with improved glycaemic responses, and may therefore be useful as a hypoglycaemic adjunct to the diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health—2nd Edition)
44 pages, 1470 KiB  
Article
GPT Applications for Construction Safety: A Use Case Analysis
by Ali Katooziani, Idris Jeelani and Masoud Gheisari
Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2410; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142410 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study explores the use of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically GPT, for different safety management applications in the construction industry. Many studies have explored the integration of GPT in construction safety for various applications; their primary focus has been on the feasibility [...] Read more.
This study explores the use of Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically GPT, for different safety management applications in the construction industry. Many studies have explored the integration of GPT in construction safety for various applications; their primary focus has been on the feasibility of such integration, often using GPT models for specific applications rather than a thorough evaluation of GPT’s limitations and capabilities. In contrast, this study aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of GPT’s performance based on established key criteria. Using structured use cases, this study explores GPT’s strength and weaknesses in four construction safety areas: (1) delivering personalized safety training and educational content tailored to individual learner needs; (2) automatically analyzing post-accident reports to identify root causes and suggest preventive measures; (3) generating customized safety guidelines and checklists to support site compliance; and (4) providing real-time assistance for managing daily safety tasks and decision-making on construction sites. LLMs and NLP have already been employed in each of these four areas for improvement, making them suitable areas for further investigation. GPT demonstrated acceptable performance in delivering evidence-based, regulation-aligned responses, making it valuable for scaling personalized training, automating accident analyses, and developing safety protocols. Additionally, it provided real-time safety support through interactive dialogues. However, the model showed limitations in deeper critical analysis, extrapolating information, and adapting to dynamic environments. The study concludes that while GPT holds significant promise for enhancing construction safety, further refinement is necessary. This includes fine-tuning for more relevant safety-specific outcomes, integrating real-time data for contextual awareness, and developing a nuanced understanding of safety risks. These improvements, coupled with human oversight, could make GPT a robust tool for safety management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety Management and Occupational Health in Construction)
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12 pages, 6096 KiB  
Article
Conservation of the Threatened Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) in a Mountainous Habitat in Northwestern Saudi Arabia
by Abdulaziz S. Alatawi
Biology 2025, 14(7), 839; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070839 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
The expansion of human activities can degrade natural habitats, thereby increasing threats to wildlife conservation. The wild populations of many species have declined due to the modification of natural habitats by humans. The Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs) is a subspecies [...] Read more.
The expansion of human activities can degrade natural habitats, thereby increasing threats to wildlife conservation. The wild populations of many species have declined due to the modification of natural habitats by humans. The Arabian wolf (Canis lupus arabs) is a subspecies of the gray wolf that is of conservation concern across its distribution range. The Arabian wolf is understudied in certain habitats (e.g., mountainous areas), which limits understanding of its overall ecology. Given its vulnerable conservation status, this study aimed to collect relevant data and information on incidents and potential threats facing this predator in the rugged mountainous habitats of western Tabuk province, Saudi Arabia, and how the effects of these threats can be minimized. In these mountain habitats Arabian wolves encounter various severe threats that challenge relevant conservation efforts. Observations of such threats—some of which result in wolf mortality—represent serious challenges to the survival of wild Arabian wolves. Conflicts with humans and livestock represent considerable threats that must be appropriately managed. Additionally, the potential association between Arabian wolves and free-ranging dogs requires further investigation. Various conservation scenarios and mitigation approaches can be applied to help reduce negative impacts on Arabian wolf populations and maximize their likelihood of survival. Overall, ensuring the persistence of such a unique desert-adapted apex predator in this ecosystem must become a conservation priority. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology, Management and Conservation of Canidae)
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23 pages, 5970 KiB  
Article
Miniaturized and Circularly Polarized Dual-Port Metasurface-Based Leaky-Wave MIMO Antenna for CubeSat Communications
by Tale Saeidi, Sahar Saleh and Saeid Karamzadeh
Electronics 2025, 14(14), 2764; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14142764 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a compact, high-performance metasurface-based leaky-wave MIMO antenna with dimensions of 40 × 30 mm2, achieving a gain of 12.5 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 85%. The antenna enables precise control of electromagnetic waves, featuring a flower-like metasurface [...] Read more.
This paper presents a compact, high-performance metasurface-based leaky-wave MIMO antenna with dimensions of 40 × 30 mm2, achieving a gain of 12.5 dBi and a radiation efficiency of 85%. The antenna enables precise control of electromagnetic waves, featuring a flower-like metasurface (MTS) with coffee bean-shaped arrays on substrates of varying permittivity, separated by a cavity layer to enhance coupling. Its dual-port MIMO design boosts data throughput operating in three bands (3.75–5.25 GHz, 6.4–15.4 GHz, and 22.5–30 GHz), while the leaky-wave mechanism supports frequency- or phase-dependent beamsteering without mechanical parts. Ideal for CubeSat communications, its compact size meets CubeSat constraints, and its high gain and efficiency ensure reliable long-distance communication with low power consumption, which is crucial for low Earth orbit operations. Circular polarization (CP) maintains signal integrity despite orientation changes, and MIMO capability supports high data rates for applications such as Earth observations or inter-satellite links. The beamsteering feature allows for dynamic tracking of ground stations or satellites, enhancing mission flexibility and reducing interference. This lightweight, efficient antenna addresses modern CubeSat challenges, providing a robust solution for advanced space communication systems with significant potential to enhance satellite connectivity and data transmission in complex space environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advancements of Millimeter-Wave Antennas and Antenna Arrays)
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22 pages, 986 KiB  
Article
Promoting Freight Modal Shift to High-Speed Rail for CO2 Emission Reduction: A Bi-Level Multi-Objective Optimization Approach
by Lin Li
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6310; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146310 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This paper investigates the optimal planning of high-speed rail (HSR) freight operations, pricing strategies, and government carbon tax policies. The primary objective is to enhance the market share of HSR freight, thereby reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with freight activities. [...] Read more.
This paper investigates the optimal planning of high-speed rail (HSR) freight operations, pricing strategies, and government carbon tax policies. The primary objective is to enhance the market share of HSR freight, thereby reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with freight activities. The modal shift problem is formulated as a bi-level multi-objective model and solved using a specifically designed hybrid algorithm. The upper-level model integrates multiple objectives of the government (minimizing tax while maximizing the emission reduction rate) and HSR operators (maximizing profits). The lower-level model represents shippers’ transportation mode choices through network equilibrium modeling, aiming to minimize their costs. Numerical analysis is conducted using a transportation network that includes seven major central cities in China. The results indicate that optimizing HSR freight services with carbon tax policies can achieve a 56.97% reduction in CO2 emissions compared to air freight only. The effectiveness of the government’s carbon tax policy in reducing CO2 emissions depends on shippers’ emphasis on carbon reduction and the intensity of the carbon tax. Full article
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29 pages, 14985 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Characterization of Changes in the Respiratory Tract and the Nervous System, Including the Eyes in SARS-CoV-2-Infected K18-hACE2 Mice
by Malgorzata Rosiak, Tom Schreiner, Georg Beythien, Eva Leitzen, Anastasiya Ulianytska, Lisa Allnoch, Kathrin Becker, Lukas M. Michaely, Sandra Lockow, Sabrina Clever, Christian Meyer zu Natrup, Asisa Volz, Wolfgang Baumgärtner, Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz, Kirsten Hülskötter and Katharina M. Gregor
Viruses 2025, 17(7), 963; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17070963 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is known to affect multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract and nervous and ocular systems. This retrospective study aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of viral antigen [...] Read more.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is known to affect multiple organ systems, including the respiratory tract and nervous and ocular systems. This retrospective study aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal distribution of viral antigen and associated pathological changes in the nose, lungs, brain, and eyes of K18-hACE2 mice intranasally infected with SARS-CoV-2. Using histology and immunohistochemistry, tissues were examined at 3, 6, and 7/8 days post-infection (dpi). In addition, lung and brain tissues were analyzed by means of RT-qPCR to determine viral RNA titers. Viral antigen was most pronounced in the nose, brain, and lung at 3, 6, and 7/8 dpi, respectively, whereas viral antigen was detected at 6 and 7/8 dpi in the retina. Quantitative PCR confirmed increasing viral RNA levels in both lung and brain, peaking at 7/8 dpi. Nasal and lung inflammation mirrored viral antigen distribution and localization. In the brain, the predominantly basal viral spread correlated with lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis, neuronal vacuolation, and altered neurofilament immunoreactivity. Retinal ganglion cells showed viral antigen expression without associated lesions. Microglial activation was evident in both the optic chiasm and the brain. These findings highlight the K18-hACE2 model’s utility for studying extrapulmonary SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Understanding the temporal and spatial dynamics of viral spread enhances insights into SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism and its clinical manifestations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Coronaviruses)
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Graphical abstract

26 pages, 5302 KiB  
Review
Tetracyclic Bis-Piperidine Alkaloids: Structures, Bioinspired Synthesis, Synthesis, and Bioactivities
by Stan Iridio Gómez, Esveidy Isabel Oceguera Nava, Abbas Dadawalla, Dennis Ashong, Guanglin Chen and Qiao-Hong Chen
Molecules 2025, 30(14), 2907; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142907 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Tetracyclic bis-piperidine alkaloids (TcBPAs) are structurally complex natural products primarily isolated from marine sponges of the order Haplosclerida. Distinguished by their intricate architecture, TcBPAs feature two central piperidine units linked by dual macrocyclic rings. These unique structural motifs contribute significantly to their biological [...] Read more.
Tetracyclic bis-piperidine alkaloids (TcBPAs) are structurally complex natural products primarily isolated from marine sponges of the order Haplosclerida. Distinguished by their intricate architecture, TcBPAs feature two central piperidine units linked by dual macrocyclic rings. These unique structural motifs contribute significantly to their biological activities. For example, TcBPAs exhibit antiproliferative activities at low micromolar concentrations across various cancer cell lines, including leukemia, melanoma, breast, colon, fibrosarcoma, and glioblastoma. Despite this promising therapeutic profile, the structural intricacy of TcBPAs has posed considerable challenges to the development of efficient synthetic methodologies, thereby limiting comprehensive exploration and potential clinical advancement. This review highlights recent progress and persisting challenges in the synthesis, structural analysis, and biological evaluation of TcBPAs, underscoring their therapeutic potential in anticancer drug discovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, 3rd Edition)
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21 pages, 935 KiB  
Review
From Adipose to Action: Reprogramming Stem Cells for Functional Neural Progenitors for Neural Regenerative Therapy
by Junjie Peng, Zhu Zhang, Min Li, Ken Kin Lam Yung and King-ho Cheung
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6599; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146599 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Neural stem cells have shown great potential in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), because of their ability to differentiate into various types of neural cells and substitute for damaged neurons. Their clinical application is, however, impeded by limitations [...] Read more.
Neural stem cells have shown great potential in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), because of their ability to differentiate into various types of neural cells and substitute for damaged neurons. Their clinical application is, however, impeded by limitations such as low survival rates following transplantation, low efficiency of differentiation, the potential for tumorigenesis, and the risk of immune rejection by the host. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have become increasingly popular as an alternative tool in regenerative medicine due to their accessibility, multipotency, and low immunogenicity. The recent advance in inducing ADSCs into neural stem cell-like cells (iNSCs) opens up a new avenue for the treatment of PD by restoring dopaminergic neuron populations. Here, the biological characteristics, induction protocols, molecular mechanisms, and prospective applications of ADSCs in neural repair are summarized systematically. We also covered current technical challenges, such as differentiation protocol optimization and functional integration, and future perspectives, including biomaterial and gene editing applications to enhance ADSC-based therapies. With these challenges met, ADSCs hold excellent potential for advancing personalized and combination therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Innovation in Neurodegenerative Diseases, 2nd Edition)
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22 pages, 8979 KiB  
Article
DFPS: An Efficient Downsampling Algorithm Designed for the Global Feature Preservation of Large-Scale Point Cloud Data
by Jiahui Dong, Maoyi Tian, Jiayong Yu, Guoyu Li, Yunfei Wang and Yuxin Su
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4279; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144279 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This paper introduces an efficient 3D point cloud downsampling algorithm (DFPS) based on adaptive multi-level grid partitioning. By leveraging an adaptive hierarchical grid partitioning mechanism, the algorithm dynamically adjusts computational intensity in accordance with terrain complexity. This approach effectively balances the global feature [...] Read more.
This paper introduces an efficient 3D point cloud downsampling algorithm (DFPS) based on adaptive multi-level grid partitioning. By leveraging an adaptive hierarchical grid partitioning mechanism, the algorithm dynamically adjusts computational intensity in accordance with terrain complexity. This approach effectively balances the global feature retention of point cloud data with computational efficiency, making it highly adaptable to the growing trend of large-scale 3D point cloud datasets. DFPS is designed with a multithreaded parallel acceleration architecture, which significantly enhances processing speed. Experimental results demonstrate that, for a point cloud dataset containing millions of points, DFPS reduces processing time from approximately 161,665 s using the original FPS method to approximately 71.64 s at a 12.5% sampling rate, achieving an efficiency improvement of over 2200 times. As the sampling rate decreases, the performance advantage becomes more pronounced: at a 3.125% sampling rate, the efficiency improves by nearly 10,000 times. By employing visual observation and quantitative analysis (with the chamfer distance as the measurement index), it is evident that DFPS can effectively preserve global feature information. Notably, DFPS does not depend on GPU-based heterogeneous computing, enabling seamless deployment in resource-constrained environments such as airborne and mobile devices, which makes DFPS an effective and lightweighting tool for providing high-quality input data for subsequent algorithms, including point cloud registration and semantic segmentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vehicular Sensing)
21 pages, 1195 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Remaining Service Life of Miniature Circuit Breakers Based on Wiener Process
by Lin Ma, Linming Hou, Puquan He, Changxian Wang, Zhenhua Xie and Yao Wang
Energies 2025, 18(14), 3639; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143639 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
In the operation of a power distribution system, miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are subjected to the synergistic effect of electrical and mechanical stresses in service, and their operational performance is progressively degraded, which is prone to bring significant losses to the users after [...] Read more.
In the operation of a power distribution system, miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) are subjected to the synergistic effect of electrical and mechanical stresses in service, and their operational performance is progressively degraded, which is prone to bring significant losses to the users after failures occur. In order to accurately predict the remaining electrical life of MCBs in service, MCB mechanical characterization and dynamic simulation are carried out, and the initial closing angle of MCBs is selected as the degradation characteristic quantity, so as to deeply analyze the evolutionary characteristics of the initial closing angle in the degradation of MCBs and to construct the electrical degradation model of the one-dimensional linear Wiener process in the present study. With the help of the Monte Carlo method, we carry out the electric life simulation analysis to investigate the intrinsic correlation between the degradation of electric performance and the initial closing angle, and we implement the electric life experiment under the 63 A working condition to analyze the dynamic change in the stiffening angle of the test samples. The parameters of the electrical performance degradation model are identified through the synergistic driving of the electrical life simulation data and the experimental data, the remaining electrical life prediction is realized based on the degradation data of the same batch of products, and the maximum prediction error of the proposed method is controlled within 15%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diagnostic Analysis, Strategic Management, and Proactive Maintenance of Electrical Equipment)
13 pages, 985 KiB  
Communication
CSAMT-Driven Feasibility Assessment of Beishan Underground Research Laboratory
by Zhiguo An, Qingyun Di, Changmin Fu and Zhongxing Wang
Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4282; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144282 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
The safe disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is imperative for sustaining China’s rapidly expanding nuclear power sector, with deep geological repositories requiring rigorous site evaluation via underground research laboratories (URLs). This study presents a controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT) survey at the Xinchang [...] Read more.
The safe disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is imperative for sustaining China’s rapidly expanding nuclear power sector, with deep geological repositories requiring rigorous site evaluation via underground research laboratories (URLs). This study presents a controlled-source audio-frequency magnetotellurics (CSAMT) survey at the Xinchang site in China’s Beishan area, a region dominated by high-resistivity metamorphic rocks. To overcome electrical data acquisition challenges in such resistive terrains, salt-saturated water was applied to transmitting and receiving electrodes to enhance grounding efficiency. Using excitation frequencies of 9600 Hz to 1 Hz, the survey achieved a 1000 m investigation depth. Data processing incorporated static effect removal via low-pass filtering and smoothness-constrained 2D inversion. The results showed strong consistency between observed and modeled data, validating inversion reliability. Borehole correlations identified a 600-m-thick intact rock mass, confirming favorable geological conditions for URL construction. The study demonstrates CSAMT’s efficacy in characterizing HLW repository sites in high-resistivity environments, providing critical geophysical insights for China’s HLW disposal program. These findings advance site evaluation methodologies for deep geological repositories, though integrated multidisciplinary assessments remain essential for comprehensive site validation. This work underscores the feasibility of the Xinchang site while establishing a technical framework that is applicable to analogous challenging terrains globally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
16 pages, 2652 KiB  
Article
Hypergeometric Functions as Activation Functions: The Particular Case of Bessel-Type Functions
by Nelson Vieira, Felipe Freitas, Roberto Figueiredo and Petia Georgieva
Mathematics 2025, 13(14), 2232; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13142232 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
The choice of the activation functions in neural networks (NN) are of paramount importance in the training process and the performance of NNs. Therefore, the machine learning community has directed its attention to the development of computationally efficient activation functions. In this paper [...] Read more.
The choice of the activation functions in neural networks (NN) are of paramount importance in the training process and the performance of NNs. Therefore, the machine learning community has directed its attention to the development of computationally efficient activation functions. In this paper we introduce a new family of activation functions based on the hypergeometric functions. These functions have trainable parameters, and therefore after the training process, the NN will end up with different activation functions. To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first attempt to consider hypergeometric functions as activation functions in NNs. Special attention is given to the Bessel functions of the first kind Jν, which is a sub-family of the general family of hypergeometric functions. The new (Bessel-type) activation functions are implemented on different benchmark data sets and compared to the widely adopted ReLU activation function. The results demonstrate that the Bessel activation functions outperform the ReLU activation functions in both accuracy aspects and computational time. Full article
19 pages, 6211 KiB  
Article
Contact Analysis of EMB Actuator Considering Assembly Errors with Varied Braking Intensities
by Xinyao Dong, Lihui Zhao, Peng Yao, Yixuan Hu, Liang Quan and Dongdong Zhang
Vehicles 2025, 7(3), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7030070 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Differential planetary roller lead screw (DPRS) serves as a quintessential actuating mechanism within the electromechanical braking (EMB) systems of vehicles, where its operational reliability is paramount to ensuring braking safety. Considering different braking intensities, how assembly errors affect the contact stress in DPRS [...] Read more.
Differential planetary roller lead screw (DPRS) serves as a quintessential actuating mechanism within the electromechanical braking (EMB) systems of vehicles, where its operational reliability is paramount to ensuring braking safety. Considering different braking intensities, how assembly errors affect the contact stress in DPRS was analyzed via the finite element method. Firstly, the braking force of the EMB system that employed DPRS was verified by the braking performance of legal provisions. Secondly, a rigid body dynamics model of DPRS was established to analyze the response time, braking clamping force, and axial contact force of DPRS under varied braking intensities. Finally, a finite element model of DPRS was constructed. The impact of assembly errors in the lead screw and rollers on the contact stress were investigated within the DPRS mechanism based on this model. The results indicate that as braking intensity increases, the deviation of the lead screw exerts a greater influence on the contact stress generated by the engagement between the lead screw and rollers compared to that between the nut and rollers. The skewness of the rollers also affects the contact stress generated by the engagement of both the lead screw with rollers and the nut with rollers. When assembly errors reach a certain threshold, the equivalent plastic strain is induced to exceed the critical value. This situation significantly impairing the normal operation of DPRS. This study provides guidance for setting the threshold of assembly errors in DPRS mechanisms. It also holds significant implications for the operational reliability of EMB systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability Analysis and Evaluation of Automotive Systems)
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24 pages, 918 KiB  
Article
Optimal Strategies in a Manufacturer-Led Supply Chain Under Hybrid Carbon Policies and Retailer’s Fairness Concerns
by Ping Li, Shuxuan Ai and Yangmei Zeng
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6309; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146309 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Implementing hybrid carbon policies is crucial for supply chains’ low-carbon transition. However, the downstream retailer is often passive in low-carbon strategies, leading to fair issues that may influence the decision-making of channel members. Therefore, this study integrates green technology, remanufacturing, retailer’s fairness concerns, [...] Read more.
Implementing hybrid carbon policies is crucial for supply chains’ low-carbon transition. However, the downstream retailer is often passive in low-carbon strategies, leading to fair issues that may influence the decision-making of channel members. Therefore, this study integrates green technology, remanufacturing, retailer’s fairness concerns, low-carbon preference, and hybrid carbon policies into a manufacturer-led supply chain through differential game theory. Then, the equilibrium solutions for each member are analyzed under the centralized case and decentralized case involving a cost-sharing contract for low-carbon promotion. Our results show that centralized decision-making can optimize both the economic and environmental performances of channel members; retailer’s fairness concerns can enhance low-carbon promotional efforts and the cost-sharing ratio for such initiatives, but do not impact low-carbon production efforts. Additionally, a threshold exists on the relationship between retailer’s fairness concerns and the cost-sharing ratio; increased low-carbon preference motivates more efforts in low-carbon production and promotion. Moreover, stricter carbon policies motivate the manufacturer to increase low-carbon efforts, but the retailer tailors its low-carbon promotional strategy according to the unit carbon emissions of products to maintain an adequate level of low-carbon goodwill. Full article
16 pages, 389 KiB  
Article
Study of Force Changes Based on Orthotic Elements Under the First Ray
by Marina Ballesteros-Mora, Pedro V. Munuera-Martínez, Natalia Tovaruela-Carrión, Antonia Sáez-Díaz and Javier Ramos-Ortega
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7708; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147708 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
The first ray plays a fundamental role in foot biomechanics, particularly in stabilizing the medial longitudinal arch and enabling efficient weight transfer during the mid-stance and propulsion phases of gait. When dorsiflexed—a condition known as metatarsus primus elevatus—especially in its flexible form, this [...] Read more.
The first ray plays a fundamental role in foot biomechanics, particularly in stabilizing the medial longitudinal arch and enabling efficient weight transfer during the mid-stance and propulsion phases of gait. When dorsiflexed—a condition known as metatarsus primus elevatus—especially in its flexible form, this structure disrupts load distribution, impairs propulsion, and contributes to various clinical symptoms. Despite its clinical importance, the biomechanical impact of orthotic elements placed beneath the first ray remains underexplored. This study aimed to quantify the variations in medio-lateral (Fx), antero-posterior (Fy), and vertical (Fz) force vectors generated during gait in response to different orthotic elements positioned under the first ray. A quasi-experimental, post-test design was conducted involving 22 participants (10 men and 12 women) diagnosed with flexible metatarsus primus elevatus. Each participant was evaluated using custom-made insoles incorporating various orthotic elements, while gait data were collected using a dynamometric platform during the mid-stance and propulsion phases. Significant gait-phase-dependent force alterations were observed. A cut-out (E) reduced medio-lateral forces during propulsion (p < 0.05), while a kinetic wedge (F) was correlated with late-stance stability (r = −0.526). The foot posture index (FPI)/body mass index (BMI) mediated the vertical forces. The effect sizes reached 0.45–0.42 for antero-posterior force modulation. Phase-targeted orthoses (a cut-out for propulsion, a kinetic wedge for late stance) and patient factors (FPI/BMI) appear to promote biomechanical efficacy in metatarsus primus elevatus, enabling personalized therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Foot Biomechanics and Gait Analysis, 2nd Edition)
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