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21 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Emerging Role of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in the Management of Obesity-Related Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Benefits beyond What Scales Can Measure?

by Paschalis Karakasis, Nikolaos Fragakis, Dimitrios Patoulias, Panagiotis Theofilis, Marios Sagris, Theocharis Koufakis, Panayotis K. Vlachakis, Imran Rashid Rangraze, Mohamed El Tanani, Konstantinos Tsioufis and Manfredi Rizzo

Biomedicines 2024, 12(9), 2112; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12092112 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Obesity is a significant predisposing factor for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Although a substantial proportion of individuals with HFpEF also have obesity, those with obesity are under-represented in clinical trials for heart failure. In turn, current guidelines provided limited recommendations [...] Read more.

Obesity is a significant predisposing factor for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Although a substantial proportion of individuals with HFpEF also have obesity, those with obesity are under-represented in clinical trials for heart failure. In turn, current guidelines provided limited recommendations for the medical management of this patient population. Both obesity and diabetes induce a pro-inflammatory state that can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and coronary microvascular impairment, finally resulting in HFpEF. Additionally, obesity leads to increased epicardial and chest wall adiposity, which enhances ventricular interdependence. This condition is further aggravated by plasma and blood volume expansion and excessive vasoconstriction, ultimately worsening HFpEF. Despite the well-documented benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists in subjects with diabetes, obesity, or both, their role in obesity-related HFpEF remains unclear. In light of the recently published literature, this review aims to investigate the potential mechanisms and synthesize the available clinical evidence regarding the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with obesity-related HFpEF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome)

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19 pages, 5719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogel Capacitors Based on MoS₂ Nanosheets and Applications in Glucose Monitoring

by Yizhi Wang, Jinwen Zhang, Yusen Zhang, Bing Wang, Yang Zhang and Hui Lin

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4401; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184401 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Non-invasive/minimally invasive continuous monitoring of blood glucose and blood glucose administration have a high impact on chronic disease management in diabetic patients, but the existing technology is yet to achieve the above two purposes at the same time. Therefore, this study proposes a [...] Read more.

Non-invasive/minimally invasive continuous monitoring of blood glucose and blood glucose administration have a high impact on chronic disease management in diabetic patients, but the existing technology is yet to achieve the above two purposes at the same time. Therefore, this study proposes a microfluidic microneedle patch based on 3D printing technology and an integrated control system design for blood glucose measurement, and a drug delivery control circuit based on a 555 chip. The proposed method provides an improved preparation of a PVA-PEG-MoS₂ nanosheet hydrogel, making use of its dielectric properties to fabricate a microcapacitor and then embedding it in a microfluidic chip. When MoS₂ nanosheets react with interstitial liquid glucose (and during the calibration process), the permittivity of the hydrogel is changed, resulting in changes in the capacitance of the capacitor. By converting the capacitance change into the square-wave period change in the output of the 555 chip with the control circuit design accordingly, the minimally invasive continuous measurement of blood glucose and the controlled release of hypoglycemic drugs are realized. In this study, the cross-linking structure of MoS₂ nanosheets in hydrogel was examined using infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods. Moreover, the critical doping mass fraction of MoS₂ nanosheets was determined to be 2% via the measurement of the dielectric constant. Meanwhile, the circuit design and the relationship between the pulse cycle and glucose concentration is validated. The results show that, compared with capacitors in series, the microcapacitors embedded in microfluidic channels can be connected in parallel to obtain better linearized blood glucose measurement results. Full article

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11 pages, 1723 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Progression of Hypertension and Diabetes in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 2019 to 2023

by Karl B. Angendu, Pierre Z. Akilimali, Nguyen Toan Tran and Julien Magne

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5488; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185488 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Introduction: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) does not have national prevalence data for arterial hypertension (HTN) or diabetes (type I and II combined) to aid evidence-based decision-making, despite the assumption of epidemiological transition in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this [...] Read more.

Introduction: The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) does not have national prevalence data for arterial hypertension (HTN) or diabetes (type I and II combined) to aid evidence-based decision-making, despite the assumption of epidemiological transition in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to estimate a proxy of prevalence for HTN and diabetes. Methodology: This study used routine monthly reported data pertaining to HTN and diabetes from the District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2), spanning 2019–2023. Data underwent quality assessment and adjustments using standardization before analysis. Equity analyses were carried out at the national and sub-national levels. Epidemiological curves and maps were produced to analyze trends in the prevalence of HTN and diabetes among adults aged 18 and over. Permission to use the data was obtained from the regulatory authority. Results: Over five years, incidence of HTN increased from 13.23% (CI 95%: 13.22–13.24) to 15.23% (CI 95%: 15.22–15.24) (+15.1% relative increase), and diabetes rose from 2.73% (CI 95%: 2.72–2.74) to 3.345% (CI 95%: 3.34–3.35) (+16.3% relative increase), with provincial variations observed. Conclusions: In the DRC, hypertension and diabetes are advancing rapidly. Primary and preventative healthcare services and public health interventions must prioritize these diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)

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16 pages, 6198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Deep Excavation Optimization: Selection of an Appropriate Constitutive Model

by Bhim Kumar Dahal, Sandip Regmi, Kalyan Paudyal, Diwash Dahal and Diwakar KC

CivilEng 2024, 5(3), 785-800; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng5030041 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

To minimize the impact on nearby structures during deep excavations, choosing an appropriate soil constitutive model for analysis holds significant importance. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of various constitutive soil models—namely, the Mohr–Coulomb (MC) model, the hardening soil (HS) model, [...] Read more.

To minimize the impact on nearby structures during deep excavations, choosing an appropriate soil constitutive model for analysis holds significant importance. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of various constitutive soil models—namely, the Mohr–Coulomb (MC) model, the hardening soil (HS) model, the hardening soil small strain (HSS) model, and the soft soil (SS) model—to identify the most suitable model for the lacustrine deposit. To implement these models, the soil’s index properties and mechanical behavior were evaluated from undisturbed soil samples. The numerical simulation and verification of these properties were carried out by comparing the laboratory test results with the outcome of the finite element method; the most suitable constitutive soil model for the soil was identified as the HSS model. Upon analyzing the wall deflection and ground settlement profiles obtained from respective constitutive models, it was observed that the HS and HSS models exhibit similar characteristics and are well-suited for analyzing typical lacustrine soil. In contrast, the MC and SS models yield overly optimistic results with lower wall deflection and ground settlement and fail to predict realistic soil behavior. As a result, this research highlights the significance of selecting the appropriate constitutive soil model and refining the parameters. This optimization process contributes significantly to the design of support systems, enhancing construction efficiency and ensuring overall safety in deep excavation projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Pathways to Sustainable Construction: Innovations in New Materials, Construction Techniques, and Management Practices)

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10 pages, 866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Managing Newborn Screening Repeat Collections for Sick and Preterm Neonates

by Ronda F. Greaves, Jo-Ann Northfield, Lauren Cross, Nazha Mawad, Thanh Nguyen, Maggie Tan, Michele A. O’Connell and James Pitt

Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2024, 10(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns10030063 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Some preterm and sick neonates have altered biochemical profiles and follow-up newborn screening (NBS) collections are recommended. The Victorian NBS program historically recommended repeat collections for babies with birth weight < 1500 g (managed by the maternity service provider) and 3 weeks post-transfusion [...] Read more.

Some preterm and sick neonates have altered biochemical profiles and follow-up newborn screening (NBS) collections are recommended. The Victorian NBS program historically recommended repeat collections for babies with birth weight < 1500 g (managed by the maternity service provider) and 3 weeks post-transfusion (managed by the laboratory). We aimed to determine adherence to current guidelines and review the guidelines to improve NBS performance. To do this, we audited data from 348,584 babies between January 2018 and June 2022. Babies with a recorded birth weight of <1500 g were filtered for inclusion. For the overall review and visualization of the protocol, we sourced information from the literature, our professional society and tertiary hospital services. A total of 2647 babies had a birth weight recorded between 200 and 1499 g. Of these, 2036 (77%) had a second sample collected, indicating that >1 in 5 babies were not receiving a follow-up collection. Our timing of repeat collections for transfused babies, requiring a 3-week follow-up collection, was longer than in other Australasian jurisdictions. A new combined “sick–prem protocol” was launched to support repeat collections and after a 1-year review achieved 95% compliance. We recommend NBS laboratories audit preterm and sick neonate repeat collections to ensure appropriate follow-up. This should be supported with a visual process map to aid education and compliance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Newborn Screening for Congenital Hypothyroidism)

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19 pages, 1518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Ecological Compensation Policy Effectiveness: A Case Study in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

by Yiwen Lu, Xining Yang and Yichun Xie

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8094; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188094 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

As a vital component of the terrestrial ecosystem, grassland accounts for one-third of the global vegetation system. Grassland degradation has been exacerbated due to extreme overgrazing in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR). While conservation was carried out via the Ecological Subsidy and [...] Read more.

As a vital component of the terrestrial ecosystem, grassland accounts for one-third of the global vegetation system. Grassland degradation has been exacerbated due to extreme overgrazing in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR). While conservation was carried out via the Ecological Subsidy and Award Program (ESAP) to mitigate grassland degradation, little is known about its effectiveness in improving the biophysical conditions of grassland. This paper integrates the conceptual frameworks of total socio-environmental systems (TSESs) to assess how ecological systems respond to the ESAP, investigate the spatial heterogeneity of the ESAP, and explore the meddling effects of socio-environmental interactions on the ESAP. We integrated ecological, climate, and socioeconomic data and developed several hierarchical linear mixed models (HLMMs) to investigate how these factors interact with the ESAP in the IMAR. Our findings prove that the above-ground biomass between 2011 and 2015 responds significantly to variations in socioeconomic conditions and ecological communities. Available land resources, hospital and medical facilities, and net farmer and herdsman income are the most critical factors positively related to grassland productivity. Primary industries like mining, total consumer retail value, farming, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery productions, and GDP are the most damaging factors affecting biomass. Our study recommends a regionally or locally tailored ecological recovery policy, instead of a generalized one, in future efforts to conserve grassland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Employee Quality of Life, Well-Being and Wellness: A Pathway to Organizational Performance, Efficiency, and Sustainability)

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19 pages, 5207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Continuous Video Monitoring of Zoo Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) Reveals Differential Engagement Patterns for Environmental Enrichment Items Based on Sensory Category

by Haley N. Beer, Dustin T. Yates, Trenton C. Shrader and Ty B. Schmidt

J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2024, 5(3), 520-538; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg5030035 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Strategically enriching the environment of zoo felids to encourage innate behaviors is essential to good welfare. To investigate how engagement differs among sensory-based enrichment, six items representing tactile (firehose log, Jolly Eggs), visual (mirror, movie), and olfactory (cinnamon, cologne) sensory categories were offered [...] Read more.

Strategically enriching the environment of zoo felids to encourage innate behaviors is essential to good welfare. To investigate how engagement differs among sensory-based enrichment, six items representing tactile (firehose log, Jolly Eggs), visual (mirror, movie), and olfactory (cinnamon, cologne) sensory categories were offered to three adult cheetah siblings. Each item was offered four times: twice during daytime hours and twice overnight (≥5 h/occasion). Static video monitoring was used to investigate engagement frequency and duration for each item and to observe grooming behaviors. Cheetahs engaged with visual enrichment more frequently (p < 0.05) and for greater (p < 0.05) periods than other items. Allogrooming occurred most frequently (p < 0.05) when the movie was provisioned at night. Tactile enrichment was only modestly engaged, with fewer but longer engagements (p < 0.05) at nighttime than at daytime. Autogrooming frequency did not vary among enrichment items but was greater (p < 0.05) at night than day. These findings showed that zoo cheetah responses to sensory enrichment items differed based on type and time of day. Visual stimuli were favored, whereas olfactory stimuli were generally ignored. This illustrates the benefit of diverse sensory-specific enrichment strategies. Such dynamic strategies can help overcome the challenge of individual preferences to encourage engagement reflective of the animal’s natural behaviors. Full article

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25 pages, 3566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing the Cell-Free Transcriptome in a Humanized Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Patient-Derived Tumor Xenograft Model for RNA-Based Liquid Biopsy in a Preclinical Setting

by Philippe Decruyenaere, Willem Daneels, Annelien Morlion, Kimberly Verniers, Jasper Anckaert, Jan Tavernier, Fritz Offner and Jo Vandesompele

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 9982; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25189982 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

The potential of RNA-based liquid biopsy is increasingly being recognized in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This study explores the cell-free transcriptome in a humanized DLBCL patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) model. Blood plasma samples (n = [...] Read more.

The potential of RNA-based liquid biopsy is increasingly being recognized in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. This study explores the cell-free transcriptome in a humanized DLBCL patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) model. Blood plasma samples (n = 171) derived from a DLBCL PDTX model, including 27 humanized (HIS) PDTX, 8 HIS non-PDTX, and 21 non-HIS PDTX non-obese diabetic (NOD)-scid IL2Rgnull (NSG) mice were collected during humanization, xenografting, treatment, and sacrifice. The mice were treated with either rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP), CD20-targeted human IFNα2-based AcTaferon combined with CHOP (huCD20-Fc-AFN-CHOP), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). RNA was extracted using the miRNeasy serum/plasma kit and sequenced on the NovaSeq 6000 platform. RNA sequencing data of the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue and blood plasma samples of the original patient were included. Flow cytometry was performed on immune cells isolated from whole blood, spleen, and bone marrow. Bulk deconvolution was performed using the Tabula Sapiens v1 basis matrix. Both R-CHOP and huCD20-Fc-AFN-CHOP were able to control tumor growth in most mice. Xenograft tumor volume was strongly associated with circulating tumor RNA (ctRNA) concentration (p < 0.001, R = 0.89), as well as with the number of detected human genes (p < 0.001, R = 0.79). Abundance analysis identified tumor-specific biomarkers that were dynamically tracked during tumor growth or treatment. An 8-gene signature demonstrated high accuracy for assessing therapy response (AUC 0.92). The tumoral gene detectability in the ctRNA of the PDTX-derived plasma was associated with RNA abundance levels in the patient’s tumor tissue and blood plasma (p < 0.001), confirming that tumoral gene abundance contributes to the cell-free RNA (cfRNA) profile. Decomposing the transcriptome, however, revealed high inter- and intra-mouse variability, which was lower in the HIS PDTX mice, indicating an impact of human engraftment on the stability and profile of cfRNA. Immunochemotherapy resulted in B cell depletion, and tumor clearance was reflected by a decrease in the fraction of human CD45+ cells. Lastly, bulk deconvolution provided complementary biological insights into the composition of the tumor and circulating immune system. In conclusion, the blood plasma-derived transcriptome serves as a biomarker source in a preclinical PDTX model, enables the assessment of biological pathways, and enhances the understanding of cfRNA dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unveiling the Molecular Landscape through Next-Generation Liquid Biopsy)

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2 pages, 127 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Feature Papers in Metal Matrix Composites

by Manoj Gupta

Metals 2024, 14(9), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/met14091056 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are dynamic and fascinating materials as they can be designed to suit the end property requirements for any present and futuristic application [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Metal Matrix Composites)

28 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Prognostic Significance of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Nonhematologic Malignancies

by Defne Cigdem Koc, Ion Bogdan Mănescu, Măriuca Mănescu and Minodora Dobreanu

Diagnostics 2024, 14(18), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14182057 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Biomarkers are crucial in cancer diagnostics, prognosis, and surveillance. Extensive research has been dedicated to identifying biomarkers that are broadly applicable across multiple cancer types and can be easily obtained from routine investigations such as blood cell counts. One such biomarker, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte [...] Read more.

Biomarkers are crucial in cancer diagnostics, prognosis, and surveillance. Extensive research has been dedicated to identifying biomarkers that are broadly applicable across multiple cancer types and can be easily obtained from routine investigations such as blood cell counts. One such biomarker, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), has been established as a prognostic marker in cancer. However, due to the dynamic nature of cancer diagnosis and treatment, periodic updates are necessary to keep abreast of the vast amount of published data. In this review, we searched the PubMed database and analyzed and synthesized recent literature (2018–February 2024) on the role of NLR in predicting clinical outcomes in nonhematologic malignancies. The search was conducted using the PubMed database. We included a total of 88 studies, encompassing 28,050 human subjects, and categorized the findings into four major groups: gastrointestinal cancer, cancers of the urinary tract and reproductive system, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Our analysis confirms that NLR is a reliable prognostic indicator in cancer, and we discuss the specific characteristics, limitations, and exceptions associated with its use. The review concludes with a concise Q&A section, presenting the most relevant take-home messages in response to five key practical questions on this topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Role of Diagnostic Biochemistry)

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16 pages, 2205 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes in Gel Protect the Skin of Mice against Oxidative Stress from Photodamage Induced by UV Irradiation

by Yongli Zhang, Bin Sun, Lu Wang, Wang Shen, Si Shen, Xiaoman Cheng, Xuan Liu and Hongmei Xia

Gels 2024, 10(9), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10090596 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can cause oxidative stress in the skin, accompanied by rapid immunosuppressive effects, resulting in a peroxidation reaction throughout the body. Curcumin (Cur), as the bioactive compound of turmeric, is a natural polyphenol with potent antioxidant properties but [...] Read more.

Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation can cause oxidative stress in the skin, accompanied by rapid immunosuppressive effects, resulting in a peroxidation reaction throughout the body. Curcumin (Cur), as the bioactive compound of turmeric, is a natural polyphenol with potent antioxidant properties but is often overlooked due to its poor solubility and low bioavailability. In this study, curcumin-loaded liposomes in a sodium alginate gel complex preparation were designed to improve the bioavailability of curcumin and to study its preventive effect on photodamage. Cur-loaded liposomes (Cur-L), Cur-loaded gel (Cur-G) based on an alginate matrix, and curcumin-loaded liposomes in gel (Cur-LG) were prepared, and their antioxidant effects and drug diffusion abilities were evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of Cur, Cur-L, Cur-G, and Cur-LG was also studied in a mouse model of photodamage. Cur had the highest antioxidant activity at about 4 mg/mL. Cur-LG at this concentration showed antioxidant effects during 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine (DPPH) and H₂O₂ experiments. During the UV light damage test, Cur-LG demonstrated the ability to effectively neutralize free radicals generated as a result of lipid peroxidation in the skin, serum, and liver, thereby enhancing the overall activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). In conclusion, using Cur-LG may protect against epidermal and cellular abnormalities induced by UV irradiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biopolymer Gels as Smart Drug Delivery and Theranostic Systems)

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24 pages, 706 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cross-Disciplinary Rapid Scoping Review of Structural Racial and Caste Discrimination Associated with Population Health Disparities in the 21st Century

by Drona P. Rasali, Brendan M. Woodruff, Fatima A. Alzyoud, Daniel Kiel, Katharine T. Schaffzin, William D. Osei, Chandra L. Ford and Shanthi Johnson

Societies 2024, 14(9), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14090186 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

A cross-disciplinary rapid scoping review was carried out, generally following the PRISMA-SCR protocol to examine historical racial and caste-based discrimination as structural determinants of health disparities in the 21st century. We selected 48 peer-reviewed full-text articles available from the University of Memphis Libraries [...] Read more.

A cross-disciplinary rapid scoping review was carried out, generally following the PRISMA-SCR protocol to examine historical racial and caste-based discrimination as structural determinants of health disparities in the 21st century. We selected 48 peer-reviewed full-text articles available from the University of Memphis Libraries database search, focusing on three selected case-study countries: the United States (US), Canada, and Nepal. The authors read each article, extracted highlights, and tabulated the thematic contents on structural health disparities attributed to racism or casteism. The results link historical racism/casteism to health disparities occurring in Black and African American, Native American, and other ethnic groups in the US; in Indigenous peoples and other visible minorities in Canada; and in the Dalits of Nepal, a population racialized by caste, grounded on at least four foundational theories explaining structural determinants of health disparities. The evidence from the literature indicates that genetic variations and biological differences (e.g., disease prevalence) occur within and between races/castes for various reasons (e.g., random gene mutations, geographic isolation, and endogamy). However, historical races/castes as socio-cultural constructs have no inherently exclusive basis of biological differences. Disregarding genetic discrimination based on pseudo-scientific theories, genetic testing is a valuable scientific means to achieve the better health of the populations. Epigenetic changes (e.g., weathering—the early aging of racialized women) due to the DNA methylation of genes among racialized populations are markers of intergenerational trauma due to racial/caste discrimination. Likewise, chronic stresses resulting from intergenerational racial/caste discrimination cause an “allostatic load”, characterized by an imbalance of neuronal and hormonal dysfunction, leading to occurrences of chronic diseases (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, and mental health) at disproportionate rates among racialized populations. Major areas identified for reparative policy changes and interventions for eliminating the health impacts of racism/casteism include areas of issues on health disparity research, organizational structures, programs and processes, racial justice in population health, cultural trauma, equitable healthcare system, and genetic discrimination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity Competence and Social Inequalities)

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23 pages, 72027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Forces of Tourism Economic Resilience in Chinese Provinces

by Yingyue Sun, Wanying Lin, Mingyue Sun and Peng Chen

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8091; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188091 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study focuses on the resilience of tourism economies in Chinese provinces, exploring their spatiotemporal evolution and driving forces as a crucial prerequisite for promoting the high-quality development of China’s tourism industry. We construct a resilience evaluation index system from four dimensions: resistance [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the resilience of tourism economies in Chinese provinces, exploring their spatiotemporal evolution and driving forces as a crucial prerequisite for promoting the high-quality development of China’s tourism industry. We construct a resilience evaluation index system from four dimensions: resistance resilience, recovery resilience, reshaping resilience, and development resilience, using provincial tourism data from 2012 to 2022. The study employs Moran’s Index, kernel density estimation, and GIS technology to investigate the differentiation characteristics, spatial evolution processes, and spatial agglomeration characteristics of provincial tourism economic resilience in China. Finally, the GeoDetector model is used to analyze the driving factors. The findings are as follows: (1) Over time, most provinces and cities in China have shown varying degrees of improvement in tourism economic resilience, with different changes observed across the four dimensions. (2) Spatially, significant differences exist between provinces, with better resilience in the east than in the west and in the south than in the north. (3) Regionally, while no polarization is observed, there is a distinct differentiation between high and low-value areas. (4) Regional linkages indicate the presence of interregional associations in China’s tourism economic resilience, with non-uniform distribution of cold and hot spots. (5) Key driving factors include per capita railway mileage, domestic tourism revenue, the number of travel agencies, and the number of employees in accommodation and catering. Under the backdrop of rapid tourism economic development, improving infrastructure construction and enhancing the comprehensive strength of the tourism industry is vital for boosting tourism economic resilience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Tourism: The Impacts of Tourism Development on Destination Communities)

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13 pages, 5543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Opacification Kinetics of PLA during Liquid Water Sorption

by Sara Liparoti and Roberto Pantani

Polymers 2024, 16(18), 2621; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16182621 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

When in contact with water, poly(lactic acid), PLA, undergoes several physical changes. A very evident one is opacification, namely the change from the typical transparent appearance to a white opaque color. This phenomenon is particularly significant for many applications, including packaging, since opacity [...] Read more.

When in contact with water, poly(lactic acid), PLA, undergoes several physical changes. A very evident one is opacification, namely the change from the typical transparent appearance to a white opaque color. This phenomenon is particularly significant for many applications, including packaging, since opacity hinders the possibility of a clear look of the packed goods and also worsens the consumers’ perceptions. In this work, we report an analysis of the time evolution of the phenomenon in different conditions of temperature and water concentration. The results allow us to define a time-scale of the phenomenon and to put it in relationship with the temperature and water content inside the material. In particular, opacification proceeds from the outer surface of the specimens toward the center. Both craze formation due to hydrolysis and crystallization contribute to the opacification phenomenon. Opacification becomes faster as temperature increases, whereas the increase in the solution density has the opposite effect. A model for describing the evolution of opacification was proposed and found to be consistent with the experimental data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)

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17 pages, 26558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistically Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Sugarcane Bagasse Mediated by a Recombinant Endo-Xylanase from Streptomyces ipomoeae

by Zhong Li, Youqing Dong, Junli Liu, Liang Xian, Aixing Tang, Qingyun Li, Qunliang Li and Youyan Liu

Processes 2024, 12(9), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12091997 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Xylanase is commonly thought to effectively cooperate with cellulase to promote the bioconversion of lignocellulose. In this study, a novel xylanase, SipoEnXyn10A (Xyn10A), previously identified from Streptomyces ipomoeae, was employed to investigate its synergetic effects on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) transformation. It was [...] Read more.

Xylanase is commonly thought to effectively cooperate with cellulase to promote the bioconversion of lignocellulose. In this study, a novel xylanase, SipoEnXyn10A (Xyn10A), previously identified from Streptomyces ipomoeae, was employed to investigate its synergetic effects on sugarcane bagasse (SCB) transformation. It was shown that the relative increase in reducing sugars reached up to 65%, with enhanced yields of glucose and xylose by 78% and 50%, respectively, in the case of the replacement of cellulase with an equivalent amount of Xyn10A at an enzyme loading of 12.5%. The highest degrees of synergy (DS) for glucose and xylose could reach 2.57 and 1.84. Moreover, the hydrolysis rate increased evidently, and the reaction time to reach the same yield of glucose and xylose was shortened by 72 h and 96 h, respectively. This study on synergistic mechanisms demonstrated that the addition of Xyn10A could cause the destruction of substrates’ morphology and the dissolution of lignin components but could not change the accessibility and crystallinity of substrate cellulose. The joint effect of cellulase and xylanase during the hydrolysis process was thought to result in a synergistic mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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16 pages, 4134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Irrigation on Soil Water Balance and Salinity at the Boundaries of Cropland, Wasteland and Fishponds under a Cropland–Wasteland–Fishpond System

by Cuicui Yu, Haibin Shi, Qingfeng Miao, José Manuel Gonçalves, Xu Dou, Zhiyuan Hu, Cong Hou, Yi Zhao and Hua Zhang

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092110 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

In order to explore the effect of fishponds on soil water, salt transport and salinization in cropland wasteland, a study on soil water balance and salt distribution pattern in a cropland–wasteland–fishpond system was carried out in 2022–2023 in a typical study area selected [...] Read more.

In order to explore the effect of fishponds on soil water, salt transport and salinization in cropland wasteland, a study on soil water balance and salt distribution pattern in a cropland–wasteland–fishpond system was carried out in 2022–2023 in a typical study area selected from the Yichang Irrigation Area of the Hetao Irrigation District. A water balance model was established for the cropland–wasteland–fishpond system to analyze the effects of irrigation on soil salinity at the boundaries of the cropland, wasteland, and fishpond. The results showed that the lateral recharge from the cropland to the wasteland during spring irrigation in 2022 was 24 mm, the lateral recharge generated by fishponds to wasteland was 18 mm, and the lateral recharge from fishponds to fishpond boundaries was 34 mm. In the fertility period of 2023, the lateral recharge from cropland to wasteland was 15 mm, the lateral recharge from fishponds to wasteland was 9 mm, and the lateral recharge from fishponds to fishpond boundaries was 21 mm. Due to the low salinity content of fishpond water, it diluted the groundwater of the wasteland, and the soil salinity at the boundary between the wasteland and the fishpond was monitored. The data show that the soil salinity at the boundary of the fishpond was smaller than that of the wasteland, which indicates that the migration of fishpond water to the wasteland will not lead to an increase in the soil salinity of the wasteland, but rather to a decrease in the soil salinity of the wasteland. Fishpond regulation has a significant impact on soil and groundwater, and when the topographic conditions of the Hetao irrigation area allow, the model of cropland–wasteland–fishpond can be appropriately adopted to solve land degradation and increase the economic income of farmers; the results of the study provide a contribution for the improvement of the management of land use and soil salinization in the Hetao irrigation area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Saving in Irrigated Agriculture: Series II)

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14 pages, 6303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Integrated Analysis of miRNome and Degradome Sequencing Reveals the Regulatory Mechanisms of Seed Development and Oil Biosynthesis in Pecan (Carya illinoinensis)

by Kaikai Zhu, Lu Wei, Wenjuan Ma, Juan Zhao, Mengyun Chen, Guo Wei, Hui Liu, Pengpeng Tan and Fangren Peng

Foods 2024, 13(18), 2934; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13182934 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Pecan seed oil is a valuable source of essential fatty acids and various bioactive compounds; however, the functions of microRNAs and their targets in oil biosynthesis during seed development are still unknown. Here, we found that the oil content increased rapidly in the [...] Read more.

Pecan seed oil is a valuable source of essential fatty acids and various bioactive compounds; however, the functions of microRNAs and their targets in oil biosynthesis during seed development are still unknown. Here, we found that the oil content increased rapidly in the three early stages in three cultivars, and that oleic acid was the predominant fatty acid component in the mature pecan embryos. We identified, analyzed, and validated the expression levels of miRNAs related to seed development and oil biosynthesis, as well as their potential target genes, using small RNA sequencing data from three stages (120, 135, and 150 days after flowering). During the seed development process, 365 known and 321 novel miRNAs were discovered. In total, 91 known and 181 novel miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed, and 633 target genes were further investigated. The expression trend analysis revealed that the 91 known miRNAs were classified into eight groups, approximately two-thirds of which were up-regulated, whereas most novel miRNAs were down-regulated. The qRT–PCR and degradome sequencing data were used to identify five miRNA- target pairs. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the molecular regulation of oil biosynthesis in pecan seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Foodomics)

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20 pages, 5916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Ligand-Free Approach towards Coumarin Analogs via Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Mediated Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling

by Annita Katopodi, Nikolaos Nikolaou, Vasiliki Kakokefalou, Eleni Alexandratou, Manolis Matzapetakis, Maria Zervou and Anastasia Detsi

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4398; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184398 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

A ligand-free approach for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES) towards coumarin analogs is described. A model reaction between the synthetically prepared 3-(4-acetyloxy-phenyl)-6-bromo-4-methyl-coumarin (3b) and phenylboronic acid was performed in five different NaDES as well as [...] Read more.

A ligand-free approach for the Suzuki-Miyaura cross coupling reaction using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NaDES) towards coumarin analogs is described. A model reaction between the synthetically prepared 3-(4-acetyloxy-phenyl)-6-bromo-4-methyl-coumarin (3b) and phenylboronic acid was performed in five different NaDES as well as in pure glycerol, using two inorganic bases and palladium catalysts. The reaction proceeded smoothly in Choline Chloride/Glycerol (ChCl/Gly) and Betaine/Glycerol (Bet/Gly) NaDES at 90 °C in 24 h, affording the desired product in high yields up to 95%. The combination of K₂CO₃, Pd(OAc)₂ and ChCl/Gly NaDES provided optimum yields and high purity of the desired compounds, while the solvent was successfully recycled and reused up to two times. The developed methodology is applicable to boronic acids bearing various substituents. The formation of palladium nanoparticles in the reaction mixture was observed, and the size of the nanoparticles was associated with the reaction yield. In addition, in all the glycerol-based NaDES, an effective removal of the acetyl group of the acetyloxy–coumarin analogs was observed; thus, it is noteworthy that the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and the deacetylation reaction were achieved in one pot. The ten novel coumarin derivatives synthesized were structurally characterized using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and were tested for their cytotoxicity against the A431 squamous cancer cell line, presenting significant activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Organic Synthesis Related to Natural Compounds)

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20 pages, 3400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SoFL: Clustered Federated Learning Based on Dual Clustering for Heterogeneous Data

by Jianfei Zhang and Zhiming Qiao

Electronics 2024, 13(18), 3682; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13183682 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging privacy-preserving technology that enables training a global model beneficial to all participants without sharing their data. However, differences in data distributions among participants may undermine the stability and accuracy of the global model. To address this challenge, [...] Read more.

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging privacy-preserving technology that enables training a global model beneficial to all participants without sharing their data. However, differences in data distributions among participants may undermine the stability and accuracy of the global model. To address this challenge, recent research proposes client clustering based on data distribution similarity, generating independent models for each cluster in order to enhance FL performance. Nevertheless, due to the uncertainty of participant identities, FL struggles to rapidly and accurately determine the clusters. Most of the existing algorithms distinguish clients by iterative clustering, which not only increases the computing cost of the server but also affects the convergence speed of the federation model. To address these shortcomings, in this paper, we propose a novel clustering-based FL method, SoFL. SoFL introduces SOM networks, improves the quality of cluster data, and eliminates redundant categories through secondary clustering, encouraging more similar clients to train together. Through this mechanism, SoFL completes the clustering task in one round of communication and speeds up the convergence of federated model training. Simulation results demonstrate that SoFL accurately and swiftly adapts to determine the clusters. In different non-IID settings, SoFL’s model accuracy improvements ranged from 9 to 18% compared to FedAvg and FedProx. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cloud Computing and IoT Systems)

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11 pages, 236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increased Distress in Neurooncological Patients, a Monocentric Longitudinal Study: When to Screen Which Patient?

by Franziska Staub-Bartelt, Julia Steinmann, Maren Wienand, Michael Sabel and Marion Rapp

Diseases 2024, 12(9), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases12090217 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Objective: Neurooncological patients are well-known to experience an increased psycho-oncological burden with a negative impact on distress, therapy adherence, quality of life, and finally survival. But still, psycho-oncological screening and support is rare, with ongoing discussion about specific screening time points and impact [...] Read more.

Objective: Neurooncological patients are well-known to experience an increased psycho-oncological burden with a negative impact on distress, therapy adherence, quality of life, and finally survival. But still, psycho-oncological screening and support is rare, with ongoing discussion about specific screening time points and impact factors. Therefore, we analysed the psycho-oncologic treatment demand at specific disease-related time points throughout therapy. Methods: In this longitudinal, prospective, single-centre study, patients with malignant brain tumours were screened for increased distress (using the Distress Thermometer), anxiety, depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire), and health-related quality of life interference (EORTC QLQ C30-BN20 questionnaire) at specific longitudinal time points during therapy. The results were correlated with sociodemographic and clinical data. Results: From 2013 to 2017, 2500 prospective screening data points from 512 malignant brain tumour patients were analysed. DT was identified as a significant predictor for psycho-oncological treatment demand (p < 0.001). Particularly significant time points concerning psycho-oncological burden were primary diagnosis and tumour recurrence. Next to these known factors, here, patients < 65 years old and female patients (p = 0.018 and p = 0.017) reflected increased screening results, whereas partnership and professional activity (p = 0.043; p = 0.017) were identified as contributing factors to a significantly decreased treatment demand. Conclusions: The increased need for psycho-oncological support for neurooncological patients is underlined. Psycho-oncological support should particularly be offered at the time points of primary diagnosis and tumour recurrence. To support the positive effect of caregivers, they should be involved at an early stage. Full article

10 pages, 7573 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Rapid Purification and Quantification of Intestinal and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Solid-Phase Extraction Using Bond Elut Plexa

by Xing Zheng, Tao Chen, Wanli Li, Kai Wang, Xiaofeng Xue, Nenad Naumovski and Wenjun Peng

Separations 2024, 11(9), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations11090270 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces are inextricably linked to intestinal homeostasis and can be used as potential markers for metabolic diseases. In this study, an efficient and simple method was developed for the purification of SCFAs without the need for derivatization of [...] Read more.

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces are inextricably linked to intestinal homeostasis and can be used as potential markers for metabolic diseases. In this study, an efficient and simple method was developed for the purification of SCFAs without the need for derivatization of the samples. The SCFAs (acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, valeric, and hexanoic acid) were extracted from a small amount (50 mg) of fecal and intestinal samples using acetone combined with solid phase extraction column (Bond Elut Plexa) enrichment. Quantitative analysis was performed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The developed method has shown very good limits of detection (LOD, 0.11–0.36 μM) and limits of quantification (LOQ, 0.38–1.21 μM) with excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9998), good recovery (98.34–137.83%), and high reproducibility (RSD ≤ 1.30). The applicability of this method was also demonstrated by testing the fecal and cecum contents of different species from mammals (mice, pigs) to insects (honeybees). The technique is highly suitable for analyzing complex, small amounts of intestinal and fecal SCFAs. Full article

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22 pages, 359 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress in the Study of Natural Antimicrobial Active Substances in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

by Tianbo Si, Anqi Wang, Haowen Yan, Lingcong Kong, Lili Guan, Chengguang He, Yiyi Ma, Haipeng Zhang and Hongxia Ma

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4400; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184400 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Microbial secondary metabolites have been recognized as important sources for new drug discovery and development, [...] Read more.

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance reduces the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Microbial secondary metabolites have been recognized as important sources for new drug discovery and development, yielding a wide range of structurally novel and functionally diverse antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of a variety of diseases that are considered good producers of novel antimicrobial drugs. Bacteria produce a wide variety of antimicrobial compounds, and thus, antibiotics derived from natural products still dominate over purely synthetic antibiotics among the antimicrobial drugs developed and introduced over the last four decades. Among them, Pseudomonas aeruginosa secondary metabolites constitute a richly diverse source of antimicrobial substances with good antimicrobial activity. Therefore, they are regarded as an outstanding resource for finding novel bioactive compounds. The exploration of antimicrobial compounds among Pseudomonas aeruginosa metabolites plays an important role in drug development and biomedical research. Reports on the secondary metabolites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, many of which are of pharmacological importance, hold great promise for the development of effective antimicrobial drugs against microbial infections by drug-resistant pathogens. In this review, we attempt to summarize published articles from the last twenty-five years (2000–2024) on antimicrobial secondary metabolites from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomanufacturing of Natural Bioactive Compounds)

22 pages, 3718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Properties of Enzymatic Gelatin Hydrolysates Based on In Silico, In Vitro, and In Vivo Studies

by Fenny Crista A. Panjaitan, Sin-Ting Shie, Sung Hoon Park, Tesalonika Sevi, Wen-Ling Ko, Rotimi E. Aluko and Yu-Wei Chang

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4402; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184402 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

This current study aims to analyze the potential bioactivities possessed by the enzymatic hydrolysates of commercial bovine, porcine, and tilapia gelatins using bioinformatics in combination with in vitro and in vivo studies. The hydrolysate with superior inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity [...] Read more.

This current study aims to analyze the potential bioactivities possessed by the enzymatic hydrolysates of commercial bovine, porcine, and tilapia gelatins using bioinformatics in combination with in vitro and in vivo studies. The hydrolysate with superior inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity was used to treat the D-galactose (DG)-induced amnesic mice. In silico digestion of the gelatins led to the identification of peptide sequences with potential antioxidant, ACE-inhibitory, and anti-amnestic properties. The results of in vitro digestion revealed that the <1 kDa peptide fraction of porcine gelatin hydrolysate obtained after 1 h digestion with papain (PP) (PP1, <1 kDa) potently inhibited ACE, acetylcholinesterase, and prolyl endopeptidase activities at 87.42%, 21.24%, and 48.07%, respectively. Administering the PP1 to DG-induced amnesic mice ameliorated the spatial cognitive impairment and Morris water maze learning abilities. The dentate area morphology in the PP1-treated mice was relatively similar to the control group. In addition, PP1 enhanced the antioxidant capacity in the DG-induced amnesic mice. This study suggests that PP1 could serve as a potential treatment tool against oxidative stress, hypertension, and neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Un-Natural Peptides)

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23 pages, 5336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Interpretability of Malaria and Typhoid Diagnosis with Explainable AI and Large Language Models

by Kingsley Attai, Moses Ekpenyong, Constance Amannah, Daniel Asuquo, Peterben Ajuga, Okure Obot, Ekemini Johnson, Anietie John, Omosivie Maduka, Christie Akwaowo and Faith-Michael Uzoka

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(9), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090216 (registering DOI) - 16 Sep 2024

Abstract

Malaria and Typhoid fever are prevalent diseases in tropical regions, and both are exacerbated by unclear protocols, drug resistance, and environmental factors. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial to improve accessibility and reduce mortality rates. Traditional diagnosis methods cannot effectively capture the complexities [...] Read more.

Malaria and Typhoid fever are prevalent diseases in tropical regions, and both are exacerbated by unclear protocols, drug resistance, and environmental factors. Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial to improve accessibility and reduce mortality rates. Traditional diagnosis methods cannot effectively capture the complexities of these diseases due to the presence of similar symptoms. Although machine learning (ML) models offer accurate predictions, they operate as “black boxes” with non-interpretable decision-making processes, making it challenging for healthcare providers to comprehend how the conclusions are reached. This study employs explainable AI (XAI) models such as Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations (LIME), and Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT to clarify diagnostic results for healthcare workers, building trust and transparency in medical diagnostics by describing which symptoms had the greatest impact on the model’s decisions and providing clear, understandable explanations. The models were implemented on Google Colab and Visual Studio Code because of their rich libraries and extensions. Results showed that the Random Forest model outperformed the other tested models; in addition, important features were identified with the LIME plots while ChatGPT 3.5 had a comparative advantage over other LLMs. The study integrates RF, LIME, and GPT in building a mobile app to enhance the interpretability and transparency in malaria and typhoid diagnosis system. Despite its promising results, the system’s performance is constrained by the quality of the dataset. Additionally, while LIME and GPT improve transparency, they may introduce complexities in real-time deployment due to computational demands and the need for internet service to maintain relevance and accuracy. The findings suggest that AI-driven diagnostic systems can significantly enhance healthcare delivery in environments with limited resources, and future works can explore the applicability of this framework to other medical conditions and datasets. Full article

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