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14 pages, 2539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sinusoidal Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Stimulation (ELF-EMS) Promotes Angiogenesis In Vitro

by Lena Perez Font, Amanda Moya-Gomez, Hannelore Kemps, Ivo Lambrichts, Jean-Michel Rigo, Bert Brône and Annelies Bronckaers

Biomedicines 2025, 13(6), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061490 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Angiogenesis is the multistep process of the formation of new blood vessels. It is beneficial in scenarios that require tissue repair and regeneration, such as wound healing, bone fracture repair, and recovery from ischemic injuries like stroke, where new blood vessel [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Angiogenesis is the multistep process of the formation of new blood vessels. It is beneficial in scenarios that require tissue repair and regeneration, such as wound healing, bone fracture repair, and recovery from ischemic injuries like stroke, where new blood vessel formation restores oxygen and nutrient supply to damaged areas. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic stimulation (ELF-EMS), which involves electromagnetic fields in the frequency range of 0–300 Hz, have been shown to reduce ischemic stroke volume by improving cerebral blood flow and recovery effects that are dependent on eNOS. Based on previous results, we herein explore the effects of ELF-EMS treatment (13.5 mT/10 and 60 Hz) on the activation of angiogenic processes in vitro in homeostatic conditions. Methods: Using human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1), we studied cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation in vitro, as well as nitric oxide production and the effect of calcium and nitric oxide (NO) on these processes. Moreover, blood vessel formation was studied using a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Results: Our results showed that ELF-EMS increases proliferation, tube formation, and both the migration and transmigration of these cells, the latter of which was mediated via NO. In turn, calcium inhibition decreased ELF-EMF-induced NO production. Furthermore, ELF-EMS significantly increased blood vessel formation in the CAM assay. Conclusions: Our results indicated that ELF-EMS exposure (13.5 mT/10 and 60 Hz) significantly induces angiogenesis in vitro and in ovo, underscoring its potential application in the treatment of conditions characterized by insufficient blood supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Pathology)

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12 pages, 6731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Updated Porto Proposal in Papillary Thyroid Microtumors: Analysis of Cases at a University Hospital in Catalonia, Spain

by Karmele Saez de Gordoa, Elias Tasso, Alexandre Rey, Martin Ramonda, Belinda Salinas, Sandra Cobo-Lopez, Aida Orois, Amparo Cobo, Marti Manyalich-Blasi, Teresa Ramon y Cajal, Mireia Mora, Felicia Hanzu, Oscar Vidal Perez and Maria Teresa Rodrigo-Calvo

Cancers 2025, 17(12), 2021; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17122021 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Given the high incidence and generally favorable prognosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMs), the Porto Proposal aims to refine the management of these tumors. It designates tumors lacking certain risk factors as papillary microtumors (PMTs) to avoid overtreatment and reduce patient stress. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Given the high incidence and generally favorable prognosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMs), the Porto Proposal aims to refine the management of these tumors. It designates tumors lacking certain risk factors as papillary microtumors (PMTs) to avoid overtreatment and reduce patient stress. The updated Porto Proposal (uPp) suggests criteria for reclassifying incidental PTMs as PMTs. This study seeks to validate these criteria using data from a university hospital in Catalonia, Spain, and assess the clinical and pathological characteristics of PTMs. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed patients diagnosed with PTM (≤1 cm) at a university hospital from 2000 to 2024. The study examined variables, including lymph node positivity, incidental diagnosis, tumor location, histological type, treatment, multifocality, age at diagnosis, tumor size, and survival. The uPp criteria were applied to reclassify PTMs into PMTs or PMCs (true papillary microcarcinomas). Student’s t-test and chi-square tests were used to evaluate the associations between these variables and the uPp classification. Results: The cohort comprised 107 patients, with 77 (72%) women and 30 men. The mean age at diagnosis was 54.5 years. Out of the total, 77 (72%) cases were reclassified as PMTs and 30 (28%) as PMCs according to the uPp criteria. PMC tumors were larger (mean size 4.5 mm vs. 3.3 mm for PMT, p = 0.014) and were significantly associated with multifocality (52.2%; p = 0.004). Most lymph node-positive cases were classified as PMCs (69.2%; p < 0.001) and were multifocal and bilateral more commonly. However, no significant differences in outcomes between PMCs and PMTs were found (p = 0.188). Follicular histology was significantly more common in PMTs (87.0%, p < 0.001) and rarely had lymph node metastases (4.6%; p = 0.047). Conclusions: The updated Porto Proposal (uPp) effectively identifies PTMs with minimal malignant potential, distinguishing between PMT and PMC. The findings support the protocol’s use in reducing unnecessary treatments and psychological stress for patients. The study highlights significant clinical and pathological differences between PTM subtypes, reinforcing the protocol’s applicability in daily pathological practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Cancer: New Advances from Diagnosis to Therapy: 2nd Edition)

10 pages, 214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences in Audience Engagement and Interpretation of Global Media Content

by Anna Maria Kontolatou

Journal. Media 2025, 6(2), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia6020091 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between gender and global media consumption habits, platform preferences, and engagement types. Prior research suggests that gender significantly influences media preferences, with men being traditionally engaged with news, action-oriented content, and competitive media, and women with entertainment, lifestyle, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the relationship between gender and global media consumption habits, platform preferences, and engagement types. Prior research suggests that gender significantly influences media preferences, with men being traditionally engaged with news, action-oriented content, and competitive media, and women with entertainment, lifestyle, and social media-driven content. The current primary quantitative research is based on a questionnaire that was distributed online and answered by 292 respondents, equally distributed between men and women. The research findings showed that men are more likely to consume news, video games, and discussion-based media. On the other hand, women showed higher engagement with entertainment content, music, and listening-based media. Pearson’s correlation analysis, conducted using SPSS (v23), further confirmed these gendered preferences. Despite the persistence of traditional gendered media patterns, this research also identified the areas in which digital platforms seem to facilitate more balanced engagement across the two genders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gender, Television and Digital Media: Representations and Practices in a Platformized Public Landscape)

12 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Aging and Diabetes on the Mechanical Properties of Mouse Skin

by Sarah Miny, Gaël Runel, Julien Chlasta and Christelle Bonod

Dermatopathology 2025, 12(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology12020018 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Diabetics accumulate Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) such as Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) in their skin, which can provoke changes in the skin’s biomechanical properties. The same changes are also observed during aging. Collagen is one of the first targets of glycation, and this [...] Read more.

Background: Diabetics accumulate Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) such as Nε-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) in their skin, which can provoke changes in the skin’s biomechanical properties. The same changes are also observed during aging. Collagen is one of the first targets of glycation, and this leads to the disruption of the dermis, potentially contributing to the skin complications seen in diabetes, like impaired wound healing and the formation of chronic ulcers. We therefore investigated whether it was possible to detect differences in the biomechanical properties of the reticular dermis by comparing C57/BL6 control mice, type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice, and aged mice. Methods: To investigate this, we used an Atomic Force Microscope (a type of local probe microscope used to visualize the surface topography of a sample) to measure the elastic modulus of each skin sample. The elastic modulus is a parameter that describes a tissue’s resistance to elastic deformation when stress is applied. We also determined whether diabetes is associated with the accumulation of AGEs via Western blots. Results: We found that type 2 diabetic mice and aged mice had a stiffer reticular dermis than young control mice. No differences were found in type 1 diabetic mice. The results of the Western blot did not reveal any significant differences in the CML content in different types of mice, although a non-significant increase was found in type 2 diabetic and aged mice. We show that there is a significant positive correlation between the amount of CML in a mouse and the rigidity of its reticular dermis. Conclusions/interpretation: We have demonstrated that increased glycation in mouse skin is correlated with the biomechanical properties of that skin, which explains the wound healing defects diabetic patient’s experience. AFM is therefore a powerful technique that could be used to characterize the mechanical effects of treatments aimed at reducing the level of AGEs in the skin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Experimental Dermatopathology)

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25 pages, 1225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generative Jazz Chord Progressions: A Statistical Approach to Harmonic Creativity

by Adriano N. Raposo and Vasco N. G. J. Soares

Information 2025, 16(6), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060504 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Jazz music has long been a subject of interest in the field of generative music. Traditional jazz chord progressions follow established patterns that contribute to the genre’s distinct sound. However, the demand for more innovative and diverse harmonic structures has led to the [...] Read more.

Jazz music has long been a subject of interest in the field of generative music. Traditional jazz chord progressions follow established patterns that contribute to the genre’s distinct sound. However, the demand for more innovative and diverse harmonic structures has led to the exploration of alternative approaches in music generation. This paper addresses the challenge of generating novel and engaging jazz chord sequences that go beyond traditional chord progressions. It proposes an unconventional statistical approach, leveraging a corpus of 1382 jazz standards, which includes key information, song structure, and chord sequences by section. The proposed method generates chord sequences based on statistical patterns extracted from the corpus, considering a tonal context while introducing a degree of unpredictability that enhances the results with elements of surprise and interest. The goal is to move beyond conventional and well-known jazz chord progressions, exploring new and inspiring harmonic possibilities. The evaluation of the generated dataset, which matches the size of the learning corpus, demonstrates a strong statistical alignment between distributions across multiple analysis parameters while also revealing opportunities for further exploration of novel harmonic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Information in 2024–2025)

19 pages, 3536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land Use Dynamics and Ecological Effects of Photovoltaic Development in Xinjiang: A Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis

by Babierjiang Dilixiati, Hongwei Wang, Lichun Gong, Jianxin Wei, Cheng Lei, Lingzhi Dang, Xinyuan Zhang, Wen Gu, Huanjun Zhang and Jiayue Zhang

Land 2025, 14(6), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14061294 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

As an important part of the emerging energy portfolio, the coordinated development of the photovoltaic (PV) industry and ecological environment is a core factor in realizing the high-quality development of the energy industry. Xinjiang, located in northwestern China, possesses vast open land, abundant [...] Read more.

As an important part of the emerging energy portfolio, the coordinated development of the photovoltaic (PV) industry and ecological environment is a core factor in realizing the high-quality development of the energy industry. Xinjiang, located in northwestern China, possesses vast open land, abundant solar radiation, and low land-use conflict, making it a strategic hub for large-scale PV power station deployment. However, the region’s fragile ecological background is highly sensitive to land-use changes induced by PV infrastructure expansion. Therefore, scientifically evaluating the ecological impacts of PV construction is essential to support environmentally informed operation and maintenance (O&M) strategies.This study investigates the spatial distribution of PV installations and their macro-scale ecological effects across Xinjiang from 2000 to 2020. Utilizing multi-temporal satellite remote sensing data and geospatial analysis techniques on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, we constructed a Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) model to quantify the long-term ecological response to PV development. It was found that PV installations were concentrated in unutilized land (37.10%) and grassland (34.45%), with the smallest proportion being found in forested land (1.68%). Nearly 70% of the PV areas showed an improving trend in the ecological environment index, and there were significantly more ecological quality-improving areas than degraded areas (69% vs. 31%). There were significant regional differences, and the highest ecological environment index was found in 2020 for the Northern Xinjiang Altay PV area (0.30), while the lowest (0.10) was observed in Hetian in southern Xinjiang. The results of this study provide a spatial optimization basis for the integration of PV development and ecological protection in Xinjiang and provide practical guidance to help the government to formulate a comprehensive management strategy of “PV + ecology”, which will help to realize the synergistic development of clean energy development and ecological safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Remote Sensing and GIS for Monitoring Land Use Change and Its Ecological Effects)

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20 pages, 5062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Groundwater Characteristics and Quality in the Coastal Zone of Lomé, Togo

by Koko Zébéto Houédakor, Djiwonou Koffi Adjalo, Benoît Danvide, Henri Sourou Totin Vodounon and Ernest Amoussou

Water 2025, 17(12), 1813; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121813 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

The unprecedented development of coastal cities in West Africa is marked by anarchic urbanization accompanied by ineffective environmental management, leading to water pollution. This study is conducted in the southern districts of Lomé, Togo, an area built on sandbars where inappropriate attitudes, behaviors, [...] Read more.

The unprecedented development of coastal cities in West Africa is marked by anarchic urbanization accompanied by ineffective environmental management, leading to water pollution. This study is conducted in the southern districts of Lomé, Togo, an area built on sandbars where inappropriate attitudes, behaviors, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation practices prevail. The objective of this study is to characterize the quality of groundwater in the study area. Bacteriological and physicochemical analyses were carried out on 11 wells in 10 districts in the southern districts during the four seasons of the year. The analysis shows that the groundwater is polluted in all seasons. Nitrate concentrations exceed 50 mg/L in 65% of the samples, while chloride levels surpassed 250 mg/L in 18% of the cases. Regardless of the season, the dominant facies is sodium chloride and potassium chloride. In all districts, the analysis of microbiological parameters including total germs (30 °C, 100/mL), total coliforms (30 °C, 0/mL), Escherichia coli (44 °C, 2/250 mL), fecal streptococci (0/100 mL), and anaerobic sulfite reducers (44 °C, 2/20 mL) reveals values exceeding the European Union standards (2007). Groundwater contamination is facilitated by the sandy nature of the soil, which increases its vulnerability to various pollutants. Togo continues to experience cholera outbreaks, aggravated by poor sanitation infrastructure and limited vaccination coverage. Public health efforts are directed toward improving sanitation and raising awareness about waterborne and non-communicable diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)

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11 pages, 208 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pediatric Sports: The Mental Health and Psychological Impact of Sport and Injury

by Elaine Xu, Dylan N. Greif, Patrick Castle and Sarah Lander

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(12), 4321; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14124321 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Youth sport participation provides undeniable physical, emotional, and social benefits. However, the current landscape of pediatric athletics has shifted toward early sports specialization (ESS), year-round training, and heightened competitive pressures. This has led to an increased prevalence of overuse-related traumatic injuries in adolescent [...] Read more.

Youth sport participation provides undeniable physical, emotional, and social benefits. However, the current landscape of pediatric athletics has shifted toward early sports specialization (ESS), year-round training, and heightened competitive pressures. This has led to an increased prevalence of overuse-related traumatic injuries in adolescent patients, as well as increased risk of worsening mental health due to burnout, depression, suicide, and general psychological distress. There are numerous innovations and solutions aimed at addressing the increased risk of injury associated with current sporting trends, such as neuromuscular training programs, delayed specialization, promotion of free play, and pediatric specific surgical techniques mindful of future growth, such as those seen for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R). However, the social factors associated with an injury remain problematic and are not adequately addressed; these include social isolation, depression, anxiety, and academic decline. Sport psychology is a promising solution to address many risk factors associated with poor performance, address the challenges associated with injury, and increase return-to-play in adolescent sports medicine. Integrating sport psychology into pediatric sports medicine offers the ability to directly address the emotional and cognitive demands of injury and recovery. Emphasizing mental health support and redefining success in youth sports—prioritizing enjoyment, personal growth, and long-term health over scholarships and professional aspirations—are key steps in preserving the overall benefits of pediatric sport participation. Yet sport psychology remains often underutilized and has been slow to gain traction, particularly in youth sports. This editorial serves to highlight the current state of mental health advocacy in pediatric sports medicine and how sport psychology can help young athletes manage the mental stress of high-performance athletics and mitigate the detrimental effect of injury and delayed return to sport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Pediatric Sports Medicine: Insights and Innovations)

26 pages, 3938 KiB

Open AccessReview

Study on Skid Resistance of Asphalt Pavements Under Macroscopic and Microscopic Texture Features: A Review of the State of the Art

by Wei Chen, Zhengchao Zhang, Jincheng Wei, Xiaomeng Zhang, Wenjuan Wu, Yuxuan Sun and Guangyong Wang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6819; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126819 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Pavement skid resistance is one of the most important factors affecting road safety, and pavement texture morphology significantly influences this property. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the relationship between pavement texture and skid resistance. This article provides an overview of recent research [...] Read more.

Pavement skid resistance is one of the most important factors affecting road safety, and pavement texture morphology significantly influences this property. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the relationship between pavement texture and skid resistance. This article provides an overview of recent research advancements in key areas, including the anti-skid mechanisms of asphalt pavements, factors affecting pavement anti-skid performance, methods for characterising and evaluating pavement anti-skid performance, and the relationship between the macroscopic and microscopic texture of pavements and their anti-skid performance. Based on a comparative analysis of the intrinsic mechanical interactions between asphalt pavements and rubber tyres, it was determined that the surface texture characteristics of the asphalt pavement are the most critical factor influencing its anti-skid performance. These include both macroscopic and microscopic texture parameters, which, together with the service environment, collectively influence the pavement’s anti-skid performance. The existing texture characteristics, based on the anti-skid performance of asphalt pavements, as detected by various methods and evaluated using established models, are summarised here. Finally, this article discusses the relationship between texture characteristic parameters and asphalt pavement anti-skid performance from both macro- and microtexture perspectives. This synthesis serves as a valuable reference and basis for further research and development in enhancing asphalt pavement skid resistance. Full article

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12 pages, 1930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histological Analysis of Intracranial Cerebral Arteries for Elastin Thickness, Wall Thickness, and Vessel Diameters: An Atlas for Computational Modeling and a Proposed Predictive Multivariable Model of Elastin Thickness

by Nishanth Thiyagarajah, Alex Witek, Mark Davison, Robert Butler, Ahmet Erdemir, John Tsiang, Mohammed Shazam Hussain, Richard Prayson, Mark Bain and Nina Z. Moore

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(12), 4320; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14124320 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Fluid dynamic models of the cerebral vasculature are being developed to evaluate intracranial vascular pathology. Fluid–structure interaction modeling provides an opportunity for more accurate simulation of vascular pathology by modelling the vessel wall itself in conjunction with the fluid forces. Accuracy of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Fluid dynamic models of the cerebral vasculature are being developed to evaluate intracranial vascular pathology. Fluid–structure interaction modeling provides an opportunity for more accurate simulation of vascular pathology by modelling the vessel wall itself in conjunction with the fluid forces. Accuracy of these models is heavily dependent on the parameters used. Of those studied, elastin has been considered a key component used in aortic and common carotid artery modeling. We studied elastin thickness to determine if there was significant variation between cerebral artery territories to suggest its importance in cerebral blood vessel biomechanical response and provide reference data for modeling intracranial elastin. Elastin thickness was compared to vessel location, thickness, diameter, and laterality within human intracranial arteries. Methods: Tissue was taken from five human cadaveric heads preserved in formaldehyde from each intracranial vessel distribution bilaterally and stained with Van Gieson stain for elastin. A total of 160 normal cerebral vascular artery specimens were obtained from 17 different cerebrovascular regions. Two reviewers measured elastin thickness for each sample at five different locations per sample using Aperio ImageScope (Leica Biosystems, Deer Park, IL, USA). Statistical analysis of the samples was performed using mixed-models repeated measures regression methods. Results: There was a significant difference between anterior circulation (6.01 µm) and posterior circulation (4.4 µm) vessel elastin thickness (p-value < 0.05). Additionally, two predictive models of elastin thickness were presented, utilizing a combination of anterior versus posterior circulation, vessel diameter, and vessel wall thickness, which demonstrated significance for prediction with anterior versus posterior combined with vessel diameter and wall thickness. Conclusions: Elastin thicknesses are significantly different between anterior and posterior circulation vessels, which may explain the differences seen in aneurysm rupture risk for anterior versus posterior circulation aneurysms. Additionally, we propose two potential models for predicting elastin thickness based on vessel location, vessel diameter, and vessel wall thickness, all of which can be obtained using preoperative imaging techniques. These findings suggest that elastin plays an important role in cerebral vascular wall integrity, and this data will further enable fluid–structure interaction modeling parameters to be more precise in an effort to provide predictive modeling for cerebrovascular pathology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Diagnosis and Treatment for Intracranial Aneurysm)

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41 pages, 8353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing LoRaWAN Gateway Placement in Urban Environments: A Hybrid PSO-DE Algorithm Validated via HTZ Simulations

by Kanar Alaa Al-Sammak, Sama Hussein Al-Gburi, Ion Marghescu, Ana-Maria Claudia Drăgulinescu, Cristina Marghescu, Alexandru Martian, Nayef A. M. Alduais and Nawar Alaa Hussein Al-Sammak

Technologies 2025, 13(6), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13060256 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

With rapid advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT), Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) play a crucial role in expanding IoT’s capabilities while using minimal energy. Among the various LPWAN technologies, LoRaWAN (Long-Range Wide-Area Network) is particularly notable for its capacity to enable long-range, [...] Read more.

With rapid advancements in the Internet of Things (IoT), Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) play a crucial role in expanding IoT’s capabilities while using minimal energy. Among the various LPWAN technologies, LoRaWAN (Long-Range Wide-Area Network) is particularly notable for its capacity to enable long-range, low-rate communications with low power needs. This study investigates how to optimize the placement of LoRaWAN gateways by using a combination of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Differential Evolution (DE). The approach is validated through simulations driven by HTZ to evaluate network performance in urban settings. Centered around the area of the Politehnica University of Bucharest, this research examines how different gateway placements on various floors of a building affect network coverage and packet loss. The experiment employs Adeunis Field Test Devices (FTDs) and Dragino LG308-EC25 gateways, systematically testing two spreading factors, SF7 and SF12, to assess their effectiveness in terms of signal quality and reliability. An innovative optimization algorithm, GateOpt PSODE, is introduced, which combines PSO and DE to optimize gateway placements based on real-time network performance metrics, like the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), and packet loss. The findings reveal that strategically positioning gateways, especially on higher floors, significantly improves communication reliability and network efficiency, providing a solid framework for deploying LoRaWAN networks in intricate urban environments. Full article

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33 pages, 42480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wood Anatomy Properties and Global Climate Change Constraints of Forest Species from the Natural Forest of Mozambique

by Eugénia Joaquim-Meque, José Louzada, Francisco Tarcísio Moraes Mady, Valquíria Clara Freire de Souza, Margarida L. R. Liberato and Teresa Fidalgo Fonseca

Forests 2025, 16(6), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16061018 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Mozambique’s natural forests are increasingly affected by climate change, deforestation, and unsustainable exploitation, threatening both biodiversity and rural livelihoods. This study examines the wood anatomical characteristics of five commercially important tree species—Spirostachys africana Sond., Afzelia quanzensis Welw., Millettia stuhlmannii Taub., Pterocarpus angolensis [...] Read more.

Mozambique’s natural forests are increasingly affected by climate change, deforestation, and unsustainable exploitation, threatening both biodiversity and rural livelihoods. This study examines the wood anatomical characteristics of five commercially important tree species—Spirostachys africana Sond., Afzelia quanzensis Welw., Millettia stuhlmannii Taub., Pterocarpus angolensis DC., and Colophospermum mopane (J. Kirk ex Benth.) J. Léonard—to assess their vulnerability to drought, cyclones, and floods. The aim is to enhance current knowledge regarding their wood anatomy and to clarify how these anatomical traits could help to identify species most vulnerable to climate extremes. Wood samples were collected from native forests and analyzed in laboratories in Brazil and Portugal using standardized anatomical methods according to IAWA guidelines. The results show that Afzelia quanzensis, Millettia stuhlmannii, Pterocarpus angolensis, and Colophospermum mopane have solitary vessels with vestured pits and thick-walled fibers, which improve hydraulic conductivity and drought resistance. Colophospermum mopane shows the greatest anatomical adaptation to climatic stressors. By contrast, Spirostachys africana has narrow, grouped vessels and thin walls, indicating higher susceptibility to embolism and limited resilience. Cyclone resistance is associated with higher wood density and parenchyma abundance, which enhance mechanical stability and recovery. Flood resilience, however, appears to depend more on leaf and root adaptations than on wood anatomy alone. These findings highlight the role of wood structure in climate adaptability and underline the urgency of integrating anatomical data into forest management strategies to support the conservation and sustainable use of Mozambique’s forest resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responses and Adaptation of Trees to Environmental Stress)

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21 pages, 1880 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrodynamic Calculation and Analysis of a Complex-Shaped ROV Moving near the Wall Based on CFDs

by Mengjie Jiang, Chaohe Chen, Zhijia Suo and Yingkai Dong

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061183 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) face challenges in maneuvering and rapidly detecting and repairing large offshore platforms. The accurate research on the hydrodynamics of the ROV, which moves close to the wall, is of great significance for its maneuverability. This study uses computational fluid [...] Read more.

Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) face challenges in maneuvering and rapidly detecting and repairing large offshore platforms. The accurate research on the hydrodynamics of the ROV, which moves close to the wall, is of great significance for its maneuverability. This study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) to analyze the hydrodynamic characteristics of an ROV when it is moving near the wall, considering factors such as structural asymmetry, speed, and distance from the wall. This study applies multiple linear regression to extract relevant hydrodynamic coefficients and develops a mathematical model that simulates the impact of these factors on ROV performance. The results indicate that the wall’s influence on hydrodynamic forces is significant. Total resistance increases as the ROV moves closer to the wall, and the effect becomes more pronounced at higher speeds. Pressure differential resistance is the dominant factor affecting ROV performance, while viscous resistance remains low and is mostly unaffected by wall proximity. These findings provide valuable insights into calculating hydrodynamic coefficients and modeling the dynamics of ROVs with complex shapes operating near the wall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

19 pages, 1478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Poverty, Education, and Decent Work Rates in Central and Eastern EU Countries

by Alexandra Ciucu, Vanesa Vargas, Carmen Păuna and Adina-Iuliana Jigani

Standards 2025, 5(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/standards5020016 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Poverty is a major concern worldwide, and so its eradication represents the first Sustainable Development Goal. Moreover, quality education and decent working conditions are among the factors that seem to reduce poverty, a detail also observed in the current research. The current study [...] Read more.

Poverty is a major concern worldwide, and so its eradication represents the first Sustainable Development Goal. Moreover, quality education and decent working conditions are among the factors that seem to reduce poverty, a detail also observed in the current research. The current study aimed to determine poverty and educational levels along with work conditions within the 11 EU Member States located in Central and Eastern Europe using 2023 Eurostat data. To identify them, two techniques were implemented: cluster analysis and the TOPSIS method. The first is used to determine similarities and differences between countries, and the second is used with the purpose of achieving a ranking of the countries based on the 10 indicators designed to examine the three SDGs investigated. Among the results discovered, the clear differentiation of Romania and Bulgaria compared to the other countries was observed for most of the indicators analysed, especially for the people in severe material and social deprivation, as well as the share of individuals having at least basic digital skills. Thus, by applying both methods, the grouping of Romania and Bulgaria is obvious, with these countries being characterised by the poorest performances within the analysed countries. At the opposite end of the scale was Slovenia, which presented the lowest values of the indicators intended to define poverty for the year evaluated, standing out among the countries with the best results for most of the indicators included in the analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development Standards)

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16 pages, 4810 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Minimum Audible Angle in 3rd-Order Ambisonics in Horizontal Plane for Different Ambisonic Decoders

by Katarzyna Sochaczewska, Karolina Prawda, Paweł Małecki, Magdalena Piotrowska and Jerzy Wiciak

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6815; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126815 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

As immersive audio is gaining popularity, the perceptual aspects of spatial sound reproduction become relevant. The authors investigate a measure related to spatial resolution, the Minimum Audible Angle (MAA), which is understudied in the context of Ambisonics. This study examines MAA thresholds in [...] Read more.

As immersive audio is gaining popularity, the perceptual aspects of spatial sound reproduction become relevant. The authors investigate a measure related to spatial resolution, the Minimum Audible Angle (MAA), which is understudied in the context of Ambisonics. This study examines MAA thresholds in the horizontal plane in three ambisonic decoders—the Sample Ambisonic Decoder (SAD), Energy-Preserving Ambisonic Decoder (EPAD), and All-Round Ambisonic Decoder (AllRAD). The results demonstrate that the decoder type influences spatial resolution, with the EPAD exhibiting superior performance in MAA thresholds (

1 . 24^{\circ}

at

0^{\circ}

azimuth) compared to the SAD and AllRAD. These differences reflect the discrepancies in the decoders’ energy vector distribution and angular error. The MAA values remain consistent between decoders up to

30^{\circ}

azimuth but diverge significantly beyond this range, especially in the

60^{\circ}

–

135^{\circ}

region corresponding to the cone of confusion. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for spatial audio applications based on ambisonic technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musical Acoustics and Sound Perception)

19 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Sampling Frequency on Human Activity Recognition with Machine Learning Aiming at Clinical Applications

by Takahiro Yamane, Moeka Kimura and Mizuki Morita

Sensors 2025, 25(12), 3780; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123780 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Human activity recognition using wearable accelerometer data can be a useful digital biomarker for severity assessment and the diagnosis of diseases, where the relationship between onset and patient activity is crucial. For long-term monitoring in clinical settings, the volume of data collected over [...] Read more.

Human activity recognition using wearable accelerometer data can be a useful digital biomarker for severity assessment and the diagnosis of diseases, where the relationship between onset and patient activity is crucial. For long-term monitoring in clinical settings, the volume of data collected over time should be minimized to reduce power consumption, computational load, and communication volume. This study aimed to determine the lowest sampling frequency that maintains recognition accuracy for each activity. Thirty healthy participants wore nine-axis accelerometer sensors at five body locations and performed nine activities. Machine-learning-based activity recognition was conducted using data sampled at 100, 50, 25, 20, 10, and 1 Hz. Data from the non-dominant wrist and chest, which have previously shown high recognition accuracy, were used. Reducing the sampling frequency to 10 Hz did not significantly affect the recognition accuracy for either location. However, lowering the frequency to 1 Hz decreases the accuracy of many activities, particularly brushing teeth. Using data with a 10 Hz sampling frequency can maintain recognition accuracy while decreasing data volume, enabling long-term patient monitoring and device miniaturization for clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ambient, Wearable Sensor, Gateway Support for Telemonitoring, Telehealth and Telemedicine Systems)

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10 pages, 2683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Synthesis Process on the Properties of La_1−xSr_xMnO₃ Materials for Thermal Control Coatings

by Fang Jia, Xin Zhang, Xiaoliang Lu, Haoran Peng, Tianjie Shi, Kang Yuan, Xiaoxiao Pang and Rifei Han

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060724 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Lanthanum strontium manganate (La_1−xSr_xMnO₃) is considered a highly promising material for the development of intelligent thermal control coatings due to its exceptional properties. Recent studies on this material have primarily utilized solid-state synthesis as the main preparation [...] Read more.

Lanthanum strontium manganate (La_1−xSr_xMnO₃) is considered a highly promising material for the development of intelligent thermal control coatings due to its exceptional properties. Recent studies on this material have primarily utilized solid-state synthesis as the main preparation method. Research efforts have predominantly focused on investigating the effects of material composition, heat treatment processes, and other factors on the properties of the synthesized material. There has been a limited amount of research investigating the influence of chemical precipitation process parameters on the properties of the synthesized La_1−xSr_xMnO₃ material. In this study, the intelligent thermal control coating material La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ was synthesized using the chemical precipitation method. The effects of varying precipitant concentrations on the properties of the synthesized material were investigated. When the precipitant concentration is 12 wt.% or 15 wt.%, the synthesized powder agglomerates predominantly form three-dimensional blocky structures after sintering. At lower concentrations such as 6 wt.% and 9 wt.%, the powder agglomerates predominantly form two-dimensional sheet-like structures after sintering. At precipitant concentrations of 6 wt.% and 9 wt.%, the strontium content in the synthesized powder becomes significantly lower than the designed theoretical value. When the precipitant concentration is relatively high, localized manganese aggregation occurs in the synthesized lanthanum strontium manganate material. The temperature dependence of the emittance test result indicates that the emissivity variation of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ material synthesized using 12 wt.% ammonia solution as precipitant reaches 0.428 from 173 K to 373 K, demonstrating excellent emissivity modulation performance. Full article

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18 pages, 2961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage System Based on Cooperative Operation of Two-Stage Liquid Piston Units

by Yan Cui, Tong Jiang and Hongfei Hou

Energies 2025, 18(12), 3184; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123184 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

The transition toward a renewable-based energy structure has significantly accelerated the advancement of energy storage technologies. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is regarded as a highly promising long-duration energy storage solution due to the advantages of its large scale and long service life. [...] Read more.

The transition toward a renewable-based energy structure has significantly accelerated the advancement of energy storage technologies. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is regarded as a highly promising long-duration energy storage solution due to the advantages of its large scale and long service life. However, the efficiency of conventional compressed air energy storage (CAES) systems remains limited due to the inadequate utilization of thermal energy. Isothermal compressed CAES (ICAES) technology, based on liquid pistons, can overcome the efficiency bottleneck by enabling temperature control during air compression. However, the operation of liquid pistons under high-pressure storage conditions remains a challenge because of the high compression ratio. To enhance the utilization rate of the two-stage liquid piston unit by using the synchronous operations of compression and discharge processes, this paper proposes a coordinated operation scheme. Then, a multi-stage ICAES system under constant-pressure air storage is proposed. Mathematical models and energy efficiency analysis methods of the multi-stage ICAES system are also established. Finally, the operational characteristics are analyzed in combination with the ICAES at 200 kWh. The results show that the proposed system can achieve an overall efficiency of 68.0%, under 85% and 90% efficiencies for low-pressure and linear equipment, respectively. The coordinated operation of the two-stage liquid piston unit can be further extended to multi-stage operations, demonstrating broad application prospects in ICAES systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section D: Energy Storage and Application)

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12 pages, 1580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Specific Activity of Radionuclides in Cryoconite Sediments of Glaciers of the Central Caucasus (Tsey, Skazka, Bezengi), Russia

by Rustam Tembotov, Albert Gangapshev, Ali Gezhaev and Evgeny Abakumov

Earth 2025, 6(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6020060 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Nowadays, much attention has been paid to the study of the specific activity of radionuclides on the surface of glaciers. This work is devoted to the study of specific activity of natural (K-40, U-235, U-238, Th-232) and anthropogenic (Cs-137) radionuclides in cryoconites of [...] Read more.

Nowadays, much attention has been paid to the study of the specific activity of radionuclides on the surface of glaciers. This work is devoted to the study of specific activity of natural (K-40, U-235, U-238, Th-232) and anthropogenic (Cs-137) radionuclides in cryoconites of glaciers of the Central Caucasus. The work shows that the activity of the investigated natural radionuclides in the cryoconites of the glaciers we studied is comparable to data from Arctic glaciers, somewhat lower than on Mount Elbrus and Transcaucasia, and significantly lower than on Alpine glaciers. The study revealed that the glaciers of the Central Caucasus (Tsey, Skazka, and Bezengi) exhibit low values of specific activity of anthropogenic radionuclide Cs-137 and average from 0.51 Bq/kg (Bezengi) to 2.61 Bq/kg (Skazka). On the contrary, high and very high concentrations of this radionuclide were revealed in cryoconites of glaciers from other regions, especially in the Alps, the Arctic, and Transcaucasia. Thus, our data confirm the results of previous studies conducted on glaciers of the Central Caucasus, which indicated that the activity of natural radionuclides in cryoconites of glaciers of the Central Caucasus is comparable to the world average values, while the anthropogenic radionuclide Cs-137 is much lower. Full article

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17 pages, 6996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distributed Control Strategy for Automatic Power Sharing of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems with Constant Power Loads in DC Microgrids

by Tian Xia, He Zhou and Bonan Huang

Mathematics 2025, 13(12), 2001; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13122001 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs), with superior transient response characteristics compared to conventional battery (BAT) systems, have emerged as an effective solution for power balance. However, the high penetration of constant power loads (CPLs) introduces destabilization risks to the system. To address this [...] Read more.

Hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs), with superior transient response characteristics compared to conventional battery (BAT) systems, have emerged as an effective solution for power balance. However, the high penetration of constant power loads (CPLs) introduces destabilization risks to the system. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel hierarchical control strategy to achieve voltage stabilization and accurate current sharing. First, this paper proposes an improved P–V² controller as the primary controller. It utilizes virtual conductance to replace the fixed coefficients of traditional droop controllers to achieve automatic power allocation between supercapacitors (SCs) and BATs, while eliminating the effects of CPLs on the voltage–current relationship. Second, based on traditional distributed control, the secondary control layer integrates a dynamic event-triggered communication mechanism, which reduces communication bandwidth requirements while maintaining precise current sharing across distributed buses. Finally, simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed control strategy. Full article

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23 pages, 5834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Expression of Genes Involved in Fatty Acid Synthesis Across Camelina Varieties

by Elisa Gómez, Gregorio Hueros, David Mostaza-Colado, Aníbal Capuano, Mercedes Uscola and Pedro V. Mauri

Agriculture 2025, 15(12), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15121305 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, a native European oilseed crop of the Brassicaceae family, is notable for its short life cycle, making it well-suited for crop rotation and diversification. Its seeds contain a high content of oil (36–47%) that is rich in polyunsaturated fatty [...] Read more.

Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz, a native European oilseed crop of the Brassicaceae family, is notable for its short life cycle, making it well-suited for crop rotation and diversification. Its seeds contain a high content of oil (36–47%) that is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3, Ω-3) and linoleic acid (LA, C18:2, Ω-6). This oil has diverse industrial applications, including low-emission biofuels, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, biolubricants, bioplastics, and cosmetics. We analyzed the expression of seven key enzymes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis across nine C. sativa accessions at three stages of silique development using highly efficient qRT-PCR assays designed for the target genes and a normalizing control. Our detailed expression analysis revealed significant variation across varieties, with only the gene FAB2c exhibiting genotype-independent expression, indicating a constitutive and essential role in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) biosynthesis. Other genes showed significant interactions between the variety and developmental stage, highlighting the combined influences of genetic background and silique maturation on gene regulation. V18 emerges as particularly promising, exhibiting elevated expression of genes linked to PUFA and VLCFA biosynthesis—traits of significance for food, biofuel, and industrial applications. These findings, together with the developed qRT-PCR assays, provide valuable tools for selecting Camelina varieties with optimized genetic profiles, highlighting the potential of harnessing natural transcriptional diversity for crop improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Yield Improvement in Genetic and Biology Breeding)

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9 pages, 645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Results of Chromosomal Microarray Need to Always Be Checked by (Molecular) Cytogenetics—Even If They Seem to Be Simple Deletions

by Thomas Liehr, Sylke Singer, Ulrike Mau-Holzmann, Stefanie Kankel, Niklas Padutsch, Luisa Person, Eva Daumiller and Uwe Kornak

Genes 2025, 16(6), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060714 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Chromosome microarrays (CMAs) tend to be used as the first line test or as a test that does not require confirmation or verification by a second test. However, to understand the implications of a duplication or deletion for a family seeking genetic [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Chromosome microarrays (CMAs) tend to be used as the first line test or as a test that does not require confirmation or verification by a second test. However, to understand the implications of a duplication or deletion for a family seeking genetic counseling, it is crucial to know the nature of the underlying chromosomal rearrangement. Here, we present seven cases with apparent isolated copy number loss, five of which showed unexpected complexity. Methods: Seven cases were investigated by CMA due to intellectual disability and/or dysmorphic features. Isolated deletions ranging in size from ~0.6 to ~21 Mb were found and referred for further characterization of the underlying chromosomal rearrangement. To elucidate the cases, fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed using locus-specific, whole and partial chromosome painting and/or multicolor banding. Results: Among the seven selected cases, there were five with unexpected complexity. Isolated deletions were actually evidence of chromoanasynthesis, ring chromosome formation, unbalanced translocation, or unbalanced insertion. Conclusions: These results clearly underscore that it seems reasonable to examine every case with a copy number variant—even if it appears to be “only” a simple partial deletion—using banding and/or molecular cytogenetic testing in order to make a qualified assessment of the situation and, on this basis, ensure sound genetic counseling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytogenetics and Cytogenomics in Clinical Diagnostics: Innovations and Applications)

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20 pages, 2481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Conversion Ratio Multiphase Converter Realized with Generic Modular Cells

by Eli Hamo, Michael Evzelman and Mor Mordechai Peretz

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6818; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126818 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

This paper introduces a high-conversion ratio multiphase nonisolated converter built from generic LC cells. The unique architecture that hinges on a generic capacitor inductor switching module enables the high modularity of the topology, providing a quick extension of the converter design in an [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a high-conversion ratio multiphase nonisolated converter built from generic LC cells. The unique architecture that hinges on a generic capacitor inductor switching module enables the high modularity of the topology, providing a quick extension of the converter design in an interleaved configuration for lower ripple and higher current output. The generic module comprises the basic power components of a nonisolated DC–DC converter, where the unique interaction between the capacitor and the inductor results in a soft charging operation, which curbs the losses of the converter, and contributes to a higher efficiency. Additional features of the new converter include a significantly extended effective duty ratio, and a lower voltage stress on the switches, a very high output current, and architecture-inherent output current sharing that balances the loading between the phases. In addition, a power extension using a paralleling and interleaving approach is presented to provide higher output current capabilities. Simulation and experimental results of a modular interleaved three-phase prototype demonstrate an excellent proof of concept and agree well with the theoretical analyzes developed in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Energy Storages for Automotive Industry and Renewable Energy Networks)

24 pages, 3640 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Control of an Inverted Pendulum Using a Velocity-Controlled Robot

by Marco Costanzo, Raffaele Mazza and Ciro Natale

Machines 2025, 13(6), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13060528 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

This research article tackles the control problem of an inverted pendulum, also known as the Furuta pendulum, mounted on a velocity-controlled robot manipulator in two configurations: the rotary pendulum and the translational pendulum. Differently from most of the existing control architectures where the [...] Read more.

This research article tackles the control problem of an inverted pendulum, also known as the Furuta pendulum, mounted on a velocity-controlled robot manipulator in two configurations: the rotary pendulum and the translational pendulum. Differently from most of the existing control architectures where the motor actuating the pendulum motion is torque-controlled, the proposed control architecture exploits the inner velocity loop usually available on industrial robots, thus easing the implementation of an inverted pendulum. Another aspect investigated in this paper and mostly overlooked in the literature is the digital implementation of the control and, specifically, the latency introduced by the digital controller. The proposed control solution explicitly models such effects in the control design phase, improving the closed-loop performance. The additional novelty introduced by this paper is the friction compensation that is essential in the swing-up phase of the inverted pendulum, whereas classical control strategies for the nonlinear swing-up usually neglect this effect, and their solutions lead to control failures in practical systems. This paper presents detailed modeling and experimental identification phases followed by the control design of both the nonlinear swing-up algorithm and the linear stabilization controller, both experimentally validated on a Meca500 robotic arm controlled via an EtherCAT communication protocol by a mini PC featuring a Xenomai real-time operating system. The overall system showcases the potential of high-performance digital control systems in industrial robotic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Robotics, Mechatronics and Intelligent Machines)

26 pages, 658 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of Modular Multiplication Algorithms over Prime Fields for Public-Key Cryptosystems

by Hai Huang, Jiwen Zheng, Zhengyu Chen, Shilei Zhao, Hongwei Wu, Bin Yu and Zhiwei Liu

Cryptography 2025, 9(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryptography9020046 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Modular multiplication is a pivotal operation in public-key cryptosystems such as RSA, ElGamal, and ECC. Modular multiplication design is crucial for improving overall system performance due to the large-bit-width operation with high computational complexity. This paper provides a classification of integer multiplication algorithms [...] Read more.

Modular multiplication is a pivotal operation in public-key cryptosystems such as RSA, ElGamal, and ECC. Modular multiplication design is crucial for improving overall system performance due to the large-bit-width operation with high computational complexity. This paper provides a classification of integer multiplication algorithms based on their implementation principles. Furthermore, the core concepts, implementation challenges, and research advancements of multiplication algorithms are systematically summarized. This paper also gives a brief overview of modular reduction algorithms for various types of moduli and discusses the implementation principles, application scenarios, and current research results. Finally, the detailed research development of modular multiplication algorithms in four major classes over prime fields is deeply analyzed and summarized, making it essential as a guide for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cryptography Reviews)

28 pages, 9091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification Exploring the Mechanism and Clinical Validation of Mitochondrial Dynamics-Related Genes in Membranous Nephropathy Based on Mendelian Randomization Study and Bioinformatics Analysis

by Qiuyuan Shao, Nan Li, Huimin Qiu, Min Zhao, Chunming Jiang and Cheng Wan

Biomedicines 2025, 13(6), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061489 (registering DOI) - 17 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Membranous nephropathy (MN), a prevalent glomerular disorder, remains poorly understood in terms of its association with mitochondrial dynamics (MD). This study investigated the mechanistic involvement of mitochondrial dynamics-related genes (MDGs) in the pathogenesis of MN. Methods: Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses—encompassing Mendelian randomization, machine-learning [...] Read more.

Background: Membranous nephropathy (MN), a prevalent glomerular disorder, remains poorly understood in terms of its association with mitochondrial dynamics (MD). This study investigated the mechanistic involvement of mitochondrial dynamics-related genes (MDGs) in the pathogenesis of MN. Methods: Comprehensive bioinformatics analyses—encompassing Mendelian randomization, machine-learning algorithms, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq)—were employed to interrogate transcriptomic datasets (GSE200828, GSE73953, and GSE241302). Core MDGs were further validated using reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: Four key MDGs—RTTN, MYO9A, USP40, and NFKBIZ—emerged as critical determinants, predominantly enriched in olfactory transduction pathways. A nomogram model exhibited exceptional diagnostic performance (area under the curve [AUC] = 1). Seventeen immune cell subsets, including regulatory T cells and activated dendritic cells, demonstrated significant differential infiltration in MN. Regulatory network analyses revealed ATF2 co-regulation mediated by RTTN and MYO9A, along with RTTN-driven modulation of ELOA-AS1 via hsa-mir-431-5p. scRNA-seq analysis identified mesenchymal–epithelial transitioning cells as key contributors, with pseudotime trajectory mapping indicating distinct temporal expression profiles: NFKBIZ (initial upregulation followed by decline), USP40 (gradual fluctuation), and RTTN (persistently low expression). RT-qPCR results corroborated a significant downregulation of all four genes in MN samples compared to controls (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These findings elucidate the molecular underpinnings of MDG-mediated mechanisms in MN, revealing novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The data underscore the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and immune dysregulation in MN progression, providing a foundation for precision medicine strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gene and Cell Therapy)

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