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9 pages, 762 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seroprevalence and Epidemiological Insights into Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea

by Kye-Hyung Kim, Ah-Reum Kim, Maeng-Seok Noh, Chang-Hoon Kim, Hyun-Jin Son, Mee-Kyung Ko and Jong-Youn Yi

Viruses 2025, 17(4), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17040466 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by the SFTS virus, posing significant public health challenges in East Asia. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of SFTS on Jeju Island, Korea, and to identify the demographic and [...] Read more.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tick-borne disease caused by the SFTS virus, posing significant public health challenges in East Asia. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of SFTS on Jeju Island, Korea, and to identify the demographic and geographic factors influencing exposure to the virus. A total of 1001 serum samples collected from healthy individuals between 2009 and 2016 were analyzed using a double-antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The overall seroprevalence was 1.7%, with slightly higher rates observed in females (2.06%) than in males (1.29%); however, this difference was not statistically significant. Seroprevalence increased with age, peaking at 2.50% in individuals over aged 60 and over. Regional analysis revealed elevated seroprevalence in the eastern coastal areas (4.41%), which was attributed to population density and environmental factors favoring human–tick interactions. These findings suggest that population distribution and land use patterns, rather than altitude alone, significantly affect the exposure of SFTS on Jeju Island. Targeted tick control strategies and public health interventions that focus on high-risk regions and demographics could mitigate SFTS transmission. This study provides valuable insights into the epidemiological characteristics of SFTS and emphasizes the importance of tailored preventive measures in endemic regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus 2025)

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26 pages, 4573 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Status and Prospect of Amphibian Symbiotic Microbiota

by Ziyi Wang, Yuting Wang, Zhirong He, Siyu Wu, Suyue Wang, Na Zhao, Wei Zhu, Jianping Jiang and Supen Wang

Animals 2025, 15(7), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15070934 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Amphibians are the most severely threatened vertebrate group in terms of biodiversity. The microbiota that coexist in a mutualistic relationship with amphibians play a crucial role in shaping their health status, reproductive efficiency, and environmental adaptability. Understanding the relationship between amphibians and microbiota [...] Read more.

Amphibians are the most severely threatened vertebrate group in terms of biodiversity. The microbiota that coexist in a mutualistic relationship with amphibians play a crucial role in shaping their health status, reproductive efficiency, and environmental adaptability. Understanding the relationship between amphibians and microbiota is vital for elucidating the causes of amphibian diseases and developing effective prevention and control techniques, which in turn is significant for enhancing the effectiveness of amphibian diversity conservation. The main findings of this article are as follows: Firstly, it provides an overview of the systematic assessment and analysis methods regarding the importance of amphibians and their symbiotic microbiota, detailing the primary research techniques currently employed. Secondly, it discusses the impacts of environmental and biological factors on the characteristics of amphibian symbiotic microbial communities, including dimensions such as altitude, temperature fluctuations, and host dietary habits. Finally, the future directions of research on amphibian symbiotic microbiota are examined, with five recommendations presented: (1) Establish a comprehensive sample library and database of amphibians and their symbiotic microbiota to create a solid foundation for scientific research. (2) Explore the coevolutionary paths between amphibians and symbiotic microbiota to clarify the dynamic evolutionary patterns and principles of their interactions. (3) Strengthen research on specific areas of amphibians, especially the microbial communities in the oral cavity and cloaca. (4) Enhance research on the symbiotic microbiota of the Gymnophiona. (5) Strengthen international cooperation to build cross-border research platforms and jointly promote the rapid development of global amphibian symbiotic microbiology. This article summarizes the current research progress on the interaction between amphibians and their symbiotic microbiota (not necessarily mutualistic). It discusses the conservation of amphibian biodiversity from the perspective of their symbiotic microbial communities and provides a forward-looking analysis of future research directions. It aims to provide rich background information for understanding the complexity of this symbiotic system, while also having significant value in enhancing the effectiveness of amphibian biodiversity conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Herpetology)

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14 pages, 1487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Metarhizium anisopliae Reduce the Feeding of the Neotropical Brown Stink Bug, Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798), and Its Damage to Soybean Seeds?

by André Cirilo de Sousa Almeida, Mayara Alves Rodrigues, Heloiza Alves Boaventura, Angélica Siqueira Vieira, José Francisco Arruda e Silva, Flávio Gonçalves de Jesus and Eliane Dias Quintela

J. Fungi 2025, 11(4), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11040247 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is under development as a bioinsecticide for Euschistus heros. To further elucidate the effect of this fungus on E. heros behavior, we monitored the feeding activities of adults treated with the fungus at 1 × 10⁸ conidia [...] Read more.

The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is under development as a bioinsecticide for Euschistus heros. To further elucidate the effect of this fungus on E. heros behavior, we monitored the feeding activities of adults treated with the fungus at 1 × 10⁸ conidia mL⁻¹ on soybean in the pod-filling stage (R5) through electropenetrography (EPG) AC-DC. We also determined the virulence of M. anisopliae to adults and its damage to soybean seeds. M. anisopliae displayed high levels of virulence to adults even at low concentrations of 5 × 10⁶ conidia mL⁻¹ (98% mortality). E. heros females were more susceptible to M. anisopliae than males, exhibiting a lower LT₅₀ for mycosed adults (7.1 and 9.7 days, respectively). The EPG experiment showed that fungus-treated adults spent significantly less time on probing activities (reduced by 86% at day four and ceased at day five) than untreated insects, and the number of waveform events per insect significantly decreased. This information is valuable for managing stink bugs at the field level, as it shows that even though the insect is alive, its feeding is compromised, consequently minimizing the damage inflicted to the crop. This study paves the way for further research employing entomopathogenic fungi in pest control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungi and Insect Interactions: Pathogenicity, Immune Defenses and Biocontrol)

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15 pages, 1167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biostimulant Potential of Aquatic Plants: Investigating Egeria densa and Other Macrophytes’ Potential in Crop Growth

by Diego Munhoz Gomes, Raphael Mereb Negrisoli, Alysson Dias Dalmas, Renato Nunes Costa, Mariana Bueno Domingues, Ramon Hernany Gomes, Maria Lúcia Bueno Trindade, Eduardo Heraldo, Caio Antonio Carbonari and Edivaldo Domingues Velini

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071018 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of macrophytes as biostimulants in agricultural applications through a two-stage experimental approach. In the first stage, a screening experiment evaluated 12 macrophyte species using ethanolic and potassium chloride extracts at two doses (1 and 5 kg fresh biomass/ha) [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of macrophytes as biostimulants in agricultural applications through a two-stage experimental approach. In the first stage, a screening experiment evaluated 12 macrophyte species using ethanolic and potassium chloride extracts at two doses (1 and 5 kg fresh biomass/ha) applied to bioindicator species Cucumis sativus (C3) and Urochloa decumbens (C4). Controlled greenhouse conditions and randomized block designs ensured reliability. Dry biomass was measured 21 days after treatment (DAT), revealing varied macrophyte effects. Ethanolic extracts of Typha domingensis and Egeria densa demonstrated significant biomass increases, particularly for U. decumbens, while potassium chloride extracts often reduced biomass. E. densa was selected for further analysis due to its promising results and ease of selective harvesting. In the second stage, a dose–response experiment assessed the impact of E. densa ethanolic extracts on Phaseolus vulgaris at six doses (0.25 to 4 kg fresh biomass/ha). Optimal results were observed at 1–2 kg/ha, yielding 15% increases in plant height and dry biomass. Higher doses showed diminishing returns. These findings highlight the potential of E. densa as a sustainable biostimulant and a solution for macrophyte overabundance in Brazilian reservoirs, supporting agricultural and environmental objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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14 pages, 1365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Multi-Sensor Fusion for Localization in Hazardous Environments Using Thermal, LiDAR, and GNSS Data

by Lukas Schichler, Karin Festl and Selim Solmaz

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2032; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072032 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Navigation for autonomous robots in hazardous environments demands robust localization solutions. In challenging environments such as tunnels and urban disaster areas, autonomous robots and vehicles are particularly important for search and rescue operations. However, especially in these environments, sensor failures and errors make [...] Read more.

Navigation for autonomous robots in hazardous environments demands robust localization solutions. In challenging environments such as tunnels and urban disaster areas, autonomous robots and vehicles are particularly important for search and rescue operations. However, especially in these environments, sensor failures and errors make the localization task particularly difficult. We propose a robust sensor fusion algorithm that integrates data from a thermal camera, a LiDAR sensor, and a GNSS to provide reliable localization, even in environments where individual sensor data may be compromised. The thermal camera and LiDAR sensor employ distinct SLAM and odometry techniques to estimate movement and positioning, while an extended Kalman filter (EKF) fuses all three sensor inputs, accommodating varying sampling rates and potential sensor outages. To evaluate the algorithm, we conduct a field test in an urban environment using a vehicle equipped with the appropriate sensor suite while simulating an outage one at a time, to demonstrate the approach’s effectiveness under real-world conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control Systems, Vision Technology and Sensor Fusion for Unmanned Robotic Vehicles)

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17 pages, 6064 KiB

Open AccessReview

Isokinetic Muscle Strengthening of the Lower Limbs in People with Stroke: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Elsa Alejandra Aguirre-Villanueva, Roberto Cano-de-la-Cuerda and Sofía Laguarta-Val

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2215; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072215 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Muscle weakness is one of the main consequences following a stroke, leading to significant alterations in gait and other daily activities. Isokinetic muscle strengthening of the lower limb is considered to be an effective complement to conventional treatment to improve these functional [...] Read more.

Introduction: Muscle weakness is one of the main consequences following a stroke, leading to significant alterations in gait and other daily activities. Isokinetic muscle strengthening of the lower limb is considered to be an effective complement to conventional treatment to improve these functional limitations. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze isokinetic lower limb strengthening protocols and their effects on muscle strength, gait, and mobility in post-stroke patients compared to conventional physiotherapy or other strengthening. Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from the last 10 years was conducted. Studies analyzing the effects of isokinetic lower limb muscle strengthening compared to conventional physiotherapy or other strengthening methods on muscle strength, gait parameters, and mobility in post-stroke adults were selected. The quality and risk of bias of the studies were evaluated using the PEDro scale, the Oxford Level of Evidence scale, and the Cochrane Review Manager tool. Results: Six studies met the eligibility criteria. For knee–ankle strength, gait speed, and mobility, isokinetic strengthening demonstrated significant improvements compared to conventional physical therapy. When compared to other strengthening methods, isokinetic training was more effective for hip–knee strength and mobility, while closed kinetic chain isokinetic strengthening showed greater benefits for gait speed. Additionally, in the early post-stroke phase, isokinetic training showed greater improvements, while the chronic phase demonstrated more variable results. The methodological quality of the studies was acceptable–good. Conclusions: Isokinetic muscle strengthening significantly improves muscle strength, gait speed, and mobility in post-stroke adults compared to conventional physical therapy, offering additional benefits over other strengthening methods. Further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effectiveness, optimize protocols, and explore the impact of treatment timing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Rehabilitation)

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17 pages, 3202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ruthenium(II)–Arene Complexes with a 2,2′-Bipyridine Ligand as Anti-Aβ Agents

by Ryan M. Hacker, Jacob J. Smith, David C. Platt, William W. Brennessel, Marjorie A. Jones and Michael I. Webb

Biomolecules 2025, 15(4), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15040475 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Agents that target the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide associated with Alzheimer’s disease have seen renewed interest following the clinical success of antibody therapeutics. Small molecules, specifically metal-based complexes, are excellent candidates for advancement, given their relative ease of preparation and modular scaffold. Herein, several [...] Read more.

Agents that target the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide associated with Alzheimer’s disease have seen renewed interest following the clinical success of antibody therapeutics. Small molecules, specifically metal-based complexes, are excellent candidates for advancement, given their relative ease of preparation and modular scaffold. Herein, several ruthenium–arene complexes containing 2,2-bipyridine (bpy) ligands were prepared and evaluated for their respective ability to modulate the aggregation of Aβ. This was carried out using the three sequential methods of thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence, dynamic ligand scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Overall, it was observed that RuBA, the complex with a 4,4-diamino-2,2-bipyridine ligand, had the greatest impact on Aβ aggregation. Further evaluation of the complexes was performed to determine their relative affinity for serum albumin and biocompatibility towards two neuronal cell lines. Ultimately, RuBA outperformed the other Ru complexes, where the structure–activity relationship codified the importance of the amino groups on the bpy for anti-Aβ activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Amyloid-Beta and Alzheimer’s Disease)

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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 2799 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promoter Methylation of HIV Coreceptor-Related Genes CCR5 and CXCR4: Original Research

by Anna Esman, Svetlana Salamaikina, Alina Kirichenko, Michael Vinokurov, Darya Fomina, Kirill Sikamov, Arina Syrkina, Anastasia Pokrovskaya and Vasily Akimkin

Viruses 2025, 17(4), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17040465 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

The persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within viral reservoirs poses significant challenges to eradication efforts. Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, are potential factors influencing the latency and persistence of HIV. This study details the development and application of techniques to assess CpG [...] Read more.

The persistence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within viral reservoirs poses significant challenges to eradication efforts. Epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, are potential factors influencing the latency and persistence of HIV. This study details the development and application of techniques to assess CpG methylation in the promoter regions of the CCR5 and CXCR4 genes, which are key HIV-1 coreceptors. Using both Sanger sequencing and pyrosequencing methods, we examined 51 biological samples from 17 people living with HIV at three time points: baseline (week 0) and post-antiretroviral therapy (ART) at weeks 24 and 48. Our results revealed that CXCR4 promoter CpG sites were largely unmethylated, while CCR5 promoter CpGs exhibited significant variability in methylation levels. Specifically, CCR5 CpG 1 showed a significant decrease in methylation from week 0 to week 48, while CXCR4 CpG 3 displayed a significant decrease between week 0 and week 24. These differences were statistically significant when compared with non-HIV-infected controls. These findings demonstrate distinct methylation patterns between CCR5 and CXCR4 promoters in people living with HIV over time, suggesting that epigenetic modifications may play a role in regulating the persistence of HIV-1. Our techniques provide a reliable framework for assessing gene promoter methylation and could be applied in further research on the epigenetics of HIV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

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21 pages, 1527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability, Spatial Justice and Social Cohesion in City Planning: What Does a Case Study on Urban Renaturalisation Teach Us?

by María Andrade Suárez, Uxía López-Mejuto, Manuel García Docampo and Francisco-Alberto Varela-García

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(4), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9040094 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanisation generates important challenges in terms of sustainability and spatial justice, but also presents opportunities to transform cities into more equitable and resilient spaces. This study addresses these issues and aims to analyse the perceptions and evaluations of the resident population of [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanisation generates important challenges in terms of sustainability and spatial justice, but also presents opportunities to transform cities into more equitable and resilient spaces. This study addresses these issues and aims to analyse the perceptions and evaluations of the resident population of Pontevedra about urban spaces in the framework of a renaturalisation project, integrating socio-demographic and spatial justice factors. Quantitative methods such as factor analysis, cluster analysis and multiple regression were used to identify patterns of satisfaction and the use of urban spaces. This study reveals significant differences in the valuation of urban spaces according to socio-demographic variables, especially in relation to sustainability and social cohesion. The findings thus provide empirical evidence to guide more inclusive urban policies and emphasise the need to incorporate citizen participation in urban design to promote territorial equity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Study of Urban Geography and City Planning)

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14 pages, 2964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Taxonomic Analysis of Biomphalaria (Hygrophila: Planorbidae) from the Brazilian Amazon

by Larissa de Souza Barros, Anderson Costa Silva, Jéssica Aires dos Santos, Ayla Monique Santos da Silva, Andressa Teixeira Ramos, Bruno Braulino Batista, Lincoln Lima Corrêa and Sheyla Regina Marques Couceiro

Diversity 2025, 17(4), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17040227 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Identification of individuals of Biomphalaria is a challenging task, since morphological aspects alone are not sufficient to distinguish between species, which share many similar characteristics. However, the accurate identification of species of Biomphalaria is crucial for monitoring of schistosomiasis, since these species are [...] Read more.

Identification of individuals of Biomphalaria is a challenging task, since morphological aspects alone are not sufficient to distinguish between species, which share many similar characteristics. However, the accurate identification of species of Biomphalaria is crucial for monitoring of schistosomiasis, since these species are intermediate hosts of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni, which causes the disease, which is prevalent in the north region of Brazil. In this context, the objective of this study was to identify specimens of Biomphalaria that occur in Mapiri Lake, in the lower Amazon region, in Santarém, Pará, Brazil. An integrated approach was used for identification of specimens of Biomphalaria, which included embryological and morphological analyses (comparison of diagnostic characteristics between species of the genus), as well as molecular assays using the Sanger sequencing method with dideoxy chain termination, as a method to reinforce the precision of species identification. The results establish the first record of B. amazonica in the state of Pará. This species has a development cycle consistent with that observed for other species of the genus Biomphalaria but possesses morphological characteristics that make accurate identification at the species level difficult, which reinforces the need for the molecular analyses. The first record of B. amazonica in the state of Pará in this study enlarges the distribution area of this species in Brazil, which demonstrates the importance of research focused on the identification of species of Amazonian mollusks as an auxiliary tool that can be used to combat schistosomiasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tropical Aquatic Biodiversity)

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5 pages, 1513 KiB

Open AccessData Descriptor

Terrestrial Carbon Storage Estimation in Guangdong Province (2000–2021)

by Wei Wang, Yueming Hu, Xiaoyun Mao, Ying Zhang, Liangbo Tang and Junxing Cai

Data 2025, 10(4), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/data10040041 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

(1) Terrestrial ecosystems are critical carbon sinks, and the accurate assessment of their carbon storage is vital for understanding global carbon cycles and formulating climate change mitigation strategies. (2) This study integrated vegetation indices, meteorological factors, land use data, soil/vegetation types, field sampling, [...] Read more.

(1) Terrestrial ecosystems are critical carbon sinks, and the accurate assessment of their carbon storage is vital for understanding global carbon cycles and formulating climate change mitigation strategies. (2) This study integrated vegetation indices, meteorological factors, land use data, soil/vegetation types, field sampling, and a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to estimate the carbon storage of terrestrial ecosystems in Guangdong Province. (3) Total carbon storage increased by 0.11 Pg from 2000 to 2021, with vegetation carbon gains (+0.19 Pg) offsetting soil carbon losses (−0.08 Pg), with the latter primarily being driven by reduced soil carbon in forest ecosystems. (4) Northern and eastern Guangdong exhibit high potential for enhancing carbon storage capacity, which is crucial for achieving regional carbon peaking and neutrality targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Spatial Data Science and Digital Earth)

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7 pages, 174 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Remote Sensing Applications in Ocean Observation (Second Edition)

by Chung-Ru Ho

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071153 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

The articles presented in this Special Issue epitomize the convergence of cutting-edge sensor technologies, innovative data processing techniques, and advanced algorithmic approaches in ocean remote sensing. Through studies ranging from sensor calibration and data fusion to the application of deep learning and transformer [...] Read more.

The articles presented in this Special Issue epitomize the convergence of cutting-edge sensor technologies, innovative data processing techniques, and advanced algorithmic approaches in ocean remote sensing. Through studies ranging from sensor calibration and data fusion to the application of deep learning and transformer models, the research showcased here pushes the boundaries of what can be achieved in ocean observation. A recurring theme among these contributions is the importance of integrating data from multiple sources and employing state-of-the-art computational methods. Deep learning and the transformer architecture highlight a paradigm shift in remote sensing data analysis. These advanced techniques help extract complex features from high-dimensional datasets and can process large amounts of data quickly and automatically. Furthermore, research focusing on spatiotemporal dynamics and environmental monitoring highlights the critical role of remote sensing in addressing global challenges. By capturing the dynamic interactions between atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial processes, these studies provide important insights into the drivers of climate and environmental change. This information is valuable for developing predictive models and informing policy decisions related to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing Applications in Ocean Observation (Second Edition))

18 pages, 3159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index Analysis and Dynamic Back Propagation Neural Network Prediction of Transport Carbon Emissions in Henan Province

by Changjiang Mao, Jian Luo, Shengyang Jiao and Bin Zhao

Energies 2025, 18(7), 1630; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071630 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Amid escalating global concerns over climate change and sustainable development, carbon emissions have emerged as a critical issue for the international community. The control of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions is particularly crucial for meeting the objectives of the Paris Agreement. This [...] Read more.

Amid escalating global concerns over climate change and sustainable development, carbon emissions have emerged as a critical issue for the international community. The control of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions is particularly crucial for meeting the objectives of the Paris Agreement. This study applied the LMDI decomposition method and a BP neural network model to thoroughly analyse the factors influencing carbon emissions in Henan Province’s transportation sector and forecast future trends. Our core contribution is the development of an integrated model that quantifies the impact of key factors on carbon emissions and offers policy recommendations. This study concludes that by optimizing the energy structure and enhancing energy efficiency, China can meet its carbon peak and neutrality targets, thereby providing scientific guidance for sustainable regional development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B3: Carbon Emission and Utilization)

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17 pages, 776 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Toll-like Receptors Nine and Ten Polymorphisms in Childhood Bronchial Asthma Control and Their Relation to Cardiac Function

by Rehab Ahmed Rabie, Asmaa Elsharkawy Hussien, Hesham Samy Abdelhameed, Soad Abdelsalam Shedeed, Noura Almadani, Hanaa A. Nofal, Dina S. El-Rafey, Hossam T. Ali and Mohammed Sanad Naguib

Diagnostics 2025, 15(7), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15070817 (registering DOI) - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Asthma is designated as the most widely spread chronic disease in children. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are linked to several human diseases, including allergic diseases. We aimed to assess the link between TLR9 (rs187084) and TLR10 (rs11096956) gene polymorphisms and bronchial asthma and [...] Read more.

Background: Asthma is designated as the most widely spread chronic disease in children. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are linked to several human diseases, including allergic diseases. We aimed to assess the link between TLR9 (rs187084) and TLR10 (rs11096956) gene polymorphisms and bronchial asthma and its control and their relation to respiratory and cardiac functions. Methods: This is a case-control study comprising 80 participants aged between 5 and 12 years old, divided into 20 healthy non-asthmatic participants and 60 asthmatic ones. The asthmatic group members were diagnosed clinically according to the diagnosis guidelines of The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) 2019 and subdivided according to GINA 2019 guidelines for asthma control into three subgroups (well-controlled, partially controlled, and uncontrolled). Genetic polymorphisms in TLR9 (rs187084) and TLR10 (rs11096956) were detected using real-time PCR. Results: We found a significant increase in TLR9 polymorphisms among asthmatic cases compared to the control (OR = 9.09 for the CT genotype and 5.24 for the TT genotype) and a similar increase in TLR10 polymorphisms (OR = 4.29 for the GT genotype and 10.71 for the TT genotype). Also, there was a significant increase in TLR9 and TLR10 polymorphisms among uncontrolled cases compared to both well-controlled cases and the control group. We discovered a significant association between TLR9 (rs187084) gene polymorphisms and pulmonary function tests (PFTs), with better results in the CC genotype. Additionally, a significant association with both RVFWSL (right ventricle free-wall longitudinal strain) and GLS (left ventricle global longitudinal strain apical 2-chamber view) with better values was linked to the CC genotype. Regarding TLR10 (rs11096956), there was a significant association between gene polymorphisms and PFTs, with better function in the GG genotype. Additionally, there was a significant association between TLR10 (rs11096956) gene polymorphisms and GLS AVG (left ventricle global longitudinal strain average), with the GG type having significantly better cardiac function. Conclusion: Subclinical cardiac dysfunction of the left and right ventricles was detected in asthmatic children. The CC genotype of TLR9 and the GG genotype of TLR10 are associated with better asthma control and better cardiac function. Therefore, TLR9 and TLR10 have a role in asthma control and cardiac dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis)

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32 pages, 26848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of a Robust Rigid–Flexible Interface and Continuum Model for an Elephant’s Trunk Using Hybrid Coordinate Formulations

by Ahmed Ghoneimy, Mohamed O. Helmy, Ayman Nada and Ahmed El-Assal

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2025, 8(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi8020042 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

The goal of this study was to construct a mathematical and computational model that accurately represents the complex, flexible movements and mechanics of an elephant’s trunk. Rather than serving as a biological study, the elephant trunk model was used as an application to [...] Read more.

The goal of this study was to construct a mathematical and computational model that accurately represents the complex, flexible movements and mechanics of an elephant’s trunk. Rather than serving as a biological study, the elephant trunk model was used as an application to demonstrate the effectiveness of a proposed rigid–flexible coupling framework. This model has broader applications beyond understanding the mechanics of an elephant trunk, including its potential use in designing flexible robotic systems and prosthetics, as well as contributions to the fields of biomechanics and animal locomotion. An elephant’s trunk, a highly flexible and muscular organ without bones, is best modeled using continuum mechanics to capture the dynamic behavior of its motion. Given the rigid body nature of an elephant’s head movement and the highly flexible nature of the trunk, a robust geometric framework for the rigid–flexible interface is crucial to accurately capture the complex interactions, force transmission, and dynamic behavior arising from their distinct motion characteristics and differing coordinate representations. Under the umbrella of flexible multibody dynamics, this study introduced a hybrid coordinate system, integrating the Natural Coordinates Formulation (NCF) and the Absolute Nodal Coordinates Formulation (ANCF), to establish the geometric constraints governing the interaction between the rigid body (the head) and the highly flexible body (the trunk). Moreover, the model illustrates how forces and moments are transmitted between these components in both direct and inverse scenarios. Various finite elements were evaluated to identify suitable elements for modeling the elephant’s trunk. The model’s accuracy was validated through simulations of bending, twisting, compression, and other characteristic trunk movements. The solution method is presented alongside the simulation analysis for various motion scenarios, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding and replicating the trunk’s complex dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Control and Systems Engineering)

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16 pages, 3142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Allometric Models to Estimate Aboveground Biomass of Individual Trees of Eucalyptus saligna Sm in Young Plantations in Ecuador

by Raúl Ramos-Veintimilla, Hernán J. Andrade, Roy Vera-Velez, José Esparza-Parra, Pedro Panama-Perugachi, Milena Segura and Jorge Grijalva-Olmedo

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16020039 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Nature-based solutions (NbS), particularly through forest biomass, are crucial in mitigating climate change. While forest plantations play a critical role in carbon capture, the absence of species-specific biomass estimation models presents a significant challenge. This research focuses on developing allometric models [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Nature-based solutions (NbS), particularly through forest biomass, are crucial in mitigating climate change. While forest plantations play a critical role in carbon capture, the absence of species-specific biomass estimation models presents a significant challenge. This research focuses on developing allometric models to accurately estimate the aboveground biomass of Eucalyptus saligna Sm in Ecuador’s Lower Montane thorny steppe. (2) Methods: Conducted at the Tunshi Experimental Station of ESPOCH in Chimborazo, Ecuador, the research involved 46 trees to formulate biomass predictive models using both destructive and non-destructive methods. Sixteen generic models were tested using the ordinary least squares method. (3) Results: The most effective allometric equation for estimating six-year-old E. saligna biomass was Ln(B) = −0.952 + 1.97∗Ln(dbh), where B = biomass in kg/tree, and dbh = diameter at breast height in cm. This model represents a valuable contribution to improve biomass and carbon estimates in mitigation projects in Ecuador. (4) Conclusions: The tested models stand out for their simplicity, requiring only dbh as input, and demonstrate high accuracy and fit to contribute to the field of climate change mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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16 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“Black People Listen to Black People”: Strategies to Improve COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence Among Black People Living in Canada

by Aisha Giwa, Delores V. Mullings, Andre M. N. Renazho and Oluwabukola Salami

COVID 2025, 5(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/covid5040045 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Compared to other groups of Canadians, Black people have been significantly more affected by COVID-19 and appear to be more hesitant to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. This article identifies approaches or strategies to increase vaccine confidence and uptake among Black people in [...] Read more.

Background: Compared to other groups of Canadians, Black people have been significantly more affected by COVID-19 and appear to be more hesitant to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. This article identifies approaches or strategies to increase vaccine confidence and uptake among Black people in Canada. Methods: Thirty-six Black people of diverse ethnicities, aged 18 years and above, living in six provinces across Canada were interviewed. An inductive thematic approach was employed to analyze the interview data. Results: Building trust was at the center of the strategies identified and spoke to the meaningful and practical ways the sociocultural realities of Black people living in Canada can be used to inform and implement the most effective health interventions. Identified strategies include public education, building trust through Black-led community engagement, and addressing barriers to vaccine convenience focusing on health literacy and communication. Together, these strategies consider the nuance of the message, diversity of messenger(s), and communication channels and call for a move away from generic health promotion messages to tailored communications grounded in community expertise and the experiences of Black people across all levels of healthcare service provision. Conclusions: Health promotion and public health messages must acknowledge difference, tailor approaches to target audiences, and foster lasting collaborations informed by members of the Black community. Government agencies and healthcare service providers should foster the relationships established during the pandemic, document lessons learned, remove systemic barriers to healthcare, and create an emergency preparedness guide for community engagement and health promotion for Black people living in Canada. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section COVID Public Health and Epidemiology)

48 pages, 791 KiB

Open AccessReview

Point-of-Care Electroencephalography in Acute Neurological Care: A Narrative Review

by Roberto Fratangelo, Francesco Lolli, Maenia Scarpino and Antonello Grippo

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040048 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Point-of-care electroencephalography (POC-EEG) systems are rapid-access, reduced-montage devices designed to address the limitations of conventional EEG (conv-EEG), enabling faster neurophysiological assessment in acute settings. This review evaluates their clinical impact, diagnostic performance, and feasibility in non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), traumatic brain injury (TBI), [...] Read more.

Point-of-care electroencephalography (POC-EEG) systems are rapid-access, reduced-montage devices designed to address the limitations of conventional EEG (conv-EEG), enabling faster neurophysiological assessment in acute settings. This review evaluates their clinical impact, diagnostic performance, and feasibility in non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and delirium. A comprehensive search of Medline, Scopus, and Embase identified 69 studies assessing 15 devices. In suspected NCSE, POC-EEG facilitates rapid seizure detection and prompt diagnosis, making it particularly effective in time-sensitive and resource-limited settings. Its after-hours availability and telemedicine integration ensure continuous coverage. AI-assisted tools enhance interpretability and accessibility, enabling use by non-experts. Despite variability in accuracy, it supports triaging, improving management, treatment decisions and outcomes while reducing hospital stays, transfers, and costs. In TBI, POC-EEG-derived quantitative EEG (qEEG) indices reliably detect structural lesions, support triage, and minimize unnecessary CT scans. They also help assess concussion severity and predict recovery. For strokes, POC-EEG aids triage by detecting large vessel occlusions (LVOs) with high feasibility in hospital and prehospital settings. In delirium, spectral analysis and AI-assisted models enhance diagnostic accuracy, broadening its clinical applications. Although POC-EEG is a promising screening tool, challenges remain in diagnostic variability, technical limitations, and AI optimization, requiring further research. Full article

20 pages, 13199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preventive Role of Cocoa-Enriched Extract Against Neuroinflammation in Mice

by Ivan Carrera, Lola Corzo, Olaia Martínez-Iglesias, Vinogran Naidoo and Ramón Cacabelos

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17040047 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic aberrant inflammation is a crucial step in mediating cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Due to their exceptional antioxidant properties and ability to alter imbalance metabolism and reactive inflammation response, cocoa-derived flavanols are being investigated as potential bioactive [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic aberrant inflammation is a crucial step in mediating cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. Due to their exceptional antioxidant properties and ability to alter imbalance metabolism and reactive inflammation response, cocoa-derived flavanols are being investigated as potential bioactive substances to modulate and reverse these inflammation-associated disorders. Objective: The present study will focus on the possible beneficial effects of cocoa-derived extract, enhanced with other bioactive phytochemicals such as spirulina and pineapple, on selected biomarkers of the inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative processes. Methods: A mice model of inflammation was treated with cocoa-derived extract cocktail, and biomolecular data was obtained by performing immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis. Results: Results show that the cocoa-derived extract mitigates the neuroinflammatory processes triggered (decreased expression of macrophage CD11b) and prevents the escalade of subsequent neurodegeneration pathologies. Conclusions: The results based on hypo-vitaminosis, neuroinflammation, and inmunoreactive analysis suggest that cocoa-derived extract is a powerful bioproduct for ameliorating neuroinflammatory processes that mediate metabolic and cerebrovascular diseases. Full article

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22 pages, 3176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Most Significant Impact on Consumer Engagement: An Analytical Framework for the Multimodal Content of Short Video Advertisements

by Zhipeng Zhang and Liyi Zhang

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(2), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20020054 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

The increasing popularity of short videos has presented sellers with fresh opportunities to craft video advertisements that incorporate diverse modal information, with each modality potentially having a different influence on consumer engagement. Understanding which information is most important in attracting consumers can provide [...] Read more.

The increasing popularity of short videos has presented sellers with fresh opportunities to craft video advertisements that incorporate diverse modal information, with each modality potentially having a different influence on consumer engagement. Understanding which information is most important in attracting consumers can provide theoretical support to researchers. However, the dimensionality of the multimodal features of short video advertisements is often higher than the available data, posing specific difficulties in data analysis. Therefore, designing a multimodal analysis framework is needed to comprehensively extract and reduce the dimensionality of the different modal features of short video advertisements, thus analyzing which modal features are more important for consumer engagement. In this study, we chose TikTok as the research subject, and employed deep learning and machine learning techniques to extract features from short video advertisements, encompassing visual, acoustic, title, and speech text features. Subsequently, we introduced a method based on mixed-regularization sparse representation to select variables. Ultimately, we utilized multiblock partial least squares regression to regress the selected variables alongside additional scalar variables to calculate the block importance. The empirical analysis results indicate that visual and speech text features are the key factors influencing consumer engagement, providing theoretical support for subsequent research and offering practical insights for marketers. Full article

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29 pages, 1283 KiB

Open AccessReview

Associations of Environmental Exposure to Arsenic, Manganese, Lead, and Cadmium with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Recent Evidence from Mechanistic Studies

by Giasuddin Ahmed, Md. Shiblur Rahaman, Enrique Perez and Khalid M. Khan

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15020047 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that populations exposed to environmental toxicants such as heavy metals have a higher likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared to those unexposed, indicating a potential association between heavy metals exposure and AD. The aim of this review is [...] Read more.

Numerous epidemiological studies indicate that populations exposed to environmental toxicants such as heavy metals have a higher likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared to those unexposed, indicating a potential association between heavy metals exposure and AD. The aim of this review is to summarize contemporary mechanistic research exploring the associations of four important metals, arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), with AD and possible pathways, processes, and molecular mechanisms on the basis of data from the most recent mechanistic studies. Primary research publications published during the last decade were identified via a search of the PubMed Database. A thorough literature search and final screening yielded 45 original research articles for this review. Of the 45 research articles, 6 pertain to As, 9 to Mn, 21 to Pb, and 9 to Cd exposures and AD pathobiology. Environmental exposure to these heavy metals induces a wide range of pathological processes that intersect with well-known mechanisms leading to AD, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, autophagy dysfunction, and tau hyperphosphorylation. While exposure to single metals shares some affected pathways, certain effects are unique to specific metals. For instance, Pb disrupts the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and mitochondrial functions and alters AD-related genes epigenetically. Cd triggers neuronal senescence via p53/p21/Rb. As disrupts nitric oxide (NO) signaling, cortical, and synaptic function. Mn causes glutamate excitotoxicity and dopamine neuron damage. Our review provides a deeper understanding of biological mechanisms showing how metals contribute to AD. Information regarding the potential metal-induced toxicity relevant to AD may help us develop effective therapeutic AD intervention, treatment, and prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrative Studies on Environmental Toxicity, Bioaccumulation and Remediation Strategies for Hazardous Substances)

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27 pages, 382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Altered Holiday Plans Due to COVID-19 on Tourist Satisfaction: Evidence from Costa Daurada

by Indrajeet Mallick, Daniel Miravet and Aaron Gutiérrez

Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6020051 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic altered the holiday plans of many people. Whether it was due to travel bans or the fear of contracting the infection, people modified, among other aspects, their chosen destination, travel transport, accommodations, length of stay, and activities to be undertaken [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic altered the holiday plans of many people. Whether it was due to travel bans or the fear of contracting the infection, people modified, among other aspects, their chosen destination, travel transport, accommodations, length of stay, and activities to be undertaken during the stay. In this context, we aim to disentangle the effect of these changes on tourist satisfaction. Previous research on the effects of COVID-19 on the tourism sector has studied the shrinkage of tourism demand, changes in tourist behaviour and adaptation processes on the supply side. Nonetheless, few works have analysed changes in tourists’ plans. Two main hypotheses have been put forward. First, tourists might be dissatisfied given that they could not attain their holiday expectations. In contrast, the second hypothesis suggests that those individuals who changed their holiday plans might be more satisfied because they diminished their perceived risk of contagion. We have used data drawn from a survey of tourists (N = 2009) who visited Costa Daurada, a very popular Mediterranean coastal destination just after the end of the Spanish lockdown. Then, statistically significant differences in satisfaction levels between the groups that altered their plans and those who did not are assessed by means of Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests. Results signal that tourists were not more dissatisfied when they had modified their initial holiday plans. Indeed, the overall satisfaction of those visitors who switched their initial destination to travel to Costa Daurada was slightly lower, and the difference was significant, compared to the ones who were planning to travel there from the very beginning. Satisfaction was not significantly lower for those who changed their holiday plans in the case of the rest of the items analysed (transportation, length of stay, accommodation, and overall activities). On the contrary, in the case of activities, changes apparently contributed to mitigate the risk perception and led to a better tourist experience. Results also suggest that tourists were willing to adapt to a new situation in order not to renounce their holidays. In terms of implications for destination management and stakeholders, the main conclusion is that continuous cooperation and mutual trust are key to adapting to turbulent environments in which risk perception becomes central. Full article

26 pages, 2979 KiB

Open AccessReview

Psychometric Properties of Instruments for Perpetration and Victimization of Dating Violence in Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Andrés Ramírez, Luis Burgos-Benavides, Hugo Sinchi-Sinchi, Javier Herrero Díez and Francisco Javier Rodríguez-Díaz

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(4), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15040044 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Adolescent dating violence is a public health issue with long-term implications for the emotional and psychological development of young people. Properly evaluating this issue requires instruments with solid psychometric properties. This study aims to identify and analyze the psychometric properties of [...] Read more.

Introduction: Adolescent dating violence is a public health issue with long-term implications for the emotional and psychological development of young people. Properly evaluating this issue requires instruments with solid psychometric properties. This study aims to identify and analyze the psychometric properties of the instruments used to measure perpetration and victimization in adolescent dating violence. Objective: Our objective was to identify the psychometric properties of the instruments measuring perpetration and victimization in adolescent dating violence through a systematic review of the scientific literature and meta-analysis of reliability and structural validity. Methods: The study design included a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis. The data sources used were scientific databases such as PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were studies that evaluated the reliability and validity of instruments measuring adolescent dating violence, published in English and Spanish. Data analysis was performed through a meta-analysis to calculate reliability indices, such as Cronbach’s alpha, and structural validity was assessed using factor analysis techniques. Results: The results showed high reliability and structural validity in the instruments measuring dating violence, with high global alpha and omega coefficients and excellent model fit indices. However, heterogeneity was significant, and lower coefficients in measuring sexual violence indicated areas for improvement. Limitations include variability between studies, possible publication biases, and a lack of detailed demographic data. Conclusions: The instruments are generally reliable and valid, but more research is needed to improve the accuracy in measuring sexual violence and to ensure generalization in diverse contexts. Full article

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13 pages, 630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum Endocan Levels as a Risk Factor for Peripheral Artery Disease in Non-Dialysis Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3–5

by Kai-Jen Cheng, Hsiao-Teng Chang, Yahn-Bor Chern, Chun-Feng Wu, Jen-Pi Tsai and Bang-Gee Hsu

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040577 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a severe manifestation of atherosclerosis that disproportionately affects patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5, resulting in a higher prevalence in this group. Currently, it is challenging to detect early PAD in this [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a severe manifestation of atherosclerosis that disproportionately affects patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5, resulting in a higher prevalence in this group. Currently, it is challenging to detect early PAD in this patient population. This study investigated the association between serum endocan levels and PAD based on the ankle–brachial index (ABI) in non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 3–5. Materials and Methods: Specimens of blood and baseline demographic characteristics were gathered from a total of 164 patients presenting with stages 3–5 CKD, who were not receiving dialysis. We used a commercially available oscillometric technique to ascertain ABI values for our participants, and used a common and well-established threshold for defining low ABI, known to be associated with PAD: ABI values < 0.9. Endocan levels in patients’ serum samples were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results: A total of 24 out of 164 people (14.6%) showed lower-than-normal ABIs. Compared to the group with normal ABIs, the individuals with low ABIs had more of the following conditions: diabetes mellitus (DM, p = 0.030), urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (p = 0.031), serum C-reactive protein concentrations (p = 0.037), and serum endocan levels (p < 0.001). After adjusting for variables significantly correlated with PAD by multivariate logistic regression analysis, age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.097, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.038–1.159, p = 0.001), DM (OR: 3.437, 95% CI: 1.053–11.225, p = 0.041), and serum endocan concentration (OR: 1.098, 95% CI: 1.042–1.157, p = 0.001) were identified as independent predictors of PAD in patients with CKD stages 3–5. Conclusions: Elevated serum endocan levels were found to be independent correlates of PAD in non-dialysis patients with CKD stages 3 through 5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urology & Nephrology)

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10 pages, 3278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Augmented Reality in Scoliosis Correction Surgery: Efficiency and Accuracy in Pedicle Screw Instrumentation

by Chia-Ning Chang, Chi-Ruei Li, Sian-Siang Liao, Chiung-Chyi Shen, Kai-Yuan Chen, Chung-Hsin Lee and Meng-Yin Yang

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040576 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Recent advancements in spinal navigation methodologies, particularly augmented reality (AR) techniques, have significantly enhanced the precision of spinal instrumentation procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of AR-assisted navigation in spinal instrumentation surgery for thoracolumbar scoliosis. Materials and [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Recent advancements in spinal navigation methodologies, particularly augmented reality (AR) techniques, have significantly enhanced the precision of spinal instrumentation procedures. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of AR-assisted navigation in spinal instrumentation surgery for thoracolumbar scoliosis. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study included 10 patients with thoracolumbar scoliosis who met specific inclusion criteria and were recruited at a single medical center. Two neurosurgeons and one neuroradiologist used the Gertzbein–Robbins scale (GRS) for radiological evaluation. Preoperative and postoperative Cobb angles were measured to assess the correction of scoliosis. Overall, 257 screws were placed using the AR-assisted navigation system during thoracic and lumbar spinal deformity surgeries. Results: Among the 257 screws, 197 were placed in the thoracic spine and 60 in the lumbar spine, achieving an overall instrumentation accuracy of 98%. The preoperative Cobb angle of 69.5 ± 22.2° significantly improved to 10.1 ± 4.1° postoperatively. Regarding first-attempt screw placement accuracy, 97.4% of the screws in the thoracic spine (graded as GRS A or B) and 100% in the lumbar spine were placed with precision. Five grade C thoracic screws were identified, one of which required re-instrumentation. Conclusions: The AR navigation technique substantially improved the precision of spinal deformity surgery, with a high screw placement accuracy rate and significant scoliosis correction. The benefits of reduced attention diversion and an intuitive surgical experience suggest that AR technology could significantly improve spinal surgery practices and training programs, indicating potential for broader applicability in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Frontiers in Spine Surgery and Spine Disorders)

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14 pages, 922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Dynapenia, Pre-Sarcopenia, and Sarcopenia in Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Epidemiological Study

by Do-Youn Lee

Medicina 2025, 61(4), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040575 - 24 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of dynapenia, pre-sarcopenia, and sarcopenia among Korean adults using nationally representative data. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2022–2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of dynapenia, pre-sarcopenia, and sarcopenia among Korean adults using nationally representative data. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2022–2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Participants aged 20 years and older with available muscle strength and body composition measurements were included. Handgrip strength and skeletal muscle mass (measured via bioelectrical impedance analysis) were used to classify participants based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria. Logistic regression analysis identified associated risk factors. Results: The prevalence of pre-sarcopenia, dynapenia, and sarcopenia was 9.6%, 3.4%, and 1.6%, respectively. Pre-sarcopenia was most common across all age groups, while sarcopenia was primarily observed in older adults (p < 0.001). Age was a key predictor for all three conditions (p < 0.001), with sex differences—men had a higher prevalence of pre-sarcopenia (p = 0.014), whereas women showed higher rates of dynapenia (p = 0.003) and sarcopenia (p = 0.008). Low physical activity (p < 0.001), high stress (p = 0.021), and smoking (p = 0.012) were also significant risk factors. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of early identification and targeted interventions to prevent muscle deterioration. Public health strategies focusing on lifestyle modifications and sex-specific approaches may help mitigate the burden of sarcopenia and its related health complications in aging populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)

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