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13 pages, 1539 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diffraction-Mediated Self-Structuring of a Bose–Einstein Condensate: Instability Threshold and Dynamics

by Gordon R. M. Robb, Kelsey O’Donnell, Gian-Luca Oppo and Thorsten Ackemann

Photonics 2026, 13(5), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13050401 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

We study a 1D model of a diffraction-mediated self-structuring instability which can occur when a Bose–Einstein condensate is illuminated by a pump laser and its reflection from a single feedback mirror. We carry out a linear stability analysis and, using numerical simulations, investigate [...] Read more.

We study a 1D model of a diffraction-mediated self-structuring instability which can occur when a Bose–Einstein condensate is illuminated by a pump laser and its reflection from a single feedback mirror. We carry out a linear stability analysis and, using numerical simulations, investigate the dynamics of the self-structuring process. Two dynamical regimes are identified: one in which the system behaves as a continuous space-time crystal oscillating between two states (one spatially uniform and one spatially periodic) and another where many condensate momentum states are involved and the condensate density develops chevrons which form and disperse quasi-periodically. We show the dependence of the pattern modulation depth and pattern formation time on pump saturation parameter and compare the simulation results with analytical expressions derived from a quantum Hamiltonian Mean Field model. The results show that this system offers a route to the first experimental realisation of the quantum Hamiltonian Mean Field model and of a continuous space-time crystal with a tunable spatial period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collective Effects in Light-Matter Interactions)

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23 pages, 463 KB

Open AccessArticle

Instructor Clarity and Student Interest: The Mediating Role of Students’ Academic Satisfaction and State Motivation in Spanish Higher Education

by Facundo Froment and Manuel de-Besa Gutiérrez

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4152; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094152 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Instructor clarity is a central component of instructional communication and has been consistently associated with positive academic outcomes; however, less evidence exists regarding the mechanisms through which it influences student interest in higher education contexts. From a sustainability perspective, understanding these mechanisms is [...] Read more.

Instructor clarity is a central component of instructional communication and has been consistently associated with positive academic outcomes; however, less evidence exists regarding the mechanisms through which it influences student interest in higher education contexts. From a sustainability perspective, understanding these mechanisms is essential for promoting inclusive, equitable, and high-quality learning environments in line with global educational goals. This study fills a gap in the literature by examining, through multivariate models, the relationship between instructor clarity and student interest as mediated by academic satisfaction and state motivation, within the framework of the Rhetorical/Relational Goals Theory in the Spanish higher education context. A quantitative, cross-sectional, ex post facto research design was employed using a survey method. A non-probabilistic convenience sampling approach was used. A total of 258 undergraduate students from the University of Extremadura enrolled in the Bachelor’s Degree in Early Childhood Education and the Bachelor’s Degree in Primary Education participated in the study. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), including an assessment of the model’s predictive capability. The results indicated that instructor clarity was positively associated with academic satisfaction, state motivation, and student interest, with the first two variables acting as complementary mediators in these relationships. Among the predictors, state motivation emerged as the strongest determinant of student interest, whereas the direct effect of instructor clarity was comparatively weaker, highlighting the relevance of indirect pathways. The model demonstrated high predictive power and strong predictive validity with respect to student interest. Overall, the findings indicate that instructor clarity influences student interest primarily through its indirect effects on academic satisfaction and state motivation, emphasizing the importance of fostering motivational processes as key mechanisms linking teaching practices with students’ learning outcomes in higher education. Finally, it should be noted that the findings are directly aligned with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, contributing to Target 4.3 by enhancing the effectiveness and equity of teaching in higher education, as well as supporting the development of sustainable learning environments that foster long-term student engagement and academic persistence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Pathways to Sustainability: Integrating Education, Communication, and Learning)

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28 pages, 12958 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Emergency Facility Locations Considering Point-Flow Integration Under Rainstorm Environments

by Chao Sun, Huixian Chen, Xiaona Zhang, Peng Zhang and Jie Ma

Systems 2026, 14(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050454 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Urban transportation systems are facing increasingly severe threats from extreme weather events such as rainstorms, which can trigger cascading failures and lead to regional traffic paralysis. The strategic location of emergency facilities to enhance system resilience has emerged as a critical proactive prevention [...] Read more.

Urban transportation systems are facing increasingly severe threats from extreme weather events such as rainstorms, which can trigger cascading failures and lead to regional traffic paralysis. The strategic location of emergency facilities to enhance system resilience has emerged as a critical proactive prevention strategy. This study proposes a multi-objective hierarchical coverage location model that integrates point and flow demands to improve the resilience of urban road traffic systems under rainstorm conditions. First, the resilience risk levels of road nodes were quantified using an entropy-weighted TOPSIS method that combines topological attributes, traffic flow performance, and indirect propagation intensity. Second, a flow-capturing mechanism was introduced to address the dynamic rescue demands of stranded vehicles in motion, enabling the pre-positioning of “safe havens” along critical travel routes. The model balances two objectives: maximizing the resilience risk value of the covered demands and minimizing facility construction costs. A case study was conducted in Jianghan District, Wuhan, a flood-prone area, and the NSGA-II algorithm was employed to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. The results demonstrate that the proposed model significantly outperforms traditional single-demand location models in terms of coverage effectiveness and cost efficiency, achieving improvements in resilience risk coverage of up to 311.6% and cost reductions of up to 63.6%. This study provides a systems science perspective for pre-disaster emergency resource allocation, shifting the paradigm from infrastructure-centric protection to human-centered rescue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision-Making and Policy Strategies for Sustainable Transportation Systems)

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21 pages, 845 KB

Open AccessReview

Safety Profiles of Polymyxins, Aminoglycosides, and Imipenem/Cilastatin/Relebactam (IMI/REL) in the Treatment of Gram-Negative Infections: A Literature Review

by Hannah Collings, Medi Stone, Anouska Jha, François-Xavier Houde, Florence D’Adamo, Todd Waldenberg and Emre Yücel

Antibiotics 2026, 15(5), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15050422 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background/objectives: Gram-negative bacterial infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This targeted literature review (TLR) aimed to descriptively synthesise safety outcomes reported for polymyxins, aminoglycosides, and imipenem/cilastatin/relebactum (IMI/REL) in adult patients with Gram-negative infections. Methods: A TLR was conducted to identify published [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: Gram-negative bacterial infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. This targeted literature review (TLR) aimed to descriptively synthesise safety outcomes reported for polymyxins, aminoglycosides, and imipenem/cilastatin/relebactum (IMI/REL) in adult patients with Gram-negative infections. Methods: A TLR was conducted to identify published literature from 2015 to 2025. A database search was conducted on 14 February 2025, using the OVID^® platform and grey literature search reviewed publications from the European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID) and Infectious Disease (ID) Week. Safety outcomes included nephrotoxicity, other toxicities (e.g., haematological, hepatological), renal impairment, treatment-related (i.e., explicitly related to the antimicrobial treatment or its complications) discontinuation, and treatment-related mortality. Results: Sixty-eight publications were included. Definitions of nephrotoxicity varied between publications; RIFLE and KDIGO classifications were typically used. Definitions of renal impairment included renal risk/injury/failure and acute kidney injury (AKI). Colistin (n = 63) showed nephrotoxicity rates of 30.8–56.4%; renal impairment of 15.0–53.8%; treatment-related discontinuation of 12.5–23.0%; and treatment-related mortality from 20.0 to 39.1%. Polymyxin B showed nephrotoxicity rates of 14.6–54.9%; renal impairment rates ranging from 5.3 to 58.1%; and treatment-related mortality of 7.0% (n = 1). Aminoglycoside data were limited (n = 2) but showed nephrotoxicity rates of 77.8% and renal impairment of 18.8%. IMI/REL (n = 6) demonstrated nephrotoxicity of 10.3–17.2%; renal impairment of 0.0–20.7%; treatment-related discontinuation of 0.0–2.3%; and treatment-related mortality of 0.0–0.7%. Conclusions: Polymyxins/aminoglycosides had more frequently reported safety events. Fewer safety events were reported for IMI/REL across studies. These findings support the clinical use of IMI/REL and may inform Health Technology Assessment (HTA) decisions. Full article

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13 pages, 269 KB

Open AccessArticle

Limited Association Between Body Mass Index and Selected Components of Physical Fitness in Higher Education Physical Education Students: A Sex- and Country-Specific Analysis

by Agnieszka Wasiluk, Viktoriia Kyrychenko, Grațiela-Flavia Deak and Robert Wilczewski

Sports 2026, 14(5), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14050167 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a simple anthropometric indicator, but its functional relevance to physical fitness in physically active populations, such as Physical Education students, remains debated. Aim: This study examined the association between BMI and selected components of [...] Read more.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a simple anthropometric indicator, but its functional relevance to physical fitness in physically active populations, such as Physical Education students, remains debated. Aim: This study examined the association between BMI and selected components of physical fitness in Physical Education students, considering sex and country differences. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate Physical Education students from Poland and Romania (n = 515; mean age: 21.64 ± 1.34 years). BMI was calculated from measured height and body mass and analyzed as both a continuous and categorical variable. Physical fitness was assessed using three Eurofit tests evaluating upper-limb movement speed, trunk muscular endurance, and lower-limb explosive power. Analyses included correlation methods and multiple linear regression models with subgroup analyses, interaction terms, and quadratic BMI terms to assess nonlinearity. Results: Associations between BMI and fitness components were small in magnitude and inconsistent (r = −0.28 to 0.143; β = −1.614 to 0.005) and varied across tests and subgroups. No significant interaction effects by sex or country were observed, as interaction terms were not statistically significant, and no clear nonlinear relationships were identified. Sex and country were significantly associated with performance levels, whereas BMI contributed only marginally to explaining variability (ΔR² = 0.005–0.011). Conclusions: BMI showed limited and inconsistent associations with the assessed fitness components in this relatively homogeneous group of Physical Education students. It should be interpreted cautiously as a functional indicator and complemented with more precise measures of body composition and physical fitness. Full article

16 pages, 16352 KB

Open AccessArticle

Successful In Vitro Modification of the Dmd Gene Using Prime Editing

by Ayesha Siddika, Fatima El Husseiny, Joël Rousseau and Jacques P. Tremblay

Cells 2026, 15(9), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15090740 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Prime editing is a versatile genome editing technology capable of introducing precise nucleotide changes without generating double-strand DNA breaks, making it a promising approach for correcting [...] Read more.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Prime editing is a versatile genome editing technology capable of introducing precise nucleotide changes without generating double-strand DNA breaks, making it a promising approach for correcting pathogenic point mutations. In this study, we applied prime editing to modify mdx-4cv and mdx-5cv mutation-equivalent sites in mouse C2C12 myoblasts in vitro. Initial editing efficiencies were unexpectedly low and were associated with the presence of a 5′-TTCT-3′ motif within engineered prime editing guide RNAs (epegRNAs). epegRNA designs containing this motif exhibited reduced prime editing efficiency, whereas silent substitution eliminating the motif significantly improved editing outcomes, indicating that specific sequence features within epegRNAs can influence editing performance. Rational redesign of epegRNAs to remove this motif substantially enhanced editing efficiency, achieving up to 20% modification at the 4cv target site using an NGG PAM and 21% editing at the 5cv locus using an NGAG PAM. These findings highlight an important sequence-dependent constraint in epegRNA design and provide practical guidance for optimizing prime editing strategies targeting Dmd mutations in vitro. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gene Editing Therapies for Hereditary Diseases)

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29 pages, 594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dimensions of Digitalization and SME Intra-EU Export Performance: Panel Evidence from the CEE-8 Economies

by Ismail Yusubov and Arnold Csonka

Economies 2026, 14(5), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14050147 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

As the foreign direct investment (FDI)-driven catch-up model of eight Central and Eastern European (CEE-8) economies approaches its limits, strengthening the export capacity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) may play an important role in sustaining economic convergence within the European Union (EU). [...] Read more.

As the foreign direct investment (FDI)-driven catch-up model of eight Central and Eastern European (CEE-8) economies approaches its limits, strengthening the export capacity of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) may play an important role in sustaining economic convergence within the European Union (EU). Despite deep integration into EU production networks, domestic SME participation in international trade remains limited. In this context, digitalization is increasingly seen as a factor that may reduce information, coordination, and administrative barriers associated with SME cross-border trade. This study examines how different dimensions of digitalization relate to intra-EU export performance of SMEs in the CEE-8, conceptualizing digitalization across three distinct but interacting layers: firm-level digital adoption, societal digital usage, and the institutional digital environment. Using a balanced panel dataset covering 2018–2023, the analysis employs a one-way fixed-effects estimator with wild cluster bootstrap inference to address the small-cluster setting. Results indicate that societal digital usage and digital public services for businesses are strongly and positively associated with SME intra-EU export performance. Firm-level digitalization shows a more complex pattern: internal digital tools display delayed positive associations after a maturation period, while e-commerce participation is consistently negatively associated with aggregate export volumes. Robustness checks using Driscoll-Kraay standard errors and alternative functional forms confirm the stability of the core findings. The results suggest that strengthening digital foundations and reducing cross-border digital frictions can support more effective CEE-8 SME participation in the EU Single Market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic Development)

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20 pages, 3436 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hierarchical Hybrid Electrodes (HHE) for Enhancing the Performance of Water Electrolysis Systems

by Sanskar Shrestha, Sathvik Peddamalla, Wenhu Wang and Sharmila M. Mukhopadhyay

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(9), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16090500 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Electrolysis of water is a promising emission-free approach of hydrogen production, making water electrolyzers important for many renewable energy systems. Electrochemical electrodes enriched with nanocatalysts can significantly advance such technologies, but the use of nanomaterials, deployed as packed powders or painted films, is [...] Read more.

Electrolysis of water is a promising emission-free approach of hydrogen production, making water electrolyzers important for many renewable energy systems. Electrochemical electrodes enriched with nanocatalysts can significantly advance such technologies, but the use of nanomaterials, deployed as packed powders or painted films, is generally limited by durability and reusability challenges. To overcome these deficiencies, we have fabricated hierarchical hybrid electrode (HHE) monoliths comprising carpet-like arrays of multiwalled carbon nanotubes covalently bonded to porous reticulated carbon foams that are further functionalized with strongly attached nanocatalysts. This paper presents our investigation of HHE materials with CNT carpets and palladium nanoparticle (PdNP) catalysts in two key electrolysis reactions: hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Their performances in different electrolytes have been evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and Tafel analysis. This architecture provided multi-faceted advantages, and the contribution of each nanocomponent in the monolith has been analyzed. The presence of Pd-NP in the HHE also improved the electrode’s tolerance to Cl⁻ ions, which is very promising for saline water electrolysis. These studies indicate that the HHE architecture of electrochemical electrodes can be a versatile and tunable option for future electrochemical systems relevant to renewable energy applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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21 pages, 2779 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergy of Ascr#11 and Improved Aeration Drives Enhanced Yield and Fitness of Entomopathogenic Nematodes

by Qiji Wang, Huilin Liao, Dzmitry Voitka, Alena Yankouskaya, Richou Han, Yongling Jin and Li Cao

Life 2026, 16(5), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050703 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are crucial biocontrol agents, yet optimizing the yield and quality of infective juveniles (IJs) during commercial liquid production remains challenging. This study utilized a central composite rotatable design to optimize liquid culture parameters (ascaroside, dimethyl sulfoxide, medium volume, IJ inocula) [...] Read more.

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are crucial biocontrol agents, yet optimizing the yield and quality of infective juveniles (IJs) during commercial liquid production remains challenging. This study utilized a central composite rotatable design to optimize liquid culture parameters (ascaroside, dimethyl sulfoxide, medium volume, IJ inocula) for Heterorhabditis bacteriophora H06 and Steinernema carpocapsae All. The results demonstrated that improving aeration (inferred from reduced media volume), combined with ascr#11 regulation, synergistically enhanced IJ yield and quality. Under optimized conditions, yields reached 3.35 × 10⁵ IJs/mL for H. bacteriophora H06 and 2.67 × 10⁵ IJs/mL for S. carpocapsae All. Crucially, the IJs from the high-yield flask exhibited significantly superior infectivity (24–26% single-IJ infection rate) compared to solid-culture controls (13–14%). Targeted metabolomics profiling of sugar, energy and fatty acids of H. bacteriophora H06 revealed upregulated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (citrate, pyruvate) and the significant accumulation of stress-protectant trehalose and immune-modulating polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid). These findings establish a fermentation strategy that simultaneously enhances IJ yield and biological quality by reducing media volume (used as a proxy for improved aeration) and supplementing ascr#11. Furthermore, the distinct metabolic profile enriched in energy, stress, and immune-modulating metabolites identified in H. bacteriophora provides a plausible explanatory framework for the parallel phenotypic improvements observed across both species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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14 pages, 690 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Pancreatic Lipase Activity Using a Quantitative and a Qualitative Assay in Dogs with Chronic Kidney Disease

by Dimitra Pardali, Rafailia Karaiosif, Argyrios Ginoudis, Katerina K. Adamama-Moraitou and Zoe Polizopoulou

Animals 2026, 16(9), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16091282 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs is associated with increased serum pancreatic lipase activity, complicating the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP). This prospective study evaluated pancreatic lipase activity measured using a quantitative DGGR assay in dogs with CKD while excluding cases with clinical [...] Read more.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs is associated with increased serum pancreatic lipase activity, complicating the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP). This prospective study evaluated pancreatic lipase activity measured using a quantitative DGGR assay in dogs with CKD while excluding cases with clinical or imaging evidence of AP, and the DGGR results were compared with the qualitative SNAP cPL test. Twenty-five dogs with IRIS stage 1–4 CKD were enrolled. The DGGR results were within the reference range in 52% of dogs and elevated in 48%, whereas the SNAP cPL results were abnormal in 72% of cases. Discordance between tests was common, with several dogs showing abnormal SNAP cPL results despite normal DGGR values, a difference that was statistically significant (p = 0.016). The DGGR results revealed significant differences between normal and abnormal values relative to serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentration, as well as total serum lipase activity, suggesting an influence of impaired renal function on pancreatic lipase. No significant association was observed between CKD stage and either DGGR or SNAP cPL results. These findings indicate that pancreatic lipase activity may be increased in dogs with CKD independently of AP and that SNAP cPL may overestimate pancreatic enzyme elevation in this population. DGGR appears to be more reliable for excluding AP in dogs with CKD, although positive results should be interpreted cautiously in conjunction with clinical and imaging findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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23 pages, 2401 KB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Advances in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring EGFR Exon 20 Insertion Mutations: From Molecular Biology to Targeted Therapy

by Daniel Rosas, Jay Desai and Luis Raez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(9), 3714; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27093714 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion (ex20ins) mutations are the third most common EGFR mutation subtype in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for approximately 4–12% of all EGFR-mutated cases. Unlike classical EGFR mutations, ex20ins mutations confer inherent [...] Read more.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion (ex20ins) mutations are the third most common EGFR mutation subtype in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), accounting for approximately 4–12% of all EGFR-mutated cases. Unlike classical EGFR mutations, ex20ins mutations confer inherent resistance to first-, second- and third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) due to unique structural alterations that lock the αC-helix in an active orientation, creating steric hindrance within the drug-binding pocket. Until recently, platinum-based chemotherapy remained the standard first-line treatment, with objective response rates (ORR) of 19–47% and a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 6–7 months. Over the past five years, the therapeutic landscape has shifted, driven by the development of selective inhibitors and bispecific antibodies. Amivantamab, a bispecific EGFR–mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (MET) antibody combined with chemotherapy, demonstrated superior efficacy in the PAPILLON trial, with an ORR of 73% and a median PFS of 11.4 months in the first-line setting. Sunvozertinib, an oral, selective EGFR inhibitor, received U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accelerated approval in 2025, with an ORR of 46% and a median duration of response (DOR) of 11.1 months in platinum-pretreated patients. Emerging therapies, including zipalertinib and furmonertinib, have shown promising results in early-phase trials, with zipalertinib demonstrating activity in patients pretreated with amivantamab (ORR 31.5%) and furmonertinib achieving remarkable responses in treatment-naive patients (ORR 78.6% at 240 mg). This comprehensive review analyzes the molecular biology, structural mechanisms, current therapeutic options, and novel investigational agents for EGFR ex20ins-mutated NSCLC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Targeted Therapies and Evolving Treatment Paradigms in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer)

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17 pages, 3099 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Fungal Pyranose Oxidases for Boosting Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass

by Xiao-Long Han, Zi-Ming Wang, Wen-Hui Xue, Zhi-Yuan Liu, Wen-Xia Song and Guo-Dong Liu

Catalysts 2026, 16(5), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal16050371 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Pyranose oxidases (POXs, EC 1.1.3.10) are a class of fungal FAD-dependent oxidoreductases with potential for lignocellulosic bioconversion because they generate H₂O₂ during sugar oxidation. Despite their known catalytic properties, the role of these enzymes in promoting lignocellulose enzymatic saccharification remains [...] Read more.

Pyranose oxidases (POXs, EC 1.1.3.10) are a class of fungal FAD-dependent oxidoreductases with potential for lignocellulosic bioconversion because they generate H₂O₂ during sugar oxidation. Despite their known catalytic properties, the role of these enzymes in promoting lignocellulose enzymatic saccharification remains largely unexplored. In this study, POXs from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcPOX) and Trametes versicolor (TvPOX) were comparatively evaluated through biochemical characterization, kinetic analysis, molecular simulation, and supplementation for lignocellulose hydrolysis. PcPOX exhibited a broader substrate spectrum and a slightly higher optimum temperature, whereas TvPOX demonstrated greater stability under acidic and hydrolysis-relevant conditions and a longer half-life at 50 °C. TvPOX also showed a numerically lower apparent K_m toward D-glucose, while the apparent catalytic efficiencies were comparable between the two enzymes. Molecular simulation results suggested more stable glucose binding in TvPOX. Accordingly, TvPOX was selected for hydrolysis experiments and was shown to increase the measured glucan conversion of phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose, Avicel, and corncob residue. Mixture design analysis further indicated that this positive effect depended on balanced peroxide regulation, with low catalase supplementation providing better performance. These results identify TvPOX as a promising auxiliary enzyme for cellulase-based lignocellulosic saccharification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Enzyme Engineering and Application for Industrial Biocatalysis)

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16 pages, 8780 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemistry-Guided Green Synthesis of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles from Cannabis sativa Chemovars

by Fresia M. Silva Sofrás, Sofia Municoy, Jimena Guajardo, Pablo E. Antezana, Nicolás Nagahama, Mariano Cáceres, Pablo L. Santo-Orihuela and Martín F. Desimone

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(9), 3713; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27093713 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

The phytochemical variability in Cannabis sativa L. chemovars represents an underexplored factor in environmentally sustainable nanomaterial production. In this study, three distinct chemovars, (i) High-Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (89% THC), (ii) Balanced (60% Cannabidiol (CBD)), and (iii) High-CBD (89% CBD), were comparatively evaluated [...] Read more.

The phytochemical variability in Cannabis sativa L. chemovars represents an underexplored factor in environmentally sustainable nanomaterial production. In this study, three distinct chemovars, (i) High-Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (89% THC), (ii) Balanced (60% Cannabidiol (CBD)), and (iii) High-CBD (89% CBD), were comparatively evaluated to determine their suitability for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Ethanolic inflorescence extracts were used to recover bioactive secondary metabolites; among them, the High-CBD extract exhibited the highest total phenolic (3.34 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) and flavonoid (29.49 mg quercetine equivalent/g) contents, together with superior antioxidant capacity (53.16% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH) inhibition), indicating enhanced redox potential for nanoparticle formation. The terpene profile of High-CBD showed a dominance of myrcene (21.4%), contributing to the stabilization of the system. Using the High-CBD extract, predominantly spherical nanoparticles of 5 ± 0.9 nm were synthesized and confirmed by UV–vis, EDS, and TEM. The biogenic AgNPs demonstrated significant dose-dependent antibacterial activity, with minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.0 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and 4.5 mg/mL against Escherichia coli. These findings highlight the critical role of chemovar-dependent phytochemical composition and support a phytochemistry-guided approach for developing silver nanoparticles with potential biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nanotechnology for Biomedical Applications)

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20 pages, 2659 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Security-Aware Ambient Intelligence Framework for Detecting Violent Language in Airline Customer Reviews

by Fahad Alanazi and Osama Rabie

Future Internet 2026, 18(5), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi18050224 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

The aviation industry operates in a security-sensitive environment where customer feedback may contain not only expressions of satisfaction or dissatisfaction but also threatening or violent language with potential security implications. While conventional sentiment analysis effectively captures customer opinions, it remains insufficient for identifying [...] Read more.

The aviation industry operates in a security-sensitive environment where customer feedback may contain not only expressions of satisfaction or dissatisfaction but also threatening or violent language with potential security implications. While conventional sentiment analysis effectively captures customer opinions, it remains insufficient for identifying security-relevant linguistic cues that could signal risks requiring proactive intervention. This study addresses this gap by introducing a security-aware ambient intelligence framework for detecting violent language in airline customer reviews. This framework supports intelligent internet-based monitoring systems and real-time threat detection. We present the first annotated dataset of airline reviews specifically labeled for violent and threatening content, derived from 3629 reviews and balanced through manual resampling to achieve equal representation across positive, neutral, negative, and violent classes. The proposed framework employs VADER-based sentiment analysis for initial polarity estimation, combined with a validated annotation process to identify violent or threat-related content, followed by comprehensive feature engineering combining TF-IDF (2000 features) with text statistics and sentiment scores. We systematically evaluate individual classifiers (Random Forest, Decision Tree, SVM, Naive Bayes) against ensemble methods (Voting, Stacking, Boosting) using accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC AUC metrics. Results demonstrate that Stacking achieves the highest raw performance (98.57% accuracy, F1-macro 0.9856), while Naive Bayes offers an optimal balance between effectiveness and computational efficiency (81.79% accuracy, F1-macro 0.8172, training time 0.03 s). This is the first dataset and framework designed for security-aware analysis of airline reviews. The selected Naive Bayes model achieves per-class F1-scores of 0.9978 for neutral, 0.7814 for negative, 0.7482 for violent, and 0.7415 for positive reviews, with a macro-average ROC AUC of 0.7123. The framework is deployed with serialized components enabling real-time prediction, supporting both single-review analysis and batch processing for integration into airline security monitoring systems. This work establishes a foundation for security-aware natural language processing in critical infrastructure contexts, bridging the gap between conventional sentiment analysis and proactive threat detection. Full article

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17 pages, 335 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Factors Associated with Dropout Intention: Compositional Evidence for Sustainable Higher Education from a Colombian Public University

by Erika María López-López, Osnamir Elias Bru-Cordero and Cristian David Correa Álvarez

Sustainability 2026, 18(9), 4151; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094151 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Student dropout represents a significant challenge for the sustainability of higher education systems, particularly in regional public contexts where academic trajectories are heavily shaped by socioeconomic conditions. While prior research typically examines whether students consider leaving, less attention has been given to how [...] Read more.

Student dropout represents a significant challenge for the sustainability of higher education systems, particularly in regional public contexts where academic trajectories are heavily shaped by socioeconomic conditions. While prior research typically examines whether students consider leaving, less attention has been given to how they prioritize the factors that may lead to dropout. This study analyzes students’ perceived factors associated with dropout intention at a regional campus of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia using survey data from 287 valid constant-sum responses. The empirical approach combines descriptive statistics, compositional analysis, and

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means clustering on centered log-ratio coordinates. On average, students assigned the greatest weight to socioeconomic factors (42.4 points), followed by personal (32.9) and academic factors (24.6), a pattern reinforced by the compositional center (51.1%, 31.6%, and 17.3%, respectively). Students living in rented housing placed greater emphasis on socioeconomic constraints, while differences across other characteristics were modest. Cluster analysis identified one dominant mixed profile (81.2% of the sample) and several smaller edge profiles, none primarily defined by academic factors alone. These findings indicate that enrolled students perceive potential dropout as a multidimensional set of pressures rather than a single dominant cause, highlighting the need for integrated financial, psychosocial, pedagogical, and academic support strategies to strengthen educational sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)

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11 pages, 900 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hypernatremia in Hospital-at-Home Patients: Prevalence, Clinical Profile, and Mortality in Institutionalized and Home-Dwelling Older Adults

by María de Castro-García, Sara Núñez-Palomares, Juan Miguel Antón-Santos, Alejandro Estrada-Santiago, Yolanda Majo-Carbajo, Pilar García de la Torre-Rivera, Francisco Javier García-Sánchez and Pilar Cubo-Romano

Med. Sci. 2026, 14(2), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci14020206 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Hypernatremia is an infrequent but clinically relevant electrolyte disorder in older adults and is associated with poor outcomes. Patients managed through Hospital-at-Home (HaH) programs, particularly those living in institutional settings, are especially vulnerable due to functional dependency and cognitive impairment. Evidence regarding [...] Read more.

Background: Hypernatremia is an infrequent but clinically relevant electrolyte disorder in older adults and is associated with poor outcomes. Patients managed through Hospital-at-Home (HaH) programs, particularly those living in institutional settings, are especially vulnerable due to functional dependency and cognitive impairment. Evidence regarding the prevalence and prognostic impact of hypernatremia in HaH settings remains limited. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study including all patients admitted to a Hospital-at-Home unit between 2019 and 2024. Patients were classified according to care setting as home-dwelling or institutionalized. Hypernatremia was defined as a serum sodium concentration >145 mmol/L. Sociodemographic, functional (Barthel Index), and cognitive (Global Deterioration Scale) variables were collected. Mortality during HaH admission and at 30, 60, and 90 days was analyzed, and survival was assessed using Kaplan–Meier methods. Results: A total of 4501 patients were included, of whom 2701 were treated at home and 1800 in institutional settings. Hypernatremia was significantly more prevalent among institutionalized patients than among home-dwelling patients (3.1% vs. 0.8%, p < 0.001). Institutionalized patients with hypernatremia showed greater functional dependency (Barthel Index 11 vs. 15, p = 0.041) and more advanced cognitive impairment (GDS 6 vs. 5.5, p = 0.033) compared with those without hypernatremia. Mortality among institutionalized patients with hypernatremia was high, reaching 32.9% during HaH admission, 61.2% at 30 days, 70.6% at 60 days, and approximately 79% at 90 days. Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated a rapid decline in survival during the first month following diagnosis. Conclusions: In Hospital-at-Home programs, hypernatremia is more prevalent among institutionalized older adults and is strongly associated with severe functional and cognitive impairment and very high short- and medium-term mortality. These findings suggest that hypernatremia should be considered a marker of advanced frailty rather than an isolated electrolyte disturbance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nephrology and Urology)

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21 pages, 9871 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Cell Viability and Migration Inhibitory Effects of Isorhamnetin in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

by Chengjing Shen, Taierpuke Maimaiti, Gulijikere Kuerban, Mireguli Abulimiti, Jialu Hu, Zilala Yalihong and Aikebaier Maimaiti

Biomedicines 2026, 14(5), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14050951 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for approximately 85% of all cases. Isorhamnetin (ISO), a natural dietary flavonoid, has demonstrated potent anti-lung cancer activity in cell models. However, its precise [...] Read more.

Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for approximately 85% of all cases. Isorhamnetin (ISO), a natural dietary flavonoid, has demonstrated potent anti-lung cancer activity in cell models. However, its precise mechanism of action within the complex landscape of NSCLC remains to be fully elucidated. Methods: The effects of ISO on NSCLC cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle distribution were assessed in A549 and H1650 cells using the MTT assay, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining, and flow cytometry. Wound healing and Transwell assays were employed to evaluate the isorhamnetin impact on cell migration, invasion, and adhesion. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed, followed by validation of key target genes and proteins using qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Results: ISO treatment elicited a significant, dose- and time-dependent inhibition of NSCLC cell viability, which coincided with a marked induction of apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis revealed that ISO triggered an S-phase arrest. Transcriptomic profiling identified ELFN1 and TMEM186 as significantly upregulated genes, while SETDB1 was downregulated in a concentration-dependent manner; this was accompanied by a concomitant upregulation of FGFBP1 protein expression. Functionally, ISO effectively suppressed the migratory, invasive, and adhesive capabilities of both cell lines. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that ISO exerts a potent anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effect on NSCLC cells. The underlying mechanism is multifaceted, involving the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, coupled with the modulation of a novel regulatory network centered on ELFN1, TMEM186, SETDB1, and FGFBP1. These results provide new mechanistic insights into the anti-tumor pharmacology of isorhamnetin and highlight its potential as a therapeutic agent targeting both cancer cells and their supporting microenvironments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology and Oncology)

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19 pages, 2428 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Classic Citrus Monoterpene Revisited: Protective Effects of D-Limonene on Hepatic and Aortic Vascular Dysfunctions in Type 1 Diabetic Rats

by Leonardo da Rocha Sousa, Nildomar Ribeiro Viana, Renato Sampaio Mello Neto, José Otávio Carvalho Sena de Almeida, José Vinícius de Sousa França, Emerson Iuri Rodrigues Queiroz, Esmeralda Maria Lustosa Barros, Ana Karolinne da Silva Brito, Ana Victória da Silva Mendes, Andressa Amorim dos Santos, Fernanda Cerqueira Barroso Oliveira, Débora Santos Lula Barros, Massimo Lucarini, Alessandra Durazzo, Maria do Carmo de Carvalho e Martins and Daniel Dias Rufino Arcanjo

Drugs Drug Candidates 2026, 5(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc5020027 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disturbance characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which stems from defective secretion and/or action of insulin. D-Limonene has been studied for the confirmation of its antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. This paper aims to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidants effects [...] Read more.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disturbance characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, which stems from defective secretion and/or action of insulin. D-Limonene has been studied for the confirmation of its antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. This paper aims to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidants effects of D-Limonene in an experimental model of DM1. Methods: Female Wistar rats (180–250g) received streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Animals with capillary glycemia ≥ 250 mg/dL were considered diabetic. D-Limonene at oral doses of 12.5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg was administered during 28-day treatment. Water and food intake, weight gain and capillary glycemia were evaluated. At the end of the treatment, the following biochemical parameters were assessed: serum glucose, HbA1c, urea, creatinine, AST, ALT, GGT, ALP and albumin. The oxidative stress markers were determined in plasma, erythrocytes, and aortic homogenates: malondialdehyde, nitrite, myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase. Results: D-Limonene (25 and 50 mg/kg) significantly reduced serum glucose, HbA1c, AST, ALT, GGT and ALP when compared to DC, as well as plasma MDA and nitrite concentrations. Interestingly, D-Limonene (25 and 50 mg/kg) decreased both plasma and aortic myeloperoxidase activities, as well as increased both erythrocytic and aortic catalase activities. Conclusions: These findings, besides a marked D-Limonene-induced hypoglycemic effect, pave the way for further studies comprising a multi-target treatment by providing benefits on hepatic and vascular complications related to the diabetic condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Preclinical Research)

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17 pages, 4864 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Bearing Capacity of H-Shaped Steel Used in Offshore Structure Considering Local Random Pitting Damage

by Jinmei Liu, Zheng Qin, Chenglong Guo and Yangsen Deng

Buildings 2026, 16(9), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16091641 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Corrosion damage is an important factor causing structural failure in offshore structures. In order to study the effect of local corrosion on the bearing property of H-shaped steel used in offshore structures, the rig substructure on an offshore platform was taken as the [...] Read more.

Corrosion damage is an important factor causing structural failure in offshore structures. In order to study the effect of local corrosion on the bearing property of H-shaped steel used in offshore structures, the rig substructure on an offshore platform was taken as the research object. Considering both local damage and the overall structural characteristics of the substructure, the main load-bearing H-shaped steel component was determined through testing. Based on the macroscopic characterization analysis of random pitting corrosion such as morphology, depth, diameter and location, a random pitting damage model was established by combining a regular cylindrical pit model with a MATLAB-based random number generation method. The influence of random pitting position on the bearing property of H-shaped steel is obtained by the simplified beam model and the multi-scale model embedded into the global substructure system respectively. The results show that pitting located at the flange end region produces the most severe stress concentration and results in the greatest degradation in bearing capacity, and corrosion on the upper flange leads to higher equivalent stress levels than that on the lower flange. The research results can provide some reference value for structural safety performance assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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14 pages, 2698 KB

Open AccessPerspective

A Flawed Conjecture Keeps Haunting Brain Energy Metabolism Research

by Avital Schurr

NeuroSci 2026, 7(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci7030049 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

In 1988, two seminal studies were published almost simultaneously in the same scientific journal. Both spurred the field of brain energy metabolism research in new directions, culminating in a long-lasting debate that appeared to split its practitioners into two factions that seem unwilling [...] Read more.

In 1988, two seminal studies were published almost simultaneously in the same scientific journal. Both spurred the field of brain energy metabolism research in new directions, culminating in a long-lasting debate that appeared to split its practitioners into two factions that seem unwilling to agree on what metabolic processes are fueling the active brain with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first study used rat hippocampal slices to demonstrate the ability of lactate to support neuronal function as the sole oxidative mitochondrial substrate. The second study demonstrated that upon brain stimulation, glucose consumption is not accompanied by respective oxygen consumption, but a non-oxidative glucose utilization or what has become known as “aerobic glycolysis”. Consequently, for almost four decades, researchers in this field have been divided between those who profess that brain activity is supported by oxidative lactate metabolism and those who insist that non-oxidative glucose metabolism supports it. Hypotheses for both concepts were offered, “The Astrocyte Neuron Lactate Shuttle Hypothesis” and “The Efficiency Tradeoff Hypothesis,” respectively. To bridge the gap between the two groups, a recent editorial, authored by over twenty leading investigators, was published. The editorial received two separate responses from investigators who supported the non-oxidative glucose consumption as the main process supporting neural activity, signaling that the gap between the two groups remained. The present perspective highlights the principal disagreements that divide this utmost important field of research. It argues that the main reason for these disagreements is rooted in the assumption that pyruvate is the end-product of aerobic glycolysis, even when many among those who adhere to this assumption accept that in the active brain glycolysis is the main provider of the necessary ATP and the end-product is lactate under aerobic conditions. The consideration of a paradigm shift, according to which lactate is the real end-product of glycolysis, independent of the presence or absence of oxygen, could bridge the great divide between those who separate glycolysis into two outcomes and those who profess that there is only one, prefix-less glycolytic pathway that always ends with the production of lactate. Full article

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11 pages, 3901 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Quantum Dot Color Conversion Layers for QD-OLED Applications

by Sang-Uk Byun, Su-Been Lee, Seo-Young Kim, Yu-Lim Seok, Gun Park and Dae-Gyu Moon

Micromachines 2026, 17(5), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050505 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Quantum dot (QD)-based color conversion layers are key components in QD-OLED displays because they can provide high color purity and simplified pixel architectures by converting blue emission from OLEDs into red or green light. The performance of the color conversion layer strongly depends [...] Read more.

Quantum dot (QD)-based color conversion layers are key components in QD-OLED displays because they can provide high color purity and simplified pixel architectures by converting blue emission from OLEDs into red or green light. The performance of the color conversion layer strongly depends on the blue light absorption, blue leakage, and overall emission efficiency of the display. We fabricated the color conversion layers using a thermally curable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix, and their color conversion characteristics were systematically compared with those of QD-only layers. In the QD-only layers, the intensity of the converted green emission increased with increasing QD concentration due to enhanced absorption of blue light emitted from the OLED. However, a large fraction of blue light was transmitted through the layer without being absorbed by the QDs, resulting in a significant blue leakage and a relatively low output/input efficiency below 10%. In contrast, PDMS-based QD color conversion layers exhibited substantially improved color conversion characteristics. By varying the QD concentration and controlling the layer thickness, blue leakage was significantly suppressed and the green emission intensity increased. The maximum color conversion efficiency of 30.0% was obtained at a QD concentration of 8.3 wt% with a layer thickness of 35.9 µm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices and Systems, 4th Edition)

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13 pages, 384 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gait Biomechanics Across BMI Categories in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Carmen García-Gomariz, Sonia Andrés-Reig, María-José Chiva-Miralles, Roi Painceira-Villar and José-María Blasco

Healthcare 2026, 14(9), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14091119 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Introduction: Although gait alterations associated with excess body weight have been widely studied, most available evidence comes from laboratory-based analyses, which limit ecological validity and the translation of findings into clinical practice. This study addresses this gap by examining gait biomechanics across [...] Read more.

Introduction: Although gait alterations associated with excess body weight have been widely studied, most available evidence comes from laboratory-based analyses, which limit ecological validity and the translation of findings into clinical practice. This study addresses this gap by examining gait biomechanics across BMI categories using portable sensor-based insoles that allow gait assessment in real-world conditions. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 96 adults categorized as normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), or obese (OB) was conducted. Gait biomechanics were recorded using PODOSmart^® intelligent insoles, which capture spatiotemporal and angular parameters during natural walking. Foot health, quality of life and comorbildities were evaluated throught valeted questionnarires. Differences between groups were analyzed using ANOVA and chi-square tests. Age and sex, known to influence gait, were comparable across BMI groups and were considered in the interpretation of the results. Results: Overall, the participants in the OB group exhibited reduced stride length, gait speed, and swing time, increased double-support time, and greater pronation–supination and progression angles than OW and NW participants. Partial eta-squared values (η²p) were predominantly medium to large, reinforcing the robustness of these between-group differences (e.g., double-support time, p > 0.001; η²p = 0.19). Individuals with obesity reported poorer general and foot health and more difficulty finding suitable footwear. BMI was also significantly associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, arthritis, and depression (all p <0.05), whereas diabetes, cardiopathies, knee pain, and fatigue andwalking or social activity limitations showed no significant differences. Conclusions: By using portable gait analysis technology in ecological conditions, this study provides novel evidence of clinically meaningful gait impairments across BMI groups. Higher BMI is associated with clinically relevant gait impairments, poorer perceptions of foot and general health, and a higher prevalence of several comorbidities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comprehensive Foot and Ankle Health: Advances in Prevention, Diagnosis, Therapeutic Strategies, and Rehabilitation)

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20 pages, 1735 KB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Pterospartum tridentatum (Carqueja) Stems: Influence of Extraction Methods on Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and Functional Bioactivity

by Tiago Barros Afonso, Teresa Bonifácio-Lopes, Eduardo M. Costa, Tiago Macedo, Joana Moreira, Juliana A. S. A. Oliveira and Manuela Pintado

Foods 2026, 15(9), 1461; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15091461 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk. (carqueja) is widely used in traditional medicine and culinary practices in the Iberian Peninsula; however, most studies have focused on its flowers, while its stems remain largely unexplored, despite representing a significant proportion of the plant biomass. This study [...] Read more.

Pterospartum tridentatum (L.) Willk. (carqueja) is widely used in traditional medicine and culinary practices in the Iberian Peninsula; however, most studies have focused on its flowers, while its stems remain largely unexplored, despite representing a significant proportion of the plant biomass. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of P. tridentatum stems as a source of bioactive compounds using different extraction methodologies. Aqueous, hydroethanolic, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) were applied, and the resulting extracts were characterized in terms of their extraction yield, protein and carbohydrate content, phenolic composition, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity in HaCaT and Caco-2 cell lines. Phenolic profiling by LC-ESI-QqTOF-HRMS tentatively identified 37 compounds, mainly corresponding to flavonoid and isoflavonoid glycosides, with genistein derivatives representing the dominant constituents across all extracts. Although extraction yields differed among methods, phenolic profiles were broadly similar. UAE and PLE extracts showed slightly higher antioxidant activity, while antimicrobial activity was limited, with only moderate inhibition observed against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Malassezia furfur. Additionally, cytotoxicity assays indicated low toxicity. Overall, the results demonstrate that P. tridentatum stems represent a promising yet underutilized biomass source of phenolic compounds with antioxidant potential and low cytotoxicity under the tested in vitro conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green/Waste Biomass Utilization in Food Industry: Biorefinery Process and High Value-Added Products)

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18 pages, 974 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical and Energy Properties of Charcoal Briquettes Obtained from Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) Shells Without Binders: Influence of Moisture Content and Carbonization Temperature

by Bárbara Lôpo de Lima, Antonio José Vinha Zanuncio, Fernando Colen, Talita Baldin, Edy Eime Pereira Baraúna, Marina Donária Chaves Arantes, Alfredo Napoli, Amelia Guimarães Carvalho, Lorena dos Santos Almeida Silva, Eliane Favalessa, Shoraia Germani Winter, Felipe Gomes da Silva and Maria Auxiliadora Drumond

Fuels 2026, 7(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/fuels7020026 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Bioenergy production from agro-industrial waste has the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation. In Brazil, the pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) production chain makes an economic, environmental, and social contribution. However, the collection and processing of the fruit produce large amounts of [...] Read more.

Bioenergy production from agro-industrial waste has the potential to contribute to climate change mitigation. In Brazil, the pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) production chain makes an economic, environmental, and social contribution. However, the collection and processing of the fruit produce large amounts of waste, such as the peel, whose improper disposal leads to significant environmental impacts. This study evaluated how moisture and carbonization temperature influence the energy properties of charcoal briquettes made from pequi peel waste. Carbonization was performed at two final temperatures (360 °C/480 °C) with a heating rate of 1.5 °C min⁻¹ and residence times of 4 h and 5 h 20 min, respectively. Carbonization yields were calculated based on dry mass. Briquettes were produced from pequi peel at moisture contents of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% (wet basis). After carbonization, the charcoal briquette samples were characterized by proximate analysis, higher heating value (HHV), bulk density, energy density, and mechanical durability. Carbonization temperature exerted a more pronounced effect on the properties of the carbonized briquettes than the initial moisture content. Carbonization at 480 °C increased the fixed carbon content (76.38%, 74.25%, and 75.10% for treatments 1, 2, and 3) and the HHV (25.10–25.31 MJ kg⁻¹), while reducing the gravimetric yield (32.84–33.25%). The influence of moisture content was more evident in carbonizations carried out at 360 °C, indicating a temperature-dependent interaction. The use of pequi peel for solid biofuel production promotes the valorization of agro-industrial residues and supports strategies aimed at the circular bioeconomy and the decarbonization of the energy matrix. Full article

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23 pages, 707 KB

Open AccessArticle

Yogurt Enriched with Omega-3 Fatty Acids

by Milena Savatinova, Mihaela Ivanova, Krastena Nikolova, Ivan Ivanov and Natalina Panova

Foods 2026, 15(9), 1460; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15091460 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Yogurt represents a traditional fermented dairy product characteristic of the Balkan Peninsula and is widely consumed in the Republic of Bulgaria. The aim of the present study was to develop omega-3-enriched yogurt. Four yogurts were produced: one control sample and three experimental variants [...] Read more.

Yogurt represents a traditional fermented dairy product characteristic of the Balkan Peninsula and is widely consumed in the Republic of Bulgaria. The aim of the present study was to develop omega-3-enriched yogurt. Four yogurts were produced: one control sample and three experimental variants enriched with chia oil (0.63%), cod liver oil (1.55%), and algal oil (1.10%). Coriander essential oil (0.038%) was added to each oil formulation. The products were monitored on days 1 and 14 of storage. The oils were pre-encapsulated in alginate beads to limit oxidative processes and preserve sensory properties. Yogurt samples were evaluated for oxidative stability, fatty acid composition, microbiological parameters, physicochemical properties, textural and sensory characteristics. Titratable acidity, pH, water-holding capacity, antioxidant activity, and microbiological parameters were not significantly affected by the incorporation of encapsulated oils. In contrast, significant differences were observed in texture and sensory attributes among the enriched variants. The chia oil sample exhibited the highest oxidative stability, followed by the algal oil yogurt, whereas the lowest stability was observed in the cod liver oil variant; however, all products remained within acceptable oxidation limits up to day 14. Approximately 350 g, 260 g, and 120 g of yogurt enriched with chia, cod liver, and algal oil, respectively, were required to meet the recommended daily omega-3 intake. The developed products demonstrated potential as dairy foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids, with improved nutritional value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composition, Digestive Characteristics, and Bioactivity of Milk and Dairy Products)

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17 pages, 2662 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Reprometabolic Syndrome-Inducing Eucaloric High-Fat Diet on Insulin Sensitivity, Body Composition, the Lipidome, and the Microbiome

by Irene E. Schauer, Katherine Kuhn, Andrew P. Bradford, Angela J. Fought, Daniel N. Frank, Cassandra V. Kotter, Charles E. Robertson, Katie Duffy and Nanette Santoro

Metabolites 2026, 16(5), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo16050286 (registering DOI) - 22 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: We previously demonstrated recapitulation of the relative hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obesity, the Reprometabolic Syndrome (RMS), in women of normal BMI with a one-month high-fat, eucaloric diet (HFD). Objective: Assess effects of HFD on sleep, body composition and lifestyle and metabolic [...] Read more.

Background: We previously demonstrated recapitulation of the relative hypogonadotropic hypogonadism of obesity, the Reprometabolic Syndrome (RMS), in women of normal BMI with a one-month high-fat, eucaloric diet (HFD). Objective: Assess effects of HFD on sleep, body composition and lifestyle and metabolic secondary outcomes and correlate insulin sensitivity changes with the RMS. Methods: A total of 18 normally cycling women aged 18–38 with BMI 18–24 kg/m² were enrolled for a four-month study including a eucaloric HFD (48% calories from fat) for one menstrual cycle. Activity, sleep, body composition, and the lipidome were measured in all participants. Fecal microbiome was analyzed in the last nine participants, and insulin sensitivity by two-stage hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp was measured before and after HFD in 15 participants. Results: Relative to the pre-diet period, BMI, activity and sleep measures did not change, except for waking after sleep onset (WASO), which appeared to decrease during and post HFD. DXA revealed statistically significant decreases in total percent fat, total fat mass, visceral fat volume, and trunk fat volume. Whole-body insulin sensitivity decreased with the HFD while adipocyte insulin sensitivity was unaffected. Insulin sensitivity changes did not correlate with change in gonadotropins or response to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Multiple significant changes in plasma lipids were observed, including increased ceramides and glucosylceramides. Microbiome analysis revealed increased microbial diversity. Conclusions: A one-month eucaloric HFD that induced RMS in normal-weight, reproductive-aged women also induced whole-body insulin resistance (IR) and multiple lipidomics changes potentially associated with IR. These changes in IR occurred despite overall stable activity, BMI and sleep, but did not correlate with the HPO axis defects. The unexpected decrease in body fat and increase in microbial diversity may be related to specific dietary elements of the HFD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrition Intake and Lifestyle Intervention on Human Metabolic Health)

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