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40 pages, 11343 KB

Open AccessArticle

Runway Incursion Risk Assessment Based on DEMATEL-Cloud-TOPSIS Model: A Case Study of China’s Chengdu Tianfu International Airport

by Rundong Wang, Ran Pang, Xiqiao Dai, Changqi Yang, Bowen Hu, Weijun Pan, Yanqiang Jiang and Yujiang Feng

Aerospace 2026, 13(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13050454 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Runway incursions (RIs) have emerged as a major threat to airport surface safety, driven by the coupled influence of human, equipment, environmental, and management factors. Conventional assessment methods struggle to simultaneously capture the fuzziness of expert linguistic judgment and the randomness of operational [...] Read more.

Runway incursions (RIs) have emerged as a major threat to airport surface safety, driven by the coupled influence of human, equipment, environmental, and management factors. Conventional assessment methods struggle to simultaneously capture the fuzziness of expert linguistic judgment and the randomness of operational conditions. This study proposes an integrated DEMATEL–Cloud–TOPSIS framework for runway incursion risk assessment and validates it at Chengdu Tianfu International Airport. A hierarchical indicator system comprising 24 indicators across four dimensions—Human (H), Equipment (M), Environment (E), and Management (G)—was constructed from 90 RI cases collected between 2018 and 2023. DEMATEL quantified inter-indicator causal dependencies and DEMATEL-derived weights; the Cloud model translated linguistic expert judgments into digital characteristics (Ex, En, He); and TOPSIS produced relative closeness coefficients for risk ranking. Human, equipment, and environmental risks are all at a medium-risk, while management risk is at a low-risk, but significant differences still exist. Management achieved the highest closeness ( Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Factors and Performance in Aviation Safety)

22 pages, 12218 KB

Open AccessArticle

Misalignment Decoupling and Tilt-to-Length Suppression in a Micro-Actuated Beam Steering Mechanism via Nonlinear Cyclic Modulation

by Yang Li, Changkang Fu, Hongming Zhang, Hongyang Guo, Zhiqiang Zhao, Mengyang Zhao, Ruihong Gao, Qiang Wang, Chen Wang, Caiwen Ma, Dong He and Yongmei Huang

Micromachines 2026, 17(5), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi17050587 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling is a critical noise source in high-precision interferometric measurements, particularly in systems involving angular actuation and beam steering. This paper proposes a nonlinear cyclic modulation method to identify lateral misalignment and suppress the associated TTL coupling. By applying controlled sinusoidal [...] Read more.

Tilt-to-length (TTL) coupling is a critical noise source in high-precision interferometric measurements, particularly in systems involving angular actuation and beam steering. This paper proposes a nonlinear cyclic modulation method to identify lateral misalignment and suppress the associated TTL coupling. By applying controlled sinusoidal angular excitation and evaluating the complex modulus ratio between the optical path difference (OPD) and the beam angle at the modulation frequency, the TTL noise induced by the point-ahead angle mechanism (PAAM) is separated and quantified in the frequency domain. Experimental results demonstrate that lateral offset correction reduces TTL noise by 94%, corresponding to a suppression factor of 15.5 and enabling pointing control better than 21 µm/rad. Meanwhile, the parasitic displacement noise of the PAAM is reduced from 10 pm/Hz^1/2 to below 4 pm/Hz^1/2. These results validate the effectiveness of the proposed modulation-based identification framework and demonstrate its applicability to precision interferometric systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A1: Optical MEMS and Photonic Microsystems)

26 pages, 3048 KB

Open AccessArticle

Blockchain-Secured Digital Twin Framework for Fuzzy Multi-Objective Optimization in Supply Chain Finance

by Hamed Nozari and Zornitsa Yordanova

FinTech 2026, 5(2), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech5020042 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

This research presents an integrated framework for supply chain finance in which digital twin, blockchain, and multi-objective fuzzy optimization are used in synergy to improve financial decision-making in dynamic and uncertain environments. In this framework, the digital twin acts as a real-time monitoring [...] Read more.

This research presents an integrated framework for supply chain finance in which digital twin, blockchain, and multi-objective fuzzy optimization are used in synergy to improve financial decision-making in dynamic and uncertain environments. In this framework, the digital twin acts as a real-time monitoring and forecasting layer, blockchain acts as a trust and transparency infrastructure, and the optimization model acts as the decision-making core. To evaluate the proposed framework, a scenario-based mathematical model was developed and analyzed using a combination of real-world and simulated data. The results showed that the proposed framework was able to reduce the total cost by 18.6% and increase the return on investment to 12.4%. Also, the use of the digital twin framework significantly reduced financial risks and delays, while the integration of blockchain improved the transparency, traceability, and reliability of transactions and reduced operational errors. Overall, the findings show that this framework has high potential for developing smart, transparent, and resilient financial systems in the supply chain context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain in Finance)

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16 pages, 2181 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stability of High Stopes and Optimization of Combined Mining: A Case Study of the Dongguashan Copper Mine

by Mingjian Huang, Qinli Zhang, Jiang Guo, Jing Wu and Jiachuang Wang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(10), 4738; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16104738 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

To address the issues of severe goaf collapse, difficulties in secondary extraction, and insufficient pillar stability encountered during the mining of high stopes north of Line 60 at the Dongguashan Copper Mine, this paper takes these high stopes as the research object. Based [...] Read more.

To address the issues of severe goaf collapse, difficulties in secondary extraction, and insufficient pillar stability encountered during the mining of high stopes north of Line 60 at the Dongguashan Copper Mine, this paper takes these high stopes as the research object. Based on an analysis of the engineering geological conditions, goaf failure characteristics, and current mining status in this area, a study on pillar stability and the mechanical behavior of combined mining is conducted. Given the susceptibility of pillars with high aspect ratios to bending instability, the secondary extraction pillar is simplified as a rod with fixed ends. A mechanical model for the triangular pillar’s stability is established, the critical instability equation is derived, and the influence of the reserved width on the pillar’s critical stress and safety factor is analyzed. Subsequently, based on the critical instability equation, the relationship between the reserved pillar width and critical stress is obtained to optimize the pillar dimensions. Simultaneously, to mitigate the adverse effects of primary stope collapse on secondary extraction, optimized schemes such as three-stope combined mining and two-stope combined mining are proposed. A mechanical model for combined mining is established based on the Protodyakonov’s arch theory to analyze the stress distribution characteristics of the surrounding rock in the goaf under different mining schemes. The calculated stress of the original rectangular pillar is 29.01 MPa. When the reserved width exceeds 4 m, the pillar safety factor becomes greater than 1.6, satisfying the stability requirement. In addition, three combined mining schemes were compared using Protodyakonov’s arch theory. The goaf spans of the three schemes are 40 m, 26.6 m, and 36 m, respectively. The results indicate that the two-stope combined mining scheme transfers the main roof load to the adjacent ore body and backfill, reducing the load borne by the barrier pillar and providing a better balance between safety and production efficiency. The proposed framework, integrating field goaf detection, pillar buckling analysis, reserved-width optimization, and combined mining comparison, provides a practical method for the stability control and secondary recovery of deep high stopes. Full article

17 pages, 588 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Maropitant Citrate Effectiveness as an Intraoperative Analgesic Through Monitoring Parasympathetic Tone Activity in Female Dogs Undergoing Ovariohysterectomy

by Areli Ramírez-Castillo, Claudia Interlandi, Agatha Elisa Miranda Cortés, Navid Ziaei-Darounkolaei, Alejandro Casas-Alvarado, Alejandro Jiménez-Yedra and Ismael Hernández-Avalos

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050463 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Maropitant has been proposed as an adjunct for pain relief in dogs undergoing surgeries like ovariohysterectomy (OVH), but its effectiveness has not yet been definitively proven. This study aimed to assess the intraoperative analgesic effect of intravenously administered maropitant citrate at a constant [...] Read more.

Maropitant has been proposed as an adjunct for pain relief in dogs undergoing surgeries like ovariohysterectomy (OVH), but its effectiveness has not yet been definitively proven. This study aimed to assess the intraoperative analgesic effect of intravenously administered maropitant citrate at a constant rate infusion through monitoring parasympathetic tone activity in female dogs undergoing OVH. Thirty healthy females of various breeds, with an average age of 3.8 ± 2.7 years, an average weight of 16.75 ± 10.68 kg, were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. The group receiving maropitant (G_Maro, n = 15) was given a 1 mg kg⁻¹ maropitant bolus intravenously (IV), followed by a continuous infusion of 100 mcg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹. The lidocaine group (G_Lido, n = 15) received a 2 mg/kg lidocaine IV bolus, with subsequent infusion at 50 mcg kg⁻¹ min⁻¹. Cardiorespiratory variables and the PTA index were evaluated at 11 anesthetic time points. Overall, cardiovascular variables such as Heart Rate (HR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) significantly decreased during anesthesia induction in the G_Maro (p = 0.0001; p = 0.01, respectively) and in G_Lido (p = 0.01). Differences between groups during induction were observed in HR (p = 0.03), SAP (p = 0.04), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p = 0.03). MAP showed significant changes from baseline at the start of surgery and during clamping in both G_Maro (p = 0.03) and G_Lido (p = 0.003). Regarding ventilatory variables—pulse oximetry (SpO₂), respiratory rate (RR), inspired oxygen fraction (FiO₂), end-tidal CO₂ (EtCO₂)—no group differences were found, but RR (G_Maro; p = 0.001, G_Lido; p = 0.0001) and SpO₂ (G_Maro; p = 0.004, G_Lido; p = 0.04) differed significantly from baseline due to the controlled clinical setting. During anesthesia maintenance, end-tidal isoflurane (ET_Iso) increased significantly in the G_Lido (p = 0.009), with no difference between groups (p = 0.94). Finally, only the PTA energy variable showed a significant decrease in the G_Maro (p = 0.0006), and a significant difference in this parameter was observed during right ovarian pedicle manipulation between groups (p = 0.02). In conclusion, continuous intravenous infusion of maropitant citrate at 100 mcg kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ effectively reduced the sympathetic response related to nociception, similar to lidocaine, in healthy female dogs undergoing OVH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feline and Canine Anesthesia and Analgesia: Guidelines, Innovations, and Challenges)

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14 pages, 3520 KB

Open AccessArticle

NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibition Attenuates Diabetic Kidney Injury via the Suppression of Ferroptosis: Mechanistic Insights from In Vivo and In Vitro Models

by Zhili Tian, Qinghua Yin, Chenglong Zhou, Xiaochu Wu, Fei Liu and Jun Li

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(10), 4257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104257 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and while ferroptosis is known to contribute to DKD pathogenesis, the regulatory role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in this process remains elusive. To address this research gap, we explored whether [...] Read more.

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and while ferroptosis is known to contribute to DKD pathogenesis, the regulatory role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in this process remains elusive. To address this research gap, we explored whether NLRP3 inhibition alleviates DKD by suppressing ferroptosis using streptozotocin-induced diabetic wild-type and NLRP3-knockout C57BL/6 mice, alongside high-glucose-cultured (30 mM) human renal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells with or without siNLRP3 transfection. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) were measured using an ELISA; oxidative stress markers (CSSG, MDA, GSH, and ROS) and the iron ion content via colorimetric assays; mitochondrial morphology by transmission electron microscopy (TEM); and ferroptosis-related proteins (ACSL4, COX2, and GPX4) through Western blotting. Our findings demonstrate that NLRP3-knockout diabetic mice displayed markedly reduced urinary albumin excretion and serum creatinine levels (p < 0.01) compared with wild-type diabetic controls, concurrent with suppressed renal iron overload and ferroptosis, diminished inflammatory cytokine levels, and attenuated oxidative stress. Pathological assessments further revealed ameliorated renal fibrosis and preserved mitochondrial ultrastructure in NLRP3-deficient mice. In vitro, siNLRP3 transfection abrogated high-glucose-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in HK-2 cells, effects that were reversed by the ferroptosis inducer erastin (p < 0.01). Mechanistically, NLRP3 deficiency was associated with upregulated GPX4 expression and downregulated ACSL4 and COX2 expression. Collectively, these results indicate that inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome mitigates DKD progression by suppressing ferroptosis, underscoring its translational potential as a therapeutic target for this condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)

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20 pages, 6670 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pan-Genomic Analysis and Functional Characterization of the ATXR Gene Family Highlights Its Role in Regulating Agronomic Traits in Rapeseed

by Songze Wu, Minghao Zhang, Ruicheng Hu, Di Niu, Boyu Meng, Haikun Yang, Yuling Chen, Yonghai Fan and Kun Lu

Plants 2026, 15(10), 1458; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15101458 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Histone methyltransferases of the Trithorax-related (ATXR) family act as critical epigenetic regulators in plants. However, systematic characterization of this gene family remains limited in the economically important oilseed crop Brassica napus. In this study, we performed a pan-genomic analysis of [...] Read more.

Histone methyltransferases of the Trithorax-related (ATXR) family act as critical epigenetic regulators in plants. However, systematic characterization of this gene family remains limited in the economically important oilseed crop Brassica napus. In this study, we performed a pan-genomic analysis of the BnaATXR family genes using 11 genetically diverse rapeseed accessions and identified a total of 185 BnaATXR family members, among which BnaATXR5 was categorized as a dispensable gene. Pan-genomic and phylogenetic analyses grouped these genes into five distinct subfamilies and uncovered strong sequence conservation and pervasive purifying selection across the family. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) was identified as the major evolutionary force driving BnaATXR genes expansion. Cis-acting regulatory element analysis further revealed significant enrichment of stress- and phytohormone-responsive motifs in the promoter regions of BnaATXR genes. BnaATXR members exhibited divergent tissue expression profiles: subfamilies B and C displayed constitutive and broad expression across multiple tissues, whereas subfamilies A and E exhibited pronounced tissue-specific expression, with preferential enrichment in reproductive organs. Notably, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of BnaATXR6 led to delayed flowering time, shortened siliques, and decreased seed size, thereby demonstrating a key functional role of this gene in the modulation of yield-associated agronomic traits. Collectively, our findings present a genome-wide systematic characterization of the ATXR gene family and highlight their critical functional relevance to agronomically important traits in rapeseed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

21 pages, 1330 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoding the “China Paradox” of Urban Polarization: The Push–Pull Dynamics of Land Allocation Bias and Sustainable Urban Governance

by Xintian Yu, Xin Wang, Hengjie Duan, Shufeng Zhang, Xin Shen and Mingliang Li

Sustainability 2026, 18(10), 4756; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18104756 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Achieving sustainable urban development and optimizing the urban scale structure are central priorities in global governance. However, the relentless population agglomeration in Chinese megacities, despite astronomical living costs, presents a prominent “China Paradox” that seemingly defies classical spatial equilibrium theories. This study decodes [...] Read more.

Achieving sustainable urban development and optimizing the urban scale structure are central priorities in global governance. However, the relentless population agglomeration in Chinese megacities, despite astronomical living costs, presents a prominent “China Paradox” that seemingly defies classical spatial equilibrium theories. This study decodes this paradox by endogenizing the strategic land supply behaviors of local governments. Utilizing a comprehensive panel dataset of 287 Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2006 to 2020, we construct a multi-dimensional mediation framework and a panel threshold model to investigate how the structural misallocation of land—specifically, the pro-industrial and anti-residential bias—reshapes urban migration dynamics. Empirical results reveal that this land allocation bias acts as the fundamental institutional engine driving urban polarization. Analysis of the transmission pathways reveals a complex push–pull dynamic at the core of this paradox. The artificial restriction of residential land drives up housing prices, generating a profound centrifugal “push” force. However, this dispersion effect is entirely neutralized by two formidable centripetal “pull” forces: industrial co-agglomeration fueled by subsidized manufacturing land, and premium public service capitalization financed through lucrative land revenues. Furthermore, this demographic pull effect exhibits a pronounced inverted U-shaped dynamic, peaking during the rapid growth phase but diminishing precipitously once cities cross the threshold into highly developed megacities (LnGDP > 11.525). These findings highlight the ultimate unsustainability of the land-driven urbanization model. We propose a paradigm shift towards sustainable urban governance, advocating for stage-specific land supply reforms and the transition from monopolistic land finance to a sustainable property tax system to foster a spatially just and resilient urban hierarchy. Full article

24 pages, 2188 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermocompressed Chickpea-Flour Sheets Reinforced with Cellulose Nanocrystals: Improved Water-Vapor Barrier and Thermo-Mechanical Performance

by Emmanuel Flores-Huicochea, Magarito Somera-González, Monserrat Morales-Catalán, Claudia Andréa Romero-Bastida, Allison Vianey Valle-Bravo, Carlos López-González, Amalia Irais Cuno-Jaimes and Rosalía América González-Soto

Polymers 2026, 18(10), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18101175 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour is a promising raw material for bio-based packaging due to its protein and polyphenol content. In this study, thermocompressed chickpea flour sheets were reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to improve their barrier, mechanical, optical, thermal, and structural [...] Read more.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour is a promising raw material for bio-based packaging due to its protein and polyphenol content. In this study, thermocompressed chickpea flour sheets were reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) to improve their barrier, mechanical, optical, thermal, and structural properties. Preliminary trials identified 22% moisture as the most suitable condition for consistent sheet formation. CNC was incorporated at 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5% (w/w). Thermocompression reduced the measurable phenolic fractions, although antioxidant activity was not significantly affected. CNC markedly reduced water vapor permeability from 5.16 × 10⁻¹⁰ in the control to 5.93 × 10⁻¹² g∙m⁻¹∙s⁻¹∙Pa⁻¹ at 7.5% CNC. Tensile strength and Young’s modulus increased with CNC loading, whereas elongation at break was highest at intermediate concentrations. Optical characterization showed changes in transmittance and opacity. Thermal analysis indicated that CNC modified the DSC thermal event, whereas only minor differences were observed in the TGA profile. SEM, DSC, XRD, and FTIR analyses suggested changes in morphology and thermo-structural organization. Overall, CNC improved barrier and mechanical performance, supporting the potential of these sheets as a material for semirigid biodegradable packaging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)

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18 pages, 5011 KB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Modeling of Spontaneous Potential Well Logs in Complex Near-Wellbore Environments

by Kirill Danilovskiy, Anastasia Glinskikh and Aleksey Petrov

Geosciences 2026, 16(5), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences16050192 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Spontaneous potential (SP) logging remains a widely used method in well geophysics. However, its interpretation is often limited by simplified physical models and correction charts that do not fully account for the processes governing SP generation, particularly in shaly and heterogeneous formations. In [...] Read more.

Spontaneous potential (SP) logging remains a widely used method in well geophysics. However, its interpretation is often limited by simplified physical models and correction charts that do not fully account for the processes governing SP generation, particularly in shaly and heterogeneous formations. In this study, we develop a finite element-based algorithm for modeling SP responses in complex near-wellbore environments, with the aim of providing a more physically consistent framework for interpretation. The proposed algorithm is based on the numerical solution of the Poisson equation with electrochemical source terms, incorporating the cation transport number to describe diffusion–adsorption processes and allowing for smooth variations in formation resistivity, fluid properties, and shale content. The numerical implementation is validated against published analytical solutions, correction charts, and previous numerical studies, showing good agreement in both the shape and amplitude of modeled SP responses across a range of geological scenarios, including thin beds and invasion zones. Application to real data from a Southeast Asia gas field demonstrates that the approach provides reliable estimates of formation water salinity and the cation transport number, with results consistent with independent estimates. The proposed method offers a flexible tool for SP response modeling and may complement existing interpretation techniques, particularly when working with heterogeneous formations and limited legacy datasets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

16 pages, 2391 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structure of Golden Root Populations on Rybachy and Sredny Peninsulas (Murmansk Region, Russia)

by Marija Yu. Menshakova, Ramzia I. Gainanova, Marina A. Postevaya and Inna V. Ryzhik

Diversity 2026, 18(5), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18050286 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

This article explores the state of golden root (Rhodiola rosea L.) coenopopulations (CPs) on the Rybachy and Sredny peninsulas (Murmansk Region, Russia). The authors describe 10 coenopopulations of this domestically and internationally protected rare species, which is found in different locations on [...] Read more.

This article explores the state of golden root (Rhodiola rosea L.) coenopopulations (CPs) on the Rybachy and Sredny peninsulas (Murmansk Region, Russia). The authors describe 10 coenopopulations of this domestically and internationally protected rare species, which is found in different locations on the Barents Sea coast. They are characterized by significant differences in the density of individual species (ramets): the maximum values are indicated for the coastal rocky territories in CP 6, with a high proportion of juvenile individuals, and the minimum in CP 8, which is associated with the presence of a strong phytocenosis competitor, Lathyrus aleuticus. The recovery index in most coenopopulations is below one, allowing the authors to classify the species as threatened in the studied area. The authors also assess the vitality index based on studying the morphometric parameters of individual species—it varies significantly depending on the growing conditions and the composition of the accompanying phytocenoses. Analysis of the age structure shows the predominance of young coenopopulations, with two distinct peaks of juvenile and young generative individuals. R. rosea exhibits high ecological plasticity in various biotopes on the Barents Sea coast, and therefore, the coenopopulations of its coastal communities form the basis for this species’ stability in the studied area and need to be protected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biodiversity Conservation)

14 pages, 4426 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aging Process of Sea Salt Particles Driven by Glyoxal: Implications for Climate Effects

by Yongpeng Ji, Zhiming Zhang, Shengping Chen, Qiuju Shi, Jiaxin Wang, Baocong Zhao, Weina Zhang, Jiangyao Chen and Yuemeng Ji

Toxics 2026, 14(5), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14050415 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Atmospheric sea spray aerosol (SSA) undergoes chemical aging during long-distance transport, leading to significant alterations in its climate effects. However, the aging mechanisms of SSA driven by oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) remain unclear. Hence, the aging processes of NaCl particles driven by [...] Read more.

Atmospheric sea spray aerosol (SSA) undergoes chemical aging during long-distance transport, leading to significant alterations in its climate effects. However, the aging mechanisms of SSA driven by oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) remain unclear. Hence, the aging processes of NaCl particles driven by glyoxal (GL), a representative OVOC, are systematically investigated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. MD simulations with high GL coverage show that GL readily mixes with NaCl and preferentially orients its carbonyl groups toward the NaCl surface. The adsorption of GL on the NaCl surface is dominated by the interaction between the O atom of GL (O_GL) and the Na atom of the surface. DFT calculations with single GL coverage further reveal the formation of the O_GL–Na bond between GL and NaCl. The mixing process of GL and NaCl is regulated by both the number of aldehyde groups engaging in the interfacial coordination and the corresponding lengths of O_GL–Na bonds. The subsequent heterogeneous oxidation of GL by an OH radical proceeds mainly via a barrierless H-abstraction pathway to form HC(O)CO radicals, which may further react with methylamine/ammonia and contribute to brown carbon formation. Our results reveal the importance of incorporating such aging mechanisms into atmospheric models to improve climate predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)

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28 pages, 6975 KB

Open AccessArticle

Establishing Ingrischana gen. nov. as a First Step in Reviewing Asian Tetriginae (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae)

by Madan Subedi and Josip Skejo

Life 2026, 16(5), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050797 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

A new genus, Ingrischana gen. nov. (Tetrigidae: Tetriginae) is established for winged Tetriginae from Asia with extremely setose mid femur, and toothed dorsal margin of the hind femur. Till now, many species of this genus have been erroneously assigned to the genera Bannatettix [...] Read more.

A new genus, Ingrischana gen. nov. (Tetrigidae: Tetriginae) is established for winged Tetriginae from Asia with extremely setose mid femur, and toothed dorsal margin of the hind femur. Till now, many species of this genus have been erroneously assigned to the genera Bannatettix Zheng, 1993; Formosatettixoides Zheng, 1994; Ergatettix Kirby, 1914; Euparatettix Hancock, 1904; Paratettix Bolívar, 1887, and Tetrix Latreille, 1802. Altogether 2 new species, 11 new combinations, 1 new name, and 2 new synonyms are proposed, and 1 species is reinstated. Two new species are I. motbotawa gen. et sp. nov. (Brija Furry Groundhopper) and I. aspinosa gen. et sp. nov. (Toothless Furry Groundhopper), both from Nepal. New combinations are I. aptera (Zheng et Ou, 2009) comb. nov., I. barbifemura (Zheng, 1998) comb. nov., I. curvimargina (Zheng et Deng, 2004) comb. nov., I. dentifemura (Zheng, Shi et Luo, 2003) comb. nov., I. grossifemura (Zheng et Jiang, 1997) comb. nov., I. longzhouensis (Zheng et Jiang, 2000) comb. nov., I. obesa (Bolívar, 1887) comb. nov., I. serrifemora (Deng, Zheng et Wei, 2008) comb. nov., I. serrifemoralis (Zheng, 1998) comb. nov., I. serrifemoroides (Zheng et Jiang, 2002) comb. nov., and I. torulosinota (Zheng, 1998) comb. nov. The new name is I. parlungana nom. nov., proposed for Bannatettix serrifemoralis Zheng et Shi, 2009a, because of the homonymy with I. serrifemoralis (Zheng, 1998) comb. nov. Ingrischana jhapana (Ingrisch, 2001a) stat. rev. et comb. nov. is reinstated as a valid species. Two new synonyms are Formosatettixoides guangxiensis Zheng & Jiang, 2000 syn. nov. (of I. longzhouensis comb. nov.), and Ergatettix serifemoroides Zheng et Shi, 2009b syn. nov. (of I. parlungana nom. nov.). The new genus is defined not only by morphological apomorphies, but is also confirmed by mitogenome phylogeny. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Taxonomy in the Era of Mitogenomics)

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13 pages, 489 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Survival to Living: A Comprehensive Analysis of Fibula Graft Complications, Functional Outcomes, and Quality of Life Following Reconstruction for Malignant Bone Tumors

by Beatrice Jung, Isabel Sperrhake, Saskia Sachsenmaier, Tilmann Busse, Eren Demir, Maria Christina Stefanescu, Constantin Doetsch, Sophie Zorn and Frank Traub

Cancers 2026, 18(10), 1548; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18101548 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Although survival rates for patients with malignant bone tumors have improved significantly, complications following tumor resection and limb-sparing reconstruction remain a major clinical challenge, particularly in young individuals. Intercalary resection often results in large bone defects, necessitating complex reconstructions. Fibula grafts offer [...] Read more.

Background: Although survival rates for patients with malignant bone tumors have improved significantly, complications following tumor resection and limb-sparing reconstruction remain a major clinical challenge, particularly in young individuals. Intercalary resection often results in large bone defects, necessitating complex reconstructions. Fibula grafts offer biological advantages; however, their long-term outcomes, especially regarding mechanical complications and comprehensive patient-reported well-being, require further detailed exploration, particularly in cohorts utilizing non-vascularized grafts. Objective: This retrospective study evaluated the complication rates, bone hypertrophy, limb function, and quality of life following non-vascularized fibular graft reconstruction for malignant bone tumors in a single-center cohort. This study offers insights into long-term success and patient well-being, with a particular focus on correlations with systemic therapy and defect size, factors that remain insufficiently explored in the current literature. Methods: In this single-center retrospective study, twenty-four non-vascularized fibular grafts were used to reconstruct intercalary bone defects following malignant tumor resection. Complications were categorized using the Clavien–Dindo classification. Graft hypertrophy was evaluated according to the method described by Weiland and de Boer. Functional outcomes were assessed using the MSTSs and TESSs, while quality of life was measured using the SF-36 questionnaire. Notably, the cohort analyzed represents a relatively large single-center series focusing exclusively on the outcomes of non-vascularized fibular grafts. Results: Our findings revealed significant rates of mechanical complications, with osteosynthesis material failure occurring in 50.0% of cases, pseudarthrosis in 47.6%, and fractures of the fibular grafts in 38.1% of cases. Importantly, there were significant correlations between mechanical complications and systemic therapy (p = 0.017), as well as between defect size and fractures (p = 0.013), identifying critical risk factors. Despite these considerable complication rates, patients achieved satisfactory limb function (MSTS: 74 ± 17; TESS: 83 ± 15) and quality of life scores comparable to national norms, with notably higher mental health indices, highlighting their psychological resilience. Conclusions: Non-vascularized fibular graft reconstruction, despite high mechanical complication rates, significantly facilitates long-term functional recovery and psychological well-being. These findings emphasize the necessity of risk-adapted surgical strategies and long-term follow-up protocols to mitigate complications, optimize long-term function, and ultimately advance patient-centered care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Primary and Secondary Bone and Soft Tissue Tumors)

23 pages, 5311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prescribed Performance-Based Predefined-Time Sliding Mode Control for Hypersonic Vehicles

by Zihao Cheng, Guangbin Cai, Yiming Shang, Xin Li, Ziqi Ye and Yonghua Fan

Aerospace 2026, 13(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace13050453 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic design of a predefined-time sliding mode controller with integrated prescribed performance strategies, tailored to the longitudinal dynamics of hypersonic vehicles (HSVs) operating under strict real-time and high-precision requirements. A prescribed error transformation function is introduced to simultaneously constrain [...] Read more.

This paper presents a systematic design of a predefined-time sliding mode controller with integrated prescribed performance strategies, tailored to the longitudinal dynamics of hypersonic vehicles (HSVs) operating under strict real-time and high-precision requirements. A prescribed error transformation function is introduced to simultaneously constrain both transient and steady-state behaviors. This transformation converts the original constrained tracking problem into an equivalent unconstrained stabilization problem, thereby simplifying the controller synthesis. Based on the decomposed control-oriented state-space equations, separate sliding mode controllers are designed for the velocity and attitude subsystems. The proposed strategy guarantees that the tracking errors converge to zero within a user-predefined time, while strictly satisfying the prescribed performance bounds at every stage of the closed-loop response. The efficacy of the method is validated through numerical simulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspective on Flight Guidance, Control and Dynamics)

25 pages, 1510 KB

Open AccessArticle

Crude Oil Prices Forecasting in the Energy Transition Era: Evidence from Geopolitical and Technological Drivers

by Asaad Sendi, Dalia Atif, Salim Bourchid Abdelkader and Kamel Si Mohammed

Energies 2026, 19(10), 2302; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19102302 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

This study examines crude oil return dynamics in the context of the global energy transition, where decarbonization policies, technological innovation, and shifting energy demand increasingly influence market behavior. We propose a heavy-tailed distributional LSTM framework to jointly model the conditional mean, volatility, and [...] Read more.

This study examines crude oil return dynamics in the context of the global energy transition, where decarbonization policies, technological innovation, and shifting energy demand increasingly influence market behavior. We propose a heavy-tailed distributional LSTM framework to jointly model the conditional mean, volatility, and tail risk of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) returns, incorporating key transition-related drivers: carbon allowance returns (ETS), artificial intelligence (AI) activity, electric vehicle (EV) market returns (SPKS), and geopolitical risk (GPR). Granger causality results show that ETS significantly predicts mean returns, reflecting the growing impact of climate policy signals, while AI and EV markets primarily affect volatility, indicating transmission through uncertainty channels. The model adopts a Student-t specification to capture heavy-tailed behavior and extreme price movements. Out-of-sample results reveal limited mean predictability but improved forecasting of return magnitude and tail risk. These findings highlight that, under energy transition dynamics, oil market predictability is increasingly concentrated in the risk dimension rather than in average returns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Dynamics in Energy, Climate and Environmental Sustainability: Challenges, Prospects and Analysis—2nd Edition)

20 pages, 887 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dispiroindolinone–Glutarimide Conjugates: Synthesis and Evaluation as Potential Hetero-PROTACs for p53 Reactivation

by Vladislav S. Polyakov, Yuri K. Grishin, Viktor A. Tafeenko, Ekaterina S. Ivanova, Sofya S. Pogodaeva, Daniil V. Moldavskii, Alexander A. Shtil and Elena K. Beloglazkina

Molecules 2026, 31(10), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31101602 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

A convergent scheme for the preparation of conjugates with the dispiroindolinone-pyrrolidine-thioimidazolone and glutarimide moieties connected via a triazole-containing linker is proposed. Target conjugates were synthesized by azide–alkyne (3+2) cycloaddition reactions between propargylthio-substituted dispiroindolinone-pyrrolidine-imidazolones and an azido-glutarimide derivative. The starting compounds were available isothiocyanates, [...] Read more.

A convergent scheme for the preparation of conjugates with the dispiroindolinone-pyrrolidine-thioimidazolone and glutarimide moieties connected via a triazole-containing linker is proposed. Target conjugates were synthesized by azide–alkyne (3+2) cycloaddition reactions between propargylthio-substituted dispiroindolinone-pyrrolidine-imidazolones and an azido-glutarimide derivative. The starting compounds were available isothiocyanates, glycine, substituted benzaldehydes, chloroacetamide, and ethyl acrylate. The key azide–alkyne (3+2) cycloaddition step was carried out using TBTA as a catalyst, achieving >70% product yields. The resulting bifunctional compounds contained a fragment of dispiroindolinone (a p53-MDM2 interaction inhibitor) and glutarimide, a ubiquitin ligase ligand. The obtained dispiroindolinone-glutarimide conjugates were tested for their potential as hetero-PROTAC compounds for p53 reactivation. Individual conjugates showed preferential cytotoxicity against HCT116 colon carcinoma cells (wild-type53) compared to the isogenic HCT116p53^−/− subline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lactam Chemistry: From Synthetic Strategies to Biological Applications)

16 pages, 680 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Clinical Outcomes of Immediate and Delayed Composite Restorations After Pulp Capping with Biodentine: A Systematic Literature Review

by Margarita Aleksiuk, Ana Kostenkova and Saulius Drukteinis

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(5), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17050241 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Biodentine is widely used in vital pulp therapy due to its bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, treatment success depends not only on the material but also on the restorative approach. Clinically, Biodentine may be used as a temporary bulk restoration before delayed placement [...] Read more.

Background: Biodentine is widely used in vital pulp therapy due to its bioactivity and biocompatibility. However, treatment success depends not only on the material but also on the restorative approach. Clinically, Biodentine may be used as a temporary bulk restoration before delayed placement of a composite or immediately covered with a definitive composite. Aim: To evaluate clinical outcomes reported for delayed composite placement after temporary Biodentine restoration and immediate composite restoration following Biodentine pulp capping in permanent teeth. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and registered with PROSPERO (CRD420261325248). Searches were performed in multiple databases. Clinical studies on Biodentine pulp capping reporting outcomes for either delayed or immediate composite restoration were included. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by two reviewers using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Fourteen studies (8 randomized controlled trials and 6 cohort studies) were included. Results: Considerable heterogeneity was observed in study design and clinical protocols. Most included studies evaluated one of the two strategies separately, so the review results could not be interpreted as a direct comparison. In direct pulp capping, success rates ranged from 74–100% (delayed) and 79–100% (immediate). In indirect pulp capping, success rates ranged from 77.8–88% (delayed) and 80–95.2% (immediate). Meta-analysis was not feasible. Conclusion: Based on low certainty of evidence, both strategies show favorable outcomes, but current evidence does not support the superiority of either approach. Further well-designed comparative studies are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (3rd Edition))

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20 pages, 8145 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Activation Strategies of Passive Decay Heat Removal Systems in a Pool-Type SFR by Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation

by Yue Liu, Yuhao Zhang, Ruoyu Liu, Xinyi Chen, Haijie Song and Daogang Lu

J. Nucl. Eng. 2026, 7(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jne7020035 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

A Decay Heat Removal System (DHRS) is an essential passive safety feature in pool-type Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFRs), maintaining core temperatures within design limits via natural circulation after reactor scram. Operation of the DHRS is regulated by the damper of the Air Heat [...] Read more.

A Decay Heat Removal System (DHRS) is an essential passive safety feature in pool-type Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors (SFRs), maintaining core temperatures within design limits via natural circulation after reactor scram. Operation of the DHRS is regulated by the damper of the Air Heat Exchanger (AHX), which controls its activation and shutdown. In the current design guidelines, it is typically recommended to initiate the Decay Heat Exchanger (DHX) at 600 s after a Station Blackout (SBO) event. However, this activation timing requires minor dynamic adjustment based on the transient response of the system, which can be obtained by either real-reactor experiments or numerical simulations. Since full-scale real-reactor experiments are not easy to conduct, numerical simulations are effective ways to enhance the passive safety performance of pool-type SFRs under SBO conditions, clarify the regulatory mechanism of DHX activation timing on system behavior, and optimize DHRS operational strategies. This study developed an integrated full-reactor three-dimensional numerical model that comprehensively incorporated key components such as the core, sodium pools, and DHX. Transient variations in power and boundary conditions were precisely controlled via User-Defined Functions (UDFs). The impact of different DHX activation strategies on the reactor’s decay heat removal capability was systematically analyzed. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed for three representative DHX operational strategies, immediate activation post-accident (0 s), delayed activation per the standard strategy (600 s), and complete DHX non-activation, yielding detailed temperature and flow field distributions within the reactor. Results demonstrate that under the standard strategy, not only can the temperature in the pool be controlled below the safety limit (550 °C) in the early stage but the temperature can also drop in the subsequent stage while retaining a 600 s safe operation threshold. Notably, the results reveal that “sooner is not always better”. Immediate DHX activation accelerates internal circulation and drives hot fluid downwards, paradoxically heating the cold pool faster than delayed activation, thereby resulting in a higher core outlet temperature. This study contributes to enhancing the credibility of passive safety in SFRs and provides reliable data to support the development of optimized reactor operation protocols. Full article

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26 pages, 5125 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber on the Fatigue Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete

by Chuheng Zhong, Wenhao Deng and Jinzhi Zhou

Materials 2026, 19(10), 1974; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19101974 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

This study tested the mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (SFRAC) with sugarcane bagasse fiber (SF) volume fractions of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 3%, and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement rates of 20%, 40%, and 60% by the mass of coarse [...] Read more.

This study tested the mechanical properties of sugarcane bagasse fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (SFRAC) with sugarcane bagasse fiber (SF) volume fractions of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 3%, and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement rates of 20%, 40%, and 60% by the mass of coarse aggregate. Evaluated parameters included compressive strength and flexural strength. Based on the mechanical performance test results, seven specimens with superior performance were selected for further flexural fatigue testing. This identified the optimal SF and RCA replacement ratios that balance mechanical performance, fatigue resistance, and economic/environmental considerations. The study concluded that sugarcane bagasse fiber significantly enhances the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). At a fiber volume concentration of 1.5%, compressive strength increased by up to 15.1%, while flexural strength improved by up to 24.6%. Regarding fatigue performance, the flexural fatigue life of SFRAC increased synchronously with rising SF content, with test results highly consistent with the three-parameter Weibull distribution. Based on this, the P-lgS-lgN equation and the S-

λ_{f}

-N equation incorporating failure probability and fiber parameters were derived. A fatigue strain-based damage evolution model was established to predict damage levels and remaining life of SFRAC. SEM experiments confirmed SF’s reinforcing effect on SFRAC at the microstructural level. These studies demonstrate that SFRAC with a 1.5% SF content and 40% RCA substitution offers optimal performance and environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green and Sustainable Infrastructure Construction Materials (3rd Edition))

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15 pages, 1246 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Metabolites in Plant-Based Milk Yogurt Enriched with Wolffia globosa to Improve Bionutritional and Functional Properties

by Sukrita Punyauppa-Path, Nonthiwat Taesuk, Sujira Maneerat, Priyapa Najomtien, Pongpat Kiatprasert, Watchara Kanchanarach, Nattawadee Kanpipit and Srisan Phupaboon

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(10), 4256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104256 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Riceberry rice milk (RBRM) is rich in phytochemicals, particularly anthocyanins, which are known for their potential in managing type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to develop a novel RBRM-based yogurt derived from its polysaccharide and protein components and to evaluate the effects [...] Read more.

Riceberry rice milk (RBRM) is rich in phytochemicals, particularly anthocyanins, which are known for their potential in managing type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to develop a novel RBRM-based yogurt derived from its polysaccharide and protein components and to evaluate the effects of supplementation with W. globosa powder (WGP) at 0% (F1, control), 5% (F2), 10% (F3), and 15% (F4) on nutritional and functional properties. Among all formulations, F4 exhibited the highest nutritional values, including dietary fiber (41.25%), curd protein (21.34%), and carbohydrate (starch) content (25.25%), with a lower fat content (2.13%) compared to other groups. In terms of antioxidant activity, F4 showed high total phenolic content (33.70 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (25.2 mg QUE/g), along with strong radical scavenging activities, with DPPH and ABTS inhibition values of 41.52% and 78.18%, respectively. Furthermore, F4 demonstrated notable antidiabetic potential through α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition, with IC₅₀ values of 0.89 and 1.32 mg/mL, respectively. Widely targeted metabolomics analysis identified 88 differential metabolites between F4 (potent condition) and F1 (control group). Twelve selected compounds from RBRM–WGP yogurt contributed to increased levels of amino acids, peptide derivatives, saccharides, organic acids, polyphenols, and flavonoids. Molecular docking analysis revealed that key metabolites, including vignatic acid B, glimepiride, and indoramin, exhibited strong binding affinities with the active sites of α-amylase (PDB: 2GVY, Aspergillus niger) and α-glucosidase (PDB: 3A4A, Saccharomyces cerevisiae). These findings indicate that phytonutrient compounds, particularly indoramin, play a significant role in enhancing the nutritional composition and functional properties of RBRM–WGP yogurt for potential applications in food processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds and Their Antioxidant Role: 2nd Edition)

22 pages, 9558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genesis of the Jiangwan Uranium Deposit, Northern Guangdong: Constraints from Geochronology and Geochemistry of Pitchblende and Pyrite

by Jianyong Wu, Bin Liu, Jing Zou, Ziqiang Long, Songxin Ye, Guodong Zheng and Liang Qiu

Minerals 2026, 16(5), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16050500 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

The uranium metallogenic potential of the Dadongshan–Guidong granite belt in northern Guangdong, especially the Jiangwan area in the eastern Dadongshan pluton, remains unclear, which hinders the evaluation of exploration prospects in this area. In this study, we present new data on the mineralogy, [...] Read more.

The uranium metallogenic potential of the Dadongshan–Guidong granite belt in northern Guangdong, especially the Jiangwan area in the eastern Dadongshan pluton, remains unclear, which hinders the evaluation of exploration prospects in this area. In this study, we present new data on the mineralogy, U-Pb geochronology, trace element, and sulfur isotopic compositions of pitchblende and associated pyrite from the Jiangwan uranium deposit (JUD). The uranium ore is dominated by pitchblende, which commonly occurs as crustiform and fine veinlet-like aggregates. Part of the euhedral-to-subhedral pyrite grains are enclosed or partially replaced by pitchblende. LA-ICP-MS analyses of pitchblende yielded a Tera–Wasserburg lower intercept age of 60.2 ± 0.5 Ma (MSWD = 2.6, n = 16), indicating that uranium mineralization occurred during the Paleocene. Additionally, the pitchblende has ΣREE contents of 2489–4960 ppm and high U/Th ratios (>1000), indicating that the pitchblende has a hydrothermal origin, forming under moderate- to low-temperature conditions (T< 350 °C). HREE-enriched patterns suggest that carbonate complexing played an important role in uranium transport. Weak positive Ce anomalies in pitchblende, together with pervasive hematitization, indicate relatively oxidizing conditions for the ore-forming fluid. Pyrite has Co/Ni ratios of 1.03–4.53, indicating a hydrothermal origin. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite, varying from −4.23‰ to −1.21‰, suggest that the sulfur source was unlikely to be derived solely from the granitic host rocks, but may have been influenced by mafic dike-related sulfur and hydrothermal fluid–rock interaction. Combined petrographic and geochemical evidence suggests that pyrite formed before pitchblende and likely acted as an important reductant during uranium precipitation. These results indicate that the JUD records a Paleocene hydrothermal uranium mineralization event, which corresponds to the age of the identified main mineralization period in the Xiazhuang ore field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geochemistry and Genesis of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 2nd Edition)

16 pages, 4172 KB

Open AccessArticle

One-Pot Amination of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-Bis(aminomethyl)furan over NiZnAl Catalysts

by Cong Wang, Xin Li, Junqi Zhao, Bin Sun, Xiaoxin Zhang and Xuhong Mu

Molecules 2026, 31(10), 1600; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31101600 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

This study developed a highly efficient one-step catalytic reductive amination method, achieving the highly selective conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-bis(aminomethyl)furan (BAMF). A series of NiZnAl catalysts were prepared via the coprecipitation method and demonstrated excellent catalytic performance in HMF conversion. The Ni [...] Read more.

This study developed a highly efficient one-step catalytic reductive amination method, achieving the highly selective conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5-bis(aminomethyl)furan (BAMF). A series of NiZnAl catalysts were prepared via the coprecipitation method and demonstrated excellent catalytic performance in HMF conversion. The Ni₄Zn₄Al₈O_x catalyst achieved up to 100% substrate conversion with 83.71% BAMF selectivity. Their structure–activity relationship was elucidated through a comprehensive characterization using XRD, H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD, XPS, and TEM techniques. The study reveals that the unique synergistic interactions between the metal and acidic sites on the ZnAl₂O₄ spinel structure is crucial for catalytic performance: on the one hand, Zn introduction forms the spinel structure and promotes electron enrichment at Ni active sites, significantly enhancing the activation capability of HMF hydroxyl groups; on the other hand, the moderately acidic sites in the catalyst form “metal-acid” dual-functional synergistic centers with the metal sites, simultaneously promoting substrate activation and effectively regulating the transformation pathways of reaction intermediates. This precise matching between the metal active sites and acidic sites enables the efficient sequential progression of all steps in the reaction, offering a novel and more selective solution for the efficient reductive amination of HMF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Catalytic Conversion of Biomass-Derived Molecules)

27 pages, 2483 KB

Open AccessReview

Estimation of Water Quality in Lakes and Rivers Using Remote Sensing and Artificial Intelligence: A Review of Image Processing and Validation Strategies

by Virgilio Zúñiga-Grajeda, Jennifer Aleysha Lomeli, Freddy Hernán Villota-González, César Alejandro García-García and Belkis Sulbarán-Rangel

Limnol. Rev. 2026, 26(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/limnolrev26020019 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly affected by eutrophication, sediment loading, and other anthropogenic pressures, creating a growing need for monitoring frameworks that are spatially extensive, temporally consistent, and methodologically robust. Although in situ sampling remains essential, its limited spatial coverage and operational constraints have [...] Read more.

Freshwater ecosystems are increasingly affected by eutrophication, sediment loading, and other anthropogenic pressures, creating a growing need for monitoring frameworks that are spatially extensive, temporally consistent, and methodologically robust. Although in situ sampling remains essential, its limited spatial coverage and operational constraints have accelerated the use of satellite remote sensing combined with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for water quality assessment. This review critically examines recent studies published between 2020 and March 2026 on the estimation of physicochemical water quality parameters in lakes and rivers using remote sensing, with particular attention to the methodological structure of image processing workflows rather than performance metrics alone. The synthesis shows that predictive performance is strongly conditioned by three interrelated stages: atmospheric correction (AC), spectral feature construction, and validation design. Across the reviewed studies, substantial variation is observed in atmospheric correction processors, spectral engineering strategies, and model architectures, leading to differences in the spectral inputs and analytical conditions used for model development. Validation approaches remain highly heterogeneous and often rely on internal data splits without geographically independent testing, which weakens claims of model generalizability. In addition, few studies explicitly distinguish algorithmic, matchup, and preprocessing uncertainties, revealing a persistent gap in uncertainty reporting. Overall, the review suggests that improvements attributed to newer ML models may partly reflect upstream preprocessing choices rather than algorithmic superiority alone. Future research should prioritize transparent reporting of atmospheric correction pipelines, structured uncertainty decomposition, standardized validation protocols, and cross-site transferability assessments. By synthesizing these methodological patterns, this review provides a consolidated methodological synthesis that supports improved reproducibility, comparability, and operational reliability of remote-sensing-based freshwater quality monitoring. Full article

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15 pages, 1197 KB

Open AccessArticle

Virtual Physician-Integrated Practice Units Enhance Pain Relief, Function, and Well-Being in Older Adults with Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Single-Arm Pre–Post Study

by Elizabeth Peña, Linda Su, Mary I. O’Connor and Ryan A. Grant

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(10), 3675; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15103675 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Age-related musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders lead to pain, reduced function, and diminished quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a virtually delivered MSK care program on pain and function in older adults. Methods: A single-arm pre–post study was [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Age-related musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders lead to pain, reduced function, and diminished quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a virtually delivered MSK care program on pain and function in older adults. Methods: A single-arm pre–post study was conducted analyzing self-reported outcomes of 902 patients aged ≥ 65 years who completed an initial evaluation with both an MSK specialty physician/nurse practitioner and a physical therapist, followed by two or more clinical visits. Outcome measures included pain (NPRS), function (SANE and PROMIS-10 GPH), and mental health (GAD-2, PHQ-2, and PROMIS-10 GMH). Results: Across 891 patients, mean pain intensity decreased from 4.56 ± 0.07 to 2.30 ± 0.07 (49.6%, p < 0.001) with 693 patients (77.8%) experiencing pain relief (63.2%, p < 0.001). In 172 patients with severe baseline pain (NPRS ≥ 7), 91.3% reported decreased pain (60.9%, p < 0.001). Functional gains were clinically meaningful, with SANE scores increasing from 53.85 ± 0.90 to 76.62 ± 0.75 (n = 795, 42.3%, p < 0.001). Pain reduction correlated with functional improvement (ρ = −0.29, p < 0.001) with modest correlations between engagement and improved pain (ρ = −0.09) and function (ρ = 0.23). Mental health outcomes remained stable, with marked improvement among patients with baseline symptoms of anxiety or depression, 44.2% and 57.1%, respectively. Conclusions: The virtual MSK care program produced meaningful improvements in pain and function while maintaining overall health. This highlights the potential for virtual MSK-focused integrated practice units (IPUs) to support holistic well-being and healthy aging in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rehabilitation in Musculoskeletal Disease)

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15 pages, 16972 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Design of Aluminum Hollow Extrusions for High-Speed Trains via Friction Stir Welding

by Xiangqian Liu, Wei Wang, Yanmo Li, Peiyue Li, Yaozong Li, Xiaoyi Guo, Linlin Zhang, Zhihua Sun and Gaosong Wang

Metals 2026, 16(5), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16050516 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2026

Abstract

We designed a specialized structure for friction stir-welded hollow extrusions for high-speed trains in order to fulfill security and economic requirements. A sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical model was used to investigate the thermal stress distribution in the designed structure. The results show that stress [...] Read more.

We designed a specialized structure for friction stir-welded hollow extrusions for high-speed trains in order to fulfill security and economic requirements. A sequentially coupled thermo-mechanical model was used to investigate the thermal stress distribution in the designed structure. The results show that stress concentration was the most important factor in high calculated stress and that increasing the supporting rib width and the arc radius on the advancing side of the supporting rib can effectively improve structural security. Finally, an optimized structure was obtained, and friction stir welding experiments were carried out to verify the simulation’s precision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Processing, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Alloys)

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