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21 pages, 7617 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Chemical Composition on the Physical–Mechanical Properties of Some Experimental Titanium Alloys for Dental Implants

by Vlad-Gabriel Vasilescu, Lucian Toma Ciocan, Andreia Cucuruz, Florin Miculescu, Alexandru Paraschiv, Gheorghe Matache, Marian Iulian Neacșu, Elisabeta Vasilescu, Marina Imre, Silviu Mirel Pițuru and Claudiu Ștefan Turculeț

Dent. J. 2026, 14(2), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14020089 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The main objective of optimizing the composition of dental implants is to improve tissue compatibility for enhanced biological/biochemical performance. In this context, research on the development of new titanium alloys in dental implantology considers the careful selection of alloying elements, both in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The main objective of optimizing the composition of dental implants is to improve tissue compatibility for enhanced biological/biochemical performance. In this context, research on the development of new titanium alloys in dental implantology considers the careful selection of alloying elements, both in terms of biocompatibility (their lack of toxicity) and their potential to improve the metallurgical processing capacity (thermal and/or thermomechanical), which through controlled microstructural changes lead to the optimal combination of properties for functionality and durability of the implant. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of alloying elements on the phase composition and physical–mechanical properties of experimental titanium alloys. Methods: Four alloys with original chemical compositions were developed, coded in the experiments as follows: Ti1, Ti2, Ti3, Ti4. The characterization of the alloys was carried out by detailed analysis of the chemical composition, phase structure and by testing the physico-mechanical properties (HV hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity), by standardized modern methods. Characterization methods, such as optical microscopy, SEM, EDS and XRD were performed, followed by tensile tests based on ASTM EB/EBM-22 and EN ISO 6892-1-2009 standards. Results: The research results provide information regarding the relationship between the composition and the physico-mechanical properties (Rm, Rp, HV, A, G, E) of the experimental alloys (Ti1–Ti4). Depending on the value level of the properties, these have been highlighted: compositions in which the alloy can be indicated for conditions of intense stress (Ti3), compositions that describe highly ductile alloys, easy to process and adapt to clinical requirements (Ti4), but also alloys compositions characterized by a balanced combination of strength, plasticity/ductility (Ti1, Ti2). Conclusions: Research for the development of new titanium alloys through the optimization of chemical composition has taken into account the requirements regarding the biological/biomechanical compatibility of biomaterials. Analyzed in comparison with Cp-Ti grade 4 and Ti6A4V, the experimental alloys (Ti1–Ti4) can be characterized as follows: The mechanical strength properties (Rm and Rp) are higher than those of pure commercial titanium (Cp-Ti grade 4) for all compositions Ti1–Ti4, but slightly lower than those of alloy Ti6Al4V. The plasticity–ductility properties have values comparable to those of Cp-Ti grade 4 (Ti4 and Ti2 compositions) and Ti6Al4V (Ti1 composition), with one exception, the Ti3 alloy. All four experimental alloys have a lower modulus of elasticity than Cp-Ti grade 4 (102–104 GPa) and Ti6Al4V (113 GPa), commonly used in dental implants. An in-depth analysis, which will also consider information on corrosion behavior and cellular testing, may support the selection of some of the four experimental alloys studied. The research aims to continue the progress to a higher level of testing, through the realization of dental implants (e.g., fatigue, wear, osteointegration capacity, etc.). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials Design and Application)

17 pages, 2561 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Phycology in Macaronesia: A PRISMA-Based Review of Research Trends, Knowledge Gaps, and Emerging Threats

by David Milla-Figueras, Ander Larrea, Ester A. Serrão and Pedro Afonso

Phycology 2026, 6(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/phycology6010024 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Macroalgae are essential components of marine ecosystems, supporting biodiversity, primary productivity, and the functioning of coastal habitats. In the northeast Atlantic Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands, Cabo Verde), they hold significant ecological and economic value and have recently emerged as key [...] Read more.

Macroalgae are essential components of marine ecosystems, supporting biodiversity, primary productivity, and the functioning of coastal habitats. In the northeast Atlantic Macaronesian archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Selvagens, Canary Islands, Cabo Verde), they hold significant ecological and economic value and have recently emerged as key indicators of environmental change. This oceanic region faces increasing pressure from multiple stressors, including climate change, invasive species, habitat degradation, and other anthropogenic impacts, driving shifts in coastal ecosystems and the simplification of structurally complex habitats such as marine forests. To assess the current state of knowledge on Macaronesian macroalgae and identify gaps relevant to conservation and management, we conducted a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines. Our results show strong but uneven foundational knowledge, with the Azores and Canary Islands accounting for roughly 80% of publications. Research is dominated by fundamental studies in ecology and taxonomy, while applied research (e.g., resource exploitation, aquaculture, toxicology, and climate-change impacts) remains limited. Red algae and a few dominant orders (Ceramiales, Fucales, Dictyotales) are well represented, whereas green algae and less conspicuous taxa are understudied. Future research should expand geographic coverage, broaden taxonomic scope using molecular tools, strengthen applied research, standardize monitoring frameworks, and align scientific output with management needs. Full article

15 pages, 4847 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Inactivated Vaccine Based on an Emerging PEDV GIIc Variant Provides Cross-Protection Against Heterologous GII Strains

by Jingjing Xu, Ningning Fu, Zimin Liu, Mengli Chen, Guijun Ma, Hehai Li, Jianghui Wang, Bo Yin, Zhen Zhang and Feifei Diao

Vaccines 2026, 14(2), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14020151 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), particularly the emerging GII genotype, poses a severe threat to the swine industry in affected regions, primarily in Asia. Current vaccines based on classical strains often provide limited cross-protection against these heterogeneous variants, though it should be [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), particularly the emerging GII genotype, poses a severe threat to the swine industry in affected regions, primarily in Asia. Current vaccines based on classical strains often provide limited cross-protection against these heterogeneous variants, though it should be noted that these vaccines are primarily designed to induce maternal immunity in sows. The objective of this study was to develop a novel inactivated vaccine using an emerging PEDV GIIc variant and evaluate its immunogenicity and cross-protective efficacy against heterologous strains. Methods: A novel PEDV strain, designated PEDV-HeN2024, was isolated from clinical samples and identified through cell culture, immunofluorescence assay (IFA), genetic sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. An inactivated vaccine was prepared by emulsifying the purified virus with ISA 201 VG adjuvant (1:1, v/v). Immunogenicity was assessed in piglets by measuring virus-neutralizing antibody titers and PEDV-specific IgG levels. Cross-protective efficacy was evaluated through in vitro neutralization assays and in vivo challenge studies with homologous GIIc and heterologous GIIa and GIIb strains. Results: The isolated PEDV-HeN2024 strain demonstrated pathogenicity, causing severe diarrhea and 100% mortality in PEDV-naïve neonatal piglets. Sera from vaccinated animals showed potent cross-neutralizing activity against homologous GIIc, as well as heterologous GIIa and GIIb strains. In challenge studies, vaccinated piglets were significantly protected against clinical disease, showing no diarrhea or viral shedding, and maintained normal intestinal architecture. Conclusions: The inactivated vaccine developed from the emerging PEDV GIIc variant elicits robust humoral immunity and provides cross-protection against prevalent heterologous GII strains. These findings highlight its potential as a promising spectrum vaccine candidate for controlling PEDV outbreaks. This study underscores the importance of using recently circulating strains for vaccine development to overcome the limitations of current vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development for Swine Viral Pathogens)

27 pages, 4702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Mathematical Evaluation of Models in the Meta-Analysis of Proportions: Evidence from Neck, Shoulder, and Back Pain in the Population of Computer Vision Syndrome

by Vanja Dimitrijević, Bojan Rašković, Miroslav Popović, Patrik Drid and Borislav Obradović

Mathematics 2026, 14(3), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14030556 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Meta-analysis of proportions requires a rigorous transformation model due to the inherent mathematical constraints of proportional data (boundedness and non-constant variance). This study compared four proportions (Untransformed, Freeman–Tukey, Logit, and Arcsine) to determine the most reliable and numerically stable estimator for pooled prevalence. [...] Read more.

Meta-analysis of proportions requires a rigorous transformation model due to the inherent mathematical constraints of proportional data (boundedness and non-constant variance). This study compared four proportions (Untransformed, Freeman–Tukey, Logit, and Arcsine) to determine the most reliable and numerically stable estimator for pooled prevalence. A rigorous comparative evaluation was performed using 35 empirical studies on Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS)-related musculoskeletal pain prevalence. The analysis employed frequentist methods, Monte Carlo simulations (10,000 iterations) to test CI coverage, and Bayesian sensitivity analysis. Key findings were validated using the Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), representing the one-step methodological standard. Pooled prevalence estimates were highly consistent (0.467 to 0.483). Extreme heterogeneity (I² ≈ 98–99%) persisted across all models, with τ² values exceeding 1.0 specifically in Logit and GLMM frameworks. Mixed-effects meta-regression confirmed that this heterogeneity was independent of study size (p = 0.692 to 0.755), with the moderator explaining virtually none of the variance (

R^{2}

) of 0% to 0.2%. This confirms that the high variance is an inherent feature of the dataset rather than a statistical artifact. Simulations revealed a critical trade-off: while the Untransformed model provided minimal bias, its CI coverage failed significantly in small-sample boundary scenarios (N = 50, p = 0.01, coverage: 39.36%). Under these conditions, the PFT transformation was most robust (98.51% coverage), while the Logit model also maintained high coverage accuracy (91.07%) despite its variance inflation. We conclude that model selection should be context-dependent: the Untransformed model is recommended for well-powered datasets, whereas the PFT transformation is essential for small samples to ensure valid inferential precision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Model and Analysis of Biology and Epidemiology)

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21 pages, 1335 KB

Open AccessArticle

B-Onic Platform for Point-of-Care 3D Printing in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery: Clinical Implementation and Surgical Impact

by José Luis Cebrián-Carretero, Marta Pampín-Martínez, José Tadeo Borjas Gómez, Celia del Peso Ley, Rubén Rubio Bolivar, Celia Matín Cubillo, Bárbara Martínez de Miguel, Montserrat Bret Zurita, Federico Gutiérrez Larraya, Javier Cobas Gamallo, Carlos Navarro-Cuéllar and Jorge Magaña

Medicina 2026, 62(2), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62020319 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: The integration of digital planning and point-of-care (POC) manufacturing has expanded rapidly in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS); however, evidence focusing on regulated, platform-based workflows and their clinical impact remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: The integration of digital planning and point-of-care (POC) manufacturing has expanded rapidly in oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS); however, evidence focusing on regulated, platform-based workflows and their clinical impact remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and organizational impact of implementing a unified digital ecosystem centered on the B-Onic platform in routine OMFS practice. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted comparing OMFS procedures planned and executed using the B-Onic platform with a historical control cohort managed with conventional workflows. Surgical cases were categorized into four pathology-based subgroups: facial trauma, oncologic resection and reconstruction, orthognathic surgery, and craniofacial or skull base surgery. Outcomes included preoperative planning time, validation time for guides and implants, surgical duration, intraoperative plan modifications, postoperative complications, 30-day rehospitalization rates, length of hospital stay, and estimated intraoperative blood loss. Results: A total of 110 cases managed using the B-Onic platform were compared with 72 historical control cases. Implementation of the platform was associated with significant reductions in preoperative planning time, validation time, and surgical duration. Clinically relevant improvements were observed in postoperative outcomes, including lower complication rates, reduced 30-day rehospitalization, shorter hospital stays, fewer intraoperative plan modifications, and decreased estimated blood loss. The magnitude of benefit was greatest in high-complexity procedures—particularly oncologic resection and reconstruction and craniofacial or skull base surgery—while more modest effects were observed in orthognathic surgery, reflecting optimized baseline outcomes. Conclusions: The adoption of a regulated, platform-based POC digital ecosystem in oral and maxillofacial surgery is associated with meaningful improvements in workflow efficiency, surgical reproducibility, and postoperative outcomes, especially in complex procedures. These findings support the integration of unified digital platforms as a core component of contemporary OMFS practice and provide OMFS-specific evidence of their clinical and organizational value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends and Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery)

10 pages, 465 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Diversity of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Co-Infection with Babesia microti in Ticks from Central and Eastern Parts of China

by Han Shi, Yanan Wang, Jie Cao, Yongzhi Zhou, Houshuang Zhang and Jinlin Zhou

Pathogens 2026, 15(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15020165 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate tick species that may harbour severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Babesia microti in the provinces of Henan, Anhui, and Zhejiang, as well as in Shanghai in the central and eastern parts of China. Between [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to investigate tick species that may harbour severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Babesia microti in the provinces of Henan, Anhui, and Zhejiang, as well as in Shanghai in the central and eastern parts of China. Between March and September 2023, 721 pools of ticks were collected belonging to three genera and five species: Haemaphysalis longicornis (n = 612; 84.9%), Haemaphysalis fusca (n = 94; 13.0%), Rhipicephalus microplus (n = 10; 1.4%), Amblyomma testudinarium (n = 3; 0.4%), and Haemaphysalis wellingtoni (n = 2; 0.3%). The SFTSV-positive pool rate was 20.0%, 13.0%, 5.8%, and 4.1% in Xinyang, Henan; Songjiang, Shanghai; Lu’an, Anhui; and Zhoushan, Zhejiang, respectively. SFTSV was detected in all five tick species collected. Among the SFTSV-positive pools, H. longicornis constituted the highest proportion (83.9%, 78/93), whereas pools containing R. microplus and H. wellingtoni each represented the lowest proportion (1.1%, 1/93). Babesia microti was assayed only in these SFTSV-positive tick pools, and co-infection was found in both H. longicornis and H. wellingtoni, though it was most frequent in H. longicornis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tick-Borne Pathogens: Advanced Identification, Characterization, Transmission, and Prevalence Studies)

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42 pages, 1761 KB

Open AccessReview

Modulation of the Kynurenine Pathway: A New Approach for Treating Neurodegeneration

by Julia K. Banaszkiewicz, Anna Kukiełka, Elżbieta Kudyk, Łucja J. Walczak, Katarzyna Wicha-Komsta, Mariola Herbet, Iwona Piątkowska-Chmiel, Grzegorz Nowicki, Carmen E. Mielnik and Tomasz Kocki

Life 2026, 16(2), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020266 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, are becoming an increasingly serious challenge for modern medicine because of the significant increase in incidence and the narrow range of effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the kynurenine pathway, which is one of the main [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s, are becoming an increasingly serious challenge for modern medicine because of the significant increase in incidence and the narrow range of effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the kynurenine pathway, which is one of the main pathways of tryptophan metabolism, responsible for the synthesis of products that act oppositely in the CNS including neurotoxic (quinolinic acid) and neuroprotective products, has gained increasing recognition as a potential therapeutic target. Abnormalities in the production of these metabolites, causing a disruption of homeostasis in the CNS, often lead to the development of inflammation, which can cause oxidative stress or neuronal death. This paper aims to discuss strategies useful in modulation of the kynurenine pathway, based on increasing the production of neuroprotective metabolites and reducing the synthesis of neurotoxic compounds, as well as to outline the progress in preclinical and clinical studies and the challenges encountered in these studies, among others, in the search for new KP inhibitors. The pharmacological (IDO and KMO inhibitors) and non-pharmacological (physical activity, diet) strategies are discussed, as well as new approaches from combination and targeted therapies. Together with the results of preclinical studies, they demonstrate the high utility of this target in the treatment of neurodegeneration. Despite its promising activity, further key studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms involved in metabolism, which may translate into increased efficacy of developed therapies in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of the Kynurenine System in Neurological Disorders)

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11 pages, 319 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Efficacy, Cost-Effectiveness, and Caregiver Satisfaction in Clinical Practice Compared to Standard Care: 12-Month Longitudinal Analysis of the Application of Parkinson’s KinetiGraph

by Vinod Metta, Huzaifa Ibrahim, Shaikha Almazrouei, Hani T. S. Benamer, Tom Loney, Prashanth Kukle, Vinay Goyal, Rukmini Mridula, Guy Chung-Faye, Merie Octavia, Gloria Tanjung, Hasna Hussain, Afsal Nalarakettil, Rupam Borgohain, Rajinder K. Dhamija and Kallol Ray Chaudhuri

Clin. Transl. Neurosci. 2026, 10(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn10010006 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by both motor and non-motor symptoms. The home-based wearable sensor monitoring Parkinson’s KinetiGraph (PKG) evaluates clinical efficacy, caregiver satisfaction, and cost-effectiveness in the clinical management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) compared to prior usual [...] Read more.

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder marked by both motor and non-motor symptoms. The home-based wearable sensor monitoring Parkinson’s KinetiGraph (PKG) evaluates clinical efficacy, caregiver satisfaction, and cost-effectiveness in the clinical management of Parkinson’s disease (PD) compared to prior usual standard care. Methods: We analyzed 50 patients with Parkinson’s disease, comparing baseline clinical outcomes, healthcare utilization, and caregiver burden without PKG to follow-up data after 12 months with PKG. We used IBM SPSS Statistics for the analysis. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 for hypothesis testing. We employed the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to evaluate differences between the two time points, while exploratory bivariate associations between caregiver burden (Zarit score) and various outcomes were examined using Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: Over a 12-month period following the implementation of PKG-guided care, significant improvements were observed in various clinical, functional, and economic areas for the patients. Key findings include the following: motor function improved, with UPDRS Part III scores showing a 20% median reduction (from 25 to 20); medication adjustments decreased by 40% (from 5 to 3); outpatient visits were reduced by 60% (from 5 to 2); hospital admissions decreased by 100% (from 1 to 0); caregiver burden, as measured using the Zarit caregiver burden score, declined by 37.5% (from 48 to 30); and total direct medical costs decreased by 17.9% (from AED 261,800 to AED 215,000). Conclusions: These findings indicate substantial reductions in healthcare utilization, costs, and caregiver burden following the integration of PKG monitoring into clinical practice. Full article

16 pages, 934 KB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Scheduling Optimization of Electricity Customer Service Based on Demand Analysis and Skill Matching

by Hao Qin, Zhipeng Xu, Yingqi Yi, Shunda Wu and Ying Xue

Energies 2026, 19(3), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030808 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

To address surging and uncertain electricity customer demands, this paper proposes a data-driven electricity customer service scheduling (ECSS) optimization model to improve customer service quality and alleviate agent scheduling pressure. The method begins by building a demand analysis model based on customer feature [...] Read more.

To address surging and uncertain electricity customer demands, this paper proposes a data-driven electricity customer service scheduling (ECSS) optimization model to improve customer service quality and alleviate agent scheduling pressure. The method begins by building a demand analysis model based on customer feature extraction using the maximal information coefficient (MIC). An agent workforce sizing model is then developed by integrating the AHP–fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and Z-score standardization, accounting for call-volume proportion, hourly call-handling capacity, and time-period length. Furthermore, a demand–skill matching method is introduced between customer calls and agent skills. A particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based intelligent scheduling algorithm is established, with queuing time, skill level, and handling time as key objectives and constraints. Case-study validation shows that the model improves operational efficiency by approximately 26.28% and reduces annual labor costs by about 6.13%, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction, service center efficiency, and scheduling system economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Electrical Power Systems)

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22 pages, 4605 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Calmodulin-Binding Transcription Activators (CAMTA) Gene Family in Brassica U-Triangle Species and Its Potential Role in Response to Phytohormones and Abiotic Stresses

by Qinghui Wang, Si Chen, Haobo Li, Pan Niu, Xinyuan Wang, Huiyan Zhao, Huafang Wan, Cunmin Qu and Daixiang Xu

Plants 2026, 15(3), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15030480 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) are pivotal regulators decoding calcium signals, with crucial roles in plant development, hormone responses, and adaptation to abiotic stresses. Although extensive research has been conducted on CAMTAs in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis [...] Read more.

Calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) are pivotal regulators decoding calcium signals, with crucial roles in plant development, hormone responses, and adaptation to abiotic stresses. Although extensive research has been conducted on CAMTAs in model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the CAMTA gene family across the economically important Brassica U-triangle species has not been performed. In this study, we systematically identified and characterized 64 CAMTA genes from the genomes of Brassica U-triangle species. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into four conserved groups, a finding corroborated by analyses of gene structure and conserved motifs. These analyses revealed strong evolutionary preservation of functional domains, especially the calmodulin-binding domain (CaMBD). Chromosomal distribution and collinearity assessment highlighted the significant impact of polyploidization on the expansion of the CAMTA family, with most orthologous pairs being under purifying selection. Cis-element analysis in promoters uncovered an abundance of stress- and hormone-related elements, suggesting diverse regulatory roles for these genes. Furthermore, RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR expression profiling demonstrated that BnaCAMTA genes exhibit tissue-specific expression and are dynamically responsive to various phytohormones (ABA, JA, and GA) and abiotic stresses (salt and drought), particularly in the root. Notably, BnaCAMTA5.2, which was prioritized among several validated candidates, mediates the antagonistic regulation of hypocotyl and root growth under GA and salt stress, indicating its key role in balancing growth promotion and stress adaptation. Additionally, we identified a set of stress-related miRNAs that potentially target BnaCAMTAs, suggesting a potential layer of post-transcriptional regulation. Our results provide valuable insights into the evolutionary and functional diversity of CAMTA genes in Brassica U-triangle species and lay a foundation for further research into their roles in enhancing stress resistance in B. napus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress of Crops: Molecular Genetics and Genomics—3rd Edition)

22 pages, 2226 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Evaluation of Structural Time Period Formulae Using Finite Element Modelling

by Shimaa Emad, Alaa Elsisi, Eman Sharaf, Atef Eraky and Abdallah Salama

CivilEng 2026, 7(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng7010010 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

The accurate estimation of the fundamental period is critical for seismic design using the Equivalent Lateral Force method. This study evaluates widely used empirical period formulae from international seismic codes and previous research by comparing them with detailed finite element method (FEM) analyses. [...] Read more.

The accurate estimation of the fundamental period is critical for seismic design using the Equivalent Lateral Force method. This study evaluates widely used empirical period formulae from international seismic codes and previous research by comparing them with detailed finite element method (FEM) analyses. A total of 93 reinforced concrete building models were assessed. The results show that most empirical formulae, notably the American Society of Civil Engineers Standard (ASCE 7-10), the Eurocode, the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC), and the Saudi Building Code (SBC 301), systematically underestimate the fundamental period in low- and mid-rise buildings often by more than 40% under cracked conditions, while discrepancies reduce under uncracked assumptions. Equations such as those proposed by the Building Standard Law of Japan (BSLJ) and Australian Standard (AS 11407.2) show comparatively closer agreements with FEM predictions, whereas formulae developed by Goel and Chopra and by Alguhane et al. have distinct differences, especially at greater heights. Statistical parameters, including the arithmetic mean difference and the standard deviation, were employed to enhance the comparison and assess the accuracy and dispersion of the estimated fundamental periods. The results indicate that empirical formulae, although beneficial in first-design stages, are likely to yield conservative results and suggest the use of advanced numerical computation or revised models and coefficients for RC high-rise and irregular buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Models for Civil Engineering)

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30 pages, 1366 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Counter-Urbanization in China: A Systematic Review Toward a Comprehensive Typology

by Chengxue Yang and Qian Forrest Zhang

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031564 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Drawing on a systematic review of both international and Chinese-language scholarship on counter-urbanization in China, this article proposes a comprehensive typology of counter-urbanization migrations—consisting of eight types of new migrants—based on the diverse motivations driving such migration. We build a bilingual corpus of [...] Read more.

Drawing on a systematic review of both international and Chinese-language scholarship on counter-urbanization in China, this article proposes a comprehensive typology of counter-urbanization migrations—consisting of eight types of new migrants—based on the diverse motivations driving such migration. We build a bilingual corpus of 273 research papers published between the 1970s and 2025. Integrating bibliometric mapping and qualitative synthesis, we conduct a systematic review to trace the temporal evolution and thematic diversification of counter-urbanization research. The review reveals persistent conceptual ambiguity surrounding counter-urbanization in the Chinese context, which this study addresses by conceptually distinguishing counter-urbanization from suburban expansion, population decentralization, and return migration. Empirically, counter-urbanization in China is shown to involve heterogeneous demographic groups and multiple drivers. Our synthesis identifies a fundamental analytical divide between consumption-oriented and production-oriented engagements with rural space. Counter-urbanization in China therefore cannot be understood as a singular demographic reversal. Finally, contrary to the common view, it reveals that state intervention in China functions primarily as an enabling infrastructure rather than a direct driver of migration. Overall, this review advances a more nuanced theoretical framework for understanding urban-to-rural mobility in China and contributes to broader comparative debates on counter-urbanization beyond Western contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Spatial Planning: Climate Change Challenges and Local Development)

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27 pages, 13062 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Multi-Path Driving Mechanisms of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in Tibetan Plateau (2001–2022): Coupling Analysis of Geodetector and PLS-SEM

by Jiayu Wang, Huanli Pan, Shuangqing Sheng and Wei Song

Land 2026, 15(2), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15020262 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

The Tibetan Plateau is highly sensitive to global climate change and characterized by pronounced ecological fragility, making vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) a key indicator for assessing ecosystem functioning and regional ecological security. This study aims to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of NPP [...] Read more.

The Tibetan Plateau is highly sensitive to global climate change and characterized by pronounced ecological fragility, making vegetation net primary productivity (NPP) a key indicator for assessing ecosystem functioning and regional ecological security. This study aims to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of NPP and to disentangle the multiple natural and land-use drivers shaping its variability across the Tibetan Plateau. MODIS-derived NPP data for the period 2001–2022 are integrated with multi-source datasets on climate, topography, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and land use (CLCD), and analyzed using trend and correlation analyses, land-use transfer matrices, an optimal-parameter geographical detector, and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that NPP exhibits a significant but fluctuating upward trend (0.52 gC·m⁻²·a⁻¹, p < 0.01), with higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest, the Yunnan Plateau evergreen broadleaf and pine forest region (VA5) and the southern Himalayan montane forest region (VA6) function as high-value centers, and regions such as the Kunlun high-cold desert region (HID1) represent low-value centers. The mutual conversion between forestland and grassland and bare land constitutes a key process driving regional NPP changes, with the net expansion of forestland making a substantial contribution to NPP increases (net gain of 2606.88 TgC). Geographic detector analysis indicates that NDVI (q = 0.741) and land use type (q = 0.741) are the primary factors governing the spatial differentiation of NPP, followed by precipitation, slope, and temperature. Moreover, interactions between any two factors enhance their explanatory power, with the interaction between aspect and land use type exhibiting the strongest effect (q approaching 1). PLS-SEM path analysis further quantifies the driving pathways, revealing that mean annual precipitation and land use type are the most direct drivers of NPP, while climatic and topographic factors influence NPP indirectly through their effects on vegetation cover and land use type. This study advances the understanding of the multifactorial driving mechanisms of ecosystem productivity on the Tibetan Plateau and provides a scientific basis for zoned and differentiated ecological restoration and climate adaptation strategies. Full article

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44 pages, 4761 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Crayfish Optimization Algorithm with a Random Perturbation Strategy and Removal Similarity Operation for Color Image Enhancement

by Jiquan Wang, Min Wang, Haohao Song and Jinling Bei

Agriculture 2026, 16(3), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16030364 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Image enhancement can effectively improve the contrast, clarity, and information content of images, thereby improving visual quality. Image enhancement has significant application value in the process of identifying and diagnosing agricultural pests and diseases. This paper proposes a color image enhancement method based [...] Read more.

Image enhancement can effectively improve the contrast, clarity, and information content of images, thereby improving visual quality. Image enhancement has significant application value in the process of identifying and diagnosing agricultural pests and diseases. This paper proposes a color image enhancement method based on color space transformation, converting the image from the RGB space to the HSV space, conducting targeted enhancement on the V channel, and combining adaptive brightness adjustment and Gamma correction to further improve the visual effect. To achieve better enhancement results, this paper designs a crayfish optimization algorithm with a random perturbation strategy and removal similarity operation (COA-RPRS). This algorithm achieves a dynamic balance between exploration and exploitation through an adaptive temperature calculation formula and improves the position update mechanism in the summer escape, competition, and foraging stages, significantly enhancing convergence performance. Moreover, introducing a removal similarity operation and a random perturbation strategy based on Lévy flight effectively maintains population diversity and prevents premature convergence. Experimental verification was conducted on the CEC 2017 test functions, 20 color images, and 10 images of rice pests and diseases, showing that COA-RPRS achieves superior performance compared to eight other comparison algorithms in both global optimization and color image enhancement tasks. These results suggest its potential applicability in supporting intelligent recognition and diagnostic systems for agricultural pest and disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Agriculture)

20 pages, 365 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ethnic Identity as a Driver of Supportive Consumer Decisions: A Behavioral Perspective

by Matti Rachamim, Ori Grossman and Yossi Mann

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(2), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16020225 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Ethnic identity is a central psychological construct that shapes social perception, intergroup behavior, and everyday decision making, yet its influence on support for minority-owned businesses remains insufficiently understood. This research examines how variations in ethnic identification predict consumer preferences, evaluations, and loyalty, and [...] Read more.

Ethnic identity is a central psychological construct that shapes social perception, intergroup behavior, and everyday decision making, yet its influence on support for minority-owned businesses remains insufficiently understood. This research examines how variations in ethnic identification predict consumer preferences, evaluations, and loyalty, and whether these effects depend on product involvement. Two empirical studies were conducted among members of an ethnocultural minority group. Study 1 assessed preferences for minority versus majority-owned businesses across four purchase scenarios differing in involvement level. The findings show that ethnic identity predicts supportive choices primarily in low-involvement contexts: individuals with stronger ethnic identification were more likely to prefer minority-owned supermarkets, and indicators of cultural attachment predicted preference for minority-owned restaurants. No identity effects emerged in high involvement decisions, where utilitarian considerations dominated. Study 2 examined whether ethnic identity predicts store evaluations and loyalty toward a minority-owned retail chain. Across both involvement conditions, stronger ethnic identification was associated with more positive store evaluations, greater perceived value, higher fairness assessments, and stronger loyalty intentions, while product involvement and its interaction with identity were nonsignificant. Together, the results demonstrate that ethnic identification meaningfully shapes consumer support for minority enterprises and clarify the conditions under which identity-based processes guide marketplace behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social and Structural Influences on Social Identities)

17 pages, 930 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Oral Probiotics on Streptococcus mutans in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Andrea Caiza-Rennella, Andrea Ordoñez-Balladares, Rosangela Caicedo-Quiroz, Indira Gómez-Capote and Zuilen Jiménez-Quintana

Dent. J. 2026, 14(2), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14020087 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Early childhood caries is closely associated with oral dysbiosis and the proliferation of Streptococcus mutans. Oral probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, have been proposed as ecological modulators capable of reducing cariogenic microorganisms. Objective: To evaluate the [...] Read more.

Background: Early childhood caries is closely associated with oral dysbiosis and the proliferation of Streptococcus mutans. Oral probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, have been proposed as ecological modulators capable of reducing cariogenic microorganisms. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of orally administered L. reuteri and L. rhamnosus in reducing salivary S. mutans levels in children aged 6 months to 12 years through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: This review followed the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251086304). Searches were conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase, Scopus and LILACS without language or date restrictions. Randomized controlled trials administering the target probiotic strains for ≥30 days were included. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, and certainty of evidence using GRADE. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for continuous and dichotomous outcomes. Results: Six randomized controlled trials were included (N = 1362). Only two trials reported continuous outcomes in comparable log₁₀ CFU/mL format and could therefore be pooled for the continuous meta-analysis. This analysis showed a significant reduction in salivary S. mutans levels (MD = −0.65 log₁₀ CFU/mL; 95% CI: −0.97 to −0.34; p < 0.0001; I² = 19%), although the pooled estimate was largely driven by one study and should be interpreted cautiously. Four trials contributed to the dichotomous meta-analysis, which showed a non-significant trend toward risk reduction (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.51–1.06; p = 0.10; I² = 35%). Short-term interventions using high oral-retention formulations demonstrated the most consistent microbiological effects. Conclusions: Oral probiotics may significantly reduce salivary S. mutans in the short-term, especially when delivered through slow-dissolving formulations. However, their effects vary according to strain, vehicle, and intervention duration. Larger, standardized, and longer-term clinical trials are needed to determine the sustainability and clinical relevance of these effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Oral Health Management and Disease Treatment)

17 pages, 3888 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laser-Induced Phosphorescence Thermometry for Dynamic Temperature Measurement of an Effusion-Cooled Aero-Engine Model Combustor Liner Under Wide-Range Swirling Premixed Flames

by Yu Huang, Siyu Liu, Xiaoqi Wang, Tingjie Zhao, Wubin Weng, Zhihua Wang, Yong He and Zhihua Wang

Energies 2026, 19(3), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19030805 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

The liner temperature distribution of an aero-engine combustor is a critical parameter for evaluating its cooling effectiveness. It provides essential guidance for designing the combustor cooling flow field, assessing combustion performance, identifying critical regions, and predicting service life. However, current research on surface [...] Read more.

The liner temperature distribution of an aero-engine combustor is a critical parameter for evaluating its cooling effectiveness. It provides essential guidance for designing the combustor cooling flow field, assessing combustion performance, identifying critical regions, and predicting service life. However, current research on surface temperature field measurements in real or model aero-engine combustors remains limited. Existing studies focus primarily on the liner temperature measurement under near-steady-state conditions, with less attention to its dynamic changes. This study employs Laser-Induced Phosphorescence (LIP) thermometry to measure the effusion-cooled liner temperature field of an aero-engine model combustor under various CH₄/Air swirling premixed flame conditions and varying blowing ratios. Based on the geometric characteristics of the effusion-cooled liner, an optimization method for matching phosphorescence images of different wavelengths is proposed. This enhances the applicability of phosphorescence intensity ratio-based LIP thermometry in high-vibration environments. The study specifically focuses on the dynamic response of LIP thermometry for monitoring combustor liner temperature. The instantaneous effects of blowing ratio variations on liner temperature rise rates were investigated. Additionally, the influence mechanisms of a broad range of combustion conditions and the blowing ratios on the combustor liner temperature distribution and cooling effectiveness were examined. These findings provide theoretical and technical support for cooling design and dynamic liner temperature field measurement in real aero-engine combustors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Design, Thermodynamic Analysis, and Optimization of Aero-Engines and Gas Turbines—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 456 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predictors of Severe Outcomes in COVID-19: Evidence from Real-World Multicenter Retrospective Study (2020–2024)

by Małgorzata Wajdowicz, Krystyna Dobrowolska, Kinga Brzdęk, Jakub Janczura, Dorota Zarębska-Michaluk, Łukasz Supronowicz, Piotr Rzymski, Magdalena Rogalska, Piotr Czupryna, Krzysztof Tomasiewicz, Marcin Hawro and Michał Brzdęk

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(3), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15031207 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study analyzed demographic, clinical, laboratory, and outcome data from patients hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019 in eastern Poland between March 2020 and December 2024. This study aimed to assess sex-related differences in clinical features, treatments, and outcomes, and to identify [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study analyzed demographic, clinical, laboratory, and outcome data from patients hospitalized with Coronavirus disease 2019 in eastern Poland between March 2020 and December 2024. This study aimed to assess sex-related differences in clinical features, treatments, and outcomes, and to identify predictors of mortality and mechanical ventilation in hospitalized patients. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 2811 adults hospitalized across four infectious disease centers was examined. Data included demographics, comorbidities, symptoms, laboratory findings, treatments, and clinical outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of mortality and mechanical ventilation. Results: The cohort comprised 1398 females and 1413 males. Women were older (median 67.5 vs. 63 years, p < 0.0001) and had a higher burden of comorbidities, while men presented with more severe baseline respiratory status and higher inflammatory markers. Oxygen therapy was required more frequently in men (60% vs. 49.9%, p < 0.0001). Overall mortality was 8.9% and did not differ significantly by sex, although men aged 60–79 years had higher mortality than women (11.2% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.0422). Independent predictors of mortality (OR, 95%CI) included age ≥ 80 years (3.78, 2.66–5.39), procalcitonin > 1 ng/mL (OR 4.07, 2.54–6.52), interleukin-6 (IL-6) > 100 pg/mL (OR 2.24, 1.53–3.27), and oxygen therapy at admission (OR 9.41, 5.22–16.97). Predictors of mechanical ventilation were age ≥ 80 years (7.14, 1.75–33.33), procalcitonin > 1 ng/mL (OR 2.09, 1.2–3.63), IL-6 > 100 pg/mL (OR 2.3, 1.4–3.78), and CRP at admission (OR 1.82, 1.15–2.88). Conclusions: Sex-related disparities in clinical presentation, laboratory profiles, and treatment strategies were evident, but mortality differences were driven primarily by age and inflammatory burden rather than sex alone. Elevated procalcitonin, high IL-6, and early oxygen requirement emerged as robust predictors of poor outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)

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22 pages, 9696 KB

Open AccessReview

Liver Disease in Common Variable Immunodeficiency: Current Evidence and Knowledge Gaps

by Irena Nedelea, Oana Nicoara-Farcau, Bogdan Procopet, Horia Stefanescu, Corina Radu, Radu Balan, Ana-Maria Fit, Ioana Rusu and Diana Deleanu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(3), 1518; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27031518 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency or inborn error of immunity (IEI) encountered in clinical practice. Characterized by a remarkably broad clinical spectrum, CVID presents with phenotypes spanning from “infection only” to significant non-infectious complications. The frequent overlap [...] Read more.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency or inborn error of immunity (IEI) encountered in clinical practice. Characterized by a remarkably broad clinical spectrum, CVID presents with phenotypes spanning from “infection only” to significant non-infectious complications. The frequent overlap between these classifications underscores that their distinction is more accurately viewed as a continuous spectrum, rather than a binary categorization. CVID-associated liver disease is a significant source of morbidity, yet often poses diagnostic challenges due to its insidious and clinically silent nature, typically becoming apparent only upon the development of complications. Manifestations range from abnormal liver tests to irreversible organ damage, with reports including granulomas, autoimmune hepatitis, fibrosis, and porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder (PSVD). Regenerative nodular hyperplasia (RNH), commonly associated with PSVD, is a frequent histopathological finding. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach, including cause-directed immunosuppression and supportive treatment for non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Despite significant advances in comprehending CVID-associated liver involvement, substantial gaps persist concerning its pathogenesis, its optimal management, and the correlation between histological findings and clinical outcomes. A heightened awareness of CVID-associated liver disease is paramount for multidisciplinary teams across IEI centers. Furthermore, given its prevalence, its insidious clinical phenotype until advanced complications, and the significant diagnostic delay and underdiagnosis, such awareness is critical across a broader range of medical specialties. In this paper, we aim to consolidate current knowledge regarding CVID-related liver disease, examining its clinical presentation, recent genetic and pathogenetic advancements along with current diagnostic methodologies, and therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Molecular Research on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases)

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25 pages, 515 KB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Elite Swimming Start Performance: Key Kinetic and Kinematic Variables with Reference Values

by Dennis-Peter Born, Lina Nussbaumer, Markus Buck, Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro and Michael Romann

Bioengineering 2026, 13(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13020180 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

To provide deeper insights into the complex and multidimensional nature of swimming start performance, the present study aimed to determine its key performance indicators (KPIs) and provide percentile-based reference values for elite junior and adult swimmers. Hence, routine performance analysis data of Swiss [...] Read more.

To provide deeper insights into the complex and multidimensional nature of swimming start performance, the present study aimed to determine its key performance indicators (KPIs) and provide percentile-based reference values for elite junior and adult swimmers. Hence, routine performance analysis data of Swiss junior and senior national team members were analyzed, including multiple European champions, World champions, Olympic medalists and a World record holder (n = 136, age: 18.3 ± 3.6 [13–32] years, World Aquatics swimming points: 761 ± 73 [609–1061]). All kinetic and kinematic variables measured by the instrumented starting block were analyzed, and variables with pairwise correlation > 0.80 were clustered using principal component analysis with orthogonal Varimax rotation, retaining components with Eigenvalue > 1.0 and factor loadings > 0.6. The highest loaded variables of each component were used as independent variables, alongside the variables with low co-variance, to determine KPIs with multiple linear regression analysis. As such, peak and average power (p ≤ 0.05), front horizontal and total vertical peak forces (p ≤ 0.04), timing of peak power and rear horizontal forces (p ≤ 0.02), resultant grab forces and their timing (p ≤ 0.05), center-of-gravity height at take-off (p = 0.03), take-off horizontal and vertical velocity (p = 0.02), resultant entry velocity (p = 0.01), entry time (p < 0.01), distance before the first kick (p < 0.01), maximal swimming depth (p = 0.02) and distance before breaking through the water surface (p < 0.01) showed a significant effect on the dependent variables (15 m start time). In conclusion, swimmers should maximize power and force production peaking earlier and grab forces peaking later during the block phase. They should increase take-off and entry velocities, distance before the first undulating kick, maximal swimming depth and underwater distance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Physical Exercise)

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25 pages, 1379 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Village Groundwater Cooperatives for Groundwater Commons in Gujarat and Rajasthan Using Ostrom’s Design Principles

by Susmina Gajurel, Basant Maheshwari, Dharmappa Hagare, John Ward and Pradeep Kumar Singh

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031561 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Groundwater is a critical resource for agriculture and livelihoods, particularly in semi-arid regions such as Gujarat and Rajasthan in India. However, unsustainable extraction has led to aquifer depletion and increased water insecurity. This study uses Ostrom’s design principles to evaluate how Village Groundwater [...] Read more.

Groundwater is a critical resource for agriculture and livelihoods, particularly in semi-arid regions such as Gujarat and Rajasthan in India. However, unsustainable extraction has led to aquifer depletion and increased water insecurity. This study uses Ostrom’s design principles to evaluate how Village Groundwater Cooperatives (VGCs) are transitioning toward self-governance in managing groundwater commons. Through field research in Dharta (Rajasthan) and Meghraj (Gujarat), including 33 key informant interviews and nine focus group discussions, this study assesses institutional robustness, rule enforcement, and community participation. Findings reveal that VGCs have the potential to enhance groundwater security through collective water budgeting and recharge interventions, though institutional robustness is constrained by limited formal enforcement. In Hinta, pipelines connected four wells to distribute water equitably, while in Dharta and Meghraj, traditional water-sharing agreements (two-part and three-part systems) sustained cooperation. Groundwater monitoring by trained “Bhujal Jankaars” helped farmers plan crop cycles, supporting informed crop choices that better aligned with available water supply. Despite these successes, to strengthen VGCs for effective groundwater management, formal sanctioning mechanisms are needed to address rule violations. Additionally, women’s participation in groundwater management decisions and operationalising VGCs is low. Conflict resolution mechanisms are currently informal. This study suggests that because women primarily manage domestic water needs while men manage irrigation, integrating women into decision-making is essential to reconcile competing water demands and ensure the long-term viability of VGCs. The findings provide policy insights for scaling up community-led groundwater governance in semi-arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

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43 pages, 1474 KB

Open AccessReview

Radiation-Induced Neurodegeneration

by Marialuisa Zedde and Rosario Pascarella

Biomedicines 2026, 14(2), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14020357 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Radiation therapy is a critical treatment modality for craniofacial tumors and metastatic lesions, particularly gliomas. While effective, it poses significant risks of neurotoxicity, which adversely affects patient quality of life. This review aims to explore the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced neurodegeneration (RIN) [...] Read more.

Background: Radiation therapy is a critical treatment modality for craniofacial tumors and metastatic lesions, particularly gliomas. While effective, it poses significant risks of neurotoxicity, which adversely affects patient quality of life. This review aims to explore the mechanisms underlying radiation-induced neurodegeneration (RIN) and its clinical implications, focusing on the interplay between radiation exposure, cognitive decline, and potential therapeutic strategies. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies on radiation effects on the central nervous system (CNS), including mechanisms of injury, clinical outcomes, and emerging therapeutic approaches. Key areas of interest included the role of inflammation, vascular damage, neurogenesis impairment, and genetic predispositions in the context of radiation therapy. Results: The findings indicate that radiation induces a complex cascade of neurobiological changes, including vascular injury, microglial activation, and neurogenesis dysfunction, leading to cognitive impairments. The severity of these effects is influenced by patient age, treatment regimens, and individual genetic factors. Additionally, emerging biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid may provide insights into individual susceptibility to radiation-induced neurotoxicity. Therapeutic strategies such as neuroprotective agents, anti-inflammatory treatments, and advanced radiation techniques show promise in mitigating cognitive decline. Conclusions: Radiation-induced neurodegeneration is a multifaceted process with significant implications for patients undergoing radiation therapy. The underlying mechanisms include endothelial cell apoptosis leading to blood–brain barrier breakdown, chronic inflammation, and the destruction of neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus, which collectively trigger cognitive decline and progressive degeneration. A better understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective preventative and therapeutic strategies. Future research should focus on identifying high-risk patients and exploring innovative approaches to minimize cognitive impacts while maximizing the efficacy of radiation treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurobiology and Clinical Neuroscience)

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35 pages, 1055 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Double-Edged Sword of Negative Environmental Information: Environmental Worry, Environmental Self-Efficacy and Pro-Environmental Intentions Among Children in Urban China

by Tingliang Han, Jintu Gu, Yan Han and Zixi He

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031559 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

In today’s society, children are increasingly exposed to negative environmental information. How such exposure shapes pro-environmental behavioral intentions matters for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, empirical evidence specific to Chinese children remains limited. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods study was conducted with Grade [...] Read more.

In today’s society, children are increasingly exposed to negative environmental information. How such exposure shapes pro-environmental behavioral intentions matters for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, empirical evidence specific to Chinese children remains limited. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods study was conducted with Grade 4 to 6 students in N City, China (survey n = 253; focus groups n = 16). The survey assessed negative environmental information exposure, environmental worry, environmental self-efficacy, and behavioral intentions, and tested mediation and moderation models. Focus groups were analyzed thematically to refine the mechanisms. Quantitative results revealed a clear “double-edged” pattern: exposure to negative environmental information was positively associated with pro-environmental behavioral intentions via heightened environmental worry, yet negatively associated with intentions via reduced environmental self-efficacy. Moreover, environmental self-efficacy moderated the link between worry and intention. Qualitative findings further corroborated and specified these pathways, indicating that children interpret negative messages through crisis narratives, blame attribution, and scale comparison, whereas actionable scripts and positive feedback help sustain perceived control and support translating worry into intention. Sustainability communication and education should therefore pair risk information with efficacy cues, feasible actions, and meaningful feedback rather than relying solely on threat narratives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Ecology and Sustainability)

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12 pages, 755 KB

Open AccessArticle

Derivatives of 1-(2-Pyridyl)-3-pyrazolecarboxylic Acids as Ligands for Binding f-Elements

by Olga I. Abramova, Alexey V. Ivanov, Nataliya E. Borisova, Victoriya A. Bitanova, Konstantin A. Lyssenko, Anastasiia V. Kharcheva and Svetlana V. Patsaeva

Molecules 2026, 31(3), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030541 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

A series of amides of 1-(2-pyridyl)-5-arylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acids has been synthesized. Complexes of synthesized ligands with salts of 4f- and 5f-elements were obtained. The composition of the complexes in the gas phase, solution, and solid state has been studied. The luminescence parameters of europium [...] Read more.

A series of amides of 1-(2-pyridyl)-5-arylpyrazole-3-carboxylic acids has been synthesized. Complexes of synthesized ligands with salts of 4f- and 5f-elements were obtained. The composition of the complexes in the gas phase, solution, and solid state has been studied. The luminescence parameters of europium complexes in solution have been determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Chemistry)

17 pages, 270 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Development and Condition of Selected Legume Species Depending on the Rate of Superabsorbent Application Under Conditions of Limited Irrigation

by Katarzyna Czopek

Agriculture 2026, 16(3), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16030365 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of superabsorbents on the condition of selected legume species grown with different watering frequencies. Three two-factor pot experiments were conducted in MICRO-CLIMA phytotrons. The objects of the study were three legume species: faba [...] Read more.

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of superabsorbents on the condition of selected legume species grown with different watering frequencies. Three two-factor pot experiments were conducted in MICRO-CLIMA phytotrons. The objects of the study were three legume species: faba bean, pea and soybean. The first factor was the superabsorbent (SAP) rate (0, 2, 4, and 6 g·kg⁻¹ of substrate), while the second factor was the watering frequency (the subjects were watered every 1, 3, 6, and 9 days). The study showed that faba bean and pea plants were significantly taller after superabsorbent application (by 17 and 11%, respectively) and developed greater root mass. The application of SAPs at a rate of 6 g·kg⁻¹ increased the dry weight of the underground parts of faba beans and peas (by 56.8% and 85.9%, respectively) compared to the control. The highest SAP dose reduced the Fv/Fm index in soybean and the PI index in faba bean and soybean (by 5 and 29%, respectively). The lowest SPAD index in peas was recorded in the control treatment (without SAPs) and in soybeans at the highest dose of SAPs (6 g·kg⁻¹). In all species, the best results for growth and biomass of the aboveground parts were obtained with daily watering, which increased plant height by an average of 26.5–60.9% and the dry mass of the aboveground parts by 42.6–60.6% compared to less frequent watering. Higher values of the Fv/Fm index were observed in soybean, and higher values of the PI index were observed in faba bean, pea, and soybean in the least frequently watered treatments. In all species studied, the SPAD index was higher under conditions of the greatest water deficit (watering every 9 days) compared to plants watered every 1, 3, and 6 days. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Cultivation and Production of Leguminous Plants—2nd Edition)

31 pages, 8257 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Assessment of Pre-Trained Prompt-Based Multimodal Deep Learning Models for UAV-Based Object Detection Supporting Environmental Crimes Monitoring

by Andrea Demartis, Fabio Giulio Tonolo, Francesco Barchi, Samuel Zanella and Andrea Acquaviva

Geomatics 2026, 6(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics6010014 - 3 Feb 2026

Abstract

Illegal dumping poses serious risks to ecosystems and human health, requiring effective and timely monitoring strategies. Advances in uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), photogrammetry, and deep learning (DL) have created new opportunities for detecting and characterizing waste objects over large areas. Within the framework [...] Read more.

Illegal dumping poses serious risks to ecosystems and human health, requiring effective and timely monitoring strategies. Advances in uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), photogrammetry, and deep learning (DL) have created new opportunities for detecting and characterizing waste objects over large areas. Within the framework of the EMERITUS Project, an EU Horizon Europe initiative supporting the fight against environmental crimes, this study evaluates the performance of pre-trained prompt-based multimodal (PBM) DL models integrated into ArcGIS Pro for object detection and segmentation. To test such models, UAV surveys were specially conducted at a semi-controlled test site in northern Italy, producing very high-resolution orthoimages and video frames populated with simulated waste objects such as tyres, barrels, and sand piles. Three PBM models (CLIPSeg, GroundingDINO, and TextSAM) were tested under varying hyperparameters and input conditions, including orthophotos at multiple resolutions and frames extracted from UAV-acquired videos. Results show that model performance is highly dependent on object type and imagery resolution. In contrast, within the limited ranges tested, hyperparameter tuning rarely produced significant improvements. The evaluation of the models was performed using low IoU to generalize across different types of detection models and to focus on the ability of detecting object. When evaluating the models with orthoimagery, CLIPSeg achieved the highest accuracy with F1 scores up to 0.88 for tyres, whereas barrels and ambiguous classes consistently underperformed. Video-derived (oblique) frames generally outperformed orthophotos, reflecting a closer match to model training perspectives. Despite the current limitations in performances highlighted by the tests, PBM models demonstrate strong potential for democratizing GeoAI (Geospatial Artificial Intelligence). These tools effectively enable non-expert users to employ zero-shot classification in UAV-based monitoring workflows targeting environmental crime. Full article

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