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Recent Articles  

14 pages, 366 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise on Muscle–Brain Crosstalk: A Systematic Review
by Josh B. Landers, Korben R. Landers and Nicholas G. Young
Muscles 2025, 4(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4020019 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2025
Abstract
Blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE), which partially restricts arterial inflow and occludes venous outflow to the limbs, has gained attention for its potential to elevate serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key mediator in the muscle–brain crosstalk leading to improvement of neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, [...] Read more.
Blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE), which partially restricts arterial inflow and occludes venous outflow to the limbs, has gained attention for its potential to elevate serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a key mediator in the muscle–brain crosstalk leading to improvement of neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, and cognitive health. In this systematic review of five studies, participants included healthy young adults, older adults, and individuals with clinical conditions. Most investigations found that BFRE increased serum BDNF, with responses comparable to those elicited by high-intensity exercise. Proposed mechanisms center on the metabolic demands of BFRE, which may increase lactate and thereby trigger BDNF release. However, two studies showed no significant changes, possibly due to short exercise duration, insufficient training intensity, or age-related reductions in BDNF responsiveness. The small sample sizes and varied protocols across studies limit definitive conclusions. Nonetheless, BFRE may provide a valuable alternative for populations who cannot tolerate high mechanical loads, and it shows promise for enhancing neurotrophic support and potentially improving brain health. Larger, well-controlled trials are warranted to refine BFRE protocols and better understand optimal strategies for increasing BDNF and supporting neuroplasticity. Full article
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63 pages, 3732 KiB  
Review
TrypPROTACs Unlocking New Therapeutic Strategies for Chagas Disease
by Ana Luísa Rodriguez Gini, Pamela Souza Tada da Cunha, Emílio Emílio João, Chung Man Chin, Jean Leandro dos Santos, Esteban Carlos Serra and Cauê Benito Scarim
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(6), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18060919 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2025
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), continues to pose significant public health challenges due to the toxicity, poor tolerability, and limited efficacy of current treatments. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) using proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represents a novel [...] Read more.
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), continues to pose significant public health challenges due to the toxicity, poor tolerability, and limited efficacy of current treatments. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) using proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represents a novel therapeutic avenue by leveraging the ubiquitin–proteasome system to selectively degrade essential parasite proteins. This review introduces the conceptual framework of “TrypPROTACs” as a prospective strategy for T. cruzi, integrating a comprehensive analysis of druggable targets across critical biological pathways, including ergosterol biosynthesis, redox metabolism, glycolysis, nucleotide synthesis, protein kinases, molecular chaperones such as heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), and epigenetic regulators such as T. cruzi bromodomain factor 3 (TcBDF3). It is important to note that no TrypPROTAC compound has yet been synthesized or experimentally validated in T. cruzi; the approach discussed herein remains theoretical and forward-looking. Representative inhibitors for each target class are compiled, highlighting potency, selectivity, and structural features relevant to ligand design. We also examine the parasite’s ubiquitination machinery and compare it to the human system to identify putative E3 ubiquitin ligases. Key aspects of linker engineering and ternary complex stabilization are discussed, alongside potential validation techniques such as the cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (NanoBRET). Collectively, these insights outline a roadmap for the rational design of TrypPROTACs and support the feasibility of expanding targeted protein degradation strategies to neglected tropical diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Special Issue in Honor of Professor Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga: Medicinal Chemistry’s Efforts to Discover Novel Bioactive Molecules for Complex Diseases)
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24 pages, 4372 KiB  
Article
PavSPL Expression Dynamics in Fruits and Seeds and in Relation to Endocarp Lignification Status During the Transition from Development to Ripening in Sweet Cherry
by Matías Zavala, Marcela Menares, Orlando Acevedo, Mirna Melo, Carlos Nuñez, Camila Arancibia, Romina Pedreschi, José Manuel Donoso, Lee A. Meisel, Jonathan E. Maldonado and Nathalie Kuhn
Horticulturae 2025, 11(6), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11060706 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2025
Abstract
The transition to ripening in non-climacteric species is governed by several signals, including hormones that enhance or counteract the abscisic acid (ABA)-promoting effect. The SQUAMOSA Promoter-binding protein-Like (SPL) transcription factors are involved in ripening through the modulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In sweet cherry [...] Read more.
The transition to ripening in non-climacteric species is governed by several signals, including hormones that enhance or counteract the abscisic acid (ABA)-promoting effect. The SQUAMOSA Promoter-binding protein-Like (SPL) transcription factors are involved in ripening through the modulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In sweet cherry fruits, several miR156-targeted PavSPLs are expressed before and during ripening. Recently, some PavSPLs were found in the transition from development to ripening in cultivars contrasting in maturity time. Additionally, several forms of miR156 were expressed in sweet cherry seeds of an early-season cultivar. In this work, we addressed the relevance of endocarp lignification and PavSPLs expression for the transition to ripening. First, we characterized early- and late-season sweet cherry cultivars, ‘Celeste’ and ‘Regina’, focusing on fruit and seed development, endocarp lignification, and PavSPL expression profile. Fruit growth dynamics revealed an earlier onset of color development and lignification in ‘Celeste’, while ‘Regina’ exhibited a prolonged lag phase and delayed embryo development. Transcript profiling at the light green stage showed a higher expression of PavSPL genes in fruits and identified cultivar-specific expressions, especially between ‘Regina’ and ‘Celeste’ seeds. Co-expression networks linked PavSPLs to genes involved in lignin and anthocyanin biosynthesis. We focused on PavSPL2 and PavSPL9, which were targeted by mtr-miR156a and gma-miR156f. Both PavSPLs and miRNAs were expressed in fruits and seeds at the yellow stage, an advanced point in the transition to ripening in sweet cherry. Exogenous application of auxin-related compounds in the mid-season cultivar ‘Lapins’ modulated endocarp lignification and pigmentation. Notably, p-IBA treatment, which enzymatically targets the lignin pathway, transiently increased anthocyanin accumulation and reduced lignin deposition, effects that correlated with the downregulation of PavSPL gene expression. These findings highlight the interplay between lignification, color evolution, and pigment biosynthesis during the transition from development to ripening in sweet cherry fruits, and suggest a role for PavSPL genes in this transition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Tree Physiology and Molecular Biology)
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15 pages, 4908 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Assessment of Surface Water Quality in Lake Yuriria, Guanajuato, Using the Water Quality Index
by Juan Manuel López-Gutiérrez, Elizabeth Ramírez-Mosqueda, Glenda Edith Cea-Barcia, Graciela M. L. Ruiz-Aguilar, Israel Castro-Ramírez, Sarai Camarena-Martínez, César Arturo Ilizaliturri-Hernández, Diana Olivia Rocha-Amador and Rogelio Costilla-Salazar
Water 2025, 17(12), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17121825 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2025
Abstract
The pollution of water bodies has deteriorated the quality of freshwater and the health of the natural ecosystem. In the present study, the water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the spatial and temporal contamination levels in Lake Yuriria, Guanajuato, Mexico. Water [...] Read more.
The pollution of water bodies has deteriorated the quality of freshwater and the health of the natural ecosystem. In the present study, the water quality index (WQI) was used to evaluate the spatial and temporal contamination levels in Lake Yuriria, Guanajuato, Mexico. Water quality was monitored at 27 different locations (monitoring points) in the dry season (April) and after the rainy season (November), measuring 21 physicochemical water parameters, 2 biological parameters, and 19 metal concentrations. The data analysis revealed that Yuriria Lake is a eutrophic water body. Six monitoring points exhibited a poor WQI (25–50) in April, and seven monitoring sites were classified as having poor water quality in November. The remaining monitoring points showed a WQI categorized as fair (51–70) in both periods. The present study analyzes an extensive distribution of monitoring points over the lake’s surface in two periods, showing a significant spatial and temporal representation of water quality. In addition, the major pollution sources identified include agricultural runoff and effluents from a nearby waterway and freshwater river. Finally, the key physicochemical parameters that determined the water quality were identified. BOD5, NH4+, P, orthophosphates, DO, conductivity, TSS, and color were linked to anthropogenic pollution sources, and Li, Ni, Zn, Cd, Ba, and Pb concentrations were linked to natural contamination sources. This study demonstrates the utility and versatility of these methodologies in water quality research, and it is the first spatial and temporal WQI analysis of Yuriria Lake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)
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24 pages, 2597 KiB  
Article
Fuzzy Optimization and Life Cycle Assessment for Sustainable Supply Chain Design: Applications in the Dairy Industry
by Pablo Flores-Siguenza, Victor Lopez-Sanchez, Julio Mosquera-Gutierres, Juan Llivisaca-Villazhañay, Marlon Moscoso-Martínez and Rodrigo Guamán
Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5634; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125634 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2025
Abstract
The increasing emphasis on integrating sustainability into corporate operations has prompted supply chain managers to incorporate not only economic objectives but also environmental and social considerations into their network designs. This study presents a structured six-stage methodology to develop a fuzzy multi-objective optimization [...] Read more.
The increasing emphasis on integrating sustainability into corporate operations has prompted supply chain managers to incorporate not only economic objectives but also environmental and social considerations into their network designs. This study presents a structured six-stage methodology to develop a fuzzy multi-objective optimization model for the sustainable design of a multi-level, multi-product forward supply chain network. The model incorporates two conflicting objectives: minimizing total network costs and reducing environmental impact. To quantify environmental performance, a comprehensive life cycle assessment is conducted in accordance with the ISO 14040 standard and the ReCiPe 2016 method, focusing on three impact categories: human health, resources, and ecosystems. To address uncertainty in demand and production costs, fuzzy mixed-integer linear programming is employed. The model is validated and applied to a real-world case study of a dairy small-to-medium enterprise in Ecuador. Using the epsilon-constraint method, a Pareto frontier is generated to illustrate the trade-offs between the economic and environmental objectives. This research provides a robust decision-making tool for uncertain environments and advances knowledge on the integration of life cycle assessment with supply chain optimization and network design methodologies for sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Supply Chain and Sustainable Operations Management: Theories, Methods, Techniques and Applications)
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21 pages, 2835 KiB  
Article
Vibrations from Wind Turbines Increased Self-Pollination of Native Forbs, and White Bases Attracted Pollinators: Evidence Along a 28 km Gradient in a Natural Area
by Lusha M. Tronstad, Michelle Weschler, Amy Marie Storey, Joy Handley and Bryan P. Tronstad
Wind 2025, 5(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind5020015 (registering DOI) - 19 Jun 2025
Abstract
Knowledge of how wind turbines interact with vertebrate animals is growing rapidly; however, less is known about plants and insects. Turbines produce infrasound (≤20 Hz), and these vibrations decrease with distance from turbines. We measured seed set and pollinators at six sites 0 [...] Read more.
Knowledge of how wind turbines interact with vertebrate animals is growing rapidly; however, less is known about plants and insects. Turbines produce infrasound (≤20 Hz), and these vibrations decrease with distance from turbines. We measured seed set and pollinators at six sites 0 to 28 km from turbines. We measured the number and mass of seeds produced by self-pollination, insect pollination, and when pollen was not limiting for nine native plants. We assessed pollinators by target netting bees and butterflies during transects, and by using blue vane traps (bees only). Most plants produced fewer or lighter developed seeds through self-pollination. Seed set did not vary between the open- and hand-pollinated treatments, indicating that the pollen was not limiting. The number and mass of seeds in the self-pollination treatment decreased with distance from the turbines. Bees and butterflies were more abundant near the wind facility, based on transects. The vane traps collected the fewest insects within the wind facility, likely due to bees being attracted to the turbine bases. The pollinator assemblage at the wind facility was distinct compared to other sites. Infrasound produced by the turbines appeared to enhance self-pollination, and the turbine bases attracted pollinators. We provide data on a seldom studied yet critical topic to inform land management and agricultural decisions, and to promote new strategies as wind energy development grows. Full article
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10 pages, 357 KiB  
Article
Analysis and Characterization of Factors Affecting the Consistency of Tl-201 Myocardial Perfusion Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography and Coronary Angiography Results in Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease
by Fu-Ren Tsai, Hung-Pin Chan, Chun-Hao Yin, Jin-Shuen Chen, Yao-Shen Chen and Daniel Hueng-Yuan Shen
Diagnostics 2025, 15(12), 1551; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15121551 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Tl-201 myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (MPS) is a minimally invasive test for patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). While its predictive and prognostic values are well established, diagnostic performance varies. A recent meta-analysis reported that the sensitivity and specificity [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Tl-201 myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (MPS) is a minimally invasive test for patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD). While its predictive and prognostic values are well established, diagnostic performance varies. A recent meta-analysis reported that the sensitivity and specificity of MPS range from 48.8 to 100% and 46.7 to 94.7%, respectively, reflecting discordance between CAG. Little is known, however, about the influence of patients’ characteristics and CAD risk factors on the diagnostic performance of MPS. This study aims to evaluate these factors in relation to MPS performance. Methods: We screened 4817 consecutive patients referred to our Nuclear Medicine Department in 2015 for Tl-201 MPS. Patients with clinically suspected ischemic heart disease who underwent CAG within 60 days post-MPS were included in the present analysis. The percentage of agreement/disagreement between the MPS-abnormal/normal and CAG-positive/negative groups was evaluated. Additionally, patient characteristics, CAD risk factors, co-morbidities, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) image-derived parameters were compared among the patients. Results: Among 635 patients with abnormal MPS, 583 had coronary stenosis. For the 52 without stenosis, causes included non-obstructive CAD (34.6%), prior infarction with scarring (32.7%), and imaging artifacts (32.7%). Significant stenosis was associated with older age, male sex, diabetes, dyslipidemia, CKD, and prior PCI, while hypertension and higher BMI were more common in insignificant CAD. Among 104 patients with normal MPS, 79 had stenosis, mainly in the LAD. Clinical risk factors were more prevalent in patients with any degree of stenosis. Conclusions: In patients with an abnormal MPS, the incorporation of visual interpretation, parameters, and CAD risk factors increases specificity and helps differentiate obstructive from non-obstructive CAD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Imaging and Theranostics)
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20 pages, 7927 KiB  
Article
Efficient License Plate Alignment and Recognition Using FPGA-Based Edge Computing
by Chao-Hsiang Hsiao, Hoi Lee, Yin-Tien Wang and Min-Jie Hsu
Electronics 2025, 14(12), 2475; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122475 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Efficient and accurate license plate recognition (LPR) in unconstrained environments remains a critical challenge, particularly when confronted with skewed imaging angles and the limited computational capabilities of edge devices. In this study, we propose a high-performance, FPGA-based license plate alignment and recognition (LPAR) [...] Read more.
Efficient and accurate license plate recognition (LPR) in unconstrained environments remains a critical challenge, particularly when confronted with skewed imaging angles and the limited computational capabilities of edge devices. In this study, we propose a high-performance, FPGA-based license plate alignment and recognition (LPAR) system to address these issues. Our LPAR system integrates lightweight deep learning models, including YOLOv4-tiny for license plate detection, a refined convolutional pose machine (CPM) for pose estimation and alignment, and a modified LPRNet for character recognition. By restructuring the pose estimation and alignment architectures to enhance the geometric correction of license plates and adding channel and spatial attention mechanisms to LPRNet for better character recognition, the proposed LPAR system improves recognition accuracy from 88.33% to 95.00%. The complete pipeline achieved a processing speed of 2.00 frames per second (FPS) on a resource-constrained FPGA platform, demonstrating its practical viability for real-time deployment in edge computing scenarios. Full article
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9 pages, 998 KiB  
Article
Enteroviral Transverse Myelitis Presenting as Acute Ataxia in Children: A Case Series
by Luka Švitek, Dominik Ljubas, Nina Krajcar, Maja Vrdoljak Pažur, Ana Tripalo Batoš, Irena Tabain, Srđan Roglić and Lorna Stemberger Marić
Biomedicines 2025, 13(6), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13061492 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Background: Enteroviruses, members of the Picornaviridae family, typically cause asymptomatic or mild infections. However, they can also result in central nervous system (CNS) involvement, with transverse myelitis (TM) occurring only on rare occasions. TM is a syndrome characterized by acute or subacute [...] Read more.
Background: Enteroviruses, members of the Picornaviridae family, typically cause asymptomatic or mild infections. However, they can also result in central nervous system (CNS) involvement, with transverse myelitis (TM) occurring only on rare occasions. TM is a syndrome characterized by acute or subacute spinal cord dysfunction, leading to neurological deficits below the level of the lesion. Case report: We report a case series of eight pediatric patients admitted over a three-month period, June to August 2024. All patients presented with ataxia and/or other neurological symptoms, alongside abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings. Although ataxia is commonly associated with cerebellitis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in this cohort revealed findings consistent with TM. Notably, all patients demonstrated similar MRI abnormalities. The onset of symptoms occurred over a short time during an enterovirus epidemic. Enteroviral RNA was detected, or the virus was isolated in seven patients, while one patient had a close epidemiological link to the virus. All patients achieved full recovery following immunomodulatory therapy. Conclusions: This case series underscores that ataxia may be an atypical symptom associated with TM. Furthermore, there was a notable distinction between the clinical presentation and neuroradiological findings. Immunomodulatory therapy with immunoglobulins and corticosteroids has been shown to be effective and safe, supporting the hypothesis of an immune-mediated pathogenesis in these patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases)
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38 pages, 332 KiB  
Article
Refugium peccatorum: The Virgin Mary’s Saving Protection in Medieval Liturgical Hymns
by José María Salvador-González
Religions 2025, 16(6), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16060797 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
The current article does not directly study the liturgical ritual as a set of gestures and forms of ceremonial behavior. Instead, it focuses on shedding light on the doctrinal content of many Mariological liturgical hymns, precisely the conceptual basis that gives meaning to [...] Read more.
The current article does not directly study the liturgical ritual as a set of gestures and forms of ceremonial behavior. Instead, it focuses on shedding light on the doctrinal content of many Mariological liturgical hymns, precisely the conceptual basis that gives meaning to the corresponding Marian liturgical rituals. Based strictly on the study of primary sources of Christian doctrine, this article aims to highlight the belief in the help, protection, and mediation of the Virgin Mary on behalf of human beings as reflected in countless medieval Latin liturgical hymns. The article is divided into two central parts: in the first, the author presents, in the original Latin and its English translation, an extensive series of fragments of liturgical hymns that develop the Mariological belief; in the second, he summarizes the primary doctrinal meanings and emotional attitudes that hymnographers reflect when poetically reconfiguring this belief in their hymns. Following the conclusion, the article catalogs the abundant sequence of Christian primary sources used in this research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Medieval Liturgy and Ritual)
20 pages, 7167 KiB  
Article
Drone-Based 3D Thermal Mapping of Urban Buildings for Climate-Responsive Planning
by Haowen Yan, Bo Zhao, Yaxing Du and Jiajia Hua
Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5600; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125600 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Urban thermal environment is directly linked to the health and comfort of local residents, as well as energy consumption. Drone-based thermal infrared image acquirement provides an efficient and flexible way of assessing urban heat distribution, thereby supporting climate-resilient and sustainable urban development. Here, [...] Read more.
Urban thermal environment is directly linked to the health and comfort of local residents, as well as energy consumption. Drone-based thermal infrared image acquirement provides an efficient and flexible way of assessing urban heat distribution, thereby supporting climate-resilient and sustainable urban development. Here, we present an advanced approach that utilizes the thermal infrared camera mounted on the drone for high-resolution building wall temperature measurement and achieves centimeter accuracy. According to the binocular vision theory, the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of thermal infrared images is first conducted, and then the two-dimensional building wall temperature is extracted. Real-world validation shows that our approach can measure the wall temperature within a 5 °C error, which confirms the reliability of this approach. The field measurement of Yuquanting in Xiong’an New Area China during three time periods, i.e., morning (7:00–8:00), noon (13:00–14:00) and evening (18:00–19:00), was used as a case study to demonstrate our approach. The results show that during the heating season, the building wall temperature was the highest at noon time and the lowest in evening time, which were mostly caused by solar radiation. The highest wall temperature at noon time was 55 °C, which was under direct sun radiation. The maximum wall temperature differences were 39 °C, 55 °C, and 20 °C during morning, noon and evening time, respectively. The lighter wall coating color tended to have a lower temperature than the darker wall coating color. Beyond this application, this approach has potential in future autonomous thermal environment measuring systems as a foundational element. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution Control and Sustainable Urban Climate Resilience)
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18 pages, 4702 KiB  
Article
Crop Flow Control in a Longitudinal Axial Threshing Unit Using Fully Adjustable Guide Vanes: A Field Study in Winter Wheat Harvesting
by Martynas Milišauskas, Niels Petersen, Greta Milišauskienė, Mantas Petrulis and Dainius Savickas
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 6864; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15126864 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
In axial-flow combine harvesters, guide vanes direct crop material through the threshing and separation unit. The research object has the standard configuration of guide vane assembly; the six rear vanes are adjustable, while the two front vanes—located in the threshing zone—are fixed, which [...] Read more.
In axial-flow combine harvesters, guide vanes direct crop material through the threshing and separation unit. The research object has the standard configuration of guide vane assembly; the six rear vanes are adjustable, while the two front vanes—located in the threshing zone—are fixed, which limits material flow control. In European conditions, where crop biomass is typically higher, improved control in the threshing area is essential to reduce losses and maintain grain quality. This study introduces a guide vane angle evaluation to combine performance and a modified guide vane system that enables all eight vanes to be adjusted simultaneously between 10–35°. Field tests were conducted using two identical combines (A and B) in the same winter wheat field, under identical operating conditions. Combine A was equipped with the modified system, while Combine B retained the original manufacturer configuration. Both machines operated at a rotor speed of 980 rpm and a concave clearance of 15 mm. Results showed that Combine A achieved higher throughput (23.78 kg s−1), lower broken grain (0.18%), and lower fuel consumption (0.84 L t−1) compared to Combine B (20.6 kg s−1, 0.61%, 0.99 L t−1, respectively); the separation and sieve losses were also reduced in Combine A. Analysis of the results demonstrated that full-range guide vane adjustability—including in the threshing zone—can improve crop flow, grain separation, and harvesting efficiency in high-yield conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Science and Technology)
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19 pages, 3650 KiB  
Article
Enhanced-Dueling Deep Q-Network for Trustworthy Physical Security of Electric Power Substations
by Nawaraj Kumar Mahato, Junfeng Yang, Jiaxuan Yang, Gangjun Gong, Jianhong Hao, Jing Sun and Jinlu Liu
Energies 2025, 18(12), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123194 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
This paper introduces an Enhanced-Dueling Deep Q-Network (EDDQN) specifically designed to bolster the physical security of electric power substations. We model the intricate substation security challenge as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), segmenting the facility into three zones, each with potential normal, suspicious, [...] Read more.
This paper introduces an Enhanced-Dueling Deep Q-Network (EDDQN) specifically designed to bolster the physical security of electric power substations. We model the intricate substation security challenge as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), segmenting the facility into three zones, each with potential normal, suspicious, or attacked states. The EDDQN agent learns to strategically select security actions, aiming for optimal threat prevention while minimizing disruptive errors and false alarms. This methodology integrates Double DQN for stable learning, Prioritized Experience Replay (PER) to accelerate the learning process, and a sophisticated neural network architecture tailored to the complexities of multi-zone substation environments. Empirical evaluation using synthetic data derived from historical incident patterns demonstrates the significant advantages of EDDQN over other standard DQN variations, yielding an average reward of 7.5, a threat prevention success rate of 91.1%, and a notably low false alarm rate of 0.5%. The learned action policy exhibits a proactive security posture, establishing EDDQN as a promising and reliable intelligent solution for enhancing the physical resilience of power substations against evolving threats. This research directly addresses the critical need for adaptable and intelligent security mechanisms within the electric power infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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26 pages, 3140 KiB  
Review
Biodegradation of Poly(ε-caprolactone): Microorganisms, Enzymes, and Mechanisms
by Nikolay Krumov, Nikolina Atanasova, Ivanka Boyadzhieva, Kaloyan Petrov and Penka Petrova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5826; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125826 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is a synthetic plastic known for its excellent physicochemical properties and a wide range of applications in packaging, coatings, foaming, and agriculture. In medicine, its versatility allows it to function as a scaffold for drug delivery, sutures, implants, tissue engineering, and [...] Read more.
Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is a synthetic plastic known for its excellent physicochemical properties and a wide range of applications in packaging, coatings, foaming, and agriculture. In medicine, its versatility allows it to function as a scaffold for drug delivery, sutures, implants, tissue engineering, and 3D printing. In addition to its biocompatibility, PCL’s most notable characteristic is its biodegradability. However, this property is affected by temperature, microbial activity, and environmental conditions, which means PCL can sometimes remain in nature for long periods. This review shows that various types of microorganisms can efficiently degrade PCL, including different strains of Pseudomonas spp., Streptomyces spp., Alcaligenes faecalis, and fungi like Aspergillus oryzae, Fusarium spp., Rhizopus delemar, and Thermomyces lanuginosus. These microorganisms produce enzymes such as lipases, esterases, and cutinases that break down PCL into smaller molecules that act as substrates. The review also examines the phylogenetic diversity of organisms capable of biodegrading PCL, the biochemical pathways involved in this process, and specific aspects of the genetic framework responsible for the expression of the enzymes that facilitate degradation. Targeted research on microbial PCL biodegradation and its practical applications could significantly aid in reducing and managing plastic waste on a global ecological scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Microorganisms and Their Metabolites in Agriculture, Food and the Environment: 2nd Edition)
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17 pages, 8128 KiB  
Article
Tuning Polymer–Metal Interfaces via Solvent-Engineered Electroless Nickel Coatings on Functional Fibres
by Chenyao Wang, Heng Zhai, Xuzhao Liu, David Lewis, Yuhao Huang, Ling Ai, Xinyi Guan, Hugh Gong, Xuqing Liu and Anura Fernando
Polymers 2025, 17(12), 1693; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121693 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Electroless nickel deposition (ELD) on polymer substrates enables the fabrication of flexible, conductive fibres for wearable and functional textiles. However, achieving uniform, low-defect coatings on synthetic fibres such as nylon-6,6 remains challenging due to their chemical inertness, hydrophobicity, and poor interfacial compatibility with [...] Read more.
Electroless nickel deposition (ELD) on polymer substrates enables the fabrication of flexible, conductive fibres for wearable and functional textiles. However, achieving uniform, low-defect coatings on synthetic fibres such as nylon-6,6 remains challenging due to their chemical inertness, hydrophobicity, and poor interfacial compatibility with metal coatings. This study presents a solvent-assisted approach using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in a conventional aqueous ELD bath to control both polymer–metal interfacial chemistry and nickel coating microstructure. The modified surface supports dense catalytic sites, triggering spatially uniform Ni nucleation. The combination of scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy confirms the difference in coarse grains with fully aqueous baths to a nanocrystalline shell with DMSO-modified baths. This refined microstructure relieves residual stress and anchors firmly to the swollen polymer, delivering +7 °C higher onset decomposition temperature and 45% lower creep strain at 50 °C compared with aqueous controls. The fabric strain sensor fabricated by 1 wt.% DMSO-modified ELD shows a remarkable sensitivity against strain, demonstrating a 1400% resistance change under 200% stain. Electrochemical impedance and polarisation tests confirm a two-fold rise in charge transfer resistance and negligible corrosion current drift after accelerated ageing. By clarifying how a polar aprotic co-solvent couples polymer swelling with metal growth kinetics, the study introduces a scalable strategy for tuning polymer–metal interfaces and advances solvent-assisted ELD as a route to mechanically robust, thermally stable, and corrosion-resistant conductive textiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Modification for Soft Matter and Flexible Devices)
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12 pages, 719 KiB  
Article
Differential Analysis of Hemogram Parameters and Cellular Ratios in Severe Asthma Exacerbations: A Comparative Study of Eosinophilic and Non-Eosinophilic Phenotypes
by Nicolae Demenciuc, Corina Eugenia Budin, Corina Ureche, Mircea Stoian, Teodora Nicola-Varo, Dragos-Florin Baba, Dariana-Elena Pătrîntașu and Diana Deleanu
Life 2025, 15(6), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15060970 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Asthma exacerbations are acute worsening episodes in individuals with bronchial asthma, frequently necessitating emergency hospital care. Early differentiation between eosinophilic (≥150 eosinophils/mm3) and non-eosinophilic (<150 eosinophils/mm3) subtypes plays a crucial role in treatment decisions and identifying patients eligible for [...] Read more.
Asthma exacerbations are acute worsening episodes in individuals with bronchial asthma, frequently necessitating emergency hospital care. Early differentiation between eosinophilic (≥150 eosinophils/mm3) and non-eosinophilic (<150 eosinophils/mm3) subtypes plays a crucial role in treatment decisions and identifying patients eligible for biologic therapies. The ExBA Study explored variations in complete blood count (CBC) parameters and derived cellular ratios—namely the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), thrombocyte-to-lymphocyte (TLR), and eosinophil-to-leukocyte ratios (ELR)—in adults hospitalized with severe asthma exacerbations. Ninety patients were enrolled and categorized into eosinophilic (n = 38) and non-eosinophilic (n = 52) groups. Significant statistical differences were observed in the neutrophil and lymphocyte levels, as well as in all three ratios. ROC analysis highlighted the ELR as the most specific indicator of the eosinophilic phenotype (specificity 100%, AUC 0.938, cut-off 0.003), whereas the NLR and TLR showed stronger associations with the non-eosinophilic group (AUC 0.733 and 0.676). No meaningful differences emerged regarding arterial blood gas levels, length of hospital stay, treatment costs, or mortality. A notable association was found between a personal or family history of atopy and the eosinophilic subtype (p = 0.0181). This study underscores the relevance of CBC-based ratios in asthma phenotyping during exacerbation events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pulmonology: Transforming Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Diseases)
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14 pages, 9952 KiB  
Article
Magnetocaloric Effect of Gd1-xDyxScO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 1) Polycrystalline Compounds
by Yuwei Li, Xiukun Hu, Qiong Wu, Yi Zhao, Hangfu Yang, Minxiang Pan and Hongliang Ge
Materials 2025, 18(12), 2884; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18122884 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
This study systematically investigates the magnetic ordering and magnetocaloric properties of a series of polycrystalline compounds, Gd1-xDyxScO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 1). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms that all samples exhibit an orthorhombic perovskite structure [...] Read more.
This study systematically investigates the magnetic ordering and magnetocaloric properties of a series of polycrystalline compounds, Gd1-xDyxScO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 1). X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms that all samples exhibit an orthorhombic perovskite structure with a space group of Pbnm. The zero-field cooling and field cooling magnetization curves demonstrate a transition from antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic phases, with Néel temperatures of about 3 K for GdScO3 and 4 K for DyScO3. The doping of Dy3+ weakened long-range antiferromagnetic order and enhanced short-range magnetic disorder in GdScO3, leading to vanished antiferromagnetic transition between 2 and 100 K for the sample of x = 0.2. Using the Arrott–Noakes equation, we constructed Arrott plots to analyze the system’s critical behavior. Both the compounds with x = 0.1 and x = 0.2 conform to the 3D-Heisenberg model. These results indicate the weakened long-range antiferromagnetic order induced by Dy3+ doping. Significant maximal magnetic entropy change (−ΔSMMax) of 36.03 J/kg K at 3 K for the sample Gd0.9Dy0.1ScO3 is achieved as the magnetic field changes from 0 to 50 kOe, which is higher than that of GdScO3 (−ΔSMMax = 34.32 J/kg K) and DyScO3 (−ΔSMMax = 15.63 J/kg K). The considerable magnetocaloric effects (MCEs) suggest that these compounds can be used in the development of low-temperature magnetic refrigeration materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)
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31 pages, 14480 KiB  
Article
Vega: LLM-Driven Intelligent Chatbot Platform for Internet of Things Control and Development
by Harith Al-Safi, Harith Ibrahim and Paul Steenson
Sensors 2025, 25(12), 3809; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123809 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), yet their potential in Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems (ESys) applications remains largely unexplored. Traditional IoT interfaces often require specialized knowledge, creating barriers for non-technical users. We present Vega, a modular [...] Read more.
Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), yet their potential in Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems (ESys) applications remains largely unexplored. Traditional IoT interfaces often require specialized knowledge, creating barriers for non-technical users. We present Vega, a modular system that leverages LLMs to enable intuitive, natural language control and interrogation of IoT devices, specifically, a Raspberry Pi (RPi) connected to various sensors, actuators, and devices. Our solution comprises three key components: a physical circuit with input and output devices used to showcase the LLM’s ability to interact with hardware, an RPi integrating a control server, and a web application integrating LLM logic. Users interact with the system through natural language, which the LLM interprets to remotely call appropriate commands for the RPi. The RPi executes these instructions on the physically connected circuit, with outcomes communicated back to the user via LLM-generated responses. The system’s performance is empirically evaluated using a range of task complexities and user scenarios, demonstrating its ability to handle complex and conditional logic without additional coding on the RPi, reducing the need for extensive programming on IoT devices. We showcase the system’s real-world applicability through physical circuit implementation while providing insights into its limitations and potential scalability. Our findings reveal that LLM-driven IoT control can effectively bridge the gap between complex device functionality and user-friendly interaction, and also opens new avenues for creative and intelligent IoT applications. This research offers insights into the design and implementation of LLM-integrated IoT interfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Empowered Internet of Things)
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22 pages, 44010 KiB  
Article
SMM-POD: Panoramic 3D Object Detection via Spherical Multi-Stage Multi-Modal Fusion
by Jinghan Zhang, Yusheng Yang, Zhiyuan Gao, Hang Shi and Yangmin Xie
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(12), 2089; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122089 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Panoramic 3D object detection is a challenging task due to image distortion, sensor heterogeneity, and the difficulty of combining information from multiple modalities over a wide field-of-view (FoV). To address these issues, we propose SMM-POD, a novel framework that introduces a spherical multi-stage [...] Read more.
Panoramic 3D object detection is a challenging task due to image distortion, sensor heterogeneity, and the difficulty of combining information from multiple modalities over a wide field-of-view (FoV). To address these issues, we propose SMM-POD, a novel framework that introduces a spherical multi-stage fusion strategy for panoramic 3D detection. Our approach creates a five-channel spherical image aligned with LiDAR data and uses a quasi-uniform Voronoi sphere (UVS) model to reduce projection distortion. A cross-attention-based feature extraction module and a transformer encoder–decoder with spherical positional encoding enable the accurate and efficient fusion of image and point cloud features. For precise 3D localization, we adopt a Frustum PointNet module. Experiments on the DAIR-V2X-I benchmark and our self-collected SHU-3DPOD dataset show that SMM-POD achieves a state-of-the-art performance across all object categories. It significantly improves the detection of small objects like cyclists and pedestrians and maintains stable results under various environmental conditions. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of SMM-POD in panoramic multi-modal 3D perception and establish it as a strong baseline for wide FoV object detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Urban Remote Sensing)
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23 pages, 1236 KiB  
Review
Navigating the Genetic Landscape: Investigating the Opportunities and Risks of Cross-Species SNP Array Application in Catfish
by Bettina Hegedűs, Zoltán Bagi and Szilvia Kusza
Genes 2025, 16(6), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16060717 - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Aquaculture has become a crucial component of global food production, yet catfish (10.8% of global finfish production) breeding programs often lack sufficient genetic data to fully utilize their production potential. In the last 15 years, there have been improvements in this field as [...] Read more.
Aquaculture has become a crucial component of global food production, yet catfish (10.8% of global finfish production) breeding programs often lack sufficient genetic data to fully utilize their production potential. In the last 15 years, there have been improvements in this field as two high-density (HD) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays (250K and 690K) and low-density panels have been developed for North American channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus). This lack of genomic tools hinders genetic improvement efforts in other commercially relevant catfish species besides them. Therefore, this review investigated the reason behind the lack of SNP chip usage in genetic-based selections in most catfish breeding programs and the cross-species applicability of the already existing high-density SNP arrays for genotyping members of the Clariidae, African catfish (Clarias gariepinu), and Siluridae, European catfish (Silurus glanis), families. This paper systematically reviews the literature of more than 16 SNP arrays, with 66 non-target species, and assesses the possibility of adapting catfish SNP arrays to the catfish families of interest. With lowered filtering (e.g., MAF > 0) thresholds, the Affymetrix Axiom 250K and Axiom Catfish 690K Genotyping Array could potentially be used on important market species like African and European catfishes. In the long term, chip development would be the solution for these species, but, until then, cross-application is a viable alternative. Despite low polymorphic SNPs (~1%) and call rates (~0%), this SNP array could aid researchers and breeders, improving catfish aquaculture and management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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9 pages, 616 KiB  
Article
Two Decades of Huntington’s Disease in Varna, Bulgaria: A Retrospective Single-Centre Study of Clinical Trends and Challenges
by Mariya Levkova, Mihael Tsalta-Mladenov, Milena Stoyanova, Mari Hachmeriyan, Lyudmila Angelova and Ara Kaprelyan
Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(6), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17060095 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the HTT gene. Despite advances in understanding its molecular basis, epidemiological data in many countries, including Bulgaria, remain limited. This study aims to present [...] Read more.
Background: Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the HTT gene. Despite advances in understanding its molecular basis, epidemiological data in many countries, including Bulgaria, remain limited. This study aims to present clinical and genetic findings from a 20-year single-centre cohort. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of patients evaluated for HD at the University Hospital “St. Marina” in Varna between 2004 and 2024. Data included demographics, CAG repeat length, clinical features, imaging, and psychiatric assessments. Statistical analysis focused on correlations between variables, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Out of 79 referred individuals, 43 were molecularly confirmed. The mean age of onset was 43 years, with a four-year diagnostic delay. The average CAG repeat length was 44.6, though two symptomatic patients had reduced penetrance alleles (38 and 39 repeats). Cognitive and psychiatric symptoms were each present in 72% of cases. Depression was significantly more prevalent in women (p = 0.011). Most patients had a positive family history, predominantly maternal. Conclusions: Our findings highlight diagnostic delays, gender-specific psychiatric vulnerabilities, and the importance of personalized care. Improved access to genetic counselling and early diagnosis are essential for optimizing outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Movement Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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14 pages, 1280 KiB  
Article
Rational Construction of Nano-Scaled FeOOH/NiFe-LDH for Efficient Water Splitting
by Juan Yu, Xiubing Fu, Haoqi Wang, Shun Lu and Bing Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(12), 949; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15120949 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
In this paper, we use the facile approach for preparing novel, low-cost, efficient electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting. Interfacial engineering can significantly enhance the intrinsic performance of electrocatalysts. Herein, self-supporting FeOOH/NiFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheet arrays were synthesized via hydrothermal and impregnation methods. [...] Read more.
In this paper, we use the facile approach for preparing novel, low-cost, efficient electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic water splitting. Interfacial engineering can significantly enhance the intrinsic performance of electrocatalysts. Herein, self-supporting FeOOH/NiFe-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanosheet arrays were synthesized via hydrothermal and impregnation methods. The resulting FeOOH/NiFe-LDH can provide more active regions, which provide more active regions for co-reaction to proceed and accelerates electron transmit processes. Additionally, the amorphous FeOOH provides abundant active sites with low coordination, leading to excellent activity. The FeOOH/NiFe-LDH demonstrates remarkable two half-reaction electrocatalytic activity, along with excellent overpotentials of 168 mV (OER) and 155 mV (HER). This research introduces a sophisticated and scalable methodology for the creation of remarkably efficient and resilient alkaline conditions specifically designed for the HER and OER. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Nanomaterials and/or Nanocomposites for Photo(Electro-) Catalytic Applications)
12 pages, 207 KiB  
Article
Leading AI-Driven Student Engagement: The Role of Digital Leadership in Higher Education
by Melita Kovacevic, Tamara Dagen and Miroslav Rajter
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15060775 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
This theoretical position paper explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance student engagement through the lens of academic leadership. To illustrate our argument, we include exploratory, mixed-methods evidence drawn from a descriptive survey of 95 undergraduate students and five semi-structured interviews [...] Read more.
This theoretical position paper explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance student engagement through the lens of academic leadership. To illustrate our argument, we include exploratory, mixed-methods evidence drawn from a descriptive survey of 95 undergraduate students and five semi-structured interviews with key academic leaders. These data are indicative only and not intended for statistical generalisation; however, they ground and inform the theoretical propositions of this paper. Focusing on how AI-driven tools can be used, the study examines the central role of academic leaders in guiding these innovations. By addressing key leadership decisions—including resource allocation, policy development, and faculty support—the study explores how AI can foster a more responsive and engaging learning environment and provides insights into how academic leadership can guide the integration of AI technologies to increase student motivation, participation and academic success in different educational settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Higher Education Governance and Leadership in the Digital Era)
15 pages, 565 KiB  
Review
Myostatin Modulation in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence
by Martina Gnazzo, Giulia Pisanò, Valentina Baldini, Giovanna Giacomelli, Silvia Scullin, Benedetta Piccolo, Emanuela Claudia Turco, Susanna Esposito and Maria Carmela Pera
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5858; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125858 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons and consequent muscle atrophy. Although SMN-targeted therapies have significantly improved survival and motor outcomes, residual muscle weakness remains a major clinical challenge, particularly in patients treated later [...] Read more.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons and consequent muscle atrophy. Although SMN-targeted therapies have significantly improved survival and motor outcomes, residual muscle weakness remains a major clinical challenge, particularly in patients treated later in the disease course. Myostatin, a potent negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target to address this gap. This review summarizes the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the modulation of the myostatin pathway in SMA. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that inhibiting myostatin, especially when combined with SMN-enhancing agents, can increase muscle mass, improve motor function, and enhance neuromuscular connectivity in SMA mouse models. These findings provide a strong rationale for translating myostatin inhibition into clinical practice as an adjunctive strategy. Early clinical trials investigating myostatin inhibitors have shown favorable safety profiles and preliminary signs of target engagement. However, large-scale trials have yet to demonstrate widespread, robust efficacy across diverse patient populations. Despite this, myostatin pathway inhibition remains a compelling approach, particularly when integrated into broader treatment paradigms aimed at enhancing motor unit stability and function in individuals with SMA. Further clinical research is essential to validate efficacy, determine optimal timing, and define the patient subgroups most likely to benefit from myostatin-targeted therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA))
18 pages, 2919 KiB  
Article
Stability of Non-Uniform Soils Slope with Tension Cracks Under Unsaturated Flow Conditions
by Jing Zhang, Jinyu Dong, Ying Zhao, Yukai Wang and Yang Cheng
Buildings 2025, 15(12), 2123; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122123 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
The soil slopes in nature are normally unsaturated, heterogeneous, and even carry cracks. In order to assess the stability of slope with crack under steady unsaturated flow and non-uniform conditions, this work proposes a novel discretization-based method to generate the rotational failure mechanism [...] Read more.
The soil slopes in nature are normally unsaturated, heterogeneous, and even carry cracks. In order to assess the stability of slope with crack under steady unsaturated flow and non-uniform conditions, this work proposes a novel discretization-based method to generate the rotational failure mechanism in the context of the kinematic limit analysis. A point-to-point strategy is used to generate the potential failure surface of the failure mechanism. The failure surface consists of a series of log-spiral segments instead of linear segments employed in previous studies. Two kinds of cracks—open cracks and formation cracks—are considered in the stability analysis. The maximum depth of the vertical crack is modified by considering the effect of the unsaturated properties of soils. According to the work–energy balance equation, the explicit expression about the slope factor safety for different crack types is obtained, which is formulated as a multivariate nonlinear optimization problem optimized by an intelligent optimization algorithm. Numerical results for different unsaturated parameters and non-uniform distribution of soil strength are calculated and presented in the form of graphs for potential use in practical engineering. Then, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to find more insights into the effect of unsaturation and heterogeneity on the crack slopes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Mechanics as Applied to Civil Engineering)
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6 pages, 345 KiB  
Case Report
Brainstem Encephalitis: An Atypical Manifestation of Zika Virus Infection in Brazil
by Mateus Santana do Rosário, Pedro Antonio Pereira de Jesus, Italo Andrade Barbosa Lima, Marcos Vinicius Oliveira Francisco, Cleiton Silva Santos, Lorena Cunha Martins, Luiza Vieira Luedy Trindade, Ricardo Khouri and Isadora Cristina de Siqueira
Viruses 2025, 17(6), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17060864 (registering DOI) - 18 Jun 2025
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), once considered a relatively benign pathogen, has emerged as a cause of severe neurological complications, including Guillain-Barrè Syndrome and encephalitis. This report presents the case of a 21-year-old Brazilian woman who initially presented with fever, rash, and arthralgia. Seven days [...] Read more.
Zika virus (ZIKV), once considered a relatively benign pathogen, has emerged as a cause of severe neurological complications, including Guillain-Barrè Syndrome and encephalitis. This report presents the case of a 21-year-old Brazilian woman who initially presented with fever, rash, and arthralgia. Seven days later, she developed confusion, speech impairment, and gait disturbance. Following a tonic–clonic seizure, neurological examination revealed dysphonia, dysarthria and facial palsy, suggestive of brainstem involvement. ZIKV infection was detected by positive IgM serology and a plaque reduction neutralization test. The patient was treated with corticosteroids and antiepileptic drugs, leading to substantial clinical improvement, and discharge after 25 days of hospitalization. This case underscores the neuroinvasive potential of ZIKV and highlights the importance of early recognition and management of atypical neurological manifestations. It also reinforces the need to consider ZIKV in the differential diagnosis of encephalitis, particularly in endemic regions, and contributes to the growing understanding of ZIKV neurotropism and possible therapeutic approaches for severe presentations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mosquito-Borne Encephalitis Viruses)
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