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14 pages, 2882 KiB  
Article
Proteomic Analysis of the Fish Pathogen Vibrio ordalii Strain Vo-LM-18 and Its Outer Membrane Vesicles
by Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño, Mauricio Hernández and Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
Animals 2024, 14(24), 3598; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14243598 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Vibrio ordalii is the causative agent of atypical vibriosis in salmonids cultured in Chile. While extensive research provides insights into V. ordalii through phenotypic, antigenic, and genetic typing, as well as various virulence mechanisms, proteomic characterization remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to [...] Read more.
Vibrio ordalii is the causative agent of atypical vibriosis in salmonids cultured in Chile. While extensive research provides insights into V. ordalii through phenotypic, antigenic, and genetic typing, as well as various virulence mechanisms, proteomic characterization remains largely unexplored. This study aimed to advance the proteomic knowledge of Chilean V. ordalii Vo-LM-18 and its OMVs, which have known virulence. Using Nano-UHPLC-LC-MS/MS, we identified 2242 proteins and 1755 proteins in its OMVs. Of these, 644 unique proteins were detected in V. ordalii Vo-LM-18, namely 156 unique proteins in its OMVs and 1596 shared proteins. The major categories for the OMVs were like those in the bacteria (i.e., cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic membrane proteins). Functional annotation identified 37 biological pathways in V. ordalii Vo-LM-18 and 28 in its OMVs. Proteins associated with transport, transcription, and virulence were predominant in both. Evident differences in protein expression were found. OMVs expressed a higher number of virulence-associated proteins, including those related to iron- and heme-uptake mechanisms. Notable pathways in the bacteria included flagellum assembly, heme group-associated proteins, and protein biosynthesis. This proteomic analysis is the first to detect the RTX toxin in a V. ordalii strain (Vo-LM-18) and its vesicles. Our results highlight the crucial role of OMVs in the pathogenesis and adaptation of V. ordalii, suggesting use as potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for bacterial infections. Full article
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17 pages, 6465 KiB  
Article
Improvement of an Edge-IoT Architecture Driven by Artificial Intelligence for Smart-Health Chronic Disease Management
by William Alberto Cruz Castañeda and Pedro Bertemes Filho
Sensors 2024, 24(24), 7965; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24247965 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
One of the health challenges in the 21st century is to rethink approaches to non-communicable disease prevention. A solution is a smart city that implements technology to make health smarter, enables healthcare access, and contributes to all residents’ overall well-being. Thus, this paper [...] Read more.
One of the health challenges in the 21st century is to rethink approaches to non-communicable disease prevention. A solution is a smart city that implements technology to make health smarter, enables healthcare access, and contributes to all residents’ overall well-being. Thus, this paper proposes an architecture to deliver smart health. The architecture is anchored in the Internet of Things and edge computing, and it is driven by artificial intelligence to establish three foundational layers in smart care. Experimental results in a case study on glucose prediction noninvasively show that the architecture senses and acquires data that capture relevant characteristics. The study also establishes a baseline of twelve regression algorithms to assess the non-invasive glucose prediction performance regarding the mean squared error, root mean squared error, and r-squared score, and the catboost regressor outperforms the other models with 218.91 and 782.30 in MSE, 14.80 and 27.97 in RMSE, and 0.81 and 0.31 in R2, respectively, on training and test sets. Future research works involve extending the performance of the algorithms with new datasets, creating and optimizing embedded AI models, deploying edge-IoT with embedded AI for wearable devices, implementing an autonomous AI cloud engine, and implementing federated learning to deliver scalable smart health in a smart city context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced IoT Systems in Smart Cities: 2nd Edition)
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25 pages, 35339 KiB  
Review
Strategies and Methods for the Fault-Tolerant Function Development of Multi-Domain Systems
by Ralf Stetter and Udo Pulm
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11646; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411646 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
The main focus of this paper is the exploration of fault accommodation possibilities in the context of the function development of multi-domain systems. Faults inevitably occur in complex technical systems and may lead, if no accommodation entities or processes are present, to catastrophic [...] Read more.
The main focus of this paper is the exploration of fault accommodation possibilities in the context of the function development of multi-domain systems. Faults inevitably occur in complex technical systems and may lead, if no accommodation entities or processes are present, to catastrophic failure. Several entities and processes exist and are applied, but mainly on the concrete levels of product representation. Faults very often concern more than one physical domain and accommodation possibilities are present in many physical or even non-physical domains. This paper explores this specific challenge, investigates causes for the emergence of faults, and proposes an initial collection of countermeasures. These countermeasures are explained on the basis of concrete product development examples. The research is based on reflective participation, observation of best practices, and triangulation. The paper is concluded with an in-depth exploration of possible application areas and directions for further research. Full article
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27 pages, 6572 KiB  
Article
Predictive Models for Correlation of Compaction Characteristics of Weakly Cohesive Soils
by Carmen Nicoleta Debeleac, Andrei Buraga and Daniel Sorin Miron
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11647; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411647 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
In this paper, an investigation was conducted to characterize the behavior of weakly cohesive soil subjected to vibratory compaction. Thus, the authors developed a model for weakly cohesive soils, defined by inter-parametric laws that consider their initial state and predict the evolution of [...] Read more.
In this paper, an investigation was conducted to characterize the behavior of weakly cohesive soil subjected to vibratory compaction. Thus, the authors developed a model for weakly cohesive soils, defined by inter-parametric laws that consider their initial state and predict the evolution of state parameters resulting from static and vibratory compaction processes, depending on the number of equipment passes. Four types of soil were proposed for testing, with different initial characteristics such as dry density, longitudinal modulus, and moisture content. Some correlations between main parameters involved in the compaction process were established, considering soil mechanical properties, compaction equipment, and in situ technology applied. The results obtained in the computational environment were implemented to predict the performance compaction process for an overall assessment. This research contributes to database development by offering valuable insights for specialists aiming to apply Industry 4.0 digitalization practices, which stipulate the use of predictability laws in pre-assessing the degree of soil compaction (or settlement) to estimate and maximize the efficiency of road construction or foundation works. These insights help optimize design processes, enhance functional performance, improve resource utilization, and ensure long-term sustainability in large infrastructure projects built on these soils. Full article
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16 pages, 14767 KiB  
Article
Molecular Design and Mechanism Study of Non-Activated Collectors for Sphalerite (ZnS) Based on Coordination Chemistry Theory and Quantum Chemical Simulation
by Xiaoqin Tang, Yilang Pan, Jianhua Chen and Ye Chen
Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5882; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245882 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Sphalerite flotation is generally achieved by copper activation followed by xanthate collection. This study aims to propose a design idea to find novel collectors from the perspective of molecular design and prove the theoretical feasibility that the collector can effectively recover sphalerite without [...] Read more.
Sphalerite flotation is generally achieved by copper activation followed by xanthate collection. This study aims to propose a design idea to find novel collectors from the perspective of molecular design and prove the theoretical feasibility that the collector can effectively recover sphalerite without copper activation. To address this, 30 compounds containing different structures of sulfur atoms and different neighboring atoms were designed based on coordination chemistry. Twelve potential collectors were screened, and their properties and interactions with a hydrated sphalerite (110) surface were evaluated. Compound 27 (C2H4S22−) showed the greatest reactivity, suggesting that the double-coordination structure of two sulfhydryl groups is an effective molecular structure for direct sphalerite flotation. The DFTB+ and MD results demonstrate that 1,2-butanedithiol (C4H10S2), having a similar coordination structure to compound 27, has the potential to replace the traditional reagent scheme of sphalerite flotation. The strong reagent–surface interaction is attributed to the overlap of Zn 3d with S 3p orbitals, the most negative electrostatic potential, the relatively high EHOMO and low average local ionization energy, and the eliminated steric hindrance effect. It is expected that this study can provide a design idea for the targeted design and development of novel reagents for complex sulfide ore flotation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Theoretical, Quantum and Computational Chemistry—2nd Edition)
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22 pages, 7903 KiB  
Article
Forecasting Forex Market Volatility Using Deep Learning Models and Complexity Measures
by Pavlos I. Zitis, Stelios M. Potirakis and Alex Alexandridis
J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(12), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17120557 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
In this article, we examine whether incorporating complexity measures as features in deep learning (DL) algorithms enhances their accuracy in predicting forex market volatility. Our approach involved the gradual integration of complexity measures alongside traditional features to determine whether their inclusion would provide [...] Read more.
In this article, we examine whether incorporating complexity measures as features in deep learning (DL) algorithms enhances their accuracy in predicting forex market volatility. Our approach involved the gradual integration of complexity measures alongside traditional features to determine whether their inclusion would provide additional information that improved the model’s predictive accuracy. For our analyses, we employed recurrent neural networks (RNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), and gated recurrent units (GRUs) as DL model architectures, while using the Hurst exponent and fuzzy entropy as complexity measures. All analyses were conducted on intraday data from four highly liquid currency pairs, with volatility estimated using the Range-Based estimator. Our findings indicated that the inclusion of complexity measures as features significantly enhanced the accuracy of DL models in predicting volatility. In achieving this, we contribute to a relatively unexplored area of research, as this is the first instance of such an approach being applied to the prediction of forex market volatility. Additionally, we conducted a comparative analysis of the three models’ performance, revealing that the LSTM and GRU models consistently demonstrated a superior accuracy. Finally, our findings also have practical implications, as they may assist risk managers and policymakers in forecasting volatility in the forex market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Applications in Finance, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 2614 KiB  
Article
Agronomic Evaluation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Under Different Degrees of Drought–Rehydration Conditions Under Drip Irrigation
by Rongrong Wang, Liting Kong, Shuting Bie, Hongming Tu, Jingyi Cai, Guiying Jiang and Jianwei Xu
Agronomy 2024, 14(12), 2968; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122968 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Establishing an optimal population structure is the fundamental approach to achieving high crop yield. By studying the changes in spring wheat yield and population structure under varying degrees of drought–rehydration conditions under drip irrigation, we can understand the balance between growth and stress [...] Read more.
Establishing an optimal population structure is the fundamental approach to achieving high crop yield. By studying the changes in spring wheat yield and population structure under varying degrees of drought–rehydration conditions under drip irrigation, we can understand the balance between growth and stress response, explore the potential of wheat for biological water saving, and provide scientific evidence for the efficient production of drip-irrigated wheat in drought-prone areas. In this study, we used “Xinchun 6” (water-insensitive variety, XC 6) and “Xinchun 22” (water-sensitive variety, XC 22) as materials. Under two-year field planting conditions, mild (T1, J1, 60~65% FC, FC represents field capacity) and moderate (T2, J2, 45~50% FC) drought stress treatments were applied during the tillering and jointing stages, followed by drip irrigation for rehydration. The conventional drip irrigation served as the control (CK, 75~80% FC). We analyzed the relationship between the population quality and yield of different genotypes of wheat under water stress during the growth period and clarified the response of dry matter translocation to grains and high-quality populations to drought–rehydration. The results showed that drought stress reduced the tiller number (NT), leaf area index (LAI), grain number–leaf ratio (GNL), grain weight–leaf ratio (GWL), and dry matter weight. After rehydration, LAI, specific leaf weight (SLW), GNL, GWL, dry matter of vegetative organ and grain weight, and grain yield all reached their maximum values under T1 treatment. Compared with CK and moderate drought treatments (T2 and J2, respectively), these indicators under T1 treatment increased by an average of 1.04~30.96%, 0.82~6.28%, 0.57~26.10%, 0.41~8.01%, 0.48~41.10%, 0.53~13.97%, and 0.17~49.75%, respectively. Additionally, T1 treatment improved the post-flowering dry matter translocation rate and contribution rate. The compensatory effects on NT, LAI, GNL, GWL, and yield under drought–rehydration treatments during the tillering stage (T1 and T2) were superior to those during the jointing stage (J1 and J2). Correlation and path analysis indicated that yield was significantly positively correlated with LAI, GNL, and GWL, and increasing LAI had the best effect on yield increase. This suggests that rehydration after mild drought stress (T1) during the tillering stage can maintain a suitable leaf area for the population, enhance the grain–leaf ratio, promote post-anthesis material production and storage material transportation, coordinate the source–sink relationship, and achieve high yields for drip-irrigated spring wheat. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Water Use and Irrigation)
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18 pages, 13047 KiB  
Article
Utilizing Headspace–Gas Chromatography–Ion Mobility Spectroscopy Technology to Establish the Volatile Chemical Component Fingerprint Profiles of Schisandra chinensis Processed by Different Preparation Methods and to Perform Differential Analysis of Their Components
by Yiping Yan, Bowei Sun, Mengqi Wang, Yanli Wang, Yiming Yang, Baoxiang Zhang, Yining Sun, Pengqiang Yuan, Jinli Wen, Yanli He, Weiyu Cao, Wenpeng Lu and Peilei Xu
Molecules 2024, 29(24), 5883; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29245883 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
In order to characterize the volatile chemical components of Schisandra chinensis processed by different Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing methods and establish fingerprint profiles, headspace–gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) technology was employed to detect, identify, and analyze Schisandra chinensis processed by five different methods. [...] Read more.
In order to characterize the volatile chemical components of Schisandra chinensis processed by different Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing methods and establish fingerprint profiles, headspace–gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) technology was employed to detect, identify, and analyze Schisandra chinensis processed by five different methods. Fingerprint profiles of volatile chemical components of Schisandra chinensis processed by different methods were established; a total of 85 different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in the experiment, including esters, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, terpenes, olefinic compounds, nitrogen compounds, lactones, pyrazines, sulfur compounds, thiophenes, acid, and thiazoles. Principal component analysis (PCA), Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA), and Pearson correlation analysis methods were used to cluster and analyze the detected chemical substances and their contents. The analysis results showed significant differences in the volatile chemical components of Schisandra chinensis processed by different methods; the Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) values of the OPLS-DA model and the P values obtained from one-way ANOVA were used to score and screen the detected volatile chemical substances, resulting in the identification of five significant chemical substances with the highest VIP values: Alpha-Farnesene, Methyl acetate,1-octene, Ethyl butanoate, and citral. These substances will serve as marker compounds for the identification of Schisandra chinensis processed by different methods in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Identification and Isolation of Chemical Compounds in Natural Matrices, 2nd Edition)
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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1731 KiB  
Article
An Analysis of Methodological Aspects in the Practice of Nautical Activities in Educational Centers
by Daniel Medina-Rebollo, Pedro Saenz-Lopez Buñuel, Pedro Jorge Paulino da Silva Bento, Jesús Fernandez-Gavira and Eduardo José Fernández-Ozcorta
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11648; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411648 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Currently, physical and sports activities in natural environments are viewed as valuable resources for combatting sedentary lifestyles, with water sports and related activities offering significant educational potential. However, these activities are not fully integrated into physical education programs, largely due to a lack [...] Read more.
Currently, physical and sports activities in natural environments are viewed as valuable resources for combatting sedentary lifestyles, with water sports and related activities offering significant educational potential. However, these activities are not fully integrated into physical education programs, largely due to a lack of training in methodological approaches. This qualitative study interviewed ten stakeholders (including instructors, managers, and teachers from three countries) to analyze key methodological aspects necessary for effective implementation. The results revealed three main findings: (1) direct instruction emerged as the primary teaching approach, incorporating demonstrations and level-appropriate activities; (2) optimal learning occurs in small groups of 8–12 students per instructor; and (3) technical skill development should focus on sailing, kayaking, and paddleboarding. This study identified weather conditions as a key challenge, necessitating flexible planning. Based on these findings, this study provides practical guidelines for implementing water sports in educational settings, emphasizing the importance of structured teaching approaches, appropriate group sizing, and environmental considerations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Performance Analysis and Technologies for Sports)
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10 pages, 1250 KiB  
Article
An Observational Study on the Prediction of Range of Motion in Soldiers Diagnosed with Patellar Tendinopathy Using Ultrasound Shear Wave Elastography
by Min-Woo Kim, Dong-Ha Lee and Young-Chae Seo
Bioengineering 2024, 11(12), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11121263 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Abstract: Introduction: This study hypothesized that changes in the elasticity of the quadriceps and patellar tendons before and after the diagnosis of patellar tendinopathy would correlate with the range of motion (ROM) following conservative treatment. We aimed to prospectively assess post-treatment ROM using [...] Read more.
Abstract: Introduction: This study hypothesized that changes in the elasticity of the quadriceps and patellar tendons before and after the diagnosis of patellar tendinopathy would correlate with the range of motion (ROM) following conservative treatment. We aimed to prospectively assess post-treatment ROM using multinomial logistic regression, incorporating elasticity measurements obtained via shear wave elastography (SWE). Materials and Methods: From March 2023 to April 2024, 95 patients (86 men; aged 20–45 years, mean 25.62 ± 5.49 years) underwent SWE preoperatively and two days post-diagnosis of patellar tendinopathy. Elasticity measurements of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, patellar tendon, and biceps tendon were obtained during full flexion and extension. Based on ROM 56 days post-treatment, patients were categorized into two groups: Group A (ROM > 120 degrees) and Group B (ROM < 120 degrees). A multinomial logistic regression algorithm was employed to classify the groups using patient information and tendon elasticity measurements both at diagnosis and 1-week post-diagnosis. Results: The predictive accuracy using only patient information was 62%, while using only elasticity measurements yielded 68% accuracy. When combining patient information with elasticity measurements taken at diagnosis and two days post-diagnosis, the algorithm achieved an accuracy of 79%, sensitivity of 92%, and specificity of 56%. Conclusions: The combination of patient information and tendon elasticity measurements obtained via SWE at pre-conservative treatment and early post-conservative treatment periods effectively predicts post-treatment ROM. This algorithm can guide rehabilitation strategies for soldiers with patellar tendinopathy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Sights of Deep Learning and Biomedical Image Processing: Updates, Applications, and Directions)
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4 pages, 211 KiB  
Editorial
Harnessing Data-Driven Technologies for Sustainable Farming Practices
by Sergio Vélez and Sara Álvarez
Agronomy 2024, 14(12), 2969; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14122969 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Remote sensing (RS) and machine learning (ML) are driving significant changes in agriculture [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data-Driven Agriculture: Remote Sensing and Machine Learning for Sustainable Farming Practices)
15 pages, 5236 KiB  
Article
Kinetic Study of Infrared Heat Curing of Thermosetting Polymers
by Tongzhao Wang, Isaac Yu Fat Lun, Liang Xia, Yongji Wang and Song Pan
Coatings 2024, 14(12), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121560 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Infrared (IR) radiation curing technology has a high potential to improve the curing process of thermosetting polymers. To investigate the IR curing reaction mechanism, the present study explores the curing kinetics of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)/dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) powder coatings subjected to IR radiation. [...] Read more.
Infrared (IR) radiation curing technology has a high potential to improve the curing process of thermosetting polymers. To investigate the IR curing reaction mechanism, the present study explores the curing kinetics of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)/dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) powder coatings subjected to IR radiation. Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy is employed to record the concentration of epoxide groups with respect to time under different temperature conditions, with the reaction conducted under IR radiation. The resulting data are then fitted by the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm using MATLAB software to obtain the kinetic parameters, namely the rate constant (k), catalytic constants (n, m), manifestation activation energy (E), and the pre-exponential factor (A) of the curing reaction. Additionally, this study proposes a new concept: the ‘photo-thermal synergistic effect’ of infrared curing and its evaluation criteria using a dimensionless quantity. Incredibly, this index integrates the impact of IR curing technology on two aspects: the curing process and the properties of the cured product. Overall, this study deepens our understanding of the IR curing reaction mechanism and provides a reference for the application of this technology in practical engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Storage and Conversion: From Materials, Devices to Applications)
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12 pages, 20525 KiB  
Communication
Performance Analysis of Chirped Graded Photonic Crystal Resonator for Biosensing Applications
by Jasmine Saini, Ajay Kumar and Amit Kumar Goyal
Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121173 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
In this manuscript, a chirped graded photonic crystal (PhC) resonator structure is optimized for biosensing applications. The proposed structure comprises a bilayer PhC with an aqueous defect layer, where the thickness grading within the material is introduced, considering alpha (α) as [...] Read more.
In this manuscript, a chirped graded photonic crystal (PhC) resonator structure is optimized for biosensing applications. The proposed structure comprises a bilayer PhC with an aqueous defect layer, where the thickness grading within the material is introduced, considering alpha (α) as a grading parameter. The device performance is analytically evaluated using the finite element method (FEM). The impact of α, the resonator thickness, and the incidence angle on the device performance is analyzed. Further, the device’s ability to be used as a biosensor is evaluated, considering cholesterol as an analyte. The analytical results demonstrate an average sensitivity of 410 nm/RIU, a quality factor of 0.91 × 103, and a figure of merit (FOM) of 2.47 × 102RIU−1, showing 88.5% and 43% improvements in sensitivity and FOM compared to recently reported devices. The device’s superior sensing performance makes it suitable for medical and commercial applications, while the use of thickness grading addresses fabrication limitations, offering a robust framework for advanced photonic device design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Interaction Science)
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17 pages, 1629 KiB  
Communication
Selective Detection of Formaldehyde and Nitrogen Dioxide Using Innovative Modeling of SnO2 Surface Response to Pulsed Temperature Profile
by Emilie Bialic, Jimmy Leblet, Aymen Sendi, Paul Gersberg, Axel Maupoux, Nicolas Lassabe and Philippe Menini
Sensors 2024, 24(24), 7964; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24247964 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
The need for odor measurement and pollution source identification in various sectors (aeronautic, automobile, healthcare…) has increased in the last decade. Multisensor modules, such as electronic noses, seem to be a promising and inexpensive alternative to traditional sensors that were only sensitive to [...] Read more.
The need for odor measurement and pollution source identification in various sectors (aeronautic, automobile, healthcare…) has increased in the last decade. Multisensor modules, such as electronic noses, seem to be a promising and inexpensive alternative to traditional sensors that were only sensitive to one gas at a time. However, the selectivity, the non-repetitiveness of their manufacture, and their drift remain major obstacles to the use of electronic noses. In this first work, we show how the mathematical modeling of the sensor response can be used to find new selectivity characteristics, different from those classically used in the literature. We identified new specific characteristics that have no physical meaning that can be used to find criteria for the presence of formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxyde alone or in a mixture. We discuss the limitations of the methodology presented and suggest avenues for improvement, with more precise modeling techniques involving symbolic regression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Thin Film Gas Sensors)
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8 pages, 723 KiB  
Article
Management of Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis (ATTRv) Patients and Asymptomatic Carriers in Spain: The EMPATIa Study
by Inés Losada López, Juan Gonzalez-Moreno, Juan Buades Reinés, Teresa Sevilla, Fernando Martinez Valle, Lucía Galán Dávila, Francisco Muñoz Beamud, José Eulalio Bárcena Llona, Manuel Romero Acebal, Patricia Tarilonte and Francesca Setaro
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7587; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247587 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background: Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) is an autosomal-dominant systemic disease, where amyloid fibrils accumulate especially in the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems and in the heart. The aim of the present work was to outline the follow-up and type of management received by [...] Read more.
Background: Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) is an autosomal-dominant systemic disease, where amyloid fibrils accumulate especially in the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems and in the heart. The aim of the present work was to outline the follow-up and type of management received by asymptomatic carriers (ACs) and Coutinho stage 1 ATTRv patients in Spain. Methods: A cross-sectional, non-interventional study was conducted throughout seven experienced hospitals in Spain. A total of 86 ACs without neurological symptoms and 19 Coutinho stage 1 ATTRv patients diagnosed 12 months before their enrollment were included. Clinical and demographic data, red flags, and neurological and cardiological evaluations were gathered. In addition, site variables were collected from four centers to describe the clinical management of ATTRv. Results: ATTRv clinical management varied depending on the center setting but was primarily overseen by neurology and internal medicine, which were responsible for the holistic follow-up of ACs and patients. Routinely, neurologists, neurophysiologists, cardiologists, and internal medicine conducted the follow-up. Specialties involved in initial AC assessment were neurophysiologists and cardiologists in 100% of cases, neurologists (75%), internists and geneticists (50%), and ophthalmologists (25%). A review of the medical tests performed proved an exhaustive management of the study population. Stable patients were followed up every 6 months, while those under evolution were monitored every 3–6 months. The frequency of monitoring of ACs was annual, and carriers classified with doubtful disease onset were visited every 3–6 months. Conclusions: The EMPATIa study provides valuable insights into the management of ATTRv in a real-world clinical setting in highly experienced hospitals in Spain. It demonstrates that multidisciplinary practice and enhanced disease awareness may lead to a reduction in diagnostic delay. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)
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12 pages, 5986 KiB  
Article
Finite Element Analysis of Cutting Temperature in Precision Cutting of Composite Energetic Material
by Caiwei Xiao, Shijin Lu, Wenxin Zhang, Junjie Zhang and Junwei Liu
J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(12), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8120525 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
While ensuring thermal safety is critically required in the operation of the composite energetic material, the cutting temperature is a crucial parameter that must be investigated and controlled in its cutting process to avoid thermal explosion. In this paper, we elucidate the mechanisms [...] Read more.
While ensuring thermal safety is critically required in the operation of the composite energetic material, the cutting temperature is a crucial parameter that must be investigated and controlled in its cutting process to avoid thermal explosion. In this paper, we elucidate the mechanisms of heat generation and conduction during the cutting process of a composite energetic material by establishing a microstructure-based finite element (FE) simulation model considering thermal effects. Specifically, we simulated the cutting process of the composite energetic material by FE simulations, with a focus on the variations in the cutting force, the initiation and conduction of the cutting temperature, and the correlation of the damage behavior of the composite energetic material. Subsequently, we conducted a parametric investigation of the effect of cutting speed on the damage behavior and cutting response of the composite energetic material. This paper provides valuable insights for the exploration of the cutting processes of composite energetic materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
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8 pages, 2073 KiB  
Review
Exploring Reverse Sural Flap Necrosis in Lupus-like Syndrome: Challenges and Strategies in Lower Limb Reconstruction—A Case Presentation
by Alessandra Ceccaroni, Roberto Cuomo, Paola Pentangelo, Antonioenrico Gentile, Caterina Marra, Warren Matthew Rozen, Ishith Seth, Bryan Lim and Carmine Alfano
Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122053 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Soft tissue reconstruction in the lower limbs presents a significant challenge, particularly when addressing defects in the distal third of the leg, ankle, and foot. The reverse sural flap reliant on the perforating branches of the peroneal artery has emerged as a versatile [...] Read more.
Soft tissue reconstruction in the lower limbs presents a significant challenge, particularly when addressing defects in the distal third of the leg, ankle, and foot. The reverse sural flap reliant on the perforating branches of the peroneal artery has emerged as a versatile option, offering a solution for patients for whom microsurgical techniques are not feasible. Despite its advantages, the procedure carries inherent risks, especially in populations with underlying conditions, such as venous insufficiency, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, as well as in elderly patients, where the likelihood of flap necrosis is elevated. This report details a case of reverse sural flap necrosis in a patient with lupus-like syndrome, a complex scenario that underscores the need for meticulous preoperative assessment and planning. The case illustrates not only the technical considerations and challenges associated with the reverse sural flap but also the broader implications of systemic autoimmune disorders on postoperative outcomes. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, we explore the relationship between vascularization, autoimmune profiles, and the success of reverse sural flap procedures. We highlight the critical need for surgeons to adopt a holistic approach to patient evaluation, considering both local and systemic factors that may influence the viability of the flap and the overall reconstructive success. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Developments in Plastic Surgery)
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7 pages, 1489 KiB  
Case Report
Two-Step Surgical Strategy for Parathyroid Carcinoma: A Single-Center Experience
by Filippo Longo, Antonio Sarubbi, Claudia Palladino, Andrea Palermo, Anda Mihaela Naciu, Anna Crescenzi, Chiara Taffon, Gaia Tabacco, Luca Frasca and Pierfilippo Crucitti
Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2054; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122054 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare endocrine malignancy that poses significant diagnostic challenges due to its resemblance to benign conditions. This case series describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and short-term outcomes of four male patients (aged 54, 65, 73, and 74 years) [...] Read more.
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare endocrine malignancy that poses significant diagnostic challenges due to its resemblance to benign conditions. This case series describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and short-term outcomes of four male patients (aged 54, 65, 73, and 74 years) with primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalcemia. The preoperative diagnosis of PC remains challenging; suspicion should arise in cases of severe hypercalcemia, elevated parathyroid hormone levels, and the presence of a mass on imaging or during surgery. All patients underwent an initial localized parathyroidectomy, with PC confirmed postoperatively. Subsequently, they received ipsilateral hemithyroidectomy and prophylactic central lymph node dissection. Over a two-year follow-up period, all patients maintained normocalcemia without evidence of disease recurrence or metastasis. In conclusion, whether to perform a complete en bloc resection or a two-step surgical strategy remains a difficult decision in PC patients with intricate preoperative evaluations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Surgery)
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19 pages, 46312 KiB  
Article
Persistent Homology Analysis of AI-Generated Fractal Patterns: A Mathematical Framework for Evaluating Geometric Authenticity
by Minhyeok Lee and Soyeon Lee
Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(12), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8120731 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
We present a mathematical framework for analyzing fractal patterns in AI-generated images using persistent homology. Given a text-to-image mapping M:T→I, we demonstrate that the persistent homology groups Hk(t) of sublevel set filtrations [...] Read more.
We present a mathematical framework for analyzing fractal patterns in AI-generated images using persistent homology. Given a text-to-image mapping M:T→I, we demonstrate that the persistent homology groups Hk(t) of sublevel set filtrations {f−1((−∞,t])}t∈R characterize multi-scale geometric structures, where f:M(p)→R is the grayscale intensity function of a generated image. The primary challenge lies in quantifying self-similarity in scales, which we address by analyzing birth–death pairs (bi,di) in the persistence diagram PD(M(p)). Our contribution extends beyond applying the stability theorem to AI-generated fractals; we establish how the self-similarity inherent in fractal patterns manifests in the persistence diagrams of generated images. We validate our approach using the Stable Diffusion 3.5 model for four fractal categories: ferns, trees, spirals, and crystals. An analysis of guidance scale effects γ∈[4.0,8.0] reveals monotonic relationships between model parameters and topological features. Stability testing confirms robustness under noise perturbations η≤0.2, with feature count variations Δμf<0.5. Our framework provides a foundation for enhancing generative models and evaluating their geometric fidelity in fractal pattern synthesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pattern Recognition—Image and Time Series Analyses—through Fractal Geometry and Complexity Theory)
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18 pages, 774 KiB  
Article
When It Rains, It Pours: Compounding Housing Issues and Precarity Among Disabled Adults in the United States, 2019–2022
by Chloe M. Sellers, Daniel S. Pasciuti, Madelief L. Tilder, Lauren B. Leeder and Raeda K. Anderson
Urban Sci. 2024, 8(4), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci8040251 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
The multi-decade housing crisis has emerged as a critical aspect of both the ability of individuals to remain housed within the community as well as a critical health concern that impacts the long-term well-being through the presence or absence of both physical space [...] Read more.
The multi-decade housing crisis has emerged as a critical aspect of both the ability of individuals to remain housed within the community as well as a critical health concern that impacts the long-term well-being through the presence or absence of both physical space and facilities in the home. We employ national state-level data from the American Community Survey (ACS) and aggregated measures from the Annual Disability Statistics Compendium to analyze six housing metrics—complete kitchen and plumbing access, overcrowding, housing cost burden, old housing, and poor housing. Using a lagged time-series regression analysis, we found the prevalence of cost burdened households in 2022 when accounting for individual and compounding housing metrics, and housing types, from 2019 to 2022, across community-living adults by disability status. Ultimately, we demonstrate that the carryover effects of housing issues is a greater contributor to housing cost burden than concurrent housing issues. This compounding and multi-faceted crisis further demonstrates that housing conditions and affordability need to be considered primary factors in the study and support of people with disabilities. Additionally, there is an urgent need for inclusive housing policies that address the challenges faced by disabled individuals to promote equitable access to sustainable, quality housing as a fundamental component of public health. Full article
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20 pages, 22977 KiB  
Article
Introducing an Enhanced Cumulative Size Distribution Model to Unearth the Origins of Macropore Heterogeneity of the Chang-7 Shale Oil Reservoirs in the Ordos Basin
by Ziyi Wang, Lin Dong, Zhijun Jin, Xubin Wang, Jinhua Fu, Xianyang Liu and Rukai Zhu
Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(12), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8120732 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Characterizing the fractal nature of shale pores is critical for understanding their heterogeneity, which significantly impacts hydrocarbon mobility. A critical technique in this analysis involves the digital evaluation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. While the cumulative size distribution model is a viable [...] Read more.
Characterizing the fractal nature of shale pores is critical for understanding their heterogeneity, which significantly impacts hydrocarbon mobility. A critical technique in this analysis involves the digital evaluation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. While the cumulative size distribution model is a viable method in SEM fractal analysis, its accurate application necessitates exhaustive microimaging of entire sample cross-sections, rendering it impractical. To address this challenge, we propose an innovative approach that develops a universal equation for this model, along with numerical solving methods. This approach expands the model’s applicability, enabling accurate fractal analysis of entire samples using only randomly selected microscopic fields. It enhances the existing framework for fractal modeling and potentially serves as a valuable tool for studying fractal structures. Using this method, we investigated the fractal characteristics of various macropore types across different lithological units in the Chang-7 shale of the Ordos Basin. Our findings indicate that macropore heterogeneity is influenced by variations in pore type composition, their response under compaction, and organic acid dissolution, all of which are driven by differences in lithology. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms driving macropore heterogeneity from the perspective of lithological and pore-type variations, potentially yielding valuable implications for the exploration and development of Chang-7 shale oil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics in Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
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10 pages, 1579 KiB  
Article
Real-World Clinical Utility of a Methylated DNA Biomarker Assay on Samples Collected with a Swallowable Capsule-Balloon for Detection of Barrett’s Esophagus (BE)
by Dan Lister, Andy Fine, Shail Maheshwari, Paul S. Bradley, Kimberly Lister, Victoria T. Lee, Brian J. deGuzman, Suman Verma and Lishan Aklog
Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2052; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122052 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background: Barrett’s Esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Patients with multiple risk factors for BE/EAC are recommended for screening; however, few eligible patients undergo evaluation by endoscopy. EsoGuard® (EG) is a commercially available biomarker assay used to [...] Read more.
Background: Barrett’s Esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Patients with multiple risk factors for BE/EAC are recommended for screening; however, few eligible patients undergo evaluation by endoscopy. EsoGuard® (EG) is a commercially available biomarker assay used to analyze esophageal cells collected non-endoscopically with EsoCheck® (EC) for the qualitative detection of BE/EAC. This study evaluates the real-world clinical utility of EG on cells collected with EC in patients defined by U.S. gastroenterology societies to be at-risk for BE and EAC. Methods: This multi-center, observational CLinical Utility of EsoGuard (CLUE) study enrolled screening-eligible patients as defined by the American College of Gastroenterology (ACG) and the American Gastroenterological Association (AGA). Clinical utility was evaluated by the provider decision impact of EG and additionally by assessing patient compliance outcomes with recommended follow-up testing. Results: There were 551 patients enrolled, with a mean age of 62.0 ± 12.4 years and 56.1% (309/551) meeting ACG guideline criteria for BE screening. EC cell collection was successful in 97.1% (535/551), among which the EG positivity rate was 27.3% (n = 146). The provider decision impact was high, with 100% of EG-positive patients being referred for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), while 98% of EG negative patients were not referred. Among the EG-positive patients, the overall compliance with follow-up EGD was 85.4%. Conclusions: Combining EC non-endoscopic esophageal cell collection with the EG biomarker assay is effective in guiding provider decision-making for the detection of BE and EAC. Patients with positive EG results demonstrate high compliance with recommended follow-up EGD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Esophageal Motility Disorders)
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28 pages, 5843 KiB  
Article
An Analysis of Vaccine-Related Sentiments on Twitter (X) from Development to Deployment of COVID-19 Vaccines
by Rohitash Chandra, Jayesh Sonawane and Jahnavi Lande
Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2024, 8(12), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc8120186 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
Anti-vaccine sentiments have been well-known and reported throughout the history of viral outbreaks and vaccination programmes. The COVID-19 pandemic caused fear and uncertainty about vaccines, which has been well expressed on social media platforms such as Twitter (X). We analyse sentiments from the [...] Read more.
Anti-vaccine sentiments have been well-known and reported throughout the history of viral outbreaks and vaccination programmes. The COVID-19 pandemic caused fear and uncertainty about vaccines, which has been well expressed on social media platforms such as Twitter (X). We analyse sentiments from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic and study the public behaviour on X during the planning, development, and deployment of vaccines expressed in tweets worldwide using a sentiment analysis framework via deep learning models. We provide visualisation and analysis of anti-vaccine sentiments throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. We review the nature of the sentiments expressed with the number of tweets and monthly COVID-19 infections. Our results show a link between the number of tweets, the number of cases, and the change in sentiment polarity scores during major waves of COVID-19. We also find that the first half of the pandemic had drastic changes in the sentiment polarity scores that later stabilised, implying that the vaccine rollout impacted the nature of discussions on social media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Semantic Technologies in Intelligent Environment)
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21 pages, 4262 KiB  
Article
Application of Time-Weighted PageRank Method with Citation Intensity for Assessing the Recent Publication Productivity and Partners Selection in R&D Collaboration
by Andrii Biloshchytskyi, Oleksandr Kuchanskyi, Aidos Mukhatayev, Yurii Andrashko, Sapar Toxanov, Adil Faizullin and Khanat Kassenov
Publications 2024, 12(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/publications12040048 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
This article considers the problem of assessing the recent publication productivity of scientists based on PageRank class methods and proposes to use these assessments to solve the problem of selecting scientific partners for R&D projects. The methods of PageRank, Time-Weighted PageRank, and the [...] Read more.
This article considers the problem of assessing the recent publication productivity of scientists based on PageRank class methods and proposes to use these assessments to solve the problem of selecting scientific partners for R&D projects. The methods of PageRank, Time-Weighted PageRank, and the Time-Weighted PageRank method with Citation Intensity (TWPR-CI) were used as a basis for calculating the publication productivity of individual subjects or scientists. For verification, we used the Citation Network Dataset (Ver. 14) of more than 5 million STEM publications with 36 million citations. The dataset is based on data from ACM, DBLP, and Microsoft Academic Graph databases. Only those individual subjects who published at least two articles after 2000, with at least one of these articles cited at least once before 2023 year, were analyzed. Thus, the number of individual subjects was reduced to 1,042,122, and the number of scientific publications was reduced to 2,422,326. For each of the methods, a range of estimates of productivity is indicated, which are obtained as a result and possible options for making decisions on the selection of potential individual subjects as performers of R&D projects. One of the key advantages of the TWPR-CI method is that it gives priority to those researchers who have recently published and been cited frequently in their respective research areas. This ensures that the best potential R&D project executors are selected, which should minimize the impact of subjective factors on this choice. We believe that the proposed concept for selecting potential R&D project partners could help to reduce the risks associated with these projects and facilitate the involvement of the most suitable specialists in the relevant area of knowledge. Full article
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10 pages, 205 KiB  
Article
Communicology, Decoloniality, Chicana and Latina Phenomenology: Building Community Through Struggle
by Jacqueline M. Martinez
Philosophies 2024, 9(6), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9060188 (registering DOI) - 13 Dec 2024
Abstract
The present work considers the communicative dimensions of intellectual practices in an effort to discern how these practices can take full account of their own placement within and accountability to the human communities and cultures they cultivate. The discussion is framed with a [...] Read more.
The present work considers the communicative dimensions of intellectual practices in an effort to discern how these practices can take full account of their own placement within and accountability to the human communities and cultures they cultivate. The discussion is framed with a focus on intellectual communities who have struggled against the dominance of Euromodern epistemological orientations that have constructed their own cultures and intellectual practices as irrelevant or, at best inferior. This struggle is a decolonial praxis. The development of communicology during the post-World War II period in the United States is taken up as an approach to theory construction that allows for the fullest possible examination of the very human condition in which thought and action emerge. Chicana and Latina phenomenology constitute a further development of this decolonial praxis consonant with the sensibilities of communicology. Chicana and Latina phenomenology is shown to advance our understanding of philosophy as an intellectual (i.e., communicative) practice that takes place in a world of other human beings to whom we are accountable. Theory construction as it relates to boundary conditions is taken as an important point that spans the all too common gap between the existential and the cultural and aids in constituting a theory construction project that is also a decolonial praxis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Communicative Philosophy)
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