MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

44 pages, 35307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Increased Preparedness During the 2025 Santorini–Amorgos (Greece) Earthquake Swarm and Comparative Insights from Recent Cases for Civil Protection and Disaster Risk Reduction

by Spyridon Mavroulis, Maria Mavrouli, Andromachi Sarantopoulou, Assimina Antonarakou and Efthymios Lekkas

GeoHazards 2025, 6(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/geohazards6020032 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

In early 2025, the Santorini–Amorgos area (Aegean Volcanic Arc, Greece) experienced a seismic swarm, with dozens of M ≥ 4.0 earthquakes and a maximum magnitude of M = 5.2. Beyond its seismological interest, the sequence was notable for triggering rare increased preparedness actions [...] Read more.

In early 2025, the Santorini–Amorgos area (Aegean Volcanic Arc, Greece) experienced a seismic swarm, with dozens of M ≥ 4.0 earthquakes and a maximum magnitude of M = 5.2. Beyond its seismological interest, the sequence was notable for triggering rare increased preparedness actions by Greek Civil Protection operational structures in anticipation of an imminent destructive earthquake. These actions included (i) risk communication, (ii) the reinforcement of operational structures with additional personnel and equipment on the affected islands, (iii) updates to local emergency plans, (iv) the dissemination of self-protection guidance, (v) the activation of emergency alert systems, and (vi) volunteer mobilization, including first aid and mental health first aid courses. Although it was in line with contingency plans, public participation was limited. Volunteers helped bridge this gap, focusing on vulnerable groups. The implemented actions in Greece are also compared with increased preparedness during the 2024–2025 seismic swarms in Ethiopia, as well as preparedness before the highly anticipated major earthquake in Istanbul (Turkey). In Greece and Turkey, legal and technical frameworks enabled swift institutional responses. In contrast, Ethiopia highlighted the risks of limited preparedness and the need to embed disaster risk reduction in national development strategies. All cases affirm that preparedness, through infrastructure, planning, communication, and community engagement, is vital to reducing earthquake impacts. Full article

24 pages, 2742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Optimization of Multimodal Transportation Route Selection Based on Multiple Uncertainties from the Perspective of Sustainable Transportation

by Xiaoxue Ren, Shuangli Pan and Guijun Zheng

Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5508; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125508 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Multimodal transportation is of strategic significance in improving transportation efficiency, reducing costs and achieving low-carbon development, all of which contribute to sustainable transportation. However, in actual operation, it often encounters multiple uncertain challenges such as demand, transportation time and carbon trading price, making [...] Read more.

Multimodal transportation is of strategic significance in improving transportation efficiency, reducing costs and achieving low-carbon development, all of which contribute to sustainable transportation. However, in actual operation, it often encounters multiple uncertain challenges such as demand, transportation time and carbon trading price, making it difficult for traditional fixed-parameter route optimization to meet the requirements of complex situations. Based on robust optimization and Box uncertainty set, this paper constructs a hybrid robust stochastic optimization model of multimodal transportation routes with uncertain demand, transportation time and carbon trading price, designs a hybrid algorithm, and verifies the effectiveness and rationality of the model through a numerical example. The results indicate that different types of uncertainty influence the routing decisions through distinct mechanisms. That is, demand uncertainty mainly affects capacity allocation and cost structure, transportation time uncertainty increases time penalties, and carbon trading price uncertainty drives preference for low-emission modes. Compared with the single genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing algorithm, the hybrid algorithm has better performance in terms of cost and stability. The hybrid robust stochastic optimization model can handle the multimodal transportation route selection problems where the probability distribution of parameters is unknown well. It is beneficial for decision-makers to adjust the uncertain budget level according to their preferences to formulate scientific transportation plans, so as to achieve sustainable transportation development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

22 pages, 5204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Osteogenesis and Antibacterial Properties of Ketoprofen-Loaded MgCu-MOF74-Coated Titanium Alloy for Bone Implant

by Ziqing Duan, Yifeng Yao, Jiamin Liu, Yanni Tan, Qingge Wang, Man Fang, Aqsa Kanwal, Shuqiao Cheng, Juan Huang and Hong Wu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(6), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16060222 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

To address the dual clinical challenges of poor osseointegration and inadequate analgesia caused by postoperative infections in traditional titanium implants, this study proposes a multifunctional synergistic strategy based on metal—organic frameworks (MOFs). By integrating drug-controlled release and ionic microenvironment regulation, it constructs a [...] Read more.

To address the dual clinical challenges of poor osseointegration and inadequate analgesia caused by postoperative infections in traditional titanium implants, this study proposes a multifunctional synergistic strategy based on metal—organic frameworks (MOFs). By integrating drug-controlled release and ionic microenvironment regulation, it constructs a titanium-based implant coating system with antibacterial and bone-regenerative properties. Ketoprofen, a drug with excellent analgesic properties, was loaded into MgCu-MOF74 powder, and the Ket@MgCu-MOF74 powder was successfully anchored onto the surface of the titanium alloy through dopamine-mediated adhesion. The maximum load of ketoprofen to MgCu-MOF74 is 18.55%, and it has a good controllable release effect. The results showed that MgCu-MOF74/Ti and Ket@MgCu-MOF74/Ti coatings enhanced osteogenic performance by promoting alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen secretion, and extracellular matrix mineralization. Additionally, the release of Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ created an alkaline environment, providing antibacterial properties. In summary, the MOF enabled the controlled release of ketoprofen, and the composite coating can improve osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and enhance the antibacterial properties of titanium alloy implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 4385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trimethylamine Gas Sensor Based on Electrospun In₂O₃ Nanowires with Different Grain Sizes for Fish Freshness Monitoring

by Xiangrui Dong, Bo Zhang, Mengyao Shen, Qi Lu, Hao Shen, Yi Ni, Yuechen Liu and Haitao Song

Chemosensors 2025, 13(6), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13060218 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Seafood, especially marine fish, is highly prone to spoilage during processing, transportation, and storage. It releases pungent trimethylamine (TMA) gas, which severely affects food quality and safety. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors for TMA detection offer a rapid, convenient, and accurate method for assessing [...] Read more.

Seafood, especially marine fish, is highly prone to spoilage during processing, transportation, and storage. It releases pungent trimethylamine (TMA) gas, which severely affects food quality and safety. Metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors for TMA detection offer a rapid, convenient, and accurate method for assessing fish freshness. Indium oxide (In₂O₃) has shown potential as an effective sensing material for the detection of TMA. In this work, one-dimensional In₂O₃ nanowires with different grain sizes and levels of crystallinity were synthetized using the electrospinning technique and underwent different thermal calcination processes. Gas-sensing tests showed that the In₂O₃−3 °C/min−500 °C gas sensor exhibited an outstanding performance, including a high response (R_a/R_g = 47.0) to 100 ppm TMA, a short response time (6 s), a low limit of detection (LOD, 0.0392 ppm), and an excellent long-term stability. Furthermore, the sensor showed promising experimental results in monitoring the freshness of Larimichthys crocea (L. crocea). By analyzing the relationship between the grain size and crystallinity of the In₂O₃ samples, a mechanism for the enhanced gas-sensing performance was proposed. This work provides a novel strategy for designing and fabricating gas sensors for TMA detection and highlights their potential for broad applications in real-time fish freshness monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Electronic Nose (E-Nose) and Electronic Tongue (E-Tongue) in Food Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 23863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urban Greening Analysis: A Multimodal Large Language Model for Pinpointing Vegetation Areas in Adverse Weather Conditions

by Hanzhang Liu, Shijie Yang, Chengwu Long, Jiateng Yuan, Qirui Yang, Jiahua Fan, Bingnan Meng, Zhibo Chen, Fu Xu and Chao Mou

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(12), 2058; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17122058 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Urban green spaces are an important part of the urban ecosystem and hold significant ecological value. To effectively protect these green spaces, urban managers urgently need to identify them and monitor their changes. Common urban vegetation positioning methods use deep learning segmentation models [...] Read more.

Urban green spaces are an important part of the urban ecosystem and hold significant ecological value. To effectively protect these green spaces, urban managers urgently need to identify them and monitor their changes. Common urban vegetation positioning methods use deep learning segmentation models to process street view data in urban areas, but this is usually inefficient and inaccurate. The main reason is that they are not applicable to the variable climate of urban scenarios, especially performing poorly in adverse weather conditions such as heavy fog that are common in cities. Additionally, these algorithms also have performance limitations such as inaccurate boundary area positioning. To address these challenges, we propose the UGSAM method that utilizes the high-performance multimodal large language model, the Segment Anything Model (i.e., SAM). In the UGSAM, a dual-branch defogging network WRPM is incorporated, which consists of the dense fog network FFA-Net, the light fog network LS-UNet, and the feature fusion network FIM, achieving precise identification of vegetation areas in adverse urban weather conditions. Moreover, we have designed a micro-correction network SCP-Net suitable for specific urban scenarios to further improve the accuracy of urban vegetation positioning. The UGSAM was compared with three classic deep learning algorithms and the SAM. Experimental results show that under adverse weather conditions, the UGSAM performs best in OA (0.8615), mIoU (0.8490), recall (0.9345), and precision (0.9027), surpassing the baseline model FCN (OA improvement 28.19%) and PointNet++ (OA improvement 30.02%). Compared with the SAM, the UGSAM improves the segmentation accuracy by 16.29% under adverse weather conditions and by 1.03% under good weather conditions. This method is expected to play a key role in the analysis of urban green spaces under adverse weather conditions and provide innovative insights for urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Sensing Methods and Technologies II)

30 pages, 630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Persistent Innovation Effect of Platform Ecosystem Embeddedness

by Qianying Wang, Tingli Liu, Haoyu Wang and Tingyang Huang

Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5507; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125507 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

In the context of the digital economy, corporate innovation is shifting from an internally driven, linear model to a multilateral, collaborative mechanism enabled by platform ecosystems. This study integrates persistent innovation into the analytical framework of platform ecosystem embeddedness and evaluates its impact [...] Read more.

In the context of the digital economy, corporate innovation is shifting from an internally driven, linear model to a multilateral, collaborative mechanism enabled by platform ecosystems. This study integrates persistent innovation into the analytical framework of platform ecosystem embeddedness and evaluates its impact from two dimensions: innovation input and innovation output. Using panel data from Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies between 2012 and 2023, we apply fixed effects models and mediation analysis to empirically examine the mechanisms through which platform ecosystem embeddedness affects innovation. The results show that platform ecosystem embeddedness significantly enhances companies’ persistent innovation. Specifically, it promotes innovation input by reducing supply–demand coordination costs and improving the operational efficiency of the company, and it boosts innovation output by facilitating knowledge flow and knowledge creation. Furthermore, the effects are more pronounced in industries characterized by high competition, rich regional resources, high-tech orientation, and low environmental pollution, where both input and output are strengthened. In contrast, in less competitive, resource-constrained, non-high-tech, and heavily polluting industries, the impact is mainly reflected in innovation output, with limited influence on input. Full article

31 pages, 26167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Systems to Capture Vehicle-Induced Highway Winds

by Aydin Ulus and Stefan Ilie Moldovan

Energies 2025, 18(12), 3139; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123139 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study introduces an innovative set of guide vanes that increase the efficiency of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) using winds generated by vehicles traveling on highways. The increase in efficiency is based on enhancing the airflow interaction as the vehicle moves past [...] Read more.

This study introduces an innovative set of guide vanes that increase the efficiency of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT) using winds generated by vehicles traveling on highways. The increase in efficiency is based on enhancing the airflow interaction as the vehicle moves past the turbine. Initial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations with two guide vanes setups demonstrated a 56.81% increase in power output under wind generated by passenger vehicles. Further design enhancements, incorporating three guide vanes with optimized geometries, led to a 242% improvement in power generation. Additional simulations evaluated the performance under wind conditions generated by larger vehicles, such as buses. The three guide vanes configuration yielded a 102% increase in energy capture efficiency in these scenarios. The findings suggest that vehicle-induced winds—typically an untapped energy source—can be effectively harvested using tailored turbine system designs. By integrating passive flow control strategies such as guide vanes, VAWTs can operate more efficiently in highway environments. This research highlights a novel pathway for enhancing renewable energy systems and supports broader efforts toward sustainable energy development through the utilization of unconventional wind sources. This performance enhancement is primarily due to the aerodynamic redirection of airflow toward the advancing blade and away from the returning blade, reducing drag and improving torque generation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vertical Axis Wind Turbines: Current Technologies and Future Trends)

18 pages, 1759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Viability of Hydrogen Production via Plasma Thermal Degradation of Natural Gas

by Dejan Cvetinović, Aleksandar Erić, Jovana Anđelković, Nikola Ćetenović, Marina Jovanović and Vukman Bakić

Processes 2025, 13(6), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061888 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the economic feasibility of producing hydrogen from natural gas via thermal degradation in a plasma reactor. Plasma pyrolysis, where natural gas passes through the space between electrodes and serves as the working medium, enables high hydrogen yields without emitting carbon [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the economic feasibility of producing hydrogen from natural gas via thermal degradation in a plasma reactor. Plasma pyrolysis, where natural gas passes through the space between electrodes and serves as the working medium, enables high hydrogen yields without emitting carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Instead, the primary products are hydrogen and solid carbon. Unlike conventional methods, this approach requires no catalysts, addressing a major technological limitation. A thermodynamic equilibrium model based on Gibbs free energy minimization was used to analyze the process over a temperature range of 500–2500 K. The results indicate an optimal temperature of approximately 1500 K, which achieved a 99.5% methane conversion by mass. Considering the capital and operating costs and profit margins, the hydrogen production cost was estimated at 3.49 EUR/kg. The sensitivity analysis revealed that the price of solid carbon had the most significant impact, which potentially raised the hydrogen cost to 4.53 EUR/kg or reduced it to 1.70 EUR/kg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simplified Reliability Analysis Method of Pile-Wall Combined Supporting Embankment Considering Spatial Variability of Filling Parameters

by Hui Liu, Jianing Wen, Xinhong Shang, Xiaoya Bian and Jiawei Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(12), 2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122053 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

: To address the stability of high embankment slopes and investigate the influence of spatial variability of gravel soil on slope stability, this study proposes a simplified reliability analysis method of slope stability. Based on FLAC^3D, a numerical model was developed [...] Read more.

: To address the stability of high embankment slopes and investigate the influence of spatial variability of gravel soil on slope stability, this study proposes a simplified reliability analysis method of slope stability. Based on FLAC^3D, a numerical model was developed to simulate slope behavior, and a linear regression-based empirical model was formulated to quantify the relationship between soil pressure and spatial variability indicators (e.g., coefficient of variation and correlation length). By mapping the spatial variability of soil parameters to soil pressure fluctuations, the slope reliability was evaluated through the first-order second-moment method (FOSM). The results demonstrate that the mean value of internal friction angle has a significant effect on the stability of gravel soil embankment slope, whereas the coefficient of variation in this parameter is limited. Furthermore, the correlation length of soil spatial variability shows marginal influence on stability outcomes. The computational model was validated against case study data, demonstrating its applicability for practical slope stability assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

19 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Damage Detection of Seismically Excited Buildings Using Neural Network Arrays with Branch Pruning Optimization

by Jau-Yu Chou, Chia-Ming Chang and Chieh-Yu Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(12), 2052; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15122052 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

In structural health monitoring, visual inspection remains vital for detecting damage, especially in concealed elements such as columns and beams. To improve damage localization, many studies have investigated and implemented deep learning into damage detection frameworks. However, the practicality of such models is [...] Read more.

In structural health monitoring, visual inspection remains vital for detecting damage, especially in concealed elements such as columns and beams. To improve damage localization, many studies have investigated and implemented deep learning into damage detection frameworks. However, the practicality of such models is often limited by their computational demands, and the relative accuracy may suffer if input features lack sensitivity to localized damage. This study introduces an efficient method for estimating damage locations and severity in buildings using a neural network array. A synthetic dataset is first generated from a simplified building model that includes floor flexural behavior and reflects the target dynamics of the structures. A dense, single-layer neural network array is initially trained with full floor accelerations, then pruned iteratively via the Lottery Ticket Hypothesis to retain only the most effective sub-networks. Subsequently, critical event measurements are input into the pruned array to estimate story-wise stiffness reductions. The approach is validated through numerical simulation of a six-story model and further verified via shake table tests on a scaled twin-tower steel-frame building. Results show that the pruned neural network array based on the Lottery Ticket Hypothesis achieves high accuracy in identifying stiffness reductions while significantly reducing computational load and outperforming full-input models in both efficiency and precision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural Health Monitoring Through Advanced Artificial Intelligence)

16 pages, 1443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Cultivars Interact with Wound Healing Period to Modulate Sprout Emergence, Crop Stand, and Productivity

by Connor L. Buckley, Keegan B. Lloyd, Mohan G. N. Kumar and Jacob M. Blauer

Plants 2025, 14(12), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14121830 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

The effects of wound healing on crop stand and productivity were examined on the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Alturas (Alt), Russet Burbank (RB), and Clearwater Russet (CW). Tuber yields increased linearly with an advancing wound healing period irrespective of the cultivar [...] Read more.

The effects of wound healing on crop stand and productivity were examined on the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Alturas (Alt), Russet Burbank (RB), and Clearwater Russet (CW). Tuber yields increased linearly with an advancing wound healing period irrespective of the cultivar (R² = 0.91). In contrast to unhealed controls, RB and CW wound-healed for 8 days produced a 6% and 8% greater yield, respectively, while a shorter wound healing period of 2 days increased Alt yield by 7%. Increases in tuber yield, a consequence of enhanced specific tuber weight across wound healing periods, contributed towards increased relative crop value in Alt (13%), RB (22%), and CW (19%). In further lab evaluations, Alt exhibited increased desiccation resistance and was associated with an earlier induction (24 h post-wounding) of feruloyl transferase (FHT) compared to CW and RB. Since FHT facilitates suberin and wax development, delayed FHT induction likely promoted fresh-weight loss in CW and RB compared to Alt. Enzymatic evaluations to assess the production of reactive oxygen species to protect fresh-cut seed found that RB had the highest activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. This study demonstrates the broad benefits of planting wound-healed seed while highlighting opportunities to improve best practices and genetic improvement for wound healing response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1145 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Drives Successful Campus Living Labs? The Case of Utrecht University

by Claudia Stuckrath, Maryse M. H. Chappin and Ernst Worrell

Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5506; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125506 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Campus living labs (CLLs) foster sustainability within higher education institutions (HEIs), yet their institutional embedding remains challenging. Relying on the idea of strategic niche management (SNM), this paper examines three processes key to protected space development: vision articulation, social network building, and learning. [...] Read more.

Campus living labs (CLLs) foster sustainability within higher education institutions (HEIs), yet their institutional embedding remains challenging. Relying on the idea of strategic niche management (SNM), this paper examines three processes key to protected space development: vision articulation, social network building, and learning. This research explores the factors that enable the development of protected spaces for successful CLLs. Using an embedded case study approach, seven sustainability initiatives were analysed at Utrecht University, the Netherlands. We found that the perceived success in CLLs is related to sustainability outcomes, scaling pathways, and process outcomes. In addition, different groups of factors driving the development of protected spaces were identified: broad factors that contribute to all or multiple key processes, specific factors that support only one process, and peripheral factors that were less frequently mentioned. ‘Organisational culture’ appeared to be an important broad factor contributing to all key processes. ‘Resources’ and ‘Coordination’ were also important, specifically for social network building, but also mentioned as currently being absent by many. Finally, this paper contributes by incorporating a new factor, ‘Orchestration’, a subtle yet strategic form of coordination. It offers insights for HEIs aiming to develop CLLs as part of their sustainability strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Impact and Systemic Change via Living Labs)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Group Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Binge Eating Disorder: Emotion Dysregulation and Alexithymia as Mediators of Symptom Improvement

by Luca Zompa, Emanuele Cassioli, Eleonora Rossi, Valentina Zofia Cordasco, Leda Caiati, Stefano Lucarelli, Ilenia Giunti, Lisa Lazzeretti, Giulio D’Anna, Simona Dei, Giuseppe Cardamone, Valdo Ricca, Francesco Rotella and Giovanni Castellini

Nutrients 2025, 17(12), 2003; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122003 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) has emerged as a promising intervention for Eating Disorders (Eds), especially Binge Eating Disorder (BED), which is often characterized by severe emotion dysregulation. The aims of this study were to evaluate the longitudinal course of BED symptomatology following [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) has emerged as a promising intervention for Eating Disorders (Eds), especially Binge Eating Disorder (BED), which is often characterized by severe emotion dysregulation. The aims of this study were to evaluate the longitudinal course of BED symptomatology following a group-based DBT intervention focused on two specific modules, Emotion Regulation and Distress Tolerance, and to examine the mediating role of emotion dysregulation and alexithymia in symptom improvement. Methods: This non-randomized longitudinal clinical study involved 170 patients with BED who received a 16-week DBT group treatment including modules targeting emotion regulation and distress tolerance. Self-report questionnaires were administered at baseline (T0) and at the end of treatment (T1). Linear mixed models were used to analyze the longitudinal trend, and a mediation analysis was conducted to examine whether changes in emotion dysregulation and alexithymia mediated symptom improvement. Results: Longitudinal analyses showed a significant reduction in BED symptoms at the end of treatment as well as in the levels of emotion dysregulation and alexithymia. Mediation analyses revealed that both emotion dysregulation (indirect effect: −0.68 [−1.20; −0.31]) and alexithymia (indirect effect: −0.59 [−1.33; −0.20]) significantly mediated the improvement in BED symptoms over time. Conclusions: These findings support the application of focused DBT group interventions targeting emotion regulation and distress tolerance in reducing BED symptomatology. Emotion dysregulation and alexithymia were identified as mediators of longitudinal clinical improvement, highlighting the importance of modular and precision-based approaches in the treatment of BED. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

12 pages, 636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinician Recommendation for Hereditary Genetic Testing in Participants at Increased Risk for Hereditary Cancer

by Emerson Delacroix, Sarah Austin, John D. Rice, Elena Martinez Stoffel, Erika Koeppe, Jennifer J. Griggs and Ken Resnicow

Cancers 2025, 17(12), 1994; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17121994 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Despite clinical utility in managing hereditary cancers, genetic testing (GT) remains underutilized. While barriers include knowledge gaps and cost, clinician recommendation is a major driver of GT uptake, with rates varying by cancer type and family cancer history documentation. Methods: Adult participants [...] Read more.

Background: Despite clinical utility in managing hereditary cancers, genetic testing (GT) remains underutilized. While barriers include knowledge gaps and cost, clinician recommendation is a major driver of GT uptake, with rates varying by cancer type and family cancer history documentation. Methods: Adult participants (≥18 years) were recruited through multiple sources to complete a cancer family history survey for a larger intervention trial. Participants with personal or family history indicating increased hereditary cancer risk who had not undergone GT (N = 3001) were invited to complete a baseline survey. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze associations between demographics and cancer history by receipt of a clinician recommendation for GT. Results: Among 784 respondents, most were White (84.6%), female (58.4%), and over age 51 (75.3%), with 58.2% reporting a diagnosis of cancer. Only 14.0% reported receiving a clinician recommendation for GT, with lower recommendation rates among younger adults (20.1%), those reporting no financial stress (10.7%), and those with higher education (12.0%). Multivariate analysis showed participants who did not report financial stress (p = 0.049) were less likely to receive a recommendation. Discussion: These findings highlight disparities in GT recommendation by clinicians. Increased clinician education about indications for GT, the implementation of electronic medical record tools to facilitate the identification of patients with guideline-concordant personal and/or biological-relative cancer history, and patient-facing interventions could standardize the dissemination of recommendations for GT. Conclusions: Future efforts that focus on increasing clinician education and electronic decision support should identify individuals with personal and/or biological-relative cancer history meeting criteria for GT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Socio-Demographic Factors and Cancer Research)

19 pages, 1514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic Analysis of an All-Electric Energy Station in Eastern China

by Yihan Sun and Duo Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5505; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125505 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study conducts a techno-economic evaluation of an all-electric energy station in China. It assesses the system’s feasibility and sustainability. The all-electric energy station integrates multiple components: chillers, air-source heat pumps, electric boilers, water thermal storage, and gas boilers. These components work together [...] Read more.

This study conducts a techno-economic evaluation of an all-electric energy station in China. It assesses the system’s feasibility and sustainability. The all-electric energy station integrates multiple components: chillers, air-source heat pumps, electric boilers, water thermal storage, and gas boilers. These components work together to deliver comprehensive cooling and heating services. The research compares this system with an integrated electricity-gas system. It analyzes performance across three key areas: economic benefits, environmental impact, and energy utilization efficiency. The results show significant advantages for the all-electric energy station. Economic analysis reveals that the net present value (NPV) of the all-electric energy station is positive, the internal rate of return (IRR) is high, and the payback period is significantly shorter compared to traditional systems. Sensitivity analysis highlights that the discount rate and initial investment are the most influential factors affecting NPV, while cooling prices present substantial revenue optimization potential. The all-electric configuration exhibits greater sensitivity to parameter variations, underscoring the importance of strategic risk management. Additionally, the all-electric energy station excels in environmental protection. Carbon emissions are reduced by 11.5% compared to conventional systems. As renewable energy increases in the grid, indirect carbon emissions will decrease further. The all-electric energy station demonstrates strong economic feasibility. It plays a crucial role in achieving carbon neutrality and promoting green energy development. This study provides valuable insights for future regional integrated energy systems. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Production Performance, Meat Quality Traits, and Gut Microbiome of Fatting Dezhou Donkeys

by Yunpeng Wang, Keqiang Diao, Han Li, Chongyu Zhang, Guiguo Zhang and Cuihua Guo

Microorganisms 2025, 13(6), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061388 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying dietary protein levels on growth performance, meat quality traits, amino acid and fatty acid compositions, and hindgut microbiota in Dezhou donkeys. Eighteen 12-month-old male donkeys, weighing 188 ± 9 kg, were randomly allocated into [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying dietary protein levels on growth performance, meat quality traits, amino acid and fatty acid compositions, and hindgut microbiota in Dezhou donkeys. Eighteen 12-month-old male donkeys, weighing 188 ± 9 kg, were randomly allocated into three groups and fed diets containing 11.03% (LP), 12.52% (MP), and 14.06% (HP) protein. The average daily gain (ADG) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the HP and MP groups, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (p < 0.05) compared to the LP group. The MP group exhibited superior performance in terms of serum albumin (ALB) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, as well as protein digestibility (p < 0.05). Improvements in meat tenderness, as well as increased levels of leucine, flavor amino acids (FAAs), and non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) (p < 0.05), were observed in the MP group compared to those in the LP and HP groups. The levels of total fatty acids (TFAs), saturated fatty acids (SFAs), unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were higher (p < 0.05) in the LP and MP groups than in the HP group, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) observed between the LP and MP groups. The genera Prevotella, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, NK4A214_group, Oscillospiraceae_UCG-002, and Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005 in the rectum were identified as differential microbes associated with varying dietary protein levels. In conclusion, this study indicates that a dietary protein level of 12.52% could enhance the growth performance, dietary nutrient digestibility, slaughter performance, and meat quality of Dezhou donkeys by modulating hindgut microbial communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk Assessment Method of Railway Engineering Technology Innovation in Complex Areas

by Yuefeng Shi, Shiyu Tian, Yongjun Chen, Chaoxun Cai, Honghao Guan and Xiaojian Li

Mathematics 2025, 13(12), 1970; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13121970 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Extreme climatic conditions and active geological factors posed challenges in evaluating disaster risk trends in railway construction projects and identifying key influencing factors. Traditional technology is difficult to adapt to the exploration and unknown construction process of railway engineering in complex and difficult [...] Read more.

Extreme climatic conditions and active geological factors posed challenges in evaluating disaster risk trends in railway construction projects and identifying key influencing factors. Traditional technology is difficult to adapt to the exploration and unknown construction process of railway engineering in complex and difficult areas. Therefore, there is an urgent need for technological innovation. The study used the Vague set theory method to screen and determine a list of risk factors for railway engineering technology innovation in complex areas, including 5 primary risk indicators and 26 secondary risk indicators. Based on this, an evaluation system for risk factors of railway engineering technology innovation in complex areas was established. Secondly, this study combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy Weight Method (EWM) with a cloud model to comprehensively evaluate risks and create cloud maps. Based on the calculation results, the risk level of railway engineering technology innovation risk factors in complex areas is obtained as environmental factors > technological factors > social factors > management factors > resource factors. The “combination weighting-cloud model” framework adopted in this study effectively overcomes the problem of insufficient representation of traditional single weighting method by integrating subjective and objective weight optimization and dynamic risk coupling analysis and significantly improves the multidimensional adaptability and dynamic evaluation accuracy. Full article

29 pages, 2576 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of the Mechanisms of Human Q Fever: Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology

by José-Luis Pérez-Arellano, Jose Curbelo and Cristina Carranza-Rodriguez

Pathogens 2025, 14(6), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14060589 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Coxiella burnetii infection has a worldwide distribution, although the incidence and clinical manifestations vary between and within countries. There are the following four basic forms: asymptomatic infection, acute Q fever, chronic Q fever, and post-Q fever fatigue syndrome. The aim of this review [...] Read more.

Coxiella burnetii infection has a worldwide distribution, although the incidence and clinical manifestations vary between and within countries. There are the following four basic forms: asymptomatic infection, acute Q fever, chronic Q fever, and post-Q fever fatigue syndrome. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the important aspects of its pathogenesis and pathophysiology. First, we provide a brief update of the taxonomic aspects, basic structures, and genotypes of C. burnetii necessary for the proper interpretation of the following sections. Routes of infection, different stages of pathogenesis (respiratory entry of C. burnetii; penetration into alveolar macrophages, life cycle, and effects; systemic dissemination), and innate, acquired humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in different forms of infection are described in detail. The pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of Q fever, such as the main mechanisms of injury, in isolation and in combination, are reviewed. The clinical and biological manifestations of the two main forms of Q fever (acute and chronic) are outlined, with a brief definition and mention of the mechanisms of post-Q fever fatigue syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 4382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Landscape Mosaic Patterns on Habitat Quality Using OLS and GWR Models in Taihang Mountains of Hebei Province, China

by Junming Feng, Peizheng Hao, Jing Hao, Yinran Huang, Miao Yu, Kang Ding and Yang Zhou

Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5503; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125503 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Based on the fundamental principles of spatial heterogeneity and landscape ecology, landscape mosaic (LM) offers a more effective method for capturing variations in landscape spatial components, patterns, and ecological functions compared to land use and land cover (LULC). This advantage is particularly pronounced [...] Read more.

Based on the fundamental principles of spatial heterogeneity and landscape ecology, landscape mosaic (LM) offers a more effective method for capturing variations in landscape spatial components, patterns, and ecological functions compared to land use and land cover (LULC). This advantage is particularly pronounced when employing the InVEST model to evaluate habitat quality (HQ), as field surveys often yield highly variable results that challenge the accuracy and applicability of LULC-based assessments. This paper focuses on the Taihang Mountain area in Hebei Province as the study region, utilizing the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Self-Organizing Map (SOM), and Euclidean Distance (ED) model to achieve LM classification of the area. Based on this, the InVEST-HQ assessment is conducted, employing both OLS and GWR models to analyze the correlation between HQ and LM landscape patterns. The results indicate that (1) seven major LULC types were reclassified into nine pillar LM types and eleven transitional LM types, with a significant number of ecotone types emerging between different LULC types, among which cultivated land plays the most prominent role; (2) from 2000 to 2020, the overall HQ in the study area exhibited a continuous deterioration trend, particularly marked by a notable increase in functional areas of HQ areas classified as Level I; (3) factors such as the complexity of patch edges, the continuity between patches, and the diversity of patch types all significantly impact HQ. This study introduces an innovative methodological framework for HQ assessment using LM classifications within InVEST model, offering a robust foundation for comprehensive biodiversity monitoring and informed ecological management in the study area. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Renal and Vascular Effects of the Allosteric Transglutaminase 2 Modulator LDN-27219 in One-Kidney DOCA–Salt Mice

by Ian Mees, Judit Prat-Duran, Simon Comerma-Steffensen, Ulf Simonsen, Estéfano Pinilla and Niels Henrik Buus

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5724; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125724 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

The enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has an open conformation with transamidase activity which crosslinks matrix proteins contributing to fibrosis development. LDN-27219 promotes the closed conformation of TG2, which can enhance vasodilation, but its effects in renal tissue are unknown. We investigated whether LDN-27219 [...] Read more.

The enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has an open conformation with transamidase activity which crosslinks matrix proteins contributing to fibrosis development. LDN-27219 promotes the closed conformation of TG2, which can enhance vasodilation, but its effects in renal tissue are unknown. We investigated whether LDN-27219 treatment affects albuminuria and markers of renal fibrosis as well as ex vivo vasodilatation. Male C57BL/6 mice (n = 48) underwent unilateral nephrectomy plus insertion of a deoxycorticosterone acetate pellet (DOCA group) or nephrectomy only (sham group). Both groups were randomized to intraperitoneal treatment with either LDN-27219 (8 mg/kg twice daily) or vehicle for 2 weeks. Urine albumin excretion was evaluated by metabolic cages. Kidney tissue fibrosis markers were assessed by qPCR and Western blotting, while the TG2 conformational state was evaluated using native gel electrophoresis. Collagen staining was performed using Picrosirius red and quantified under circularly polarized light. Mesenteric arteries were mounted in wire myographs for evaluation of vasorelaxation. DOCA mouse developed significant albuminuria (p < 0.001 vs. sham), but neither TG2 mRNA nor protein expression was upregulated in the kidney. However, the relative amount of TG2 in the closed conformation was higher in DOCA mice. LDN-27219 did not affect albuminuria, but LDN-27219-treated DOCA mice showed less urine production and less collagen staining than vehicle-treated DOCA mice. LDN-27219 did not affect TG2 mRNA or TG2 protein expression or mRNA of fibrosis markers. LDN-27219-treated mice had enhanced vasorelaxation to the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside. In conclusion, LDN-27219 treatment in the one-kidney DOCA–salt model did not affect renal TG2 mRNA and protein expression or albuminuria but still exerted beneficial effects in terms of reduced kidney fibrosis and urine production in addition to enhanced vasodilatation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Molecular Research on Renal Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1689 KiB

Open AccessReview

Occupational Risk from Avian Influenza Viruses at Different Ecological Interfaces Between 1997 and 2019

by Maria Alessandra De Marco, Alessandra Binazzi, Paola Melis, Claudia Cotti, Michela Bonafede, Mauro Delogu, Paola Tomao and Nicoletta Vonesch

Microorganisms 2025, 13(6), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13061391 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Unprotected exposures to infected poultry or wild birds, and/or to the related avian influenza virus (AIV)-contaminated environments, could account for AIV infection in workers. This study was aimed at highlighting the ecological interfaces related to domestic poultry and wild birds posing an occupational [...] Read more.

Unprotected exposures to infected poultry or wild birds, and/or to the related avian influenza virus (AIV)-contaminated environments, could account for AIV infection in workers. This study was aimed at highlighting the ecological interfaces related to domestic poultry and wild birds posing an occupational risk regarding AIV. A search of all the articles investigating the possible presence of AIV in workers attested through virological and serological techniques and published up to August 2019 was performed on PubMed and Scopus electronic databases. Ninety-four articles consisting of 11 virological, 67 serological, and 16 mixed (both virological and serological) studies were obtained. Both virological and serological evidences of AIV infection were mainly related to H5, H7, and H9 subtypes. In addition, one piece of virological evidence for H10 subtype was reported, whereas seropositivity to all hemagglutinin subtypes from H4 to H11 was detected by serological studies. The number of AIV subtype exposures inferred from serological results showed that workers from large-scale industrial poultry farms and markets were the most represented, whereas workers from small-scale and backyard poultry farms showed seropositivity to a greater number of AIV subtypes. Workers exposed to wild bird habitats tested seropositive to H5, H9, and H11. In the occupational settings, direct contact with infected poultry or wild birds could account for AIV infection in workers. This AIV spillover can result in severe health complications for the workers, also posing a potential pandemic risk to the general population. From a public health perspective, the surveillance and early detection of AIV in workplaces should be a priority faced by a one-health approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology of Influenza A Viruses: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparability of Methods for Remotely Assessing Gait Quality

by Natasha Hassija, Edward Hill, Helen Dawes and Nancy E. Mayo

Sensors 2025, 25(12), 3733; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25123733 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Advancements in remote gait analysis technologies enable efficient, cost-effective, and personalized real-time assessments at home. This study aims to contribute evidence as to the comparability of gait quality metrics of three methods of remote gait assessment in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD): (1) [...] Read more.

Advancements in remote gait analysis technologies enable efficient, cost-effective, and personalized real-time assessments at home. This study aims to contribute evidence as to the comparability of gait quality metrics of three methods of remote gait assessment in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD): (1) observation, (2) a wearable sensor, and (3) pose estimation. A cross-sectional, multiple case series study was conducted remotely. Twenty participants submitted videos performing a modified TUG test with the Heel2Toe^TM wearable. Each video was analysed by six raters using the checklist specific to PD developed for this study and the MediaPipe Pose Landmarker task estimation library. The observational ratings agreed with the Heel2Toe^TM on detecting heel strike 64% of the time and 28.5% of the time on detecting push-off. The difference in the ranks of paired observations based on the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test between the pairs of methods compared was significant for all parameters, except for push-off when estimates from MediaPipe were compared to the ratings from the Observational Checklist, W = 86 (p = 0.498). A combination of digital technologies for remote gait analysis, such as wearable sensors and pose estimation, can detect subtle nuances in gait impairments that may be overlooked by the human eye. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Applications of Wearable Sensors in Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and Rehabilitation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 6642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lemon Verbena Extract Enhances Sleep Quality and Duration via Modulation of Adenosine A1 and GABA_A Receptors in Pentobarbital-Induced and Polysomnography-Based Sleep Models

by Mijoo Choi, Yean Kyoung Koo, Nayoung Kim, Yunjung Lee, Dong Joon Yim, SukJin Kim, Eunju Park and Soo-Jeung Park

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5723; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125723 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of lemon verbena extract (LVE) on sleep regulation using both a pentobarbital-induced sleep model and an EEG-based sleep assessment model in mice. To elucidate its potential mechanisms, mice were randomly assigned to five groups: control, positive control (diazepam, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of lemon verbena extract (LVE) on sleep regulation using both a pentobarbital-induced sleep model and an EEG-based sleep assessment model in mice. To elucidate its potential mechanisms, mice were randomly assigned to five groups: control, positive control (diazepam, 2 mg/kg b.w.), and three LVE-treated groups receiving 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg b.w. via oral administration. In the pentobarbital-induced sleep model, mice underwent a two-week oral administration of LVE, followed by intraperitoneal pentobarbital injections. The results demonstrated that LVE significantly shortened sleep latency and prolonged sleep duration compared to the control group. Notably, adenosine A1 receptor expression, both at the mRNA and protein levels, was markedly upregulated in the brains of LVE-treated mice. Furthermore, LVE’s administration led to a significant increase in the mRNA expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA_A) receptor subunits (α2 and β2) in brain tissue. In the electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyogram (EMG)-based sleep model, mice underwent surgical implantation of EEG and EMG electrodes, followed by one week of LVE administration. Quantitative EEG analysis revealed that LVE treatment reduced wakefulness while significantly enhancing REM and NREM sleep’s duration, indicating its potential sleep-promoting effects. These findings suggest that LVE may serve as a promising natural sleep aid, improving both the quality and duration of sleep through the modulation of adenosine and GABAergic signaling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Medicines and Functional Foods for Human Health)

28 pages, 5643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prenatal Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Exposure Induces Transcriptional Alterations in Dopaminergic System with Associated Electrophysiological Dysregulation in the Prefrontal Cortex of Adolescent Rats

by Martina Di Bartolomeo, Sonia Aroni, Marcello Serra, Valeria Serra, Francesca Martella, Federica Gilardini, Miriam Melis and Claudio D’Addario

Cells 2025, 14(12), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14120904 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) has been associated with altered prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity and connectivity in adulthood, potentially increasing the risk of psychopathology later in life. This risk is thought to involve a complex interplay between the endocannabinoid and dopaminergic systems. We investigated [...] Read more.

Prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) has been associated with altered prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity and connectivity in adulthood, potentially increasing the risk of psychopathology later in life. This risk is thought to involve a complex interplay between the endocannabinoid and dopaminergic systems. We investigated the transcriptional regulation of genes associated with these systems in an animal model of PCE during adolescence, focusing on DNA methylation and specific microRNAs (miRNAs). Our study revealed increased mRNA levels of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors (Drd1 and Drd2) in the PFC, with a notable effect on Drd2 in male offspring. Notably, we observed a consistent reduction in Drd2 DNA methylation levels in PCE male rats. Both Drd1 and Drd2 expressions were regulated by selective miRNAs. Accordingly, we found changes in the excitability of PFC pyramidal neurons in male adolescent PCE offspring, along with alterations in the Netrin-1/DCC guidance cue system. Our findings highlight PCE-induced modifications of the PFC dopaminergic system while maintaining stable gene expression of the endocannabinoid system in male offspring. Changes in this complex interaction during sensitive developmental periods like adolescence might lead to sex-dependent divergent behavioral outcomes induced by PCE. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Lukas Kraehenbuehl, Nicola Winkelbeiner, Patrick Turko, Ramon Staeger, Adhideb Ghosh, Vivienn Kaiser, Pia-Charlotte Stadler, Thierry M. Nordmann, Marie-Charlotte Brüggen, Mitchell P. Levesque, Emmanuel Contassot, Lars E. French, Reinhard Dummer and Barbara Meier-Schiesser

Cancers 2025, 17(12), 1992; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17121992 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Immune-related cutaneous adverse events (ircAEs) are common complications of cancer immunotherapy and provide insight into immune-related adverse events (irAEs) more broadly. To enhance our molecular understanding, we characterized ircAEs resulting from single-agent (PD1) and combined immunotherapy regimens (P+C). Clinically, maculopapular rash [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Immune-related cutaneous adverse events (ircAEs) are common complications of cancer immunotherapy and provide insight into immune-related adverse events (irAEs) more broadly. To enhance our molecular understanding, we characterized ircAEs resulting from single-agent (PD1) and combined immunotherapy regimens (P+C). Clinically, maculopapular rash (MPR) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) resemble ircAEs, providing a valuable basis for investigations. Methods: To investigate the transcriptome and immune infiltrates in ircAEs, we conducted transcriptomic analyses and multiplexed immunohistochemistry on skin biopsies from patients receiving PD1 and P+C, as well as those with MPR, TEN, and healthy controls. Results: Principal component analysis revealed distinct transcriptomic clustering between ircAEs, MPR, and TEN. Specifically, PD1 ircAEs exhibited a gene expression profile similar to TEN, with upregulation of Type-I-response-related genes (e.g., CXCL9 Log2FC 5.34, p < 0.0001, CXCL10 Log2FC 6.03, p < 0.0001), while P+C ircAEs more closely resembled MPR. Immune infiltrates differed significantly between all groups (p = 0.002 by PERMANOVA for all groups). CD4 T-cells were abundant in the dermis of ircAEs from any type of immunotherapy. However, PD1 stained positive in 1.07% of CD4 cells with PD1 monotherapy, compared to 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.08% in P+C, MPR, and TEN, respectively. Conclusions: This study identified distinct molecular and cellular signatures in ircAEs depending on the type of immune checkpoint blockade. aPD1-associated ircAEs share similarities with the cytotoxic profile of TEN, while P+C more closely mirrored MPR. These findings support the need for tailored management strategies for ircAEs, emphasizing personalized therapeutic approaches to minimize treatment interruptions while preserving the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Developments on Skin Cancer Diagnostics and Treatment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modification of Biochar Catalyst Using Copper for Enhanced Catalytic Oxidation of VOCs

by Nan Liu, Jin Zhang, Ya-Lan Cai, Ji-Guo Zhang, Du-Juan Ouyang, Shao-Bo Wang, Qi-Man Xu, Jia-Jun Hu, Di-Ming Chen, Guo-Wen Wang and Ji-Xiang Li

Toxics 2025, 13(6), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13060503 (registering DOI) - 14 Jun 2025

Abstract

Recently, research has increasingly focused on the introduction of non-precious metals and developing highly stable carriers to enhance catalyst performance. In this study, we successfully synthesized copper (Cu)-modified biochar catalysts utilizing a sequential approach involving enzymatic treatment, liquid impregnation, and activation processes, which [...] Read more.

Recently, research has increasingly focused on the introduction of non-precious metals and developing highly stable carriers to enhance catalyst performance. In this study, we successfully synthesized copper (Cu)-modified biochar catalysts utilizing a sequential approach involving enzymatic treatment, liquid impregnation, and activation processes, which effectively enhanced the dispersion and introduction efficiency of Cu onto the biochar, thereby reducing the requisite Cu loading while maintaining high catalytic activity. The experimental results showed that the toluene degradation of 10%Cu@BCL was three times higher than that of unmodified activated carbon (AC) at 290 °C. A more uniform distribution of Cu was obtained by the enzymatic and activation treatments, optimizing the catalyst’s structural properties and reducing the amount of Cu on the biochar. Moreover, the transformation between various oxidation states of Cu (from Cu⁰/Cu(I) to Cu(II)) facilitated the electron transfer during the degradation of toluene. To further understand the catalytic mechanisms, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to elucidate the interactions between toluene molecules and the Cu-modified biochar surface. These findings reveal that the strategic modification of biochar as a carrier not only enhances the dispersion and stability of active metal species but contributes to improved catalytic performance, thereby enhancing its degradation efficiency for VOCs in high-temperature conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI