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Article
Preparation, Characterization and Antibacterial Property Analysis of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC) and Chitosan Nanoparticles Fine-Tuned Starch Film
by , , , , , and
Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8542; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238542 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
To improve the mechanical and antibacterial properties of traditional starch-based film, herein, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) were introduced to potato starch (PS, film-forming matrix) for the preparation of nanocomposite film without incorporation of additional antibacterial agents. CNCs with varied [...] Read more.
To improve the mechanical and antibacterial properties of traditional starch-based film, herein, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs) were introduced to potato starch (PS, film-forming matrix) for the preparation of nanocomposite film without incorporation of additional antibacterial agents. CNCs with varied concentrations were added to PS and CS NPs composite system to evaluate the optimal film performance. The results showed that tensile strength (TS) of nanocomposite film with 0, 0.01, 0.05, and 0.1% (w/w) CNCs incorporation were 41, 46, 47 and 41 MPa, respectively. The elongation at break (EAB) reached 12.5, 10.2, 7.1 and 13.3%, respectively. Due to the reinforcing effect of CNCs, surface morphology and structural properties of nanocomposite film were altered. TGA analysis confirmed the existence of hydrogen bondings and electrostatic attractions between components in the film-forming matrix. The prepared nanocomposite films showed good antibacterial properties against both E. coli and S. aureus. The nanocomposite film, consist of three most abundant biodegradable polymers, could potentially serve as antibacterial packaging films with strong mechanical properties for food and allied industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Antimicrobial Materials)
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Article
Loss of the Synuclein Family Members Differentially Affects Baseline- and Apomorphine-Associated EEG Determinants in Single-, Double- and Triple-Knockout Mice
by , , , , , and
Biomedicines 2022, 10(12), 3128; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10123128 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Synucleins comprise a family of small proteins highly expressed in the nervous system of vertebrates and involved in various intraneuronal processes. The malfunction of alpha-synuclein is one of the key events in pathogenesis of Parkinson disease and certain other neurodegenerative diseases, and there [...] Read more.
Synucleins comprise a family of small proteins highly expressed in the nervous system of vertebrates and involved in various intraneuronal processes. The malfunction of alpha-synuclein is one of the key events in pathogenesis of Parkinson disease and certain other neurodegenerative diseases, and there is a growing body of evidence that malfunction of other two synucleins might be involved in pathological processes in the nervous system. The modulation of various presynaptic mechanisms of neurotransmission is an important function of synucleins, and therefore, it is feasible that their deficiency might affect global electrical activity detected of the brain. However, the effects of the loss of synucleins on the frequency spectra of electroencephalograms (EEGs) have not been systematically studied so far. In the current study, we assessed changes in such spectra in single-, double- and triple-knockout mice lacking alpha-, beta- and gamma-synucleins in all possible combinations. EEGs were recorded from the motor cortex, the putamen, the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra of 78 3-month-old male mice from seven knockout groups maintained on the C57BL/6J genetic background, and 10 wild-type C57BL/6J mice for 30 min before and for 60 min after the systemic injection of a DA receptor agonist, apomorphine (APO). We found that almost any variant of synuclein deficiency causes multiple changes in both basal and APO-induced EEG oscillation profiles. Therefore, it is not the absence of any particular synuclein but rather a disbalance of synucleins that causes widespread changes in EEG spectral profiles. Full article
Article
Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors in Relation to Age, Type of Surgery and Length of Time since First Treatment
by , , , , , , , , and
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 16229; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316229 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
(1) Background: Quality of life assessment is a critical aspect of breast cancer patient outcomes, as diagnosis, prognosis and treatment can have a major impact on quality of life. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of the sample and [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Quality of life assessment is a critical aspect of breast cancer patient outcomes, as diagnosis, prognosis and treatment can have a major impact on quality of life. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of the sample and to verify the relationship between quality of life (QOL) in women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC) and their age, type or surgery and time since treatment; (2) Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted with 183 women diagnosed with BC, aged 30–80 years in Mexico. Women’s QOL was assessed using two questionnaires, The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Quality of Life Core Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and The Breast Cancer Module (EORTC QLQ-BR23). (3) Results: the results show significant differences in several items when the variable age is taken into account, indicating that younger women have poorer social and sexual function, as well as poorer sexual enjoyment and lower expectations of the future. The type of surgery also indicates a significantly better QOL in those women who receive conservative treatment versus a mastectomy; the time elapsed since surgery does not show any significant results, except for sexual functioning and breast-related symptoms where >5 years implies better scores on the items. (4) Conclusions: in conclusion, it is important to take into account the characteristics of women with BC, particularly at the time of treatment, in order to mitigate the impact of the disease on their QOL with the help of a multidisciplinary team. Full article
Article
Aggregated Alpha-Synuclein Inclusions within the Nucleus Predict Impending Neuronal Cell Death in a Mouse Model of Parkinsonism
by , , , , and
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 15294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315294 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a 14 kD protein encoded by the SNCA gene that is expressed in vertebrates and normally localizes to presynaptic terminals and the nucleus. aSyn forms pathological intracellular aggregates that typify a group of important neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopathies. Previous work [...] Read more.
Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) is a 14 kD protein encoded by the SNCA gene that is expressed in vertebrates and normally localizes to presynaptic terminals and the nucleus. aSyn forms pathological intracellular aggregates that typify a group of important neurodegenerative diseases called synucleinopathies. Previous work in human tissue and model systems indicates that some of these aggregates can be intranuclear, but the significance of aSyn aggregation within the nucleus is not clear. We used a mouse model that develops aggregated aSyn nuclear inclusions. Using aSyn preformed fibril injections in GFP-tagged aSyn transgenic mice, we were able to induce the formation of nuclear aSyn inclusions and study their properties in fixed tissue and in vivo using multiphoton microscopy. In addition, we analyzed human synucleinopathy patient tissue to better understand this pathology. Our data demonstrate that nuclear aSyn inclusions may form through the transmission of aSyn between neurons, and these intranuclear aggregates bear the hallmarks of cytoplasmic Lewy pathology. Neuronal nuclear aSyn inclusions can form rod-like structures that do not contain actin, excluding them from being previously described nuclear actin rods. Longitudinal, in vivo multiphoton imaging indicates that certain morphologies of neuronal nuclear aSyn inclusions predict cell death within 14 days. Human multiple system atrophy cases contain neurons and glia with similar nuclear inclusions, but we were unable to detect such inclusions in Lewy body dementia cases. This study suggests that the dysregulation of a nuclear aSyn function associated with nuclear inclusion formation could play a role in the forms of neurodegeneration associated with synucleinopathy. Full article
Article
Spatial Accessibility Analysis of Medical Facilities Based on Public Transportation Networks
by , and
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 16224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316224 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Aiming to look at the problems of the unreasonable layout of medical facilities and low coverage of primary medical services. This paper selects tertiary grade A hospitals, general hospitals, specialized hospitals, community-level hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies in the main urban areas of Chongqing [...] Read more.
Aiming to look at the problems of the unreasonable layout of medical facilities and low coverage of primary medical services. This paper selects tertiary grade A hospitals, general hospitals, specialized hospitals, community-level hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies in the main urban areas of Chongqing as research objects. The nearest analysis, kernel density, mean center, and standard deviational ellipse method were used to analyze the spatial differentiation characteristics of medical facilities and public transportation stations. Spatial accessibility was assessed from the perspective of service area ratios and service population ratios by constructing multiple modes of transportation (pedestrian systems, bus lines, rail lines). The results show that (1) the spatial layout of medical facilities in the main urban area of Chongqing is unbalanced; and the spatial distribution of medical facilities is characterized by “large agglomeration, small dispersion” and “multi-center group”; (2) the sub-core circle is centered on the Southwest University Area in Beibei District, the University Town Area in Shapingba, the Yudong Area and Lijiatuo Area in Banan District, the Pingan Light Rail Station Area in Dadukou District, the Chongqing No. 8 Middle School Area in Jiulongpo District, the Tea Garden Area in Nanan District, and the Jiangbei Airport Area in Yubei District; (3) the medical facilities with the weakest average accessibility are tertiary grade A hospitals, and the strongest are pharmacies; (4) the areas with vital average accessibility are Yuzhong District, Shapingba District, Dadukou District, and Nanan District. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Sustainable Urban Space: A Sustainability Approach)
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Article
Design and Optimization of Rice Grain Screening System Based on DEM–CFD Coupled Rice Seed Testing Platform
by , , , , , , , and
Agronomy 2022, 12(12), 3069; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123069 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Targeting the problems of low precision and heavy workload in conventional screening of filled and unfilled grain in single-plant rice testing, a screening system for filled and unfilled grain was designed based on the coupling of the wind and gravity fields. In this [...] Read more.
Targeting the problems of low precision and heavy workload in conventional screening of filled and unfilled grain in single-plant rice testing, a screening system for filled and unfilled grain was designed based on the coupling of the wind and gravity fields. In this study, the motion state of filled and unfilled grain in the flow field and the results of screening were analyzed and combined with aerodynamics. In order to reveal the influence law of the structural and working parameters of the screening system on the screening performance and determine the optimal parameter combination, this study conducted a quadratic regression orthogonal rotating center combination test with four factors and three levels based on the DEM–CFD coupling method. The relationship between air inlet wind speed, air cross-section shape, horizontal distance, vertical distance, and removal rate was studied. The results showed that, in a certain range, the removal rate was positively correlated with the section width of the outlet, positively correlated with the wind speed, and negatively correlated with the vertical distance and horizontal distance of the seed-drop outlet. The optimization results showed that, when the section width of the outlet was 75.44 mm, the wind speed was 8.90 m·s−1, the transverse distance was 198.78 mm, and, when the vertical distance was 34.87 mm, the screening rate of the screening system could reach 99.6%. Full article
Article
Polysaccharide from Edible Alga Enteromorpha clathrata Improves Ulcerative Colitis in Association with Increased Abundance of Parabacteroides spp. in the Gut Microbiota of Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Fed Mice
by , , , , , and
Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(12), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120764 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Polysaccharide from the edible alga Enteromorpha clathrata has been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on human health. However, what effect it has on inflammatory bowel diseases has not been investigated. Here, using a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis, we [...] Read more.
Polysaccharide from the edible alga Enteromorpha clathrata has been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on human health. However, what effect it has on inflammatory bowel diseases has not been investigated. Here, using a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis, we illustrate that Enteromorpha clathrata polysaccharide (ECP) could alleviate body weight loss, reduce incidences of colonic bleeding, improve stool consistency and ameliorate mucosal damage in diseased mice. 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analysis indicated that ECP significantly changed the structure of the gut microbiota and increased the abundance of Parabacteroides spp. in DSS-fed mice. In vitro fermentation studies further confirmed that ECP could promote the growth of Parabacteroides distasonis F1-28, a next-generation probiotic bacterium isolated from the human gut, and increase its production of short-chain fatty acids. Additionally, Parabacteroides distasonis F1-28 was also found to have anti-ulcerative colitis effects in DSS-fed mice. Altogether, our study demonstrates for the first time a beneficial effect of ECP on ulcerative colitis and provides a possible basis for understanding its therapeutic mechanisms from the perspective of symbiotic gut bacteria Parabacteroides distasonis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Marine Polysaccharides)
Article
Modelling of Plasma Temperatures and Densities in Laser Ablation Plumes of Different Metals
by and
Photonics 2022, 9(12), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9120937 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Laser ablation has many uses in industry, including laser drilling and thin-film deposition. However, the underpinning physics of laser ablation has not been fully elucidated. In particular, the differences in the behaviour of plasma plumes ablated from different materials, and which material properties [...] Read more.
Laser ablation has many uses in industry, including laser drilling and thin-film deposition. However, the underpinning physics of laser ablation has not been fully elucidated. In particular, the differences in the behaviour of plasma plumes ablated from different materials, and which material properties are related to plume characteristics, require further study. This paper presents results from modelling the laser ablation of different photocatalytic materials using the 2D hydrodynamic laser ablation code POLLUX. The evolution of key parameters such as plasma density and temperature is investigated when the target material is changed from titanium to tantalum, zinc, copper, aluminium and gold. It was found that the atomic number of the material significantly affected the electron temperature and mass density of the subsequent plasma plume, with both parameters increasing with atomic number, whilst other parameters including the mass density, thermal conductivity and melting temperature did not affect the electron temperature or particle density of the plumes. These results provide insights for future laser ablation experiments where the aim is to change the target material, but keep the plume parameters as constant as possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Ablation: From Fundamental Science to Applications)
Article
Hyper-Branched Cyclodextrin-Based Polymers As Anticoagulant Agents: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
by , , , , , , , and
Bioengineering 2022, 9(12), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9120765 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
This study tested the anticoagulant effect of cyclodextrin (CD) hyper-branched-based polymers (HBCD-Pols). These polymers were synthesized and tested for their coagulant characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Due to their polymeric structure and anionic nature, the polymers can chelate Ca2+, reducing [...] Read more.
This study tested the anticoagulant effect of cyclodextrin (CD) hyper-branched-based polymers (HBCD-Pols). These polymers were synthesized and tested for their coagulant characteristics in vitro and in vivo. Due to their polymeric structure and anionic nature, the polymers can chelate Ca2+, reducing the free quantity in blood. HBCD-Pol increased the blood clotting time, PT, and aPTT 3.5 times over the control, showing a better effect than even ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), as occured with recalcification time as well. A titration of HBCD-Pol and EDTA showed exciting differences in the ability to complex Ca2+ between both materials. Before executing in vivo studies, a hemocompatibility study was carried out with less than 5% red blood cell hemolysis. The fibrinogen consumption and bleeding time were analyzed in vivo. The fibrinogen was considerably decreased in the presence of HBCD-Pol in a higher grade than EDTA, while the bleeding time was longer with HBCD-Pols. The results demonstrate that the anticoagulant effect of this HBCD-Pol opens novel therapy possibilities due to the possible transport of drugs in this carrier. This would give combinatorial effects and a potential novel anticoagulant therapy with HBCD-Pol per se. Full article
Article
New Financial Ratios Based on the Compositional Data Methodology
by , , and
Axioms 2022, 11(12), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms11120694 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Due to the type of mathematical construction, the use of standard financial ratios in studies analyzing the financial health of a group of firms leads to a series of statistical problems that can invalidate the results obtained. These problems originate from the asymmetry [...] Read more.
Due to the type of mathematical construction, the use of standard financial ratios in studies analyzing the financial health of a group of firms leads to a series of statistical problems that can invalidate the results obtained. These problems originate from the asymmetry of financial ratios. The present article justifies the use of a new methodology using Compositional Data (CoDa) to analyze the financial statements of an industry, improving analyses using conventional ratios, since the new methodology enables statistical techniques to be applied without encountering any serious drawbacks, such as skewness and outliers, and without the results depending on the arbitrary choice as to which of the accounting figures is the numerator of the ratio and which is the denominator. An example with data on the wine industry is provided. The results show that when using CoDa, outliers and skewness are much reduced, and results are invariant to numerator and denominator permutation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Methods and Applications)
Article
Proteomic-Based Approach Reveals the Involvement of Apolipoprotein A-I in Related Phenotypes of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the BTBR Mouse Model
by , , , , , , , , and
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 15290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315290 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Abnormal lipid metabolism has been suggested to contribute to its pathogenesis. Further exploration of its underlying biochemical mechanisms is needed. In a search for reliable biomarkers for the pathophysiology of ASD, hippocampal tissues from the [...] Read more.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Abnormal lipid metabolism has been suggested to contribute to its pathogenesis. Further exploration of its underlying biochemical mechanisms is needed. In a search for reliable biomarkers for the pathophysiology of ASD, hippocampal tissues from the ASD model BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J (BTBR) mice and C57BL/6J mice were analyzed, using four-dimensional (4D) label-free proteomic analysis and bioinformatics analysis. Differentially expressed proteins were significantly enriched in lipid metabolic pathways. Among them, apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) is a hub protein and its expression was significantly higher in the BTBR mice. The investigation of protein levels (using Western blotting) also confirmed this observation. Furthermore, expressions of SphK2 and S1P in the ApoA-I pathway both increased. Using the SphK inhibitor (SKI-II), ASD core phenotype and phenotype-related protein levels of P-CREB, P-CaMKII, and GAD1 were improved, as shown via behavioral and molecular biology experiments. Moreover, by using SKI-II, we found proteins related to the development and function of neuron synapses, including ERK, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, CDK5 and KCNQ2 in BTBR mice, whose levels were restored to protein levels comparable to those in the controls. Elucidating the possible mechanism of ApoA-I in ASD-associated phenotypes will provide new ideas for studies on the etiology of ASD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry)
Systematic Review
Application of Botulinum Toxin in Temporomandibular Disorders: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
by , , , , , , and
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12409; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312409 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are multi-factorial and polysymptomatic pathologies and their management must be customized for every patient. Numerous therapy techniques are available to treat temporomandibular disorders-related muscular discomfort and persistent orofacial pain. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has emerged as a popular option for patients [...] Read more.
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are multi-factorial and polysymptomatic pathologies and their management must be customized for every patient. Numerous therapy techniques are available to treat temporomandibular disorders-related muscular discomfort and persistent orofacial pain. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has emerged as a popular option for patients with myofascial TMD who do not completely recover from their condition after receiving conservative care and medication. A systematic search of the literature, from January 2000 until 1 April 2022, was performed in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, and Lilacs databases. The following search terms combination: (temporomandibular disorders) OR (botulinum) OR (toxin) was employed. A total of 357 articles were initially found in the electronic search. After screening, 11 full-text articles satisfied the inclusion criteria. The Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB 2) tool, which uses seven domains of bias to assess random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment of self-reported outcomes, blinding of outcome assessment of objective measures, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other biases, was employed to analyze randomized controlled trials. The aim of this systematic review of randomized controlled trials is to provide an overview of the use of BoNT for TMDs by comparing the application of BoNT with other therapeutic approaches. BoNT-A could help patients that do not respond to conservative treatments. Low doses are recommended when BoNT-A is considered for persistent orofacial pain related to TMD. Future research should, however, conduct clinical trials with a stricter design. The results of BoNT-A could be confirmed by more randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes, less bias, and longer follow-up times. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)
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Article
New Applications of Perov’s Fixed Point Theorem
by , and
Mathematics 2022, 10(23), 4597; https://doi.org/10.3390/math10234597 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
The goal of this paper is to consider a differential equation system written as an interesting equivalent form that has not been used before. Using Perov’s fixed point theorem in generalized metric spaces, the existence and uniqueness of the solution are obtained for [...] Read more.
The goal of this paper is to consider a differential equation system written as an interesting equivalent form that has not been used before. Using Perov’s fixed point theorem in generalized metric spaces, the existence and uniqueness of the solution are obtained for the proposed system. The approximation of the solution is given, and as a novelty, the approximation of its derivative is also obtained using the same iteration steps. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Mathematical Analysis and Functional Analysis)
Article
Chitosan Aerogel Particles as Nasal Drug Delivery Systems
by , , , , , , , , and
Gels 2022, 8(12), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels8120796 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
The nasal drug delivery route has distinct advantages, such as high bioavailability, a rapid therapeutic effect, non-invasiveness, and ease of administration. This article presents the results of a study of the processes for obtaining chitosan aerogel particles that are promising as nasal or [...] Read more.
The nasal drug delivery route has distinct advantages, such as high bioavailability, a rapid therapeutic effect, non-invasiveness, and ease of administration. This article presents the results of a study of the processes for obtaining chitosan aerogel particles that are promising as nasal or inhalation drug delivery systems. Obtaining chitosan aerogel particles includes the following steps: the preparation of a chitosan solution, gelation, solvent replacement, and supercritical drying. Particles of chitosan gels were obtained by spraying and homogenization. The produced chitosan aerogel particles had specific surface areas of up to 254 m2/g, pore volumes of up to 1.53 cm3/g, and porosities of up to 99%. The aerodynamic diameters of the obtained chitosan aerogel particles were calculated, the values of which ranged from 13 to 59 µm. According to the calculation results, a CS1 sample was used as a matrix for obtaining the pharmaceutical composition “chitosan aerogel—clomipramine”. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the pharmaceutical composition determined the presence of clomipramine, predominantly in an amorphous form. Analysis of the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data showed that the mass loading of clomipramine was 35%. Experiments in vivo demonstrated the effectiveness of the pharmaceutical composition “chitosan aerogel—clomipramine” as carrier matrices for the targeted delivery of clomipramine by the “Nose-to-brain” mechanism of nasal administration. The maximum concentration of clomipramine in the frontal cortex and hippocampus was reached 30 min after administration. Full article
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Review
Thermo-Transient Receptor Potential Channels: Therapeutic Potential in Gastric Cancer
by , , , , , and
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 15289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315289 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Over the last decade, researchers have found abnormal expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In particular, members of the thermally sensitive subclass (thermo-TRPs) are involved in many disease processes. Moreover, they have a vital role in the occurrence and development of gastric [...] Read more.
Over the last decade, researchers have found abnormal expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In particular, members of the thermally sensitive subclass (thermo-TRPs) are involved in many disease processes. Moreover, they have a vital role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer (GC). Accordingly, thermo-TRPs constitute a major pharmacological target, and the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying their response to physiological stimuli or drugs is key for notable advances in GC treatment. Therefore, this paper summarizes the existing literature about thermo-TRP protein expression changes that are linked to the incidence and progression of GC. The review also discusses the implication of such association to pathology and cell physiology and identifies potential thermo-TRP protein targets for diagnosis and treatment of GC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Oncology)
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Article
Hierarchical Multi-Scale Coupled Periodical Photonic and Plasmonic Nanopatterns Inscribed by Femtosecond Laser Pulses in Lithium Niobate
by , , , , , , , , , , and
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(23), 4303; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12234303 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
The ultrafast interaction of tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses with bulk dielectric media in direct laser writing (inscription) regimes is known to proceed via complex multi-scale light, plasma and material modification nanopatterns, which are challenging for exploration owing to their mesoscopic, transient and [...] Read more.
The ultrafast interaction of tightly focused femtosecond laser pulses with bulk dielectric media in direct laser writing (inscription) regimes is known to proceed via complex multi-scale light, plasma and material modification nanopatterns, which are challenging for exploration owing to their mesoscopic, transient and buried character. In this study, we report on the first experimental demonstration, analysis and modeling of hierarchical multi-period coupled longitudinal and transverse nanogratings in bulk lithium niobate inscribed in the focal region by 1030 nm, 300 fs laser pulses in the recently proposed sub-filamentary laser inscription regime. The longitudinal Bragg-like topography nanogratings, possessing the laser-intensity-dependent periods ≈ 400 nm, consist of transverse birefringent nanogratings, which are perpendicular to the laser polarization and exhibit much smaller periods ≈ 160 nm. Our analysis and modeling support the photonic origin of the longitudinal nanogratings, appearing as prompt electromagnetic and corresponding ionization standing waves in the pre-focal region due to interference of the incident and plasma-reflected laser pulse parts. The transverse nanogratings could be assigned to the nanoscale material modification by interfacial plasmons, excited and interfered in the resulting longitudinal array of the plasma sheets in the bulk dielectric material. Our experimental findings provide strong support for our previously proposed mechanism of such hierarchical laser nanopatterning in bulk dielectrics, giving important insights into its crucial parameters and opening the way for directional harnessing of this technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanophotonics Enabled by Femtosecond Lasers)
Article
Magnetic Domain Structure of Lu2.1Bi0.9Fe5O12 Epitaxial Films Studied by Magnetic Force Microscopy and Optical Second Harmonic Generation
by , , , and
Magnetochemistry 2022, 8(12), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry8120180 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Magnetic structure of functional magnetic dielectrics is traditionally of high interest. Here, we use the magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and nonlinear-optical probe of second harmonic generation for studies of surface domain structure of monocrystalline [...] Read more.
Magnetic structure of functional magnetic dielectrics is traditionally of high interest. Here, we use the magnetic force microscopy (MFM) and nonlinear-optical probe of second harmonic generation for studies of surface domain structure of monocrystalline Lu2.1Bi0.9Fe5O12 garnet films. The transformation of the magnetic domains under the application of the dc magnetic field is revealed by the MFM for both the top-view and the cleavage of the iron-garnet layer. Complementary magnetic force and second harmonic generation microscopy show that the considered film reveals the magnetization inclined with respect to the film’s normal, with its orientation being inhomogeneous within the film’s thickness. The second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy confirms the zigzag structure of the surface-closing domain with the magnetization containing in-plane and out-of-plane magnetization components. We believe that these features of magnetic behavior of garnet films are important for the design of garnet-based magnetic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Magnetic Force Microscopy)
Article
Genetic Interaction of Global Regulators AflatfA and AflatfB Mediating Development, Stress Response and Aflatoxins B1 Production in Aspergillus flavus
by , , , and
Toxins 2022, 14(12), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14120857 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus produces carcinogenic and mutagenic aflatoxins, which cause economic losses and risk of food safety by contaminating grains, food and feed. In this study, we characterized two bZIP transcription factors, AflatfA and AflatfB, and their genetic interaction. Compared to the wild type [...] Read more.
Aspergillus flavus produces carcinogenic and mutagenic aflatoxins, which cause economic losses and risk of food safety by contaminating grains, food and feed. In this study, we characterized two bZIP transcription factors, AflatfA and AflatfB, and their genetic interaction. Compared to the wild type (WT), AflatfA deletion and AflatfA and AflatfB double deletion both caused retarded vegetative growth of mycelia. Relative to WT, the AflatfA deletion strain (ΔAflatfA) and AflatfA and AflatfB double deletion strain (ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB) produced more sclerotia, whereas the AflatfB deletion strain (ΔAflatfB) produced less sclerotia. After 4 °C preservation and incubation at 50 °C, conidia viability dramatically decreased in the ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB but ΔAflatfB mutants, whereas conidia viability of the ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strain was higher after storage at 4 °C than in AflatfA mutant. Conidia of ΔAflatfA, ΔAflatfB and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strains significantly increased in sensitivity to H2O2 in comparison with WT. Compared to WT, the mycelium of ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfB strains were more sensitive to H2O2; conversely, the ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strain showed less sensitivity to H2O2. ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strains displayed less sensitivity to the osmotic reagents NaCl, KCl and Sorbitol, in comparison with WT and ΔAflatfB strains. When on YES medium and hosts corn and peanut, ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB strains produced less aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) than ΔAflatfB, and the AFB1 yield of ΔAflatfB was higher than that of WT. When WT and mutants were inoculated on corn and peanut, the ΔAflatfA and ΔAflatfAΔAflatfB but not ΔAflatfB mutants produced less conidia than did WT. Taken together, this study reveals that AflatfA controls more cellular processes, and the function of AflatfA is stronger than that of AflatfB when of the same process is regulated, except the response to H2O2, which might result from the effect of AflatfA on the transcriptional level of AflatfB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins in China (Volume II))
Article
Non-Contact Monitoring of ECG in the Home Environment—Selecting Optimal Electrode Configuration
by , , and
Sensors 2022, 22(23), 9475; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22239475 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Capacitive electrocardiography (cECG) is most often used in wearable or embedded measurement systems. The latter is considered in the paper. An optimal electrocardiographic lead, as an individual feature, was determined based on model studies. It was defined as the possibly highest value of [...] Read more.
Capacitive electrocardiography (cECG) is most often used in wearable or embedded measurement systems. The latter is considered in the paper. An optimal electrocardiographic lead, as an individual feature, was determined based on model studies. It was defined as the possibly highest value of the R-wave amplitude measured on the back of the examined person. The lead configuration was also analyzed in terms of minimizing its susceptibility to creating motion artifacts. It was found that the direction of the optimal lead coincides with the electrical axis of the heart. Moreover, the electrodes should be placed in the areas preserving the greatest voltage and at the same time characterized by the lowest gradient of the potential. Experimental studies were conducted using the developed measurement system on a group of 14 people. The ratio of the R-wave amplitude (as measured on the back and chest, using optimal leads) was less than 1 while the SNR reached at least 20 dB. These parameters allowed for high-quality QRS complex detection with a PPV of 97%. For the “worst” configurations of the leads, the signals measured were practically uninterpretable. Full article
Article
The Role of the Tourism Network in the Coordination of Pandemic Control Measures
by , and
Sustainability 2022, 14(23), 16188; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142316188 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
The emergence and spread of COVID-19 has severely impacted the tourism industry worldwide. In order to limit the effect of new pandemics or any unforeseen crisis, coordinated actions need to be adopted among tourism stakeholders. In this paper, we use an evolutionary game [...] Read more.
The emergence and spread of COVID-19 has severely impacted the tourism industry worldwide. In order to limit the effect of new pandemics or any unforeseen crisis, coordinated actions need to be adopted among tourism stakeholders. In this paper, we use an evolutionary game model to analyze the conditions that promote cooperation among different stakeholders in a tourism network to control high-risk crises. A data sample of 280 EU regions is used to define the tourism network of regions with a heterogeneous dependence on tourism. The results show that cooperation is helped by the existence of a structured tourism network. Moreover, cooperation is enhanced when coordination groups include small numbers of participants and when they are formed according to the similarity of tourism dependence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Tourism, Culture, and Heritage)
Article
Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Profiling of HD-Zip Genes in ABA-Mediated Processes in Fragaria vesca
Plants 2022, 11(23), 3367; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233367 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Members of homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors can play their roles by modulating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in Arabidopsis. So far, our knowledge of the functions of HD-Zips in woodland strawberries (Fragaria vesca), a model plant for studying ABA-mediated fruit [...] Read more.
Members of homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factors can play their roles by modulating abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in Arabidopsis. So far, our knowledge of the functions of HD-Zips in woodland strawberries (Fragaria vesca), a model plant for studying ABA-mediated fruit ripening, is limited. Here, we identified a total of 31 HD-Zip genes (FveHDZ1-31) in F. vesca, and classified them into four subfamilies (I to IV). Promoter analyses show that the ABA-responsive element, ABRE, is prevalent in the promoters of subfamily I and II FveHDZs. RT-qPCR results demonstrate that 10 of the 14 investigated FveHDZs were consistently >1.5-fold up-regulated or down-regulated in expression in response to exogenous ABA, dehydration, and ABA-induced senescence in leaves. Five of the six consistently up-regulated genes are from subfamily I and II. Thereinto, FveHDZ4, and 20 also exhibited significantly enhanced expression along with increased ABA content during fruit ripening. In yeast one-hybrid assays, FveHDZ4 proteins could bind the promoter of an ABA signaling gene FvePP2C6. Collectively, our results strongly support that the FveHDZs, particularly those from subfamilies I and II, are involved in the ABA-mediated processes in F. vesca, providing a basis for further functional characterization of the HD-Zips in strawberry and other plants. Full article
Article
Transcriptional Responses for Biosynthesis of Triterpenoids in Exogenous Inducers Treated Inonotus Hispidus Using RNA-Seq
Molecules 2022, 27(23), 8541; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238541 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Inonotus hispidus is a traditional medicinal that grows in Northeast China and produces various economically important compounds, including polysaccharide compounds and terpenoids; triterpenoid saponins is the main bioactive component. Our research group has found that the accumulation of triterpenoid was affected by exogenous [...] Read more.
Inonotus hispidus is a traditional medicinal that grows in Northeast China and produces various economically important compounds, including polysaccharide compounds and terpenoids; triterpenoid saponins is the main bioactive component. Our research group has found that the accumulation of triterpenoid was affected by exogenous inducers. Experimental results showed that treatment with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and oleic acid significantly increased the triterpenoid content of I. hispidus. However, how exogenous inducers enhance production of secondary metabolites in I. hispidus is not well understood. In this study, metabolite changes were further investigated with UPLC-TOF/MS following exogenous inducer treatment. As a result, a total of eight types of triterpenoids in I. hispidus were identified. The RNA-seq analysis was used to evaluate the effects of exogenous inducers on the expression of triterpenoid-synthesis-related genes in I. hispidus in liquid fermentation. This study is the first exploration to profile the transcriptome of I. hispidus after adding exogenous inducers; the generated data and gene will facilitate further molecular studies on the physiology and metabolism in this fungi. By comparative transcriptomic analysis, a series of candidate genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of triterpenoids are identified, providing new insights into their biosynthesis at the transcriptome level. Full article
Article
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Computational Studies of New Hydrazide Derivatives Containing 1,3,4-Oxadiazole as Antitubercular Agents
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(23), 15295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315295 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
To extend our screening for novel antimycobacterial molecules, we have designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated a library of 14 new hydrazide derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole core. A variety of mycobacterial strains, including some drug-resistant strains, were tested for antimycobacterial activity. Among the compounds tested, [...] Read more.
To extend our screening for novel antimycobacterial molecules, we have designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated a library of 14 new hydrazide derivatives containing 1,3,4-oxadiazole core. A variety of mycobacterial strains, including some drug-resistant strains, were tested for antimycobacterial activity. Among the compounds tested, five showed high antimycobacterial activity (MIC values of 8 μg/mL) against M. tuberculosis H37Ra attenuated strain, and two derivatives were effective (MIC of 4 µg/mL) against pyrazinamide-resistant strains. Furthermore, the novel compounds were tested against the fungal C. albicans strain, showing no antimycotic activity, and thus demonstrating a good selectivity profile. Notably, they also exhibited low cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells. The molecular modeling carried out suggested a plausible mechanism of action towards the active site of the InhA enzyme, which confirmed our hypothesis. In conclusion, the active compounds were predicted in silico for ADME properties, and all proved to be potentially orally absorbed in humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Mycobacterial Infection 2.0)
Article
Artichoke (Cynara Scolymus) Methanolic Leaf Extract Alleviates Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Toxicity in BALB/c Mouse Brain: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Apoptotically Related Klotho/PPARγ Signaling
J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12(12), 2012; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm12122012 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
(1) Background: Various epidemiological studies suggest that oxidative stress and disrupted neuronal function are mechanistically linked to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). DNA damage, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and eventually, cell death such as NDs can be [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Various epidemiological studies suggest that oxidative stress and disrupted neuronal function are mechanistically linked to neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). DNA damage, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and eventually, cell death such as NDs can be induced by nitrosamine-related compounds, leading to neurodegeneration. A limited number of studies have reported that exposure to diethylnitrosamine (DEN), which is commonly found in processed/preserved foods, causes biochemical abnormalities in the brain. Artichoke leaves have been used in traditional medicine as a beneficial source of bioactive components such as hydroxycinnamic acids, cynarine, chlorogenic acid, and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin). The aim of this study is to investigate the favorable effects of exogenous artichoke (Cynara scolymus) methanolic leaf extract supplementation in ameliorating DEN-induced deleterious effects in BALB/c mouse brains. (2) Methods: This study was designed to evaluate DEN (toxicity induction by 100 mg/kg) and artichoke (protective effects of 0.8 and 1.6 g/kg treatment) for 14 days. All groups underwent a locomotor activity test to evaluate motor activity. In brain tissue, oxidative stress indicators (TAC, TOS, and MDA), Klotho and PPARγ levels, and apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3) were measured. Brain slices were also examined histopathologically. (3) Results: Artichoke effectively ameliorated DEN-induced toxicity with increasing artichoke dose. Impaired motor function and elevated oxidative stress markers (decreasing MDA and TOS levels and increasing TAC level) induced by DEN intoxication were markedly restored by high-dose artichoke treatment. Artichoke significantly improved the levels of Klotho and PPARγ, which are neuroprotective factors, in mouse brain tissue exposed to DEN. In addition, caspase-3 and Bax levels were reduced, whereas the Bcl-2 level was elevated with artichoke treatment. Furthermore, recovery was confirmed by histopathological analysis. (4) Conclusions: Artichoke exerted neuroprotective effects against DEN-induced brain toxicity by mitigating oxidant parameters and exerting antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects. Further research is needed to fully identify the favorable impact of artichoke supplementation on all aspects of DEN brain intoxication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Precision Medicine)
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Article
Age-Dependent Decline in Common Femoral Artery Flow-Mediated Dilation and Wall Shear Stress in Healthy Subjects
Life 2022, 12(12), 2023; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12122023 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Femoral artery (FA) endothelial function is a promising biomarker of lower extremity vascular health for peripheral artery disease (PAD) prevention and treatment; however, the impact of age on FA endothelial function has not been reported in healthy adults. Therefore, we evaluated the reproducibility [...] Read more.
Femoral artery (FA) endothelial function is a promising biomarker of lower extremity vascular health for peripheral artery disease (PAD) prevention and treatment; however, the impact of age on FA endothelial function has not been reported in healthy adults. Therefore, we evaluated the reproducibility and acceptability of flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the FA and brachial artery (BA) (n = 20) and performed cross-sectional FA- and BA-FMD measurements in healthy non-smokers aged 22–76 years (n = 50). FMD protocols demonstrated similar good reproducibility. Leg occlusion was deemed more uncomfortable than arm occlusion; thigh occlusion was less tolerated than forearm and calf occlusion. FA-FMD with calf occlusion was lower than BA-FMD (6.0 ± 1.1% vs 6.4 ± 1.3%, p = 0.030). Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated that age (−0.4%/decade) was a significant independent predictor of FA-FMD (R2 = 0.35, p = 0.002). The age-dependent decline in FMD did not significantly differ between FA and BA (pinteraction agexlocation = 0.388). In older participants, 40% of baseline FA wall shear stress (WSS) values were <5 dyne/cm2, which is regarded as pro-atherogenic. In conclusion, endothelial function declines similarly with age in the FA and the BA in healthy adults. The age-dependent FA enlargement results in a critical decrease in WSS that may explain part of the age-dependent predisposition for PAD. Full article
Article
Solving Problems through Engineering Design: An Exploratory Study with Pre-Service Teachers
Educ. Sci. 2022, 12(12), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120889 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
A possible pathway to achieve disciplinary integration is through the use of the Engineering Design (ED) process, starting with problems in a real context that enable the mobilization of concepts from various disciplinary areas. The study reported in this paper aims to analyze [...] Read more.
A possible pathway to achieve disciplinary integration is through the use of the Engineering Design (ED) process, starting with problems in a real context that enable the mobilization of concepts from various disciplinary areas. The study reported in this paper aims to analyze the performance underlying the use of the ED process in solving authentic problems in a STEAM perspective, with future teachers of elementary education. We adopted a qualitative and interpretative methodology, with an exploratory design, where data were collected through participant observation, documents, artefacts and photographic records. The results are discussed, taking into account previous research and the data collected throughout the classes, where future teachers solved a problem task and created an artefact and a poster. Preliminary results show that the participants valued the experience and were actively engaged, showing persistence and motivation in solving the problem in a collaborative way, through the different steps of the ED cycle. This approach constituted an opportunity to favor the establishment of connections between different areas, such as mathematics, sciences or arts, detecting the possibility of integrating previously learned concepts. Difficulties were evidenced in the identification of some underlying mathematical and physical sciences concepts, particularly in the mobilization of an adequate scientific language while arguing and making decisions, or in accurately justifying the need to improve the designed plan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue STEAM Education and Problem Solving)
Article
Temperature-Dependent Polymorphism and Phase Transformation of Friction Transferred PLLA Thin Films
Polymers 2022, 14(23), 5300; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14235300 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) thin films with a highly oriented structure, successfully prepared by a fast friction transfer technique, were investigated mainly on the basis of synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The crystalline structure of the highly [...] Read more.
Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) thin films with a highly oriented structure, successfully prepared by a fast friction transfer technique, were investigated mainly on the basis of synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The crystalline structure of the highly oriented PLLA film was remarkably affected by friction transfer temperatures, which exhibited various crystal forms in different friction temperature regions. Interestingly, metastable β-form was generated at all friction transfer temperatures (70–140 °C) between Tg and Tm, indicating that fast friction transfer rate was propitious to the formation of β-form. Furthermore, the relative content among β-, α′-, and α-forms at different friction temperatures was estimated by WAXD as well as FTIR spectroscopy. In situ temperature-dependent WAXD was applied to reveal the complicated phase transition behavior of PLLA at a friction transfer temperature of 100 °C. The results illustrated that the contents of β- and α′-forms decreased in turn, whereas the α-form increased in content due to partially melt-recrystallization or crystal perfection. Moreover, by immersing into a solvent of acetone, β-, α′-form were transformed into stable α-crystalline form directly as a consequence. The highly oriented structure was maintained with the chain perfectly parallel to friction transfer direction after acetone treatment, evidenced by polarized FTIR and polarized optical microscopy (POM) measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phase Transitions and Structures in Polymer Science)
Article
The Lookup Table Regression Model for Histogram-Valued Symbolic Data
Stats 2022, 5(4), 1271-1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/stats5040077 (registering DOI) - 04 Dec 2022
Abstract
This paper presents the Lookup Table Regression Model (LTRM) for histogram-valued symbolic data. We first transform the given symbolic data to a numerical data table by the quantile method. Then, under the selected response variable, we apply the Monotone Blocks Segmentation (MBS) to [...] Read more.
This paper presents the Lookup Table Regression Model (LTRM) for histogram-valued symbolic data. We first transform the given symbolic data to a numerical data table by the quantile method. Then, under the selected response variable, we apply the Monotone Blocks Segmentation (MBS) to the obtained numerical data table. If the selected response variable and some remained explanatory variable(s) organize a monotone structure, the MBS generates a Lookup Table composed of interval values. For a given object, we search the nearest value of an explanatory variable, then the corresponding value of the response variable becomes the estimated value. If the response variable and the explanatory variable(s) are covariate but they follow to a non-monotonic structure, we need to divide the given data into several monotone substructures. For this purpose, we apply the hierarchical conceptual clustering to the given data, and we obtain Multiple Lookup Tables by applying the MBS to each of substructures. We show the usefulness of the proposed method by using an artificial data set and real data sets. Full article

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