MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

38 pages, 634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Government Regulation, Agricultural Socialization Service and Green Treatment Behavior of Mushroom Residue by Mushroom Farmers—Based on Research Data from Gutian County, Fujian Province, China

by Baocai Su, Zhenwen Zhao and Shuisheng Fan

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020767 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Agricultural waste treatment in the post-production stage is a crucial component of agricultural green development. To achieve ecological revitalization, it is essential to address the pollution constraints posed by agricultural waste. This study is grounded in the survey data collected from 284 mushroom [...] Read more.

Agricultural waste treatment in the post-production stage is a crucial component of agricultural green development. To achieve ecological revitalization, it is essential to address the pollution constraints posed by agricultural waste. This study is grounded in the survey data collected from 284 mushroom farmers in Gutian County, Fujian Province. Given that the explanatory variable pertains to the number of green treatment behavior adoptions by mushroom farmers regarding mushroom residue, which falls under the category of ordered discrete variables and exhibits an evident recurrence relationship, we opted to analyze the impacts of government regulation, agricultural socialized services, and their interaction terms on the green treatment behavior of mushroom farmers’ mushroom residue through the Ordered Probit model. This approach enabled us to uncover how the differentiation among mushroom farmers influences their green treatment behavior. The study yielded several significant findings. Firstly, both government regulation and agricultural socialized services can effectively drive mushroom farmers to adopt green treatment behaviors for mushroom residue. Secondly, there is an interactive effect between government regulation and agricultural socialized services in relation to the green treatment behavior of mushroom farmers’ residue, indicating a certain degree of complementarity between the two. Thirdly, the differentiation among mushroom farmers has a pronounced impact on the green treatment behavior of mushroom residue. Notably, there are distinct differences in the green treatment behavior of mushroom farmers with varying education levels and planting scales. Moreover, as the education level and planting scale increase, the influence of government regulation and agricultural socialized services on the behavior of mushroom farmers tends to strengthen. Consequently, in the process of promoting the green treatment behavior of mushroom farmers’ mushroom residue, we should maximize the utilization of the policy constraints and guiding measures of government regulation to enhance the normative role of mushroom farmers’ behavior. Simultaneously, we need to fully exploit the recycling and transportation support functions of agricultural socialized services. By grasping the complementarity between government regulation and agricultural socialized services in terms of both normative behavior and solution measures, we can effectively ensure the practical feasibility of the green treatment behavior of mushroom residue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Environmental Pollution in Modern Agriculture: Causes, Effect, and Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Neural Development of Chinese Lexical Tone Perception: A Mismatch Negativity Study Across Childhood, Adolescence, and Adulthood

by Han Wu, Yixiao Zhang, Yiru Liu, Shijun Zhang, Linjun Zhang, Hua Shu and Yang Zhang

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15010093 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In a tonal language like Chinese, phonologically contrasting tones signify word meanings at the syllable level. Although the development of lexical tone perception ability has been examined in many behavioral studies, its developmental trajectory from childhood to adulthood at the neural level [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In a tonal language like Chinese, phonologically contrasting tones signify word meanings at the syllable level. Although the development of lexical tone perception ability has been examined in many behavioral studies, its developmental trajectory from childhood to adulthood at the neural level remains unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the issue by measuring the mismatch negativity (MMN) response to a Chinese lexical tonal contrast in three groups. Methods: The MMN response to a flat-falling tonal contrast (Tone1 versus Tone4) were recorded from children (25 participants aged 6–8), adolescents (26 participants aged 12–14), and young adults (20 participants aged 18–24). Nonsense speech stimuli were also used by superimposing Tone1 and Tone4 on an English syllable. Results: All three groups demonstrated typical early MMN responses in both the meaningful and nonsense syllable conditions. However, the MMN amplitudes varied significantly across groups, with the child group showing smaller responses compared to the adolescent and adult groups, while the latter two groups had similar MMN amplitudes. Conclusions: Neural sensitivity to tonal contrasts is not fully mature in children and reaches a more adult-like level during adolescence, with no significant difference in sensitivity to meaningful versus nonsense syllables. These results provide new insights into the neural development of lexical tone perception in a tonal language, highlighting its maturation during adolescence in this process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurolinguistics)

20 pages, 3595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of a Heterogeneous Battery Energy Storage System into the Puducherry Smart Grid with Time-Varying Loads

by M A Sasi Bhushan, M. Sudhakaran, Sattianadan Dasarathan and Mariappane E

Energies 2025, 18(2), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020428 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

A peak shaving approach in selected industrial loads helps minimize power usage during high demand hours, decreasing total energy expenses while improving grid stability. A battery energy storage system (BESS) can reduce peak electricity demand in distribution networks. Quasi-dynamic load flow analysis (QLFA) [...] Read more.

A peak shaving approach in selected industrial loads helps minimize power usage during high demand hours, decreasing total energy expenses while improving grid stability. A battery energy storage system (BESS) can reduce peak electricity demand in distribution networks. Quasi-dynamic load flow analysis (QLFA) accurately assesses the maximum loading conditions in distribution networks by considering factors such as load profiles, system topology, and network constraints. Achieving maximum peak shaving requires optimizing battery charging and discharging cycles based on real-time energy generation and consumption patterns. Seamless integration of battery storage with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and industrial processes is essential for effective peak shaving strategies. This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC) scheme that can effectively perform peak shaving of the total industrial load. Adopting an MPC-based algorithm design framework enables the development of an effective control strategy for complex systems. The proposed MPC methodology was implemented and tested on the Indian Utility 29 Node Distribution Network (IU29NDN) using the DIgSILENT Power Factory environment. Additionally, the analysis encompasses technical and economic results derived from a simulated storage operation and, taking Puducherry State Electricity Department tariff details, provides significant insights into the application of this method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Resort Treatment Mitigates Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Long COVID Patients: A Retrospective Study

by Grzegorz Onik, Katarzyna Knapik, Dariusz Górka and Karolina Sieroń

Healthcare 2025, 13(2), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13020196 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Among the neuropsychiatric symptoms of long COVID, the following may be listed: sleep disturbances, headaches, anxiety, depression, dizziness, numbness, memory loss, and concentration difficulties. Various therapies have been implemented to mitigate these symptoms; however, health resort treatments that utilize a wide range [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Among the neuropsychiatric symptoms of long COVID, the following may be listed: sleep disturbances, headaches, anxiety, depression, dizziness, numbness, memory loss, and concentration difficulties. Various therapies have been implemented to mitigate these symptoms; however, health resort treatments that utilize a wide range of modalities stimulating multidirectional biological reactions may also be effective. The aim of this study was to assess the severity of neuropsychiatric symptoms in long COVID patients who qualified for health resort treatment, evaluate the effectiveness of health resort treatment in this group of patients, and evaluate the effect of balneological factors in the treatment course. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 120 people with long COVID (69 women and 51 men) aged 42–79 who underwent health resort treatment in 2021 was performed. People were eligible for treatment at a lowland health resort based on a valid referral from a doctor. The treatment included balneological therapies, physical medicine modalities, exercise programs, health education, and psychological support. Patients assessed the severity of persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms on a 0–10 point scale before and after treatment. Results: After the treatment, the greatest improvement was noted in sleep disorders (2.47 ± 2.23 points vs. 0.86 ± 1.25 points, p < 0.00001) and dizziness (1.39 ± 1.94 points vs. 0.34 ± 0.76 points, p < 0.00001). The lowest improvement was observed in memory disorders (2.68 ± 2.5 points vs. 1 ± 1.4 points, p < 0.00001). Conclusions: Patients with long COVID who qualified for health resort treatment reported mild neuropsychiatric symptoms. Health resort treatment mitigates neuropsychiatric symptoms, as it is a complex approach. Treatment that includes balneological factors improves symptoms to a greater extent. This method of treatment should be integrated into the standard treatment for long COVID. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Before, During, and After COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 30693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sacrificing Alginate in Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Implantable Artificial Livers

by Chanh-Trung Nguyen, Van Phu Le, Thi Huong Le, Jeong Sook Kim, Sung Hoon Back and Kyo-in Koo

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16010035 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

This research introduced a strategy to fabricate sub-millimeter-diameter artificial liver tissue by extruding a combination of a liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), alginate, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Vascularization remains a critical challenge in liver tissue engineering, as replicating the liver’s intricate vascular network [...] Read more.

This research introduced a strategy to fabricate sub-millimeter-diameter artificial liver tissue by extruding a combination of a liver decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM), alginate, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Vascularization remains a critical challenge in liver tissue engineering, as replicating the liver’s intricate vascular network is essential for sustaining cellular function and viability. Seven scaffold groups were evaluated, incorporating different cell compositions, scaffold materials, and structural configurations. The hepatocyte and endothelial cell scaffold treated with alginate lyase demonstrated the highest diffusion rate, along with enhanced albumin secretion (2.8 µg/mL) and urea synthesis (220 µg/mL) during the same period by day 10. A dense and interconnected endothelial cell network was observed as early as day 4 in the lyased coculture group. Furthermore, three-week implantation studies in rats showed a stable integration to the host with no adverse effects. This approach offers significant potential for advancing functional liver tissue replacements, combining accelerated diffusion, enhanced albumin secretion, improved urea synthesis, dense vascular network formation, and stable implantation outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Biomaterials in Regenerative Medicine)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

System Dynamics for Manufacturing: Supply Chain Simulation of Hemp-Reinforced Polymer Composite Manufacturing for Sustainability

by Gurinder Kaur and Ronald Kander

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020765 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Supply chain management (SCM) involves complexities and uncertainties in the flow of goods and services from raw materials to end users. Inaccurate estimation of raw materials, labor, or equipment can lead to financial losses and environmental impacts. This study explores the application of [...] Read more.

Supply chain management (SCM) involves complexities and uncertainties in the flow of goods and services from raw materials to end users. Inaccurate estimation of raw materials, labor, or equipment can lead to financial losses and environmental impacts. This study explores the application of system dynamics modeling (SDM) in manufacturing hemp-reinforced polymer composites (HRPC) to optimize resource usage. Using SDM software STELLA^® (Version 3.7.3), selected for its affordability and features, the research demonstrates how system dynamics (SD) can enhance sustainability by minimizing materials, labor, and equipment, reducing energy consumption. A literature review identified a gap in existing research, as we found no prior studies simulating HRPC manufacturing using SDM. The study concludes that SDM is an effective tool for optimizing resource use and improving manufacturing efficiency. By simulating multiple supply chain scenarios in a risk-free environment, the model helps reduce resource consumption and enhance sustainability. Additionally, outputs from the STELLA^® model can be used as inputs for life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantitatively measure environmental impacts. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 7346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Hydrochemical Analysis, Controlling Mechanisms, and Water Quality Assessment of Surface and Groundwater in a Typical Intensive Agricultural Area, Northern China

by Zongjun Gao, Tingting Huang, Jinkai Chen, Hong Tian, Menghan Tan, Yiru Niu and Kexin Lou

Water 2025, 17(2), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020276 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Groundwater is a significant source of water, and evaluating its hydrochemical attributes, quality, and associated health risks holds paramount importance in guaranteeing safe water access for the population and fostering sustainable socio-economic progress. Situated within a semi-arid region, the Dianbu area (DBA) features [...] Read more.

Groundwater is a significant source of water, and evaluating its hydrochemical attributes, quality, and associated health risks holds paramount importance in guaranteeing safe water access for the population and fostering sustainable socio-economic progress. Situated within a semi-arid region, the Dianbu area (DBA) features numerous greenhouses interspersed amongst open farmlands. An examination revealed a discernible decline in the overall water chemistry environment in this area. This study extensively examined the fundamental water chemistry characteristics of groundwater and surface water samples through a statistical analysis, Piper’s trilinear diagram, ion ratios, and other analytical methods. The assessment of irrigation water quality was conducted using the entropy weight water quality index (EWQI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percentage of soluble sodium (Na%), among other relevant indicators. The findings demonstrate multiple key aspects: 1. Water cations are chiefly composed of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺, while groundwater anions are notably NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ dominant, defining the water type as NO₃-SO₄-Ca. Conversely, surface water primarily displays HCO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻ anions, aligning it with an HCO₃-SO₄-Ca water type. 2. The extensive agricultural activities in the region, coupled with the excessive utilization of pesticides, chemical fertilizers, as well as the discharge of domestic sewage, contribute to heightened NO₃⁻ concentrations in groundwater. 3. The water quality assessments indicate that approximately 53% of agricultural water quality meets irrigation standards based on EWQI, with SAR results suggesting around 65.52% suitability for irrigation and Na% findings indicating approximately 55.88% viability for this purpose. Proper water selection tailored to specific conditions is advised to mitigate potential soil salinization risks associated with long-term irrational irrigation practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human Impact on Groundwater Environment, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Evolution of Venezuelan Evangelical Involvement in Politics: The Case of the 2024 Presidential Elections

by Fernando Adolfo Mora-Ciangherotti

Religions 2025, 16(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16010093 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

After his questionable re-election in 2018, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Moros (NMM) began a campaign to attract the attention of evangelical leaders, apostles, prophets, pastors, and church members to secure their votes for the 2024 campaign. The main reason for this move was [...] Read more.

After his questionable re-election in 2018, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Moros (NMM) began a campaign to attract the attention of evangelical leaders, apostles, prophets, pastors, and church members to secure their votes for the 2024 campaign. The main reason for this move was the surprising growth of the evangelical population in the country, which reached almost 30% by the end of 2023. Several independent churches and denominations accepted NMM’s invitation to meet and participate in government programs specifically targeted at evangelical churches. Despite allegations of human rights abuses, corruption, and violations of the Venezuelan constitution, some evangelicals created a narrative about NMM as the “protector of families” and as God’s chosen one to usher in a new era of prosperity for the nation. Through acts of “identificational” repentance staged at the Miraflores Palace, a contrite NMM received prophetic declarations and prayers from apostles and pastors, and the country was cleansed of curses and satanic influences. This article seeks to document, analyze, and situate these discourses in relation to contemporary theological trends, as an important case of evangelical alignment with left-wing politics in Latin America. Moreover, the article also seeks to show how these events relate to the evolution of Venezuelan evangelical involvement in national politics, particularly under 25 years of socialist governments of Hugo Chávez Frías and Nicolás Maduro Moros. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Religion and Politics: Historical Developments and Contemporary Transformations)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Iodine Levels, Biochemical Responses, and Thyroid Gene Expression in Rats Fed Diets with Kale Biofortified with 5,7-Diiodo-8-Quinolinol

by Justyna Waśniowska, Ewa Piątkowska, Piotr Pawlicki, Sylwester Smoleń, Aneta Kopeć, Agnieszka Dyląg, Joanna Krzemińska and Aneta Koronowicz

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(2), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020822 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Iodine is a key micronutrient essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, which regulates metabolic processes and maintains overall health. Despite its importance, iodine deficiency is a global health issue, leading to disorders such as goiter, hypothyroidism, and developmental abnormalities. Biofortification of crops [...] Read more.

Iodine is a key micronutrient essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormone, which regulates metabolic processes and maintains overall health. Despite its importance, iodine deficiency is a global health issue, leading to disorders such as goiter, hypothyroidism, and developmental abnormalities. Biofortification of crops with iodine is a promising strategy to enhance the dietary iodine intake, providing an alternative to iodized salt. Curly kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) is a nutrient-rich vegetable high in vitamins A, C, K; minerals; fiber; and bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxifying properties. This study evaluates the effects of diets containing iodine-biofortified curly kale (‘Oldenbor F₁’ and ‘Redbor F₁’) on iodine content, tissue iodine levels, and various biochemical parameters in laboratory rats. The biofortified curly kale was enriched with 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol. The iodine content in the AIN-93G (control) diet and the non-biofortified curly kale diets did not differ significantly. However, diets with 5,7-diiodo-8-quinolinol biofortified kale showed significantly higher iodine levels compared with the control diets. Tissue analysis revealed the highest iodine concentrations in the liver and kidneys of rats fed diets with biofortified curly kale, indicating better iodine bioavailability. Biochemical analysis showed that rats fed the biofortified kale diet had lower total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) levels compared with rats fed the control diet. Additionally, the biofortified diet improved the liver function markers (ALAT, ASAT) and reduced oxidative stress markers (TBARS). The study also investigated the expression of thyroid-related genes (Slc5A5, Tpo, Dio1, Dio2) in response to diets containing biofortified kale. The results demonstrated significant changes in gene expression, indicating adaptive mechanisms to dietary iodine levels and the presence of bioactive compounds in the biofortified kale. The study also observed variations in uric acid levels, with lower concentrations in rats fed a diet with biofortified curly kale. Biofortified curly kale supports thyroid function and improves liver and kidney health by reducing oxidative stress and modulating key biochemical and genetic markers. These findings suggest that biofortified curly kale can effectively increase dietary iodine intake as a nutritional intervention to address iodine deficiency and promote overall health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Derived Food Products in the Prevention of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4502 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Development of the Implementation of Renewable Sources in EU Countries in Heating and Cooling, Transport, and Electricity

by Marcela Taušová, Maksym Mykhei, Katarína Čulkova, Peter Tauš, Dávid Petráš and Pavol Kaňuch

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020766 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

This paper compares the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the EU, focusing on their application in the transport, cooling and heating sectors and electricity production. It examines the current situation in the EU and assesses to what extent their laws and [...] Read more.

This paper compares the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the EU, focusing on their application in the transport, cooling and heating sectors and electricity production. It examines the current situation in the EU and assesses to what extent their laws and policies have contributed to the transition to renewable energy sources. This study focuses on several forms of renewable energy, including solar, wind, hydro energy, and biomass energy. The analysis is based on several variables, including production, consumption, and environmental impact. The findings of the analysis highlight the contrasts and similarities between the two nations and illuminate the best strategies for advancing sustainable energy development. This study also analyzes the main renewable energy strategies and policies to understand which factors support or hinder the transition to sustainable and clean energy. The analysis underscores the importance of optimizing energy efficiency and achieving long-term savings using RESs. Additionally, this study emphasises the role of RESs in enhancing energy security and promoting economic growth through technological innovation. This study also highlights the potential of RESs to reduce emissions in industry, transport, and agriculture, thereby contributing to environmental sustainability. The results show that the use of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the European Union has increased in the analyzed period. The results of this study can be useful to government agencies, businesses, academia, and the public interested in supporting the development of sustainable energy in the EU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable and Sustainable Energy for Sustainability Future: Current State, Potential and Perspectives)

16 pages, 2447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alkaloid Profile, Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Activities, and Sexual Propagation in Hieronymiella peruviana (Amaryllidaceae)

by Olimpia Llalla-Cordova, Javier E. Ortiz, Luciana R. Tallini, Laura Torras-Claveria, Jaume Bastida, Lorena Celina Luna and Gabriela E. Feresin

Plants 2025, 14(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14020281 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Hieronymiella peruviana, a recently described endemic species from southern Peru, belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and is known for its diversity of alkaloids. Amaryllidoideae have been studied for their diverse biological activities, particularly for their properties in treating neurodegenerative diseases. This work [...] Read more.

Hieronymiella peruviana, a recently described endemic species from southern Peru, belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and is known for its diversity of alkaloids. Amaryllidoideae have been studied for their diverse biological activities, particularly for their properties in treating neurodegenerative diseases. This work examines the alkaloidal profile using GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS of alkaloid-enriched extracts obtained from the leaves and bulbs of H. peruviana and their inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. In addition, the phenolic and flavonoid content in the methanolic extract from bulbs was quantified and the antioxidant capacity was evaluated. Moreover, the seed germination was investigated under four temperature conditions (15, 20, 25, and 30 °C). Twenty-two alkaloids, most of them of the homolycorine- and galanthamine-type, including galanthamine, were identified in the alkaloid extracts by means of GC-MS and UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Lycorine and 8-O-Demethylhomolycorine were the most abundant alkaloids in the bulbs and leaves, respectively. The leaves and bulbs alkaloid extracts demonstrated strong AChE inhibition (IC₅₀ = 5.20–8.60 µg/mL) and moderate BuChE inhibition (IC₅₀ = 90.20–122.76 µg/mL). The bulbs’ methanolic extract exhibited mild antioxidant activity, showing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) values of 16.36% at 500 μg/mL and 58.31 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g, respectively. Seed germination was most effective at 20 °C and 25 °C. Finally, 60 days after germination, the survival rate of H. peruviana seedlings was 48.33%. These findings establish H. peruviana as a promising source of bioactive alkaloids with potential pharmacological and therapeutic applications, as well as providing critical insights for its propagation and conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alkaloids: Chemical Structures with Pharmaceutical Potential)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Hydroxyapatite Additions on Alginate Gelation Kinetics During Cross-Linking

by Katarina Dimic-Misic, Monir Imani and Michael Gasik

Polymers 2025, 17(2), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17020242 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Alginate hydrogels have gathered significant attention in biomedical engineering due to their remarkable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to encapsulate cells and bioactive molecules, but much less has been reported on the kinetics of gelation. Scarce experimental data are available on cross-linked alginates (AL) [...] Read more.

Alginate hydrogels have gathered significant attention in biomedical engineering due to their remarkable biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to encapsulate cells and bioactive molecules, but much less has been reported on the kinetics of gelation. Scarce experimental data are available on cross-linked alginates (AL) with bioactive components. The present study addressed a novel method for defining the crosslinking mechanism using rheological measurements for aqueous mixtures of AL and calcium chloride (CaCl₂) with the presence of hydroxyapatite (HAp) as filler particles. The time-dependent crosslinking behaviour of these mixtures was exploited using a plate–plate rheometer, when crosslinking occurs due to calcium ions (Ca²⁺) binding to the guluronic acid blocks within the AL polymer, forming a stable “egg-box” structure. To reveal the influence of HAp particles as filler on crosslinked sample morphology, after rheological measurement and crosslinking, crosslinked samples were freeze-dried and their morphology was assessed using an optical microscope and SEM. It was found that the addition of HAp particles, which are known to enhance the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of crosslinked AL gels, significantly decreased (usually rapidly) the interaction between the Ca²⁺ and AL chains. In this research, the physical “shielding” effect of HAp particles on the crosslinking of AL with Ca²⁺ ions has been observed for the first time, and its crosslinking behaviour was defined using rheological methods. After crosslinking and rheometer measurements, the samples were further evaluated for morphological properties and the observations were correlated with their dewatering properties. While the presence of HAp particles led to a slower crosslinking process and a more uniform development of the rheological parameters, it also led to a more uniform porosity and improved dewatering properties. The observed effects allow for a better understanding of the crosslinking process kinetics, which directly affects the physical and chemical properties of the AL gels. The shielding behaviour (retardation) of filler particles occurs when they physically or chemically block certain components in a mixture, delaying their interaction with other reactants. In hydrogel formulations, filler particles like hydroxyapatite (HAp) can act as barriers, adsorbing onto reactive components or creating physical separation, which slows the reaction rate and allows for controlled gelation or delayed crosslinking. This delayed reactivity is beneficial for precise control over the reaction timing, enabling the better manipulation of material properties such as crosslinking distribution, pore structure, and mechanical stability. In this research, the physical shielding effect of HAp particles was observed through changes in rheological properties during crosslinking and was dependent on the HAp concentration. The addition of HAp also enabled more uniform porosity and improved dewatering properties. The observed effects allow for a better understanding of the crosslinking process kinetics, which directly affects the physical and chemical properties of the AL gels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rethinking the Unio Mystica: From McGinn to Ibn ʿArabī

by Arjun Nair

Religions 2025, 16(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16010094 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Research into the unio mystica has revealed what seems to be an area of “real discussion” between scholars of different traditions of mysticism, particularly those of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Although this research serves as a promising start to the dialogue among scholars, [...] Read more.

Research into the unio mystica has revealed what seems to be an area of “real discussion” between scholars of different traditions of mysticism, particularly those of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Although this research serves as a promising start to the dialogue among scholars, it has also raised many questions about a “shared moment” that is nevertheless expressed in “irreducibly diverse” and distinct ways in each tradition. What purpose, for instance, can generic cross-cultural categories serve when they mean little or nothing to scholars in each tradition? By contrast, tradition-specific vocabularies are profuse and often difficult to represent in interlinguistic contexts without significant explanation. The challenge of translating mystical texts, imagery, and ideas across cultures and linguistic traditions raises obvious concerns about the misrepresentation and distortion of traditions in an environment of post-colonial critique. Nevertheless, the continued promise of dialogue calls for specialists of these traditions—particularly non-western and non-Christian traditions—to approach, assess, re-formulate, and even challenge the categories of mysticism from within the conceptual and theoretical horizons of the traditions that they research. The present study models such an approach to scholarship in mysticism. It offers a (re)formulation of the unio mystica from within the theoretical frame of the 12th/13th-century Muslim/Sufi mystic, Ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240) and early members of his school of thought. By unpacking the primary terms involved in such an account—“God”, the “human being/self”, and “union”—from within the conceptual and theoretical horizons of that tradition, it problematizes the prevailing understanding of the unio mystica constructed from the writings of specialists in Christian mysticism. More importantly, it illustrates the payoff in terms of dialogue (incorporating the critique of existing theories) when each tradition operates confidently from its own milieu, developing its own theoretical resources for mysticism rather than prematurely embracing existing ideas or categories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mysticism Reloaded: Innovative Approaches, Methods, and Theories to Study Mysticism)

22 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Energy Consumption Analysis for UWSNs with Priority Scheduling Based on Access Probability and Wakeup Threshold

by Ning Li, Zhiyu Xiang, Liang Feng, Zhiqiang Gao, Jiaqi Liu and Haitao Gu

Sensors 2025, 25(2), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25020570 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

As advancements in autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) technology unfold, the role of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is becoming increasingly pivotal. However, the high energy consumption in these networks can significantly reduce their operational lifespan, while latency issues can impair overall network performance. [...] Read more.

As advancements in autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) technology unfold, the role of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is becoming increasingly pivotal. However, the high energy consumption in these networks can significantly reduce their operational lifespan, while latency issues can impair overall network performance. To address these challenges, a novel mixed packet forwarding strategy is developed, which incorporates a wakeup threshold and a dynamically adjusted access probability for the cluster head (CH). This approach aims to conserve energy while maintaining acceptable network latency levels. The wakeup threshold restricts the frequency of state switching for the CH, thereby reducing energy consumption. Meanwhile, the dynamic access probability regulates the influx of packets to mitigate system congestion based on current network conditions. Furthermore, to accommodate the network’s varied transmission demands, packets generated by sensor nodes (SNs) are categorized into two types according to their sensitivity to latency. A discrete−time queueing model with preemptive priority is then established to evaluate the performance of different packets and the CH. Numerical results show how different parameters affect network performance and demonstrate that the proposed mixed packet forwarding mechanism can effectively manage the trade−off between latency and energy consumption, outperforming the traditional mechanism within a specific range of parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensor Networks)

22 pages, 1955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An MLLM-Assisted Web Crawler Approach for Web Application Fuzzing

by Wantong Yang, Enze Wang, Zhiwen Gui, Yuan Zhou, Baosheng Wang and Wei Xie

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 962; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020962 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Web application fuzzing faces significant challenges in achieving comprehensive test interface (attack surface) coverage, primarily due to the complexity of user interactions and dynamic website architectures. While web crawlers can automatically access and extract critical website information—including form fields and request parameters—which are [...] Read more.

Web application fuzzing faces significant challenges in achieving comprehensive test interface (attack surface) coverage, primarily due to the complexity of user interactions and dynamic website architectures. While web crawlers can automatically access and extract critical website information—including form fields and request parameters—which are essential for generating effective fuzzing test cases, current crawler technologies exhibit three primary limitations: (i) insufficient capabilities in analyzing page relationships and determining page states; (ii) lack of functionality-aware exploration capabilities, resulting in generated inputs with poor contextual relevance; (iii) generation of unstructured operation sequences that fail to execute effectively due to their incompatibility with state-based testing logic. To address these challenges, we propose CrawlMLLM, a framework using multi-modal large language models to simulate human web browsing. It includes three core components: page state mining, functionality analysis, and automatic operation generation. Evaluations show 163% code coverage improvements over SOTA work. When integrated with vulnerability audit tools, CrawlMLLM found 44 vulnerabilities in three vulnerable web applications versus 34 by the baseline. In six real-world applications, CrawlMLLM detected 20 vulnerabilities while the next best method found six. Full article

12 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Individual Cardiovascular Risk in Pre-Dialysis CKD Patients by Using the Ratio of Calcium–Phosphorus Product to Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Ca × P/eGFR)

by Krasimir Kostov, Tatyana Simeonova, Borislav Ignatov and Tsvetelina Eftimova

Biomedicines 2025, 13(1), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010235 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), necessitating effective risk assessment methods. This study evaluates the calcium–phosphorus product (Ca × P) to estimated glomerular filtration rate (Ca × P/eGFR) ratio as a potential biomarker for predicting [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), necessitating effective risk assessment methods. This study evaluates the calcium–phosphorus product (Ca × P) to estimated glomerular filtration rate (Ca × P/eGFR) ratio as a potential biomarker for predicting CV risk in pre-dialysis CKD patients. Methods: Eighty-four CKD patients in stages G1–G4, according to the KDIGO criteria, were classified into CVD (n = 43) and non-CVD (n = 41) groups. Biochemical parameters, including serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (Pi), parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Ca × P, eGFR, and the Ca × P/eGFR ratio, were measured and calculated. Statistical analyses were performed to identify predictors of CV risk and evaluate the diagnostic reliability of the Ca × P/eGFR ratio for predicting the risk. Results: Significant differences were observed in SCr, BUN, eGFR (p < 0.001), and the Ca × P/eGFR ratio (p = 0.007) between the groups. Regression analysis indicated the Ca × P/eGFR ratio as a significant CVD risk predictor (p = 0.012, OR = 1.206, 95% CI: 1.042–1.395). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed an AUC of 0.751 (p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.645–0.857), with a sensitivity and specificity of the method of 74.4% and 70.7%, respectively. Significant correlations were found between the Ca × P/eGFR ratio and SCr, BUN, UA, Ca, Pi, PTH, and ALP. Conclusions: The Ca × P/eGFR ratio may serve as a significant predictor of CVD risk in pre-dialysis CKD patients, suggesting that its integration into routine evaluations could enhance CV risk stratification and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease: Biology, Diagnosis and Therapy (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Cantal and Salers Protected Designation of Origin Cheeses Based on Sensory Analysis, Physicochemical Characteristics and Volatile Compounds

by Cécile Bord, Louis Lenoir, Julie Benoit, Delphine Guérinon, Gilles Dechambre, Christophe Chassard and Christian Coelho

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020961 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

In this work, the aim was to characterize and differentiate two Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) semi-hard French cheese categories (Salers and Cantal cheeses) by focusing on their sensory, biochemical and volatile characteristics. A total of twelve cheeses, including six Cantal and six [...] Read more.

In this work, the aim was to characterize and differentiate two Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) semi-hard French cheese categories (Salers and Cantal cheeses) by focusing on their sensory, biochemical and volatile characteristics. A total of twelve cheeses, including six Cantal and six Salers cheeses, were analyzed. The provenance of milk from two dairy cow breeds (Salers and non-Salers) was discussed sensorially and chemically for each cheese sample and for each cheese category. Despite very few significant differences in biochemical parameters, differences were observed concerning the volatile composition and sensory profiles between each cheese category. Salers cheeses were clearly differentiated by their appearance and their more intense aromatic characteristics compared to Cantal cheeses. A large number of volatile compounds (VOCs) belonging to acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and esters were detected in each cheese category (n = 78). The relative quantity of each compound varied depending on the cheese category but was lowly impacted by the origin of the breed’s milk. The results suggest that the provenance of milk (Salers vs. non-Salers) have a low impact on the chemical and sensory differentiation of cheeses regardless of the PDO cheese category. However, the PDO cheese categories (Salers vs. Cantal) were clearly differentiated by their volatile and sensory characteristics. The PDO Salers cheeses presented the highest flavor variability compared to the PDO Cantal cheeses due to compounds belonging to alcohols, acids, aldehydes and ester conferring ammonia, vegetal and animal flavors compared to the PDO Cantal cheeses that were perceived as more pungent and bitter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Flavor Chemistry and Technology)

12 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Systematic Use of Small Doses of Vitamin D Have Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Effectively Correct Deficiency Among Healthy Adults?

by Anna Walawska-Hrycek, Eugeniusz Hrycek, Weronika Galus, Halina Jędrzejowska-Szypułka and Ewa Krzystanek

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020352 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Calcitriol, beyond its well-established role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, contributes to immunological processes. No known vitamin D dosage regimen effectively corrects the deficiency while accounting for immunoregulatory effects. Therefore, the purpose of this assessment was to determine whether regular administration of [...] Read more.

Background: Calcitriol, beyond its well-established role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, contributes to immunological processes. No known vitamin D dosage regimen effectively corrects the deficiency while accounting for immunoregulatory effects. Therefore, the purpose of this assessment was to determine whether regular administration of low doses of vitamin D might correct deficiency and have immunoregulatory effects. Methods: A total of 35 healthy volunteers were asked to supplement with vitamin D daily at a dosage of 500 or 1000 IU, depending on the degree of deficiency, for 12 months. At the beginning of the study and after the end of the supplementation period, concentrations of 25(OH)D; PTH; total calcium; inorganic phosphorus; and the inflammatory cytokines IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β, and IFN-γ were determined in all participants. Results: Correction of vitamin D deficiency was achieved with accompanying decreases in PTH and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations, while the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokines remained stable. Conclusions: Therefore, regular vitamin D supplementation, even in small doses, effectively corrected the deficiency and had immunomodulatory effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

13 pages, 5625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of Axenic Cultures for Two Marine Microalgae and the Effects of Antibiotics on Their Growth

by Jin Huang, Shuang Liang, Huiru Liu, Yongren Li, Xiaoyu Wang, Yongjun Guo and Jian Liang

Water 2025, 17(2), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17020275 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Chaetoceros muelleri and Isochrysis zhanjiangensis, known for their rapid reproduction, small size, and rich nutritional content, are commonly used as feed microalgae in aquaculture. This study aimed to sterilize these microalgal species and assess the effects of antibiotics on their algal cell [...] Read more.

Chaetoceros muelleri and Isochrysis zhanjiangensis, known for their rapid reproduction, small size, and rich nutritional content, are commonly used as feed microalgae in aquaculture. This study aimed to sterilize these microalgal species and assess the effects of antibiotics on their algal cell density. Phycospheric bacteria were isolated and identified using the spread plate method and 16S rDNA sequencing, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted using four antibiotics: ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin sulfate. A sterile system was established for C. muelleri using ampicillin, streptomycin, and gentamicin, and for I. zhanjiangensis using kanamycin, ampicillin, and streptomycin. Based on the results, antibiotics with sterilization effects were selected and added to the algal cultures. Their effects on cell density were evaluated during a six-day co-culture. Ampicillin and streptomycin effectively inhibited bacteria associated with C. muelleri, initially increasing algal cell density but later causing a decline. For I. zhanjiangensis, kanamycin and ampicillin were effective, with kanamycin significantly promoting growth throughout the cycle, achieving a 36.92% higher cell density on day six (p < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oceans and Coastal Zones)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lidocaine Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy and Relieved Chemotherapy-Induced Hyperalgesia in Mice with Metastatic Gastric Cancer

by Peiwen Gao, Fei Peng, Jing Liu, Weiwei Wu, Guoyan Zhao, Congyan Liu, Hangxue Cao, Yuncheng Li, Feng Qiu and Wensheng Zhang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(2), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26020828 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

With the widespread use of lidocaine for pain control in cancer therapy, its antitumor activity has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This paper provides a simple strategy of combining lidocaine with chemotherapy drugs for cancer therapy, aiming to relieve chemotherapy-induced pain and [...] Read more.

With the widespread use of lidocaine for pain control in cancer therapy, its antitumor activity has attracted considerable attention in recent years. This paper provides a simple strategy of combining lidocaine with chemotherapy drugs for cancer therapy, aiming to relieve chemotherapy-induced pain and achieve stronger antitumor efficacy. However, there is still a lack of substantial pre-clinical evidence for the efficacy and related mechanisms of such combinations, obstructing their potential clinical application. In this study, we propose intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) against gastric cancer (GC) as an ideal scenario to evaluate the efficacy of a lidocaine/paclitaxel combination. Firstly, we used human GC cells MKN-45-luc to investigate the antitumor activity and related mechanisms of the lidocaine/paclitaxel combination in vitro. Then, we used C57BL/6 mice with intraperitoneal drug suffusion to evaluate the efficacy of lidocaine to suppress paclitaxel-induced hyperalgesia and related mechanisms. Lastly, in BALB/c tumor-bearing nude mice we evaluated the synergistic antitumor activity and pain-relieving effect of the lidocaine/paclitaxel combination. Our results showed enhanced antitumor activity for the lidocaine/paclitaxel combination, which induced apoptosis, inhibited migration, and the invasion of GC cells in a synergistic manner. In animal models, the lidocaine/paclitaxel combination effectively inhibited growth and peritoneal metastasis of the tumor, resulting in prolonged survival time. Meanwhile, lidocaine showed considerable anti-inflammatory activity alongside its anesthetic effect, which, in combination, effectively relieved hyperalgesia induced by paclitaxel. These results suggested that intraperitoneal suffusion with lidocaine/paclitaxel could be a pain-free IPC formulation with enhanced antitumor activity, which could provide a promising treatment for GC with peritoneal metastasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Oncology)

15 pages, 5581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis of the Excavation Stability of Deep and Large Ventilation Shafts of Zimuyan Tunnel Using the Raise Boring Machine Method in a Karst Area

by Guofeng Wang, Fayi Deng, Kaifu Ren, Yougqiao Fang and Haiyan Xu

Buildings 2025, 15(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020287 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

The excavation of deep and large vertical shafts in karst areas can easily lead to sudden changes in the stress field of the surrounding rock and even cause disasters such as cave collapses. To investigate the influence of karst areas on the stability [...] Read more.

The excavation of deep and large vertical shafts in karst areas can easily lead to sudden changes in the stress field of the surrounding rock and even cause disasters such as cave collapses. To investigate the influence of karst areas on the stability of deep and large vertical shaft excavation using the raise boring machine (RBM) method, based on the ventilation vertical shaft project of Zimuyan Tunnel, the influence of karst caves on the displacement and stress fields of the surrounding rock during the construction stage of the vertical shaft was analyzed using the finite element simulation method. Furthermore, the influence of the cave dimensions and the distance between the cave and the shaft on the stability of the surrounding rock was evaluated. The results indicate that the karst cave caused an increase in the radial displacement of the surrounding rock, and the radial displacements and stress in the surrounding rock increased linearly with depth. However, the radial displacement of the surrounding rock in the range of 20D to 21D (D is the well diameter) above the bottom of the well, and the radial stress of the surrounding rock in the range of 7D above and below the depth of the cave, are significantly affected by the cave. When the cavern size increased from 0 to 2.0D, the maximum radial displacement of the surrounding rock in each construction stage increased by 10.7, 16.6, 2.3, and 2.2 times, respectively. Moreover, when the distance between the cavern and the well was increased from 0.5D to 2.0D, the maximum radial displacements of the surrounding rock corresponding to each construction stage were reduced by 51.5%, 61.6%, 40.7%, and 18.4%, respectively. These findings can provide valuable references for the design, construction, and monitoring of deep and large vertical shafts in karst areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Construction Mechanical Behavior and Deformation Characteristics of Lining Structure—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 16261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative, Cost and Multi-Criteria Analyses of Traditional Binders in the Composition of Hemp-Based Finishing Products

by Raluca Iștoan, Daniela-Roxana Tămaș-Gavrea, Mihaela Dumitran and Ovidiu Gavril Gavriș

Materials 2025, 18(2), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020452 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of twelve compositions based on hemp shiv and four traditional binders used in the construction industry: cement, plaster, hydrated lime and clay, with the aim of using the resulting materials as final finishing [...] Read more.

The objective of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of twelve compositions based on hemp shiv and four traditional binders used in the construction industry: cement, plaster, hydrated lime and clay, with the aim of using the resulting materials as final finishing products applicable to the raw area of walls, slabs and other construction elements for walls. Comparative, cost and multi-criteria analyses were carried out on the proposed compositions. The comparative analysis focused on acoustic, thermal, mechanical and fire characteristics, followed by a cost analysis and ending with multi-criteria analysis. In general, cement presented the highest values for mechanical properties, while the other binders demonstrated the most favorable results for acoustic and thermal properties. This paper aims to provide an overview of the traditional binders used in hemp shiv composition and to examine the impact of the physical and mechanical properties of these binders on the final product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Optimization, and Reuse of Sustainable Bio-Based Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Tracheostomised Patients: Complications, Survival, and Mortality Risk Factors

by Marta Mesalles-Ruiz, Maitane Alonso, Marc Cruellas, Martí Plana, Anna Penella, Alejandro Portillo, Víctor Daniel Gumucio, Xavier González-Compta, Manel Mañós and Julio Nogués

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(2), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14020633 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Objectives: To compare the outcomes of tracheostomised COVID-19 patients with non-COVID-19 tracheostomised patients to identify factors influencing severity and mortality. Methods: A retrospective, single-centre cohort study was conducted on COVID-19 tracheostomised patients admitted from May 2020 to February 2022, compared with a cohort [...] Read more.

Objectives: To compare the outcomes of tracheostomised COVID-19 patients with non-COVID-19 tracheostomised patients to identify factors influencing severity and mortality. Methods: A retrospective, single-centre cohort study was conducted on COVID-19 tracheostomised patients admitted from May 2020 to February 2022, compared with a cohort of non-COVID-19 tracheostomised patients. Results: COVID-19 tracheostomised patients had a higher mortality rate (50% vs. 27.3% in non-COVID-19 patients). Mortality risk factors in COVID-19 tracheostomised patients included female sex (HR 1.99, CI 1.09–3.61, p = 0.025), ischemic heart disease (HR 5.71, CI 1.59–20.53, p = 0.008), elevated pre-tracheostomy values of PEEP (HR 1.06, CI 1.01–1.11, p = 0.017) and INR (HR 1.04, CI 1.01–1.07, p = 0.004), and ventilatory complications (HR 8.63, CI 1.09–68.26, p = 0.041). No significant differences in complication rates were found based on Sars-CoV-2 infection or tracheostomy type. Conclusions: Tracheostomy technique did not impact complications, discharge circumstances, or mortality, supporting the safety of bedside percutaneous tracheostomies for COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 tracheostomised patients exhibited a higher mortality rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): Personalized Therapies and Beyond, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 9536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Propagation Properties of Partially Coherent Flat-Topped Beam Rectangular Arrays in Plasma and Atmospheric Turbulence

by Xinkai Ma, Hui Zhang, Yuanhao Zhao, LinXuan Yao, Changchun Yu, Yaru Gao, Yangsheng Yuan, Yangjian Cai and Bohan Guo

Photonics 2025, 12(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12010089 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Propagation properties represent a critical aspect of laser beams utilized in free space optical (FSO) communications. We examined the evolution characteristics of the electric field associated with partially coherent flat-topped beam rectangular arrays propagating bidirectionally through the turbulent atmosphere and plasma links. Utilizing [...] Read more.

Propagation properties represent a critical aspect of laser beams utilized in free space optical (FSO) communications. We examined the evolution characteristics of the electric field associated with partially coherent flat-topped beam rectangular arrays propagating bidirectionally through the turbulent atmosphere and plasma links. Utilizing the optical transmission matrix, alongside the second moment theory and Wigner distribution functions, we derived analytical expressions for both the intensity distribution and propagation factors of the partially coherent flat-topped beam rectangular arrays affected by the atmospheric turbulence and plasma disturbances. The numerical results indicate that appropriately selecting parameters such as beam order, transverse spatial coherence width, and beam width can effectively mitigate the adverse effects on propagation properties caused by the turbulent atmosphere and plasma. Our results have significant implications for FSO communications within specific environmental contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Beam Propagation and Control)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 7291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Seasonal Atmospheric Factors and Photoperiod on Floral Biology, Plant–Pollinator Interactions, and Plant Reproduction on Turnera ulmifolia L. (Passifloraceae)

by Ujjwal Layek, Nandita Das, Arabinda Samanta and Prakash Karmakar

Biology 2025, 14(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14010100 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

Reproductive traits and plant–pollinator interactions largely depend on seasonal weather conditions, which are species-specific. Turnera ulmifolia is an ornamental plant distributed worldwide. There is little information about plant species’ reproductive ecology and environmental factors’ impact on it. Here, we aimed to examine the [...] Read more.

Reproductive traits and plant–pollinator interactions largely depend on seasonal weather conditions, which are species-specific. Turnera ulmifolia is an ornamental plant distributed worldwide. There is little information about plant species’ reproductive ecology and environmental factors’ impact on it. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of seasonal atmospheric factors (e.g., temperature, light, relative humidity, rainfall) and photoperiod on flowering, interactions with flower visitors, and the reproductive success of Turnera ulmifolia in West Bengal, India. Flowering intensity peaked in hot summers and dropped in cold winters, correlating positively with temperature and humidity. Flower opening and closing occurred earlier on hot days, while flower longevity increased in winter, showing a negative correlation with temperature and humidity. Pollen and ovule production were lower in cold weather, positively linked to temperature and humidity. The self-compatible plant was moderately dependent on pollinators and had no pollination deficit in open conditions. Visitor abundance, richness, and diversity varied season-wise, with higher values during spring–summer. Based on pollinating agents, the plant showed multiple pollination modes (e.g., melittophily, myophily, myrmecophily, and psychophily). Effective pollinators were Amegilla zonata, Borbo cinnara, Halictus acrocephalus, Nomia (Curvinomia) strigata, and Tetragonula iridipennis. The fruit set (%) did not differ significantly season-wise, but the seed set remained higher in the hot days of summer than in cold winter. Therefore, it can be concluded that atmospheric factors and photoperiod significantly impact floral traits, plant–pollinator interactions, and plant reproduction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pollination Biology)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 5167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Cast-Steel Tubular Circular-Hollow-Section Connections Based on Depth-First Search Algorithm

by Kaien Jiang, Ziming Yang, Ju Chen, Guoer Lv and Huafeng Yu

Buildings 2025, 15(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020286 (registering DOI) - 19 Jan 2025

Abstract

This study introduces a novel design for a cast-steel joint in the shape of a T, aimed at resolving concerns regarding stress concentration at points where geometric intersections occur and enhancing the quality of welding in T-shaped welded joints. The proposed integrated design [...] Read more.

This study introduces a novel design for a cast-steel joint in the shape of a T, aimed at resolving concerns regarding stress concentration at points where geometric intersections occur and enhancing the quality of welding in T-shaped welded joints. The proposed integrated design framework greatly facilitated the successful construction of a three-dimensional joint between a brace and a chord at a T-shaped node. The geometric parameters of curves in the connector were optimized using a depth-first search algorithm, resulting in control points for the optimized curve. Computer-aided design software was then employed to obtain the refined connector. The design framework has the ability to produce designs with smooth and uninterrupted boundaries, making them highly compatible with traditional casting methods and effectively tackling the manufacturing challenges related to topology optimization. The numerical simulation results demonstrate that, in comparison to traditionally welded T-joints of the same size, the stress concentration factor of the optimized joints exhibits a significant reduction, accompanied by a notable disparity in stress distribution. Moreover, the impact of the thickness of the brace and the axial compression ratio on the stress concentration factor of the optimized joints was relatively insignificant. The stress concentration factor of the cast-steel joint was reduced by more than 84%, leading to a significant enhancement in fatigue performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI