MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

23 pages, 3822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

BDNF/Cyclin D1 Signaling System and Cognitive Performance After Perampanel and Lacosamide Treatment Singly or in Combination in an Experimental Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

by Michaela Shishmanova-Doseva and Darina Barbutska

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(12), 14010-14032; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46120838 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Epilepsy is a common brain function disorder. The present study aims to evaluate the long-term effect of perampanel (PRM) and lacosamide (LCM), administered singly in a high-dose or in a low-dose combination of both, on comorbid anxiety, cognitive impairment, BDNF, and Cyclin D1 [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is a common brain function disorder. The present study aims to evaluate the long-term effect of perampanel (PRM) and lacosamide (LCM), administered singly in a high-dose or in a low-dose combination of both, on comorbid anxiety, cognitive impairment, BDNF, and Cyclin D1 hippocampal expression in an experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy with lithium–pilocarpine. PRM (3 mg/kg, p.o.)/LCM (30 mg/kg, p.o.) or PRM+LCM (0.5 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg, p.o.) treatments were administered three hours after the lithium–pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus and continued for up to ten weeks in adult Wistar rats. Our study demonstrated that perampanel and lacosamide administered singly in high doses improved epilepsy-associated cognitive impairment through ameliorating anxiety and facilitating passive learning and memory, with spatial and recognition memory measured in the elevated plus maze, step-through, Y-maze, and object recognition tests, respectively. In addition, the combination of both drugs in low doses demonstrated similar anxiolytic and cognitive-improving effects compared to the singly administered drugs. Moreover, the three experimental groups enhanced the hippocampal expression of the neurotrophic factor BDNF and mitigated the increased levels of the apoptotic factor Cyclin D1. These beneficial effects could be essential mechanisms through which administered anticonvulsants preserve neuronal survival and homeostasis in the CNS and especially in the hippocampus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecules at Play in Neurological Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RbfCon: Construct Radial Basis Function Neural Networks with Grammatical Evolution

by Ioannis G. Tsoulos, Ioannis Varvaras and Vasileios Charilogis

Software 2024, 3(4), 549-568; https://doi.org/10.3390/software3040027 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Radial basis function networks are considered a machine learning tool that can be applied on a wide series of classification and regression problems proposed in various research topics of the modern world. However, in many cases, the initial training method used to fit [...] Read more.

Radial basis function networks are considered a machine learning tool that can be applied on a wide series of classification and regression problems proposed in various research topics of the modern world. However, in many cases, the initial training method used to fit the parameters of these models can produce poor results either due to unstable numerical operations or its inability to effectively locate the lowest value of the error function. The current work proposed a novel method that constructs the architecture of this model and estimates the values for each parameter of the model with the incorporation of Grammatical Evolution. The proposed method was coded in ANSI C++, and the produced software was tested for its effectiveness on a wide series of datasets. The experimental results certified the adequacy of the new method to solve difficult problems, and in the vast majority of cases, the error in the classification or approximation of functions was significantly lower than the case where the original training method was applied. Full article

10 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Algebraic Proof of the Nishimura Theorem

by Alex Citkin

Logics 2024, 2(4), 148-157; https://doi.org/10.3390/logics2040007 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

An algebraic proof of the Nishimura theorem on one-generated Heyting algebras is presented. Full article

19 pages, 1405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expression of Genes Involved in Banana (Musa spp.) Response to Black Sigatoka

by Sávio Luiz Pereira Nunes, Julianna Matos da Silva Soares, Anelita de Jesus Rocha, Fernanda dos Santos Nascimento, Andresa Priscila de Souza Ramos, Taliane Leila Soares, Rogério Merces Ferreira Santos, Vanusia Batista de Oliveira Amorim, Edson Perito Amorim and Claudia Fortes Ferreira

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(12), 13991-14009; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46120837 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

This work aimed to evaluate the relative gene expression of the candidate genes psI, psII, isr, utp, and prk involved in the defense response to Black Sigatoka in banana cultivars Calcutta-4, Krasan Saichon, Grand Nain, and Akondro Mainty, by [...] Read more.

This work aimed to evaluate the relative gene expression of the candidate genes psI, psII, isr, utp, and prk involved in the defense response to Black Sigatoka in banana cultivars Calcutta-4, Krasan Saichon, Grand Nain, and Akondro Mainty, by a quantitative real-time PCR. Biotic stress was imposed on 6-month-old plants during five sampling intervals under greenhouse conditions. The psII and isr genes were upregulated for the Calcutta-4- and Krasan Saichon-resistant cultivars, and were validated in this study. For Grande Naine, a susceptible cultivar, there was an early downregulation of the psI, psII, and isr genes and a late upregulation of the psII gene. There was no significant expression of any of the genes for the susceptible cultivar Akondro Mainty. Computational biology tools such as ORFFinder and PlantCARE revealed that the utp gene has more introns and exons and that, in general, cis-elements involved in the response to biotic stress, such as as-1, w-box, and STRE, were detected in the promoter region of the genes studied. Data from this work also support the phenotyping studies of banana cultivars affected by Black Sigatoka in the field. Once validated in promising new hybrids, these genes may be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS) and/or gene-editing techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)

12 pages, 1672 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily 14 Regulates the Inflammatory Response of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells

by Abdulelah Alrshedan, Mona Elsafadi, Manikandan Muthurangan and Solaiman Al-Hadlaq

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(12), 13979-13990; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46120836 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic disease that leads to dental pulp inflammation. It is treated by removing the damaged tooth structure and applying a material that promotes resolution of pulpal inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily 14 (TNFSF14) is an immunomodulatory cytokine [...] Read more.

Dental caries is a highly prevalent chronic disease that leads to dental pulp inflammation. It is treated by removing the damaged tooth structure and applying a material that promotes resolution of pulpal inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily 14 (TNFSF14) is an immunomodulatory cytokine and a member of the TNF superfamily. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of TNFSF14 on the levels of inflammatory cytokines involved in pulpal inflammation using lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). hDPSCs were cultured and induced with LTA, followed by treatment with TNFSF14 at 25 and 50 ng/mL. Cellular viability was evaluated using the Alamar Blue assay. The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α were quantified using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TNFSF14 at 25 and 50 ng/mL significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, and increased the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In addition, TNFSF14-treated groups enhanced cell viability. Adding TNFSF14 to LTA-induced hDPSCs regulated the production of inflammatory cytokines by lowering the levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α and elevating IL-10 levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Innovative Therapeutic Approaches in Inflammatory Diseases, Pioneering Precision Medicine Solutions)

16 pages, 244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Translation and Impact of the National Diabetes Prevention Program in Two Rural Settings: Participant Outcomes, Individual Experiences, and Recommendations

by Jenifer J. Thomas, Bhibha M. Das, Lesley D. Lutes, Lacey Dickson, Parres Holliday, Brianna Adams and Hannah McNamee

Diabetology 2024, 5(7), 690-705; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology5070051 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) assists individuals with lifestyle change for type 2 diabetes risk reduction through education, skills, and support. To further understand program effectiveness, implementation research needs to consider influences on retention, effectiveness, and sustainability of the program [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The National Diabetes Prevention Program (National DPP) assists individuals with lifestyle change for type 2 diabetes risk reduction through education, skills, and support. To further understand program effectiveness, implementation research needs to consider influences on retention, effectiveness, and sustainability of the program in rural settings. The purpose of this study was to understand National DPP implementation in two rural workplace settings as well as the factors that influence program participation and outcomes. Methods: Individuals who met criteria for being at risk for developing type 2 diabetes participated in two National DPPs. The first program (Technology-Augmented DPP) occurred in 2016 with the goal of understanding the role of psychosocial factors in relation to National DPP outcomes, and quantitative data were obtained from 47 participants. Variables of interest included the Lifestyle-Health-Related Self-Concept questionnaire (HRSC), weight, and physical activity. The second program (Hybrid-Format DPP) occurred in 2022 with the goal of understanding individual participant experiences within the program by conducting a reflexive thematic analysis on data obtained during a semi-structured group interview with 3 participants. Results: In the Technology-Augmented DPP, Lifestyle-HRSC dimensions of nutrition, social support, avoiding diabetes, and problem solving were associated with weight, steps per day, and activity minutes. In the Hybrid-Format DPP, the generated themes included Frequency Matters, Rules of Engagement, Promoting Self-Efficacy, and Bridging the Intention-Behavior Gap. Conclusions: Based on this study, a focus on understanding and responding to context-specific and participant-focused National DPP implementation is the essential next step in National DPP research. Prevention programs and policies individualized to people and communities will improve participation and outcomes. The National DPP should consider how to evolve to the changing needs of at-risk individuals in rural and underserved areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Behavior Intervention for Diabetes Prevention and Management: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wheat Grain Protein Composition—A Screening Tool to Be Used in Plant Breeding for Improved Tajik Food Security

by Marufqul Mahkamov, Bahromiddin Husenov, Larisa Garkava-Gustavsson, Hafiz Muminjanov, Ramune Kuktaite, Maria Luisa Prieto-Linde and Eva Johansson

Crops 2024, 4(4), 667-683; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops4040046 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Non-satisfactory bread-making quality in wheat, a Tajik staple, hampers food security in Tajikistan and calls for plant breeding efforts. Here, methods were searched for to study grain protein composition, which is of use for Tajik plant breeding to improve bread-making quality. Size-exclusion high-performance [...] Read more.

Non-satisfactory bread-making quality in wheat, a Tajik staple, hampers food security in Tajikistan and calls for plant breeding efforts. Here, methods were searched for to study grain protein composition, which is of use for Tajik plant breeding to improve bread-making quality. Size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) was used to determine protein composition in 22 wheat varieties and breeding lines grown in two locations, which were then compared with the specific protein composition evaluated using electrophoresis and previous results from Tajik breeding and farmer-grown wheat. As Tajik wheat generally showed a large variation in high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) composition, with several allelic variants in the same line, single-seed selection was required when using this methodology in breeding for improved bread-making quality, and such an evaluation willalso result in more homogenous lines for protein composition. SE-HPLC was found to be a suitable tool to evaluate protein composition in the current Tajik wheat material with a heterogeneous protein composition, which might be advantageous for adaptation to the local and future climate. However, more easy-to-handle and high-throughput methods, e.g., marker-assisted selection, could be preferable alternatives for studying protein composition in wheat and for use in breeding for increased bread-making quality to increase food security in Tajikistan. Full article

19 pages, 4815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Integration of Topological Optimisation in the Process Chain for Manufacturing Customised Orthopaedic Devices via Additive Manufacturing

by Francesca Sala, Gianluca Danilo D’Urso and Claudio Giardini

Prosthesis 2024, 6(6), 1510-1528; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis6060109 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Purpose: The effectiveness of the customised solutions compared to the conventional ones and the emergence of advanced production technologies, such as Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, strengthened the trend towards an enhanced individualization of the clinical treatments. In the present research, the value of [...] Read more.

Purpose: The effectiveness of the customised solutions compared to the conventional ones and the emergence of advanced production technologies, such as Additive Manufacturing (AM) techniques, strengthened the trend towards an enhanced individualization of the clinical treatments. In the present research, the value of topological optimisation (TO) in the manufacturing process of tailor-made orthopaedic appliance (upper-limb orthosis) was analysed. Methodology: From the morphology of a patient's arm, orthotic models were developed. Nonparametric optimization (Simulia Tosca) was performed, based on the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program (Abaqus), and contributed to the development of TO orthotic models with diverse levels of volume reduction fraction. The modelling and manufacturing framework for customising orthotic solutions was evaluated with a discussion on the feasibility of lightweight and high-performance products, encompassing production time and cost. Pilot products were produced with a Material Extrusion (MEX) printer. Findings: TO proved to be a practical and valuable approach for the advanced customisation of orthopaedic devices, offering lightweight solutions able to withstand stresses also during patient rehabilitation and remission. From the rapid prototyping perspective, specific strategies must be adopted to prevent the escalation of production costs and time. Originality: The research delves into the overall benefit of implementing an advanced modelling technique within the context of manufacturing highly customised orthoses, analysing how TO activity impacts the rapid prototyping process. Beyond product evaluation, the analysis explores broader implications, including the assessment of feasibility and the development of strategies for integrating the approach into clinical workflows and hospital settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Development of Biomimetic Hand: Integrating Biological Principles for Enhanced Dexterity and Natural Functionality)

17 pages, 7322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Cerium Oxide on Kidney and Liver Tissue Damage in an Experimental Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Model of Distant Organ Damage

by Işın Güneş, Ali Doğan Dursun, Çağrı Özdemir, Ayşegül Küçük, Şaban Cem Sezen, Mustafa Arslan and Abdullah Özer

Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122044 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a process in which impaired perfusion is restored by restoring blood flow and tissue recirculation. Nanomedicine uses cutting-edge technologies that emerge from interdisciplinary influences. In the literature, there are very few in vivo and in vitro [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a process in which impaired perfusion is restored by restoring blood flow and tissue recirculation. Nanomedicine uses cutting-edge technologies that emerge from interdisciplinary influences. In the literature, there are very few in vivo and in vitro studies on how cerium oxide (CeO₂) affects systemic anti-inflammatory response and inflammation. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to investigate whether CeO₂ administration has a protective effect against myocardial I/R injury in the liver and kidneys. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups after obtaining approval from an ethics committee. A control (group C), cerium oxide (group CO), IR (group IR), and Cerium oxide-IR (CO-IR group) groups were formed. Intraperitoneal CeO₂ was administered at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg 30 min before left thoracotomy and left main coronary (LAD) ligation, and myocardial muscle ischemia was induced for 30 min. After LAD ligation was removed, reperfusion was performed for 120 min. All rats were euthanized using ketamine, and blood was collected. Liver and kidney tissue samples were evaluated histopathologically. Serum AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransaminase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase), glucose, TOS (Total Oxidant Status), and TAS (Total Antioxidant Status) levels were also measured. Results: Necrotic cell and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver parenchyma of rats in the IR group was observed to be significantly increased compared to the other groups. Hepatocyte degeneration was greater in the IR group compared to groups C and CO. Vascular vacuolization and hypertrophy, tubular degeneration, and necrosis were increased in the kidney tissue of the IR group compared to the other groups. Tubular dilatation was significantly higher in the IR group than in the C and CO groups. TOS was significantly higher in all groups than in the IR group (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.006, respectively). However, TAS level was lower in the IR group than in the other groups (p = 0.002, p = 0.020, and p = 0.031, respectively). Renal and liver histopathological findings decreased significantly in the CO-IR group compared to the IR group. A decrease in the TOS level and an increase in the TAS level were found compared to the IR group. The AST, ALT, GGT, and Glucose levels are shown. Conclusions: CeO₂ administered before ischemia-reperfusion reduced oxidative stress and ameliorated IR-induced damage in distant organs. We suggest that CeO₂ exerts protective effects in the myocardial IR model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 6779 KiB

Open AccessReview

Next-Generation Nitrate, Ammonium, Phosphate, and Potassium Ion Monitoring System in Closed Hydroponics: Review on State-of-the-Art Sensors and Their Applications

by Yeonggeeol Hong, Jooyoung Lee, Sangbae Park, Jangho Kim and Kyoung-Je Jang

AgriEngineering 2024, 6(4), 4786-4811; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering6040274 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Closed hydroponics is an environmentally friendly and economical method for growing crops by circulating a nutrient solution while measuring and supplementing various ions contained in the solution. However, conventional monitoring systems in hydroponics do not measure individual ions in the nutrient solution; instead, [...] Read more.

Closed hydroponics is an environmentally friendly and economical method for growing crops by circulating a nutrient solution while measuring and supplementing various ions contained in the solution. However, conventional monitoring systems in hydroponics do not measure individual ions in the nutrient solution; instead, they predict the total ion content from the pH and electrical conductivity (EC). This method cannot be used to supplement individual ions and adjusts the concentration of the circulating nutrient solution by diluting or supplying a premixed nutrient solution. A more advanced system should be able to identify the concentration of each ion in the nutrient solution and supplement any deficient ions, thus requiring individual ion monitoring systems. Therefore, we first investigated the nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, and potassium (NPK) ion concentration and pH range commonly used for nutrient solutions. Subsequently, we discuss the latest research trends in electrochemical and optical sensors for measuring NPK ions. We then compare the conventional monitoring system (pH and EC-based) and advanced monitoring systems (individual ion sensors) and discuss the respective research trends. In conclusion, we present the hurdles that researchers must overcome in developing agricultural ion sensors for advanced monitoring systems and propose the minimum specifications for agricultural NPK ion sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensors Technology and Precision Agriculture)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 758 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Adults in Kazakhstan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Indira Karibayeva, Galiya Bilibayeva, Aya Yerzhanova, Roza Alekesheva, Assiya Iglikova, Makhigul Maxudova and Neilya Ussebayeva

Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122043 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Despite frequent references to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Kazakhstan, a comprehensive synthesis of existing research on this issue among adults is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to address this gap by determining the [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Despite frequent references to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Kazakhstan, a comprehensive synthesis of existing research on this issue among adults is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to address this gap by determining the mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults in Kazakhstan. A secondary objective is to evaluate whether the prevalence differs between healthy adults and those with chronic conditions. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by two independent researchers using the keywords: “vitamin D” AND “Kazakhstan”, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies were included if they reported the prevalence of vitamin D in adults in Kazakhstan, defined as a blood level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D below 20 ng/mL. Results: Seven studies were included in this review, encompassing 3616 individuals, of whom 2239 had vitamin D deficiency. Using a random-effects model, the pooled mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults with chronic conditions was 60% (95% CI, 38–79%), with high heterogeneity. Similarly, the analysis of five studies involving healthy adults revealed a pooled mean prevalence of 55% (95% CI, 38–70%), also with high heterogeneity. Overall, the pooled mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the adult population was 57% (95% CI, 45–69%). Conclusions: This analysis indicates a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults in Kazakhstan, with 57% of the population affected. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, including policy reforms that consider the impact of time zone changes on sunlight exposure and the active involvement of nurse practitioners in preventive strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Public Health and Healthcare Management for Chronic Care)

19 pages, 1036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Reflective Evaluation of Current Built-Heritage Management in Hong Kong

by Cheryl Chan, Richard Laing and Cecilia Zecca

Heritage 2024, 7(12), 7064-7082; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7120327 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

The development of policy and practice concerning architectural heritage conservation has been a growing subject in Hong Kong, leading to both top-down policies and bottom-up reactions in the community. In times of conflict, there is an opportunity for both the government and the [...] Read more.

The development of policy and practice concerning architectural heritage conservation has been a growing subject in Hong Kong, leading to both top-down policies and bottom-up reactions in the community. In times of conflict, there is an opportunity for both the government and the public to reflect and rediscover their engagement in heritage conservation. This paper evaluates the current policies of Hong Kong’s heritage conservation and the dynamic interactions among stakeholders in the decision-making processes of heritage management. Moreover, it investigates through focus groups, in-depth interviews, and case studies, the impact of the existing architectural and heritage policies, and how the latter correlates with the public’s expectation of heritage conservation and management. The paper finally proposes a more collaborative and inclusive approach where the public’s voice is included in decision-making from the early stages of the process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

15 pages, 6822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC)-Coated Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron in Chromium-Containing Soil Remediation

by Bo Zhang, Jiani Zhan, Jiaqi Fan, Bohong Zhu, Weili Shen, Shiwei Zhang, Weiting Li, Zhaohui Li and Fanjun Zeng

Clean Technol. 2024, 6(4), 1610-1624; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6040078 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Abstract: Nanofine zero−valent iron (nZVI) is a new, eco−friendly material with strong reducing and adsorbent properties that can be used to clean up heavy metal−affected soils. Herein, nZVI encapsulated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC−nZVI) is synthesized via an aqueous−phase reduction technique and subsequently deployed [...] Read more.

Abstract: Nanofine zero−valent iron (nZVI) is a new, eco−friendly material with strong reducing and adsorbent properties that can be used to clean up heavy metal−affected soils. Herein, nZVI encapsulated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC−nZVI) is synthesized via an aqueous−phase reduction technique and subsequently deployed to evaluate its effectiveness in Cr(VI) soil remediation. The characterization analysis used SEM−EDS, XRD, XPS, and LSV to determine the relevant properties of the material. The results show that at an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 169.5 mg·kg⁻¹, 93.2% of Cr(VI) was removed from the soil after 10 h of treatment with CMC−nZVI at pH 3.3. The kinetic analysis showed that CMC−nZVI had the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity for removing Cr(VI) from soil at 105.3 mg·g⁻¹. This followed a pseudo−second−order kinetic model. The study shows that CMC−nZVI converts Cr(VI) to Cr(III), which forms complexes with Fe(III) ions in the presence of hydroxide ions (OH⁻) to form a highly stable compound that eventually adsorbs into the nanomaterial’s surface for efficient removal. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Iron Plating and Stripping of Anolytes for All-Iron Redox-Flow Batteries

by Marius Engler, Michael Stich, Christoph Baumer and Andreas Bund

J 2024, 7(4), 571-583; https://doi.org/10.3390/j7040034 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

All-iron redox-flow batteries (AIRFB) are capable of addressing the needs for cost-effective long-term storage of renewable energies. Currently, a major limitation of AIRFB performance is the half-cell reaction of the anolyte utilising the redox couple Fe/Fe

^{2 +}

. In this work, the [...] Read more.

All-iron redox-flow batteries (AIRFB) are capable of addressing the needs for cost-effective long-term storage of renewable energies. Currently, a major limitation of AIRFB performance is the half-cell reaction of the anolyte utilising the redox couple Fe/Fe

^{2 +}

. In this work, the performance of sulphate and chloride-based iron electrolytes was investigated by combining cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The investigations demonstrate that complexing agents exert a detrimental influence on the kinetics of plating/stripping reactions, resulting in diffusivity reduction, while favouring hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The coulombic (plating) efficiency was found to be 87.1% at −1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl (sat’d) at pH 3.5, while the coulombic efficiency in oxidation sweep (stripping) was observed to be 100% in an electrolyte containing 0.8 M FeCl

_{2}

and 3 M NH

_{4}

Cl. In the context of iron deposition, the most crucial factors are the suppression of HER, and the influence of diffusion limitations, as well as the role of additives in this process to achieve a high reversibility. It is evident that the investigated complexing agents of glycine, malic acid and malonic acid are inadequate for battery-compatible, efficient properties, given that the overvoltages for the charge transfer reaction are too high and parasitic HER reduces coulombic efficiencies. Ultimately, the choice of deposition parameters from EQCM and electrolyte composition reduced to 0.8 M FeCl

_{2}

, and 3 M NH

_{4}

Cl can optimise the battery efficiencies as such. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemistry & Material Sciences)

27 pages, 2297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Visible Light Communication, Artificial Intelligence, and Rerouting Strategies for Enhanced Urban Traffic Management

by Manuela Vieira, Gonçalo Galvão, Manuel A. Vieira, Mário Véstias, Pedro Vieira and Paula Louro

Vehicles 2024, 6(4), 2106-2132; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles6040103 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study combines Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance traffic signal control, reduce congestion, and improve safety, through real-time monitoring and dynamic traffic management. Leveraging VLC technology, the system uses existing road infrastructure to transmit live data on vehicle [...] Read more.

This study combines Visible Light Communication (VLC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance traffic signal control, reduce congestion, and improve safety, through real-time monitoring and dynamic traffic management. Leveraging VLC technology, the system uses existing road infrastructure to transmit live data on vehicle and pedestrian positions, speeds, and queues. AI agents, employing Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), process this data to manage traffic flows dynamically, applying anti-bottleneck and rerouting techniques to balance pedestrian and vehicle waiting times. A centralized global agent coordinates the local agents controlling each intersection, enabling indirect communication and data sharing to train a unified DRL model. This model makes real-time adjustments to traffic light phases, utilizing a queue/request/response system for adaptive intersection management. Tested using simulations and real-world trials involving standard and rerouting scenarios, the approach demonstrates significantly better performance in regard to the rerouting configuration, reducing congestion and enhancing traffic flow and pedestrian safety. Scalable and adaptable to various intersection types, including four-way, T-intersections, and roundabouts, the system’s efficacy is validated using the SUMO urban mobility simulator, resulting in notable reductions to travel and waiting times for both vehicles and pedestrians. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Solutions for Transportation Safety)

23 pages, 7064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prescribed-Time Cooperative Guidance Law for Multi-UAV with Intermittent Communication

by Wenhui Ma and Xiaowen Guo

Drones 2024, 8(12), 748; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones8120748 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Networked cooperation of multi-unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) is significant, but their cooperative guidance presents challenges due to weak cross-domain communication. Given the difficulties in information transmission security, this paper proposes a prescribed-time cooperative guidance law (PTCGL) for networked multiple UAVs with intermittent communication. Supported by [...] Read more.

Networked cooperation of multi-unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) is significant, but their cooperative guidance presents challenges due to weak cross-domain communication. Given the difficulties in information transmission security, this paper proposes a prescribed-time cooperative guidance law (PTCGL) for networked multiple UAVs with intermittent communication. Supported by the directed internal communication, the proposed PTCGL can ensure the simultaneous arrival in the case of the pinning external communication is time-triggered intermittent. In the first stage, PTCGL is designed to combine with a time-scaling function and second-order intermittent pinning consensus. With the desired convergence performance, the convergence time can be pre-specified independent of initial conditions and parameter tuning in theory. In the second stage, begin with the suitable initial conditions at the prescribed convergence time, the multiple UAVs are organized by proportional navigation guidance, so as to ensure the cooperation regardless of weak communication. Finally, simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed cooperative guidance law. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Cross-Domain Unmanned Platform Command and Security Technology)

21 pages, 500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Controllability for Ψ-Hilfer Fractional Stochastic Differential Equations

by Abdur Raheem, Fahad M. Alamrani, Javed Akhtar, Adel Alatawi, Esmail Alshaban, Areefa Khatoon and Faizan Ahmad Khan

Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(12), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8120727 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

The goal of this paper is to study the existence of a mild solution and controllability for a class of neutral stochastic differential equations (SDEs) involving the Ψ-Hilfer fractional derivatives, a generalization of the well-known Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative using almost sectorial operators. Sufficient [...] Read more.

The goal of this paper is to study the existence of a mild solution and controllability for a class of neutral stochastic differential equations (SDEs) involving the Ψ-Hilfer fractional derivatives, a generalization of the well-known Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative using almost sectorial operators. Sufficient conditions for controllability are established using the notion of measure of noncompactness (MNC) and the Mönch fixed-point theorem. An example is given to illustrate the abstract findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fractional Dynamical and Control Problems with Nonlocal Operators)

25 pages, 2508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical and Vibrational Criteria for Identifying Early Sèvres Factory Porcelain Productions

by Philippe Colomban, Gulsu Simsek Franci, Mareike Gerken, Michele Gironda and Viviane Mesqui

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1905-1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040120 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Thirteen porcelains assigned to Sèvres factory productions and a few references to the other contemporary factories (Chantilly, Limoges, and Venice) have been studied on-site with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer in order to control the provenance attribution. Characteristic XRF signals of major [...] Read more.

Thirteen porcelains assigned to Sèvres factory productions and a few references to the other contemporary factories (Chantilly, Limoges, and Venice) have been studied on-site with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer in order to control the provenance attribution. Characteristic XRF signals of major elements (Si, Ca, K, Pb) and minor/trace (Au, Bi, As, Ti, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Y, Zr, Rb, and Sr) elements are compared for the paste, blue mark, various glazed (colored) areas, and gilding. The comparison of peak intensities clearly distinguishes different types of hard- and soft-paste porcelain, made from either similar or distinct raw materials. The analysis of transition elements associated with cobalt identifies three types of cobalt blue and reveals that du Barry-style decoration on certain artifacts was typical of 19th-century production. On-site comprehensive studies of the two famous Etruscan-style breast bowls from Rambouillet Castle dairy, using pXRF and Raman spectroscopy, confirm the use of soft-paste porcelain for the cup and hard-paste for its support, providing detailed information on the use of gold nanoparticles in the burgundy-colored decoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

12 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inclusion of Labor Migrants as a Potential Key Population for HIV: A Nationwide Study from Tajikistan

by Brian Kwan, Hamid R. Torabzadeh, Adebimpe O. Akinwalere, Julie Nguyen, Patricia Cortez, Jamoliddin Abdullozoda, Salomudin J. Yusufi, Kamiar Alaei and Arash Alaei

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(12), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9120304 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Key populations are particularly vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Nearly half of Tajikistan’s gross domestic product (GDP) originates from labor migrant transfers. While not officially designated as a key population, over 300,000 migrants return to Tajikistan every year at increased risk [...] Read more.

Key populations are particularly vulnerable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Nearly half of Tajikistan’s gross domestic product (GDP) originates from labor migrant transfers. While not officially designated as a key population, over 300,000 migrants return to Tajikistan every year at increased risk for HIV due to absence or interruption of treatment, change in risky behaviors, and other factors. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the national registry system operated by the Tajikistan Ministry of Health and Social Protection of individuals (n = 10,700) who had been diagnosed with HIV from 1 January 2010 to 30 May 2023. Individual HIV cases resided in five regions: Districts of Republican Subordination (DRS), Dushanbe (Tajikistan’s capital city), Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO), Khatlon, and Sughd. We developed logistic regression models to investigate the relationships between key population status and demographic characteristics. GBAO has the largest proportion of labor migrants (49.59%), which is much larger than that of the other regions (<32%). In contrast to other key populations, there was a larger proportion of HIV cases in rural areas that were labor migrants (23.25%) in comparison to urban areas (16.05%). In multivariable analysis, the odds of being a labor migrant were 6.248 (95% CI: 4.811, 8.113), 2.691 (95% CI: 2.275, 3.184), and 1.388 (95% CI: 1.155, 1.668) times larger if a case was residing in GBAO, Sughd, or DRS, compared to Dushanbe, respectively. Our research contributes to the field by proposing to expand the definition of key population to include labor migrants in Central Asia who should be emphasized as a vulnerable population at high risk of HIV. We encourage policy action to provide designated HIV funding for labor migrants, increase international attention, and promote potential modifications of national regulations and/or laws regarding prevention and treatment of HIV among non-citizen populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Migrant Health, 2nd Edition)

23 pages, 6774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Strength and Corrosion Resistance of Steel-Reinforced Concrete: Performance Evaluation of ICRETE Mineral Additive in Sustainable Concrete Mixes with PFA and GGBS

by Kowshika V.R, Vijaya Bhaskaran, Ramkumar Natarajan and Iman Faridmehr

Infrastructures 2024, 9(12), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9120228 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of an innovative mineral additive, ICRETE, on steel-reinforced concrete’s compressive strength and corrosion resistance. Nineteen concrete mixes were designed incorporating recycled industrial by-products, including Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA), with varying dosages [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of an innovative mineral additive, ICRETE, on steel-reinforced concrete’s compressive strength and corrosion resistance. Nineteen concrete mixes were designed incorporating recycled industrial by-products, including Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA), with varying dosages of ICRETE. Compressive strength was tested using cube specimens, cured, and assessed at 3, 7, and 28 days following IS 516-2018 standards. Corrosion behavior was evaluated in accordance with ASTM G109, employing macrocell potential monitoring and electrochemical methods, including Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization resistance. The results revealed that ICRETE-enhanced mixes achieved compressive strengths of 56.93 MPa at a water–cement ratio of 0.35 and 50.61 MPa at 0.38, surpassing the control mix’s 50.9 MPa at 0.33. Microstructural analysis via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that ICRETE improved hydration, reduced porosity, and refined the microstructure, contributing to more excellent durability. Meanwhile, results demonstrated that the ICRETE additive reduced corrosion rates, displaying lower corrosion current densities and higher polarization resistance values where the corrosion rate dropped from 0.01 mmpy in control samples to 0.0081 mmpy with ICRETE. Environmental assessments indicated that ICRETE could significantly lower CO₂ emissions, reducing up to 46.50 kg CO₂ per cubic meter of concrete. These findings highlight ICRETE’s potential to enhance strength and durability, supporting its use in sustainable, eco-friendly concrete applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction Materials’ Contribution to a Zero-Waste Future)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Deep Learning for Robust Structural Damage Detection and Classification: A Transfer Learning Approach via CNN

by Burak Duran, Saeed Eftekhar Azam and Masoud Sanayei

Infrastructures 2024, 9(12), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures9120229 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Transfer learning techniques for structural health monitoring in bridge-type structures are investigated, focusing on model generalizability and domain adaptation challenges. Finite element models of bridge-type structures with varying geometry were simulated using the OpenSeesPy platform. Different levels of damage states were introduced at [...] Read more.

Transfer learning techniques for structural health monitoring in bridge-type structures are investigated, focusing on model generalizability and domain adaptation challenges. Finite element models of bridge-type structures with varying geometry were simulated using the OpenSeesPy platform. Different levels of damage states were introduced at the midspans of these models, and Gaussian-based load time histories were applied at mid-span for dynamic time-history analysis to calculate acceleration data. Then, this acceleration time-history series was transformed into grayscale images, serving as inputs for a Convolutional Neural Network developed to detect and classify structural damage states. Initially, it was trained and tested on datasets derived from a Single-Source Domain structure, achieving perfect accuracy (1.0) in a ten-label multi-class classification task. However, this accuracy significantly decreased when the model was sequentially tested on structures with different geometry without retraining. To address this challenge, it is proposed that transfer learning be employed via feature extraction and joint training. The model showed a reduction in accuracy percentage when adapting from a Single-Source Domain to Multiple-Target Domains, revealing potential issues with non-homogeneous data distribution and catastrophic forgetting. Conversely, joint training, which involves training on all datasets except the specific Target Domain, generated a generalized network that effectively mitigated these issues and maintained high accuracy in predicting unseen class labels. This study highlights the integration of simulation data into the Deep Learning-based SHM framework, demonstrating that a generalized model created via Joint Learning utilizing FEM can potentially reduce the consequences of modeling errors and operational uncertainties unavoidable in real-world applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Effective and Intelligent Transport Infrastructure Monitoring)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 4607 KiB

Open AccessReview

Digestive Physiology, Nutrition and Feeding of Arapaima gigas: A Review

by Alfredo Ruben Palomino Ramos and Francisco Javier Moyano López

Fishes 2024, 9(12), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9120507 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

The Arapaima gigas, a native fish species in the Amazon basin, presents particular biological and zootechnical characteristics, along with substantial economic value, that make it a promising candidate for its production within intensive aquaculture systems. To date, different studies have been conducted [...] Read more.

The Arapaima gigas, a native fish species in the Amazon basin, presents particular biological and zootechnical characteristics, along with substantial economic value, that make it a promising candidate for its production within intensive aquaculture systems. To date, different studies have been conducted to (a) increase the understanding of its digestive physiology in relation to feeding habits, (b) determine its nutritional requirements at different developmental stages, (c) assess the potential use of alternative ingredients in diets, and (d) elucidate its feeding behavior patterns in captivity to improve feeding strategies. However, important gaps still remain in the available information related to the above-mentioned aspects that compromise the formulation of efficient and balanced aquafeeds used in the different production phases of this species. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge regarding digestive physiology, nutritional requirements and feeding strategies of A. gigas with the main objective of identifying areas that require further research for application in developing suitable and sustainable feeds for the species. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 6362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oligochitosan Mitigates Vibrio harveyi Infection in Hybrid Groupers (Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂ × Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀) by Modulating Immune Responses and Disease-Related Pathways

by Fei Shi, Lixin Ma, Zhilong Chen, Hao Zhao, Cuiyun Zou, Li Lin and Zhendong Qin

Fishes 2024, 9(12), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9120506 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Vibrio harveyi is an important pathogen causing enteritis in hybrid groupers. However, its effects on the intestinal microbiota and the regulatory effects of oligochitosan on Vibrio-infected groupers are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of infection with V. harveyi and [...] Read more.

Vibrio harveyi is an important pathogen causing enteritis in hybrid groupers. However, its effects on the intestinal microbiota and the regulatory effects of oligochitosan on Vibrio-infected groupers are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of infection with V. harveyi and oligochitosan administration on the growth performance, immune responses, and intestinal transcriptome profiles of hybrid groupers during a 60-day rearing period. Growth parameters were reduced in Vibrio-infected groupers, while oligochitosan improved the body weight. Biochemical analysis showed reduced antioxidant enzyme activity and increased lipid peroxidation in Vibrio-infected groupers, which were consequently improved by oligochitosan. Transcriptome analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes in the disease-related and immune system pathways that significantly accumulated in the treatment groups. An evaluation of the immune response showed a significant down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines, antioxidant genes, and tight-junction proteins in Vibrio-infected groupers, which was partially restored by oligochitosan. Additionally, intestinal apoptosis, indicated by TUNEL signaling, was observed to significantly increase in Vibrio-infected groupers and was subsequently alleviated by oligochitosan supplementation. These results demonstrate the detrimental effects of V. harveyi infection on the growth and immune function of hybrid groupers and the potential of oligochitosan to attenuate these effects. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Memory–Non-Linearity Trade-Off in Distance-Based Delay Networks

by Stefan Iacob and Joni Dambre

Biomimetics 2024, 9(12), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120755 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

The performance of echo state networks (ESNs) in temporal pattern learning tasks depends both on their memory capacity (MC) and their non-linear processing. It has been shown that linear memory capacity is maximized when ESN neurons have linear activation, and that a trade-off [...] Read more.

The performance of echo state networks (ESNs) in temporal pattern learning tasks depends both on their memory capacity (MC) and their non-linear processing. It has been shown that linear memory capacity is maximized when ESN neurons have linear activation, and that a trade-off between non-linearity and linear memory capacity is required for temporal pattern learning tasks. The more recent distance-based delay networks (DDNs) have shown improved memory capacity over ESNs in several benchmark temporal pattern learning tasks. However, it has not thus far been studied whether this increased memory capacity comes at the cost of reduced non-linear processing. In this paper, we advance the hypothesis that DDNs in fact achieve a better trade-off between linear MC and non-linearity than ESNs, by showing that DDNs can have strong non-linearity with large memory spans. We tested this hypothesis using the NARMA-30 task and the bitwise delayed XOR task, two commonly used reservoir benchmark tasks that require a high degree of both non-linearity and memory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetics and Bioinspired Artificial Intelligence Applications: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2294 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

The Multifunctional Catalytic Hemoglobin from Amphitrite ornata: Protocols on Isolation, Taxonomic Identification, Protein Extraction, Purification, and Characterization

by Anna L. Husted, Victoria R. Sutton, Lauren A. Presnar, R. Kevin Blackburn, Joseph L. Staton, Stephen A. Borgianini and Edward L. D’Antonio

Methods Protoc. 2024, 7(6), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps7060100 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

The multifunctional catalytic hemoglobin from the terebellid polychaete Amphitrite ornata, also named dehaloperoxidase (AoDHP), utilizes the typical oxygen transport function in addition to four observed activities involved in substrate oxidation. The multifunctional ability of AoDHP is presently a rare [...] Read more.

The multifunctional catalytic hemoglobin from the terebellid polychaete Amphitrite ornata, also named dehaloperoxidase (AoDHP), utilizes the typical oxygen transport function in addition to four observed activities involved in substrate oxidation. The multifunctional ability of AoDHP is presently a rare observation, and there exists a limitation for how novel dehaloperoxidases can be identified from macrobenthic infauna. In order to discover more infaunal DHP-bearing candidates, we have devised a facilitated method for an accurate taxonomic identification that places visual and molecular taxonomic approaches in parallel. Traditional visual taxonomic species identification by the non-specialist, at least for A. ornata or even for other marine worms, is a very difficult and time-consuming task since a large diversity is present and the method is restricted to adult worm specimens. The work herein aimed to describe a method that simplifies the taxonomic identification of A. ornata in particular through the assessment of its mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene by employing the DNA barcoding technique. Furthermore, whole-worm specimens of A. ornata were used to extract and purify AoDHP followed by an H₂O₂-dependent peroxidase activity assay evaluation against substrate 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. AoDHP isoenzyme A was also overexpressed as the recombinant protein in Escherichia coli, and its peroxidase activity parameters were compared to AoDHP from the natural source. The activity assay assessment indicated a tight correlation for all Michaelis–Menten parameters evaluated. We conclude that the method described herein exhibits a streamlined approach to identify the polychaete A. ornata, which can be adopted by the non-specialist, and the full procedure is predicted to facilitate the discovery of novel dehaloperoxidases from other marine invertebrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Oxidoreductases Biochemistry and Biotechnology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI