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26 pages, 19672 KB

Open AccessArticle

Topographic and Climatic Factors Driving Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Quality in Arid Regions: An Assessment Based on Cotton Fields in Typical Watersheds of Xinjiang, China

by Xiang Xing, Han Wang, Jianghui Song, Wenxu Zhang, Jingang Wang, Weidi Li, Longjie Ren, Haijiang Wang and Xiaoyan Shi

Agriculture 2026, 16(14), 1564; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16141564 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2026

Abstract

Soil quality is a critical factor impacting agricultural productivity and ecosystem functions. Accurate assessment of soil quality is crucial for sustainable agricultural development. Xinjiang is the primary cotton-producing region in China. Its unique geographical condition, characterized by two basins surrounded by three mountains, [...] Read more.

Soil quality is a critical factor impacting agricultural productivity and ecosystem functions. Accurate assessment of soil quality is crucial for sustainable agricultural development. Xinjiang is the primary cotton-producing region in China. Its unique geographical condition, characterized by two basins surrounded by three mountains, results in distinct climatic conditions, soil-forming factors, and soil physical and chemical properties across different cotton-growing areas. The spatial differentiation patterns of soil quality and their primary factors in cotton-growing regions of different river basins are not yet fully understood. This study focused on four typical cotton-growing areas of Xinjiang, China. A total of 1588 plow-layer soil samples were collected, and 21 indicators covering soil physical, chemical, and environmental properties were measured. By constructing a minimum data set (MDS) and comparing the performance of linear (LS) and non-linear (NLS) scoring functions, the effects of geographical environmental factors on the spatial distribution patterns of soil quality in cotton fields of different basins were analyzed. The results showed the MDS, composed of data on soil bulk density and the contents of organic matter, available iron, available zinc, nickel, sand, and silt, could replace the total data set. The NLS-MDS was identified as the optimal assessment model. Its Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (E_f = 0.84) and coefficient of determination (R² = 0.70) were both higher than those of the linear model (E_f = 0.79, R² = 0.66). The study also revealed significant spatial heterogeneity in soil quality across different cotton-growing areas. The average soil quality index (SQI) in the Aksu River Basin (SQI_NLS-MDS = 0.53) and Xiaohaizi Basin (SQI_NLS-MDS = 0.50) was significantly higher than that in the Kuitun River Basin (SQI_NLS-MDS = 0.44) and Manas River Basin (SQI_NLS-MDS = 0.41). Random forest analysis demonstrated that the relative importance of topographic (digital elevation model) and climatic factors (annual mean temperature, annual mean precipitation) on SQI was higher than that of the vegetation factor (normalized difference vegetation index). The strong interaction between topographic and climatic factors was the primary driver of the spatial distribution of soil quality. This study confirms significant spatial heterogeneity of soil quality in cotton fields across different river basins in Southern and Northern Xinjiang, and identifies the synergistic interaction between topographic and climatic factors as the dominant driver of this heterogeneity in arid regions. These findings provide a scientific basis for implementing site-specific agricultural management in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)

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8 pages, 1241 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Gallstone Ileus After Conservative Management of Acute Cholecystitis and Refusal of Interval Cholecystectomy: A Case Report

by Hussain Alessa, Afnan Alshayeb, Renad Aljasser and Abdulaziz Ali Qahtani

Reports 2026, 9(3), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports9030234 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Gallstone ileus (GI) is a rare but serious complication of gallstone disease. This condition is characterized by migration of gallstones through a cholecystoenteric fistula, resulting in mechanical bowel obstruction. GI primarily affects older patients with multiple comorbidities. Case [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: Gallstone ileus (GI) is a rare but serious complication of gallstone disease. This condition is characterized by migration of gallstones through a cholecystoenteric fistula, resulting in mechanical bowel obstruction. GI primarily affects older patients with multiple comorbidities. Case Presentation: Herein, we describe a case of 68-year-old Saudi woman with a history of end-stage renal disease, pulmonary hypertension, diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, and atrial fibrillation. She presented with acute calculous cholecystitis. Due to her condition, she was managed conservatively initially. The patient was recommended laparoscopic cholecystectomy but she declined due to fear of anesthesia-related complications. She re-presented after two months with abdominal pain, vomiting, distension, and constipation. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a 3.2 cm ectopic gallstone impacted in the distal ileum with proximal bowel dilatation and segmental ischemia, confirming GI. Laparotomy showed bowel ischemia and localized perforation. The patient was managed with enterolithotomy, resection of 25 cm of distal ileum, and primary anastomosis. Post-surgery, the patient had favorable recovery. Conclusions: This case highlights need for early diagnosis and appropriate management of GI in patients with multiple comorbidities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surgery)

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31 pages, 3105 KB

Open AccessReview

Mitral Stenosis in the Multimodality Imaging Era: Pitfalls, Stress Echocardiography, and Integrated Therapeutic Assessment

by Barbara Pala, Mariagrazia Piscione, Dario Gaudio, Paola Gualtieri, Mario Laudazi, Simone Steffani, Francesco Giuseppe Garaci, Marco Alfonso Perrone and Laura Di Renzo

Diagnostics 2026, 16(14), 2285; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16142285 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mitral stenosis (MS) remains a clinically relevant condition worldwide, with rheumatic and degenerative aetiologies contributing to a broad spectrum of disease. Accurate assessment of MS severity is essential for clinical decision-making but is often challenged by technical limitations, complex hemodynamic interactions, and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mitral stenosis (MS) remains a clinically relevant condition worldwide, with rheumatic and degenerative aetiologies contributing to a broad spectrum of disease. Accurate assessment of MS severity is essential for clinical decision-making but is often challenged by technical limitations, complex hemodynamic interactions, and the heterogeneous anatomical characteristics of different MS aetiologies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contemporary multimodality imaging assessment of MS, with particular emphasis on the pitfalls of conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), the incremental value of advanced imaging modalities, and their integration into diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making. Methods: A targeted narrative review of the literature was conducted focusing on multimodality imaging approaches and their integration into clinical practice. Particular emphasis was placed on TTE parameters, three-dimensional (3D) TTE, stress echocardiography, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE), cardiac computed tomography (cCT), and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), highlighting their complementary roles in anatomical characterization, hemodynamic assessment, procedural planning, and clinical decision-making. Results: Conventional 2D TTE remains the cornerstone for MS evaluation; however, widely used parameters such as mean transmitral gradient (TMG) and pressure half-time (PHT) are highly load-dependent and may lead to misclassification of disease severity in the presence of altered hemodynamic conditions (e.g., tachycardia, atrial fibrillation (AF), or reduced cardiac output). Although direct planimetry remains the anatomical reference standard, its accuracy may be limited by operator dependency, calcification, and complex valve geometry. In this context, three-dimensional TTE (3D TTE) provides incremental value by enabling more accurate visualization of the mitral valve (MV) orifice and improving measurement reproducibility. Stress TTE plays a key role in patients with discordant symptoms or borderline resting findings by unmasking clinically significant disease during exercise. In selected patients, TOE, cCT, and CMR provide complementary information for the evaluation of complex valve morphology, mitral annular calcification (MAC), ventricular remodelling, and procedural planning, particularly in degenerative mitral stenosis (DMS) and candidates for transcatheter interventions. Conclusions: The evaluation of MS requires an integrated, multiparametric, multimodality imaging approach. Combining conventional TTE with stress imaging and complementary advanced modalities improves diagnostic accuracy, facilitates patient selection for intervention, and supports individualized clinical decision-making, particularly in patients with complex anatomy or discordant imaging findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Diagnostic Approaches in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Imaging to Biomarkers)

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22 pages, 4098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroprotective Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Corinthian Currant Against a Rotenone Parkinson’s Disease Model: Mitigation of MAO-B and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Upregulation in Motor and Limbic Brain Regions

by Eleni Fanarioti, Martha Tsarouchi, Christina Mountaki, Vaios Karathanos, Angeliki Chroni and Catherine R. Dermon

Antioxidants 2026, 15(7), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15070906 (registering DOI) - 22 Jul 2026

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of motor function, while at advanced stages it includes memory deficits and neuropsychiatric conditions. It is characterized primarily by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and reduced dopamine levels [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of motor function, while at advanced stages it includes memory deficits and neuropsychiatric conditions. It is characterized primarily by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and reduced dopamine levels in the striatum. Accumulating evidence highlights the role of polyphenols against oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory processes, underlying key factors of PD pathogenesis. The present study used a rotenone rat model to determine the involvement of inflammatory cytokines in the basal ganglia, hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, and prefrontal cortex and to evaluate the potential of black Corinthian currant, a fruit abundant in antioxidant polyphenols, to attenuate brain inflammatory responses. Rotenone is known to trigger oxidative stress by inhibiting mitochondrial complex I and thus induce dopaminergic neurodegeneration, further amplified by inflammation. Our findings clearly demonstrated that rotenone treatment resulted in significant increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as MAO-B expression within the rat brain motor and limbic regions. Importantly, dietary supplementation with black Corinthian currant mitigated rotenone-induced overexpression of IL-1β, TNFα, and MAO-B. Moreover, double immunofluorescence suggested the microglial localization of these inflammatory markers in SNpc. Overall, our data highlight the neuroprotective potential of dietary Corinthian currant polyphenols, modulating glial-mediated neuroinflammation in a rotenone PD model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins, Antioxidants, and Neurodegeneration: Exploring Protective Strategies in Brain Health)

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33 pages, 4730 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Trajectory Prediction for High-Speed UAVs: A Review

by Wenqin Han, Shuangxi Liu, Xianyu Wu and Wei Zhao

Drones 2026, 10(7), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones10070553 (registering DOI) - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

High-speed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), characterized by high velocity and maneuverability, represent critical strategic threats within the aerospace security domain. Accurate trajectory prediction is a fundamental prerequisite for effective early warning and decision-making in defense. Despite increasing research in the domain, model-, data-, [...] Read more.

High-speed Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), characterized by high velocity and maneuverability, represent critical strategic threats within the aerospace security domain. Accurate trajectory prediction is a fundamental prerequisite for effective early warning and decision-making in defense. Despite increasing research in the domain, model-, data-, and hybrid-driven methods have not yet been comprehensively examined under a unified framework, limiting the understanding of their relative strengths and applicability. To address this gap, this paper systematically reviews the evolution and current technical status of these paradigms, categorized by the core logic underlying prediction methods. The principles and applicability limits of physical process modeling and state estimation algorithms are analyzed, along with emerging applications of machine learning and deep learning for trajectory feature extraction and pattern recognition. State-of-the-art architectures involving the integration of physical constraints and data-driven learning are discussed. Standard evaluation metrics are introduced to facilitate performance benchmarking of existing methods. Comparative analysis reveals that no single technical route can fully address the coupled challenges of uncertainty, accuracy, and real-time performance, underscoring that hybrid frameworks are essential for balancing these competing requirements. Lastly, key challenges are summarized, and future research directions are outlined to advance trajectory prediction methodologies. The provided insights can inform method selection and promote the development of high-accuracy prediction systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cartography, Mission Planning, Path Search, and Path Following for Drones: 2nd Edition)

38 pages, 9225 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of Innovation-Oriented Urban Policy on Urban Ecological Resilience: Empirical Evidence from 271 Cities in China

by Junxi Li, Bei Peng, Xingwei Li, Chenlin Lan and Jie Cheng

Land 2026, 15(7), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15071317 (registering DOI) - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Against accelerating urban expansion, climate risks, and green transition, fortifying urban ecological resilience (UER) has become central to global urban sustainability. However, there is as yet no systematic evidence to suggest how the National Innovative City Pilot Policy (NICPP) promotes green technology innovation [...] Read more.

Against accelerating urban expansion, climate risks, and green transition, fortifying urban ecological resilience (UER) has become central to global urban sustainability. However, there is as yet no systematic evidence to suggest how the National Innovative City Pilot Policy (NICPP) promotes green technology innovation (GTI) and strengthens UER. To address this gap, this paper builds upon the traditional resistance–adaptability–resilience (RAR) paradigm and its extension, the driving force–resistance–adaptability–resilience (DRAR) framework to formulate a comprehensive driving force–pressure–resistance–adaptability–resilience (DPRAR) assessment system. Moreover, this paper investigates a dataset of 271 cities in China spanning the period from 2006 to 2023. By treating the NICPP as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper integrates an entropy balancing technique into a staggered difference–in–differences (DID) model to identify its effect on UER. The results are outlined below. (1) From 2006 to 2023, UER across Chinese municipalities generally increased, though spatial imbalances persisted. (2) The NICPP enhanced urban UER, with effects characterized by time-lagged and cumulative patterns. (3) Both the quantity and quality structure of urban GTI served as channels through which the NICPP affected UER. (4) The NICPP effects are strongest in the central region, followed by those in the western and eastern regions, as well as in resource-dependent cities and cities with stricter environmental regulation. This research provides novel empirical perspectives linking innovation-driven development, GTI, and UER, with implications for NICPP optimization and UER enhancement in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions)

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22 pages, 9127 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Climate Shapes Cropland: The Potential Pathways Through Human Activities in Northeast China

by Haoran Xiong, Dandan Ren, Ying Yuan, Qingtao Ma and Sayidjakhon Khasanov

Land 2026, 15(7), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15071316 (registering DOI) - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Climate and human activity shape cropland dynamics, while their cascading interactions remain an intricate black box blocking mechanistic understanding of land system shifts. Taking Jilin Province as a case, we developed an integrated framework combining OPGD (optimal parameter geographic detector), SEM (structural equation [...] Read more.

Climate and human activity shape cropland dynamics, while their cascading interactions remain an intricate black box blocking mechanistic understanding of land system shifts. Taking Jilin Province as a case, we developed an integrated framework combining OPGD (optimal parameter geographic detector), SEM (structural equation modeling) and GWR (geographically weighted regression) to quantify multi-scale cascading mechanisms of 13 environmental factors and cropland. Cropland conversion showed distinct spatial disparities: western plains saw mainly grassland reclamation, central urban plains experienced cropland occupation by construction, and eastern mountain areas had forest-to-cropland expansion. Over 2010–2019, cropland decreased by 1.39% (1257.7 ha) for construction, compensated by conversions from 4.99% grassland (4518.8 ha) and 3.01% forestland (2720.2 ha). Climate dominated cropland variations through indirect human-mediated pathways, with path coefficients of 0.664 for Climate → Human and 0.571 for Human → Cropland; climate exerted direct driving effects on grass–cropland transition in western ecologically fragile plains. Greenhouse gases, evapotranspiration, humidity, temperature and leaf area index controlled overall cropland variations. Central and western croplands were dominated by topography, whereas precipitation, population and GDP determined eastern cropland dynamics. This framework differentiated direct and indirect driving pathways of cropland evolution, guiding policy formulation for regional grain security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers for "Land–Climate Interactions" Section: Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS)

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29 pages, 8561 KB

Open AccessReview

Formation, Toxicity, and Analytical Techniques for Small-Molecule α-Dicarbonyl Compounds in Foods

by Ningbo Wan, Yao Wang, Lijuan Wang, Hongyun Wang, Zhaozhou Li, Lei Hua, Huawei Niu, Xiujin Chen and Jianrui Sun

Foods 2026, 15(14), 2566; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15142566 (registering DOI) - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Small-molecule α-dicarbonyl compounds (α-DCs), including glyoxal, methylglyoxal and diacetyl, are electrophilic compounds characterized by two adjacent carbonyls. These compounds ubiquitously occur in various foods and food–medicine homologous herbs, generated via the Maillard reaction, caramelization, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic reactions during thermal treatment and [...] Read more.

Small-molecule α-dicarbonyl compounds (α-DCs), including glyoxal, methylglyoxal and diacetyl, are electrophilic compounds characterized by two adjacent carbonyls. These compounds ubiquitously occur in various foods and food–medicine homologous herbs, generated via the Maillard reaction, caramelization, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic reactions during thermal treatment and storage. Upon oral intake, small-molecule α-DCs are rapidly absorbed into systemic circulation, triggering protein and DNA damage, as well as inflammation. They also serve as important precursors to derive other hazards, such as advanced glycosylation end products possessing carcinogenic and genotoxic properties. Small-molecule α-DCs and their derived harmful products accelerate the progression of multiple metabolic diseases, e.g., cancer and diabetes. However, their pathological processes remain poorly elucidated, necessitating highly sensitive and accurate analytical methods. This review also systematically summarizes and discusses the current analytical techniques targeting small-molecule α-DCs. Chromatography and chromatography–mass spectrometry are still frequently used techniques. Given the polarity and weak ultraviolet absorption of small-molecule α-DCs, tedious pretreatment is necessary yet time-consuming. Novel rapid detection techniques such as mass spectrometry probes and direct ionization mass spectrometry have been proposed in recent years. Even so, developing rapid, eco-friendly, highly sensitive and accurate analytical methods remains a key priority for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Development of Rapid Detection Methods for Foodborne Micro/Trace Hazardous Substances)

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28 pages, 12012 KB

Open AccessArticle

Curcumin-Loaded Microemulsion Gel: An Optimized and Rheologically Acceptable Formulation with Conducive Dermatokinetics for Topical Breast Cancer Therapy

by Md. Abul Barkat, Shakilur Rahman, Harshita Barkat, Abdulkareem A. Alanezi, Nader I. Namazi, Afaf F. Almuqati, Abrar Turki, Zahraa Alali, Mahesh Kumar Sharma and Kaisar Raza

Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(7), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18070897 (registering DOI) - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, highlighting the need for safer and more effective therapeutic strategies. Curcumin has shown considerable anticancer potential; however, its clinical application is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low skin permeability. Methods [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide, highlighting the need for safer and more effective therapeutic strategies. Curcumin has shown considerable anticancer potential; however, its clinical application is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low skin permeability. Methods: Therefore, a curcumin-loaded microemulsion (CUR-ME) was developed and optimized using a Box–Behnken design, followed by incorporation into a Carbopol 934 gel for topical breast cancer therapy. Results: The optimized formulation exhibited a particle size of 177.4 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.1309, and a zeta potential of −4.45 mV, indicating favorable physicochemical characteristics. CUR-ME demonstrated superior dose-dependent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, with a lower IC₅₀ 8.89 µg/mL than free curcumin IC₅₀ 9.83 µg/mL. Furthermore, Hoechst 33342 staining and the DCFDA assay confirmed enhanced apoptosis and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation in CUR-ME-treated cells, indicating improved cellular uptake and anticancer activity. Rheological and texture profile analyses demonstrated suitable viscosity, firmness, and spreadability for topical application. In vitro drug release revealed sustained release from the CUR-ME gel, achieved through the polymeric gel matrix, which increased viscosity, entrapped microemulsion droplets, and acted as a diffusion barrier to prolong drug retention and release. Confocal laser scanning microscopy further confirmed enhanced skin penetration of CUR-ME. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the developed CUR-ME gel is a promising topical drug delivery system with sustained release, improved skin retention, and enhanced therapeutic potential for breast cancer management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Hydrogels and Their Application in Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering)

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31 pages, 1402 KB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence of Phenotypic Multidrug-Resistant E. coli in Kentucky (USA) Surface Waters and Exploration of Sentinel Antibiotics for One Health Surveillance

by Jason W. Marion and S. Travis Altheide

Antibiotics 2026, 15(7), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15070709 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, and surface waters may serve as surveillance locations for multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria within communities. This study explored MDR E. coli in Kentucky (USA) surface waters, primarily evaluating non-susceptibility to tetracycline, for assessing [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat, and surface waters may serve as surveillance locations for multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria within communities. This study explored MDR E. coli in Kentucky (USA) surface waters, primarily evaluating non-susceptibility to tetracycline, for assessing MDR associations. Methods: Surface water samples were collected from 47 sites in East-Central Kentucky during 2022 and 2024. Isolates were obtained using selective differential media, with and without tetracycline (TE) supplementation, targeting E. coli and TE-resistant E. coli. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 21 antibiotics representing 13 categories was performed with recovered presumptive E. coli isolates. MDR was defined as non-susceptibility to at least one antibiotic in three or more antimicrobial categories. Results: Of 151 isolates, 130 (86%) were identified as E. coli. Overall, 25% and 13% of recovered E. coli isolates from media with and without TE had MDR phenotypes, respectively, which included one isolate with non-susceptibility to 10 of 12 designated antibiotic categories. MDR prevalence was higher among incidentally recovered Enterobacter spp. (100%) than E. coli. TE non-susceptibility occurred in 100% and 18% of E. coli isolates recovered from TE-treated and untreated media, respectively. Ampicillin non-susceptibility occurred in 28% and 16% of E. coli isolates from TE-treated and untreated media. Among this non-random set of recovered isolates, ampicillin and cefazolin non-susceptibility demonstrated potential for MDR E. coli prediction. TE-treated media did not significantly improve MDR E. coli recovery. Conclusions: MDR E. coli and one potentially extensively drug-resistant (XDR) E. coli isolate were recoverable from Kentucky surface waters. Ampicillin and cefazolin non-susceptibility demonstrated potential as sentinel markers for informing screening media development for AMR surveillance in Kentucky waters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibiotic Resistance: The Role of Aquatic Environments)

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11 pages, 2081 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laser Remelting-Induced Microstructure Refinement and Strengthening of (TaWZrHf)₉₅Y₅ Refractory High-Entropy Alloy

by Chuanbing Huang, Junnan Jin, Yonghui Sun, Hao Lan and Weigang Zhang

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2026, 10(7), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp10070255 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

A novel (TaWZrHf)₉₅Y₅ refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) matrix was fabricated via vacuum hot pressing (VHP) sintering and subsequently modified through laser remelting (LR) surface treatment. Thermodynamic phase diagram calculations predicted the alloy’s dual-phase BCC structure, and the effects of LR [...] Read more.

A novel (TaWZrHf)₉₅Y₅ refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) matrix was fabricated via vacuum hot pressing (VHP) sintering and subsequently modified through laser remelting (LR) surface treatment. Thermodynamic phase diagram calculations predicted the alloy’s dual-phase BCC structure, and the effects of LR on phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties were systematically investigated. LR induced a significant phase transition, promoting rapid solidification and substantial grain refinement. The surface hardness increased to 848 HV₀.₂, approximately 1.5 times higher than that of the matrix, while the compressive strength reached 1635 MPa, surpassing the matrix by 200 MPa without compromising ductility. Importantly, the LR process effectively mitigated rare-earth (yttrium) segregation and loss, a common challenge in conventional arc melting of refractory HEAs, thereby enhancing solid solution strengthening and phase stability. This work pioneers the application of laser surface engineering to VHP-sintered refractory HEAs, bridging critical gaps in fabrication, microstructural optimization, and performance enhancement, and offering valuable insights for the future design of high-performance multi-principal element alloy development. Full article

27 pages, 26218 KB

Open AccessArticle

Creating Sustainable Value from Waste Ceramics: Case-Based Evidence from Jingdezhen’s Ceramic Industry

by Ning Wang and Yingzhan Gao

Sustainability 2026, 18(14), 7462; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18147462 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Ceramic production generates large quantities of fired waste that is durable, non-biodegradable, and increasingly difficult to manage through conventional waste disposal practices. This study analyzes how ceramic waste is transformed into sustainable value in Jingdezhen, China, a city where ceramic production and cultural [...] Read more.

Ceramic production generates large quantities of fired waste that is durable, non-biodegradable, and increasingly difficult to manage through conventional waste disposal practices. This study analyzes how ceramic waste is transformed into sustainable value in Jingdezhen, China, a city where ceramic production and cultural heritage have developed over more than a millennium. Using a qualitative multiple-case design, this study examines representative cases from three ceramic waste reutilization pathways: industrial reuse, environment-oriented reuse, and craft-based artistic reuse. The analysis shows that ceramic waste creates sustainable value through three interconnected processes: material transformation, economic activation, and cultural re-signification. Industrial cases primarily promote resource recovery and product innovation; public and environmental projects improve environmental awareness by integrating ceramic waste into urban spaces; and artistic practices reinterpret discarded ceramics as a medium for historical reflection, cultural expression, and public engagement. Based on these findings, the study proposes a material economic cultural analytical framework that explains how these value dimensions interact to transform ceramic waste from an environmental burden into a strategic resource. This study goes beyond documenting feasible ceramic waste recycling models by demonstrating that effective circular resource management in heritage-based industrial regions depends not only on technical recycling practices but also on cultural connotations and public recognition, which, together, generate value across environmental, economic, and cultural significance. These findings extend the scope of circular economy research by demonstrating a viable pathway for heritage-based industrial regions to leverage their own cultural heritage in transforming ceramic waste into environmental, economic, and cultural value. They also provide a practical model for other heritage-based regions seeking to align waste management with sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Resources and Sustainable Utilization)

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31 pages, 8660 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanisms Associated with Quality Deterioration for Vacuum-Packaged Pork Jerky During Accelerated High-Temperature and High-Humidity Storage

by Yankun Fu, Changcheng Zhao, Xiaolin Liang, Rong Liu, Pengjie Wang and Shumin Wang

Foods 2026, 15(14), 2565; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15142565 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Pork jerky is vulnerable to quality deterioration during distribution, particularly under hot and humid conditions. This study investigated the deterioration pattern and associated mechanisms for vacuum-packaged pork jerky sealed in aluminum foil pouches during accelerated high-temperature and high-humidity storage (65 °C and relative [...] Read more.

Pork jerky is vulnerable to quality deterioration during distribution, particularly under hot and humid conditions. This study investigated the deterioration pattern and associated mechanisms for vacuum-packaged pork jerky sealed in aluminum foil pouches during accelerated high-temperature and high-humidity storage (65 °C and relative humidity of 85%). The sensory quality, physicochemical properties, oxidation-related changes, non-enzymatic browning, and protein digestibility were evaluated, and multivariate analyses were performed to characterize the deterioration process. Sensory acceptability declined markedly, and the rejection rate reached 50% on day 14, indicating the shelf-life endpoint under the test conditions. Deterioration in quality was mainly characterized by color darkening, texture hardening, water redistribution, and microstructural disruption. Lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, myoglobin oxidation, and non-enzymatic browning progressively intensified during storage and were associated with the observed color deterioration and sensory decline. Microbiological indicators remained below the detection limit throughout storage, suggesting that quality deterioration was primarily associated with chemical rather than microbial changes. Multivariate analyses further suggested that lipid oxidation, protein oxidation, myoglobin oxidation, and non-enzymatic browning were key processes potentially associated with quality loss. These findings provide a basis for shelf-life evaluation and quality control for pork jerky under extreme storage conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meat)

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41 pages, 4115 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Assessment of Urban Human Settlements and Ecological Environment Quality in Shaanxi Province and Their Temporal Evolution

by Weidi Zhang and Linlin Hao

Sustainability 2026, 18(14), 7461; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18147461 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

This study evaluates the temporal evolution and structural constraints on the ecological and environmental quality of urban human settlements in Shaanxi Province, China, from 2011 to 2024. An indicator system covering four dimensions—urban green spaces and landscaping, urban appearance and environmental hygiene, urban [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the temporal evolution and structural constraints on the ecological and environmental quality of urban human settlements in Shaanxi Province, China, from 2011 to 2024. An indicator system covering four dimensions—urban green spaces and landscaping, urban appearance and environmental hygiene, urban facilities, and urban water resources and atmospheric environment—was established. The entropy method, comprehensive evaluation model, and barrier degree model were applied to assess relative performance, with sensitivity analyses conducted by modifying the attributes of domestic waste collection volume and total domestic water consumption, and by excluding controversial indicators. The results show that the composite index increased from 0.1082 in 2011 to 0.8806 in 2024, indicating substantial improvement in relative performance rather than a direct measure of absolute environmental quality. Overall, green spaces, parks, municipal facilities and ecological water supply improved, while major atmospheric pollutant emissions declined considerably. However, domestic waste collection and water consumption increased alongside urban development. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the overall upward trend but revealed that later-stage obstacle rankings were influenced by alternative attribute settings. Therefore, these indicators are interpreted as proxies for urban operational pressure rather than direct evidence of environmental degradation. The findings highlight the need to strengthen waste management, resource recovery, and water-use efficiency, providing methodological support for provincial-scale urban environmental assessment and governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Human Settlement Design and Assessment)

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25 pages, 15790 KB

Open AccessArticle

by Raoul Rashid Nigmatullin and Jocelyn Sabatier

Fractal Fract. 2026, 10(7), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract10070497 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

This paper is a first step toward providing answers to the question of whether fractal pattern formation gives rise to power-law (fractional) kinetics and how such kinetics relate to geometric properties such as fractal dimension. The study focuses on Lichtenberg figures produced by [...] Read more.

This paper is a first step toward providing answers to the question of whether fractal pattern formation gives rise to power-law (fractional) kinetics and how such kinetics relate to geometric properties such as fractal dimension. The study focuses on Lichtenberg figures produced by high-voltage discharges on wood, a heterogeneous dielectric medium with anisotropic conductivity and variable moisture content. During breakdown, the discharge propagates through branching streamers and carbonization fronts, exhibiting scale-free growth, long-tailed waiting times, and memory effects. The associated current signals are analyzed using the theory of fractal elements developed by Nigmatullin and Chen. This framework allows complex self-similar waveforms to be decomposed into elementary fractal modes characterized by power-law exponents and amplitudes. The results show that the electrical response is governed by fractional dynamics encoded in these modes. However, no direct one-to-one relationship is found between the fractal dimension of the discharge patterns and the kinetic power-law exponents. This decoupling is attributed to the influence of the heterogeneous medium and the percolation pathways through which the discharge propagates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Physics)

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27 pages, 4805 KB

Open AccessReview

Optimizing Reduced Protein Diets for an Efficient and Sustainable Layer Production

by Aamir Nawab, Thi Hiep Dao, Eunjoo Kim, Tamsyn M. Crowley and Amy F. Moss

Agriculture 2026, 16(14), 1563; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16141563 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Dietary protein is essential for poultry performance, influencing egg production, growth, immunity, and physiological functions. However, the high cost and environmental impact of soybean meal has encouraged the development of reduced crude protein (CP) diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids (AAs), coupled with [...] Read more.

Dietary protein is essential for poultry performance, influencing egg production, growth, immunity, and physiological functions. However, the high cost and environmental impact of soybean meal has encouraged the development of reduced crude protein (CP) diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids (AAs), coupled with the reduced cost and improved availability of synthetic AA. This strategy enables precise AA balancing, improves nitrogen utilization, and reduces nitrogen excretion and ammonia emissions. Among these strategies, supplementation with arginine (Arg), an indispensable AA in chickens, is particularly important due to its critical roles in protein synthesis, reproductive function, and eggshell formation. In addition, functional Arg precursors, such as guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and citrulline (Cit), can further enhance Arg availability while supporting energy metabolism and hormonal regulation. Despite these benefits, excessive protein reduction without adequate AA balance can impair laying performance, particularly in aged hens. Furthermore, nutrient digestibility remains a key limitation in reduced protein (RP) diets, as non-starch polysaccharides present in cereal-based feeds can reduce nutrient availability. The inclusion of exogenous enzymes, such as xylanase and β-glucanase, can improve digestibility, while phytase supplementation further enhances nutrient utilization by increasing phosphorus availability and mitigating the anti-nutritional effects of phytate; however, responses are often inconsistent. Another critical factor is maintaining an optimal energy-to-protein ratio, as imbalances may lead to increased fat deposition and reduced productive performance. While supplementation of key limiting AAs (lysine, methionine, and threonine) supports protein reduction, other AAs, such as Arg, isoleucine, and valine, may become limiting in RP diets. Hence, this review explores developments toward RP diets by highlighting three key strategies: enzyme supplementation to enhance nutrient digestibility, inclusion of functional Arg sources to improve performance and bone quality, and optimization of the energy–protein ratio in RP diets through precise AA formulation, with the overall aim to improve the sustainability of the poultry industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Novel Dietary Regimen on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization in Monogastric Animals)

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35 pages, 9983 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Herbaceous–Shrub Vegetation Systems on Soil Shear Characteristics and Their Influencing Mechanisms in Eroded Red Soil Regions of Southern China

by Qiaoqiao Yang, Fang Ha, Yuanyuan Zhan, Ying Meng, Yiyang Zhou, Xiang Zhang, Yue Zhang, Jinshi Lin, Yanhe Huang and Fangshi Jiang

Agronomy 2026, 16(14), 1388; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16141388 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

The shear characteristics of soil–root systems are dynamic indicators for assessing soil erosion resistance. Vegetation type influences shear characteristics by altering soil properties and root traits. However, the mechanisms by which mixed vegetation roots affect shear characteristics remain unclear. We selected naturally restored [...] Read more.

The shear characteristics of soil–root systems are dynamic indicators for assessing soil erosion resistance. Vegetation type influences shear characteristics by altering soil properties and root traits. However, the mechanisms by which mixed vegetation roots affect shear characteristics remain unclear. We selected naturally restored forestland (with Dicranopteris dichotoma, Baeckea frutescens, and their combinations) and artificially managed orchard systems (with Paspalum wettsteinii, Gardenia jasminoides, and their combinations) in the erosion-prone red soil region of southern China. In situ shear tests were conducted to explore the shear characteristics of soil–root systems under different vegetation types, identify the main influencing factors, and clarify the underlying mechanisms. Shear fracture energy (SFE), peak shear stress (PSS), and peak shear stress displacement (DPS) decreased with increasing soil depth across all sites. The average SFE and PSS in the forestland were 2.44 and 3.11 times higher, respectively, than those in the orchards. The main factors influencing shear characteristics in forestland included root volume density, tensile strength, bulk density, and mean weight diameter of aggregates (MWD), whereas those at the orchard sites included root length density, tensile strength, and organic matter content. Root factors had a stronger impact on shear fracture energy than soil properties. Shear fracture energy equations were constructed for forestland and orchard sites, showing high R² and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency values, indicating adequate predictive performance. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanical mechanisms of soils under vegetation restoration, provide scientific evidence for soil and water conservation evaluations, and help optimize vegetation restoration strategies in the Southern Red Soil Region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comprehensive Impacts of Agrobiodiversity in Agricultural Ecosystems)

15 pages, 1594 KB

Open AccessArticle

CFD-Taguchi-Based Geometric Optimization of a Liquid Cooled Battery Thermal Management System

by Beytullah Erdoğan and Güneyhan Taşkaya

Batteries 2026, 12(7), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries12070267 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

In this study, a liquid-cooled Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) incorporating aluminum heat-conducting blocks was numerically investigated to enhance the thermal performance of lithium-ion battery modules used in electric vehicles. The proposed system was designed for a battery module consisting of cylindrical lithium-ion [...] Read more.

In this study, a liquid-cooled Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) incorporating aluminum heat-conducting blocks was numerically investigated to enhance the thermal performance of lithium-ion battery modules used in electric vehicles. The proposed system was designed for a battery module consisting of cylindrical lithium-ion cells, and the effects of different geometric configurations on thermal behavior were analyzed using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. To efficiently evaluate the multi-parameter design space with reduced computational cost, a Taguchi L9 orthogonal experimental design was employed. The cooling channel configuration, aluminum heat-conducting block height, and battery pack geometry were considered as the primary design variables. The performance of each design configuration was assessed based on maximum temperature (T_max) and temperature uniformity (ΔT). Furthermore, an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to quantify the influence of the design parameters on the thermal performance of the system. The results revealed that the configuration comprising eight cooling channels, a 65 mm aluminum block height, and a 1 + 8 cylindrical battery arrangement exhibited the best thermal performance, achieving a maximum temperature of 303.45 K and a temperature difference of 1.25 K. The optimal design configuration provided a more uniform temperature distribution within the battery module, thereby enhancing thermal safety and operational reliability. Overall, the integration of CFD and the Taguchi method offers a systematic and efficient optimization framework for BTMS design, enabling effective evaluation of design alternatives with a reduced number of simulations and shorter computational time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electric Vehicles and Mobile Energy Storage Systems)

59 pages, 3087 KB

Open AccessReview

From Passive Redundancy to Active Perception: A Comprehensive Review of AI-Enhanced Fault Diagnosis and Digital Twin Simulation for Combine Harvesters

by Xuchun Li, Zhiwu Yu, Deyong Yang and Zhenwei Liang

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(14), 7319; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16147319 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Combine harvesters operate under harsh, time-varying field conditions, where unplanned downtime causes significant timeliness losses. This review systematically examines advances in structural fault diagnosis for combine harvesters, tracing the evolution from passive structural redundancy to active state perception and simulation-driven health management. Following [...] Read more.

Combine harvesters operate under harsh, time-varying field conditions, where unplanned downtime causes significant timeliness losses. This review systematically examines advances in structural fault diagnosis for combine harvesters, tracing the evolution from passive structural redundancy to active state perception and simulation-driven health management. Following a systematic search and screening methodology, the review analyzes the boundaries of structural optimization under fluctuating field conditions, evaluates traditional machine learning (ML) methods with handcrafted features, and surveys deep learning (DL) and multi-sensor fusion advances across vibration, acoustic, and visual modalities. A structured comparison across feature learning, generalization, diagnostic coverage, computational cost, and interpretability highlights the complementary strengths of traditional ML and DL paradigms. Key deployment challenges are identified: weak fault features under strong field noise, data distribution shift under multi-condition coupling, extreme sample scarcity and class imbalance, limited onboard computing and real-time latency constraints, interpretability gaps, hydraulic and pneumatic diagnostic neglect, functional safety compliance (ISO 25119), and the heightened reliability demands of unmanned autonomous operation. To address these challenges, future directions include physics-informed hybrid models, self-supervised pre-training and few-shot learning, lightweight edge inference, staged pre-deployment verification, model updating and lifelong learning strategies, cross-energy-domain diagnosis with fault-tolerant control, human-factors-aware interface design, and digital twin (DT) augmentation—the latter regarded as a strategic research vision requiring incremental validation rather than a near-term deployable solution. This review provides a reference for enhancing combine harvester mission reliability through the integration of AI-enabled perception, multi-source fusion, and simulation-driven health management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Science and Technology)

36 pages, 6621 KB

Open AccessArticle

Symmetry-Driven Enhanced Auxiliary Classifier GAN for Data-Efficient Breast Tumor Classification

by Tea Marasović and Vladan Papić

Symmetry 2026, 18(7), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18071235 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

The intricate nature of multi-class histopathological images, combined with pronounced class imbalances, complicates automated breast cancer diagnosis and demands AI models capable of generalizing well beyond often limited training data. To address these challenges, this paper explores the generative modeling capability of a [...] Read more.

The intricate nature of multi-class histopathological images, combined with pronounced class imbalances, complicates automated breast cancer diagnosis and demands AI models capable of generalizing well beyond often limited training data. To address these challenges, this paper explores the generative modeling capability of a symmetry-driven enhanced auxiliary classifier GAN (LSWACGAN) as an all-in-one, data-efficient framework for breast cancer histopathological image classification. LSWACGAN incorporates the Wasserstein loss with gradient penalty to promote greater training stability by mitigating overfitting and preventing vanishing gradients. Assigning smooth category labels to generated samples further helps alleviate the mode collapse problem. The proposed framework brings together three types of symmetry to improve its reliability: the inherent metric symmetry of the Wasserstein distance, the structural symmetry within the auxiliary classifier GAN, and the architectural symmetry between the generator and discriminator networks. Extensive experiments conducted on the well-known BreakHis dataset, supplemented by a thorough ablation study, demonstrate the framework’s competitive edge in a lower-data regime. For binary classification, LSWACGAN closely matches or slightly outperforms leading benchmarks on most selected evaluation metrics. Conversely, in the multi-class scenario, it emerges as a clear forerunner, consistently producing superior results and maintaining robust performance across varying magnification levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Image Classification)

19 pages, 4545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging Targeting Precision and Oncologic Safety: Localization Accuracy for Margin Adequacy in Cone-Beam Computed Tomography-Guided Pulmonary Nodule Resection

by Yu-Hsiang Wang, Hsu-Chih Huang, Chih-Yi Chen, Jiun-Yi Hsia, Guo-Zhi Wang, Ming-Chih Chou and Frank Cheau-Feng Lin

Cancers 2026, 18(14), 2356; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18142356 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Ground-glass pulmonary nodules are often nonpalpable and not visible during thoracoscopic surgery, making accurate localization important for achieving adequate pathological margins. However, no clinically validated localization-error threshold has been established. We evaluated the association between Dmn and pathological margin adequacy after image-guided [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Ground-glass pulmonary nodules are often nonpalpable and not visible during thoracoscopic surgery, making accurate localization important for achieving adequate pathological margins. However, no clinically validated localization-error threshold has been established. We evaluated the association between Dmn and pathological margin adequacy after image-guided thoracoscopic pulmonary nodule resection and sought to identify a clinically relevant localization-accuracy threshold. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 169 patients in a predefined peripheral-lesion cohort who underwent cone-beam computed tomography-guided pulmonary nodule localization using hook-wire placement or dye marking in a hybrid operating room, followed by thoracoscopic wedge resection. Dmn was defined as the shortest three-dimensional Euclidean distance from the localization needle tip to the tumor margin. Pathological margin adequacy was defined as a resection margin equal to or greater than the maximum tumor diameter. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of pathological margin inadequacy, and receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the optimal Dmn cutoff. Results: Dmn was independently associated with pathological margin inadequacy (odds ratio, 1.617; 95% confidence interval, 1.356–1.928; p < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.827 and an optimal Dmn cutoff of 4.90 mm, with a sensitivity of 71.0% and specificity of 94.2%. Pathological margin inadequacy occurred more frequently in patients with Dmn ≥4.9 mm than in those with Dmn <4.9 mm (73.3% vs. 6.5%, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this single-center cohort, a Dmn of approximately 4.9 mm was associated with pathological margin inadequacy after cone-beam computed tomography-guided pulmonary nodule localization and thoracoscopic wedge resection. This value may serve as a candidate intraoperative warning threshold for margin reassessment; however, prospective external validation is required before routine clinical implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Era in the Treatment of Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (2nd Edition))

14 pages, 663 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrocortisone vs. Methylprednisolone in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Propensity Score Matching Study

by Juan Sebastian Hernández Puentes, Alirio Rodrigo Bastidas, Eduardo Andres Tuta Quintero, Catalina Marenco Galvis, Juanita Fetecua Chaparro, Alejandra Mora Vega, Valeria Leyton Franco, María José Juvinao Morales, María José Castro Salas, Juan Sebastián Ariza Zúñiga, Viviana Catalina Andrade, Isabella Criado Quintero, Laura Valentina Medellín Ortiz, Dayanna Beatriz Colpas Echeverri, Luisa Fernánda Arriaga Bustos and Lina María López Nuñez

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(14), 5725; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15145725 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality due to infections worldwide. This has led to the study of the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy, which has shown an inclination to provide clinical benefits. However, controversy persists regarding [...] Read more.

Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality due to infections worldwide. This has led to the study of the use of corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy, which has shown an inclination to provide clinical benefits. However, controversy persists regarding the use of one corticosteroid over another Objectives: Evaluate the outcomes associated with the use of hydrocortisone versus methylprednisolone in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study that included hospitalized adults diagnosed with CAP at two high-complexity clinics in Colombia between 2010 and 2020. Propensity score matching was used in a 1:1 ratio to balance the baseline characteristics between the hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone groups. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes included septic shock, vasopressor use, admission to the intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, and other hospital outcomes. Survival analyses were performed using Kaplan–Meier curves and estimates of the average treatment effect, as well as subgroup analyses according to the dose and duration of treatment. Results: The study initially included 366 patients, with significant baseline differences between groups. After matching, an adjusted cohort of 168 patients (84 per group) was obtained, with an adequate balance of clinical, paraclinical, and severity-related variables. No statistically significant differences were found in 30-day mortality between patients who received hydrocortisone and those who received methylprednisolone before or after matching. Additionally, no differences were detected in the secondary clinical outcomes. Survival analyses revealed no differences according to corticosteroid type, treatment duration, or administered dose. Conclusions: In this retrospective propensity-score-matched cohort study, no differences were observed in 30-day mortality or other clinical outcomes between hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pneumonia: From Diagnosis to Treatment)

18 pages, 9768 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design Theory and Application of Reinforcement for Existing Slab Culverts Through the Additional Deck Slab

by Zhijie Jiang, Junxi Ning, Huaxing Chen and Yongjiang Shen

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(14), 7318; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16147318 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

To address the insufficient bearing capacity of existing slab culverts under increased fill heights in highway widening projects, a reinforcement method integrating an additional deck slab with a grouted steel pipe pile-supported composite foundation is proposed. A segmented elastic foundation beam model is [...] Read more.

To address the insufficient bearing capacity of existing slab culverts under increased fill heights in highway widening projects, a reinforcement method integrating an additional deck slab with a grouted steel pipe pile-supported composite foundation is proposed. A segmented elastic foundation beam model is developed to derive the analytical solution for slab deflection and calculate the load acting on the culvert roof. A three-dimensional finite element model is established in Abaqus, in which the soil is modeled using the Mohr–Coulomb elastoplastic constitutive model to investigate the effects of pile arrangement, pile diameter, pile length, pile spacing, and fill height on reinforcement performance. The results show that culvert displacement and stress decrease with reduced pile spacing and increased pile diameter and pile length, while the best reinforcement performance among the investigated cases is achieved when the piles extend 4 m below the culvert base slab Field tests from the Beijing–Hong Kong–Macao Expressway widening project demonstrate the applicability of the proposed reinforcement method and show that pressure grouting increases the coefficient of subgrade reaction by 7–10%. Based on theoretical and field investigations, recommended reinforcement parameters are proposed for a representative culvert. The proposed method provides an efficient solution for culvert reinforcement in highway widening projects. Full article

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30 pages, 1213 KB

Open AccessReview

Carbon Balance and Climate Change Mitigation in Mediterranean Olive Agroecosystems: Moving Beyond Soil Organic Carbon

by Ippokratis Gkotsis, Dimitrios E. Tsesmelis, John-Nick Bougiouklis, Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos and Pantelis E. Barouchas

Agriculture 2026, 16(14), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16141562 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Mediterranean olive agroecosystems are increasingly recognized as potential contributors to climate change mitigation, mainly through the sequestration and storage of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the mitigation potential of such an agroecosystem cannot be inferred solely from changes in SOC stock. This reflects [...] Read more.

Mediterranean olive agroecosystems are increasingly recognized as potential contributors to climate change mitigation, mainly through the sequestration and storage of soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the mitigation potential of such an agroecosystem cannot be inferred solely from changes in SOC stock. This reflects the interconnected nature of perennial tree cropping systems, where biomass growth, soil carbon stabilization, management-induced greenhouse gas emissions and accounting assumptions interact to determine mitigation outcomes. This review synthesizes current knowledge on carbon dynamics in olive agroecosystems from a system-level perspective. We show that SOC is the most persistent carbon pool, and its accumulation is governed by organic inputs, stabilization processes, disturbances, and site-specific constraints. Management practices can increase carbon inputs or reduce losses, but also create trade-offs through erosion, decomposition, and non-CO₂ emissions. Existing assessments are limited by methodological inconsistencies, system boundaries, life-cycle assumptions, and MRV requirements. Olive agroecosystems should be assessed as connected soil–plant–atmosphere systems rather than isolated SOC reservoirs. We conclude that climate change mitigation in woody agroecosystems should be assessed through integrated carbon balance frameworks combining SOC dynamics, biomass turnover, greenhouse gas fluxes, and management pathways within transparent system boundaries. This synthesis highlights the value of Mediterranean olive agroecosystems as representative perennial systems for evaluating climate change mitigation processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecosystem, Environment and Climate Change in Agriculture)

30 pages, 1083 KB

Open AccessReview

Ammonium Polyphosphate: Modification Strategies and Synergistic Flame-Retardant Applications

by Yina Liu, Rongjie Yang, Zhaolu Qin, Wenchao Zhang and Dinghua Li

Polymers 2026, 18(14), 1786; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18141786 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is widely used in intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) systems because of its environmental friendliness, low cost, and high flame-retardant efficiency. However, its practical applications are limited by high hygroscopicity, poor compatibility with organic substrates, and the high loading required in single-component [...] Read more.

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is widely used in intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) systems because of its environmental friendliness, low cost, and high flame-retardant efficiency. However, its practical applications are limited by high hygroscopicity, poor compatibility with organic substrates, and the high loading required in single-component systems. To address these limitations, extensive studies have been conducted on APP modification and synergistic flame-retardant systems. This review systematically summarizes the modification strategies and flame-retardant mechanisms of APP. The synergistic flame-retardant effects and mechanisms of APP combined with silicon-, boron-, and metal-containing compounds are also discussed. In addition, the effects on the flame-retardant performance of different structural characteristics, such as nanostructures, layered structures, and ring structures, are reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives of APP-based flame-retardant systems are highlighted. This review provides useful guidance for the design, optimization, and practical application of advanced APP-based intumescent flame-retardant materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Developments in Flame-Retardant Polymeric Materials)

12 pages, 1134 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of CuInTe₂ via SnTe Incorporation and Microwave Synthesis

by Lin Bo, Yongpeng Wang, Wenying Wang, Wenying Zhou, Xingshuo Liu, Laizeng Shi and Degang Zhao

Inorganics 2026, 14(7), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14070194 - 21 Jul 2026

Abstract

Incorporating a secondary phase represents a promising strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of materials. In this study, CuInTe₂ was modified with SnTe powders at various weight fractions (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 wt%) and subsequently synthesized via rapid microwave melting. The [...] Read more.

Incorporating a secondary phase represents a promising strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of materials. In this study, CuInTe₂ was modified with SnTe powders at various weight fractions (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 wt%) and subsequently synthesized via rapid microwave melting. The phase composition and microstructure of the resulting materials were systematically characterized. Structural analyses revealed that the introduction of SnTe induced the incorporation of Sn and Te into the CuInTe₂ lattice, accompanied by a progressive contraction in lattice parameters. Owing to the spontaneous formation of intrinsic Sn vacancies in SnTe and the regulation of carrier concentration, electrical conductivity of up to 2.7 × 10⁴ Sm⁻¹ was achieved, representing a 1.7-fold increase over pristine CuInTe₂. Coupled with a notable reduction in lattice thermal conductivity (0.9 Wm⁻¹K⁻¹ at 700 K), a maximum figure of merit of 0.44 was obtained for the CuInTe₂-2 wt% SnTe sample. While the absolute zT value is moderate compared to state-of-the-art CuInTe₂-based materials, this work establishes the feasibility of microwave melting combined with second-phase incorporation as a rapid and energy-efficient synthesis pathway for CuInTe₂ modification. These results demonstrate that the introduction of SnTe is a viable strategy for enhancing the thermoelectric performance of CuInTe₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic Thermoelectric Materials: Advances and Applications)

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