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32 pages, 7185 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of Roadside and Median Safety Barriers on Available Sight Distance on Croatian Motorways

by Ivica Stančerić, Igor Majstorović and Željko Stepan

Infrastructures 2026, 11(9), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures11090316 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Available sight distance (ASD) on motorways represents the unobstructed line of sight from the driver’s perspective to an obstacle on the carriageway, which must equal or exceed the required stopping sight distance (SSD). This study evaluates ASD across both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional [...] Read more.

Available sight distance (ASD) on motorways represents the unobstructed line of sight from the driver’s perspective to an obstacle on the carriageway, which must equal or exceed the required stopping sight distance (SSD). This study evaluates ASD across both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) motorway alignments, encompassing right- and left-hand horizontal curves combined with different vertical alignments, as well as roadside and median barriers. 2D analyses were performed on predefined theoretical profiles, while 3D ASD evaluations were conducted on real-world models of existing motorway sections in Croatia. These sections were selected based on their diverse horizontal and vertical geometric alignments, design eras, traffic characteristics, and historical crash data regarding collisions with obstacles. The findings reveal that safety barrier placement on motorways can severely constrain sightlines, demonstrating that even radii exceeding the regulatory minimums are insufficient to guarantee necessary SSD requirements. Visibility restrictions from safety barriers are especially pronounced along barrier-restricted horizontal curves, primarily on right-hand curves and occasionally on left-hand curves, depending on the radius. In certain real-world sections, cut slopes also restrict the required visibility. Current Croatian guidelines rely on 2D analysis, which fails to account for safety barriers obstructing visibility. This research emphasises the critical necessity of conducting continuous 3D sight visibility simulations during initial design phases, while recommending further research that could be implemented to update regulatory frameworks regarding parameters for ASD analysis. Full article

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25 pages, 887 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Explainable Artificial Intelligence in EEG-Based Deception Detection

by Mashael Aldayel, Maryam Alkanhal and Abeer Al-Nafjan

Electronics 2026, 15(17), 4041; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15174041 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a promising basis for objective deception detection, as it captures covert neural responses that may not be accessible through behavior or self-report. In this context, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has the potential to both improve model performance and increase trust [...] Read more.

Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a promising basis for objective deception detection, as it captures covert neural responses that may not be accessible through behavior or self-report. In this context, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has the potential to both improve model performance and increase trust by clarifying which EEG features and temporal–spatial patterns drive classification decisions. This work presents a systematic review of EEG-based deception detection with a focus on how machine learning and deep learning methods are currently applied and to what extent XAI methods are integrated into these pipelines. The review organizes recent studies by dataset type, feature extraction methodology, and classification strategy, lie detection paradigms and their experimental and analytical designs. The goal is to identify methodological limitations and research gaps, synthesize current challenges and emerging trends, and propose directions for future work on interpretable EEG-based deception detection. The findings indicate a growing reliance on deep learning architectures but a limited and unsystematic use of XAI, highlighting the need for more principled integration of interpretability into deception detection research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning for Cyber Security and Privacy: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions)

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32 pages, 11774 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Environmental Contaminants and Osteoporosis-Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Francesco Leonforte, Vito Nicosia, Gianluca Testa, Marco Sapienza, Fabrizio Mattu, Alessia Caldaci, Tommaso Filippini, Vito Pavone and Antonio Mistretta

Toxics 2026, 14(9), 790; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics14090790 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Environmental contaminants (ECs) may impair skeletal health through endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered mineral homeostasis. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the associations between EC exposure and osteoporosis-related outcomes in adults. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched in April [...] Read more.

Environmental contaminants (ECs) may impair skeletal health through endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, inflammation, and altered mineral homeostasis. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the associations between EC exposure and osteoporosis-related outcomes in adults. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched in April 2026 for English-language studies published from 2016 onward. Study selection followed PRISMA guidelines, while methodological quality was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist and Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). Evaluated contaminant classes encompassed ambient air pollution (PM2.5, PM10, PM1, NO₂, NO_x, SO₂, CO, O₃), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), heavy metals and trace elements (e.g., cadmium, lead), pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalates, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs, dioxins, PCBs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), and water disinfection by-products. Random-effects meta-analyses using restricted maximum likelihood estimation were conducted when at least 3 studies were available. Forty-eight studies involving 4,510,868 participants were included. Air contaminants showed the most consistent associations with reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis, followed by selected PFAS and cadmium exposures. Evidence for pesticides, PAHs, phthalates, volatile organic compounds VOCs, POPs, flame retardants, and water disinfection by-products was less consistent. PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased osteoporosis risk (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.02–1.51), and to a lesser extend also PM10 (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.96–1.42). The analyses showed extreme heterogeneity and sensitivity to influential studies. ECs, particularly fine particulate matter, may contribute to skeletal deterioration, although the findings require cautious interpretation. PROSPERO ID: CRD420261460078. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Contaminants in a Changing World: Implications for Human Health)

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15 pages, 3871 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ambient Temperature-Dependent Parameterization of the IEC 60076-7 Top-Oil Thermal Model

by João Pedro da Costa Souza, Patrick Picher, Issouf Fofana and Arnaud Zinflou

Energies 2026, 19(17), 4224; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19174224 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Transformer top-oil temperature prediction is essential for reliable thermal assessment and lifetime management. Although the IEC 60076-7 loading guide model is widely adopted for this purpose, its thermal parameters are generally assumed to remain constant regardless of environmental conditions: an assumption that has [...] Read more.

Transformer top-oil temperature prediction is essential for reliable thermal assessment and lifetime management. Although the IEC 60076-7 loading guide model is widely adopted for this purpose, its thermal parameters are generally assumed to remain constant regardless of environmental conditions: an assumption that has received limited attention. This paper investigates the influence of ambient temperature on the IEC top-oil model parameters and proposes an adaptive ambient-dependent parameterization framework. A segmented optimization methodology is applied to field measurements from a 66 MVA, 225/26.4 kV power transformer to identify the optimal rated top-oil temperature rise and thermal exponent x over different ambient temperatures. The results reveal an approximately linear dependence of the optimized parameters on ambient temperature, suggesting that the thermal dynamics represented by the IEC model evolve with environmental conditions. Incorporating this dependency improves prediction accuracy, achieving a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.03 °C and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 2.56 °C on the test dataset, outperforming both the conventional IEC model with fixed parameters and a previously published adaptive approach. These findings offer a practical extension of the IEC model with applications in transformer monitoring, dynamic loading, and digital-twin-based asset management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)

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29 pages, 1074 KB

Open AccessArticle

Business Ecosystem Embeddedness and SRDI SME Growth: The Roles of Organizational Resilience and Digital Leadership

by Baoshan Ge and Jiatong Li

Systems 2026, 14(9), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14091110 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Against the backdrop of intensifying geopolitical conflicts and deglobalization, how Specialized, Refined, Differentiated, and Innovative small and medium-sized enterprises (SRDI SMEs) can overcome resource constraints and achieve sustained growth has become an important research issue. Although prior research has recognized that business ecosystem [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of intensifying geopolitical conflicts and deglobalization, how Specialized, Refined, Differentiated, and Innovative small and medium-sized enterprises (SRDI SMEs) can overcome resource constraints and achieve sustained growth has become an important research issue. Although prior research has recognized that business ecosystem embeddedness provides SMEs with access to external resources and growth opportunities, the mechanisms through which such embeddedness translates into the growth of SRDI SMEs in turbulent environments remain insufficiently understood. Drawing on resource orchestration theory, this study develops a theoretical model linking business ecosystem embeddedness to SRDI SME growth and examines the mediating roles of proactive organizational resilience and reactive organizational resilience, as well as the moderating role of digital leadership. Using two-wave survey data from 367 Chinese SRDI SMEs, this study tests the proposed hypotheses through regression analysis and bootstrapping. The results show that business ecosystem embeddedness is significantly and positively associated with SRDI SME growth and that proactive organizational resilience and reactive organizational resilience each partially mediate this relationship. Moreover, digital leadership strengthens the relationships between business ecosystem embeddedness and both dimensions of organizational resilience, thereby strengthening its indirect effects on SRDI SME growth through proactive organizational resilience and reactive organizational resilience. The findings provide theoretical insights and practical implications for SRDI SMEs seeking sustained growth in turbulent environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Management Towards Organisational Resilience (2nd Edition))

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21 pages, 5417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Cement Pastes Blended with Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) at Elevated Temperatures

by Michal Křištof, Marcin Sundin, Magdalena Rajczakowska, Andrea Jančíková, Simona Ravaszová, Hans Hedlund, Karel Dvořák and Andrzej Cwirzen

Materials 2026, 19(17), 3804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19173804 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Mitigating structural failure and improving the fire safety of concrete infrastructure during severe thermal events depends critically on the high-temperature resilience of Portland cement paste. Given the increasing production of Portland blended cements, understanding their high-temperature behavior is crucial for ensuring the safety [...] Read more.

Mitigating structural failure and improving the fire safety of concrete infrastructure during severe thermal events depends critically on the high-temperature resilience of Portland cement paste. Given the increasing production of Portland blended cements, understanding their high-temperature behavior is crucial for ensuring the safety of building structures. This study investigates the effects of exposure to high temperatures (up to 1200 °C) on Portland cement pastes containing ground granulated blast furnace slag and quartz powder, focusing on their thermal stability and the chemical reactions occurring under these conditions. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a heating module was employed to observe real-time phase transformations as the temperature increased, supported by ex situ scanning electron microscopic analysis. The results showed changes in the mineralogical composition, with particular attention to the decomposition of calcium hydroxide and the formation of melilite above 900 °C. These transformations suggest thermal reactions between cement hydrate products (calcium silicates and aluminates) in the presence of slag and quartz powder. Mixtures containing quartz powder exhibited increased porosity and phase transformation shifts at lower temperatures, reflecting the combined effects of quartz addition, reduced reactive binder content, and an increased effective water-to-binder ratio. Notably, lower strength-grade cements containing fly ash (additional alumina source) show higher degrees of formation of calcium–aluminate silicate phases such as melilite upon heating. Compared to conventional studies, the novelty of this study lies in the use of an in situ experimental setup, which uniquely identifies the temperature thresholds of chemical changes and the formation of new phases such as melilite in cement–selected slag mixes, while also capturing their recrystallization upon cooling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Precision Manufacturing of Materials)

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27 pages, 2368 KB

Open AccessReview

Kombucha-Derived Bacterial Cellulose for Active and Biodegradable Food Packaging: Production, Modification, Performance, and Current Challenges

by Joanna Maria Jasińska and Ewelina Jamróz

Molecules 2026, 31(17), 3131; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31173131 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Kombucha fermentation generates two fractions of potential relevance to food-packaging applications: a fermented liquid containing organic acids, polyphenols and other metabolites, and a cellulose-rich pellicle formed by cellulose-producing acetic acid bacteria. However, the fermented beverage, raw pellicle and purified kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose (KBC) [...] Read more.

Kombucha fermentation generates two fractions of potential relevance to food-packaging applications: a fermented liquid containing organic acids, polyphenols and other metabolites, and a cellulose-rich pellicle formed by cellulose-producing acetic acid bacteria. However, the fermented beverage, raw pellicle and purified kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose (KBC) differ substantially in composition, functionality and food-contact suitability and should not be treated as interchangeable materials. This review critically examines bacterial cellulose formation during kombucha fermentation, purification and modification strategies, packaging-relevant properties, and the application of kombucha-derived materials in films, coatings and composites. Purified KBC provides a continuous nanofibrillar network and can exhibit good mechanical and oxygen-barrier properties under dry conditions. Its hydrophilic character, however, promotes moisture sorption and swelling, which may impair mechanical integrity and barrier performance at elevated relative humidity. Blending, coating, grafting and crosslinking can improve selected material properties, but their effects are formulation-specific and may involve trade-offs between moisture resistance, mechanical performance, biodegradability and food-contact safety. Fermented kombucha liquid and native or mildly washed pellicles may contribute fermentation-derived bioactive compounds; however, antioxidant or antimicrobial activity measured in the beverage or raw pellicle cannot be automatically attributed to purified KBC or the final packaging material. Current evidence supports the use of KBC as a structural matrix, reinforcing phase, coating component or carrier of active substances. Nevertheless, limited migration data, heterogeneous testing conditions, insufficient real-food studies and a lack of pilot-scale, regulatory and life-cycle assessments currently restrict its broader industrial implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Small Bioactive Molecules: From Molecular Pathways to Health Benefits)

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23 pages, 7934 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Fault Diagnosis Framework for Rolling Bearings Based on PPCA-AR Anti-Interference Preprocessing and LSTM

by Shenglin Song, Chunhui Zhu, Shilong Zhang, Wangshen Hao, Jieang Zhao and Song Jin

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(17), 8878; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16178878 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Prevailing rolling bearing fault diagnosis frameworks based on long short-term memory (LSTM) are susceptible to noise interference under industrial strong-noise working conditions, suffering from insufficient feature extraction capability and low diagnostic precision. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis framework [...] Read more.

Prevailing rolling bearing fault diagnosis frameworks based on long short-term memory (LSTM) are susceptible to noise interference under industrial strong-noise working conditions, suffering from insufficient feature extraction capability and low diagnostic precision. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a fault diagnosis framework integrating deep learning with signal processing, which consists of probabilistic principal component analysis (PPCA) for noise suppression, the autoregressive (AR) model for discrete interference elimination, spectral kurtosis (SK) for fault feature enhancement, and LSTM-based intelligent classification. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of vibration signals, the proposed method first estimates and suppresses noise via PPCA, and then eliminates periodic discrete frequency interferences represented by gear meshing components using the AR model. Following interference suppression, the SK method is adopted to implement multi-scale resonant frequency band screening and envelope demodulation. Finally, the demodulated features are learned by the LSTM to realize intelligent fault diagnosis of rolling bearings. This novel approach not only improves fault diagnosis accuracy but also enhances the model interpretability with the aid of signal processing techniques. Experimental results on the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) and industrial field datasets demonstrate that the proposed method achieves superior accuracy compared with state-of-the-art approaches under various SNR conditions. It effectively mitigates the accuracy degradation of deep learning diagnostic models in strong-noise environments, providing a reliable technical solution for the intelligent diagnosis of rolling bearings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Fault Diagnosis and Signal Processing, 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 508 KB

Open AccessReview

Safety and Efficacy of Natural and Conventional Psychiatric Treatments: A Comparative Review of Mushroom-Derived Compounds and Medicinal Plants in the Management of Mental Disorders

by Katarzyna Gawłowska, Katarzyna Kaja Nowakowska, Julia Wiktoria Makówka, Wojciech Bajurny, Magdalena Patrycja Góral, Agata Bocheńska, Szymon Dariusz Kopecki, Weronika Marta Grodzińska and Agnieszka Chłopaś-Konowałek

Molecules 2026, 31(17), 3130; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31173130 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Standard pharmacotherapy for mental disorders, including depression and anxiety, is supported by extensive clinical validation and international treatment guidelines. However, it is frequently associated with limitations such as adverse side effects, low patient adherence, and the risk of relapse. Conventional approaches rely primarily [...] Read more.

Standard pharmacotherapy for mental disorders, including depression and anxiety, is supported by extensive clinical validation and international treatment guidelines. However, it is frequently associated with limitations such as adverse side effects, low patient adherence, and the risk of relapse. Conventional approaches rely primarily on antidepressants, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, neuroleptics, and stimulants, which modulate monoaminergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission. Recently, preclinical and emerging clinical studies have suggested that selected natural substances—specifically mushroom-derived compounds and well-established medicinal plants—may offer complementary therapeutic pathways. This narrative review critically evaluates the pharmacological efficacy, mechanisms of action, and safety profiles of selected natural compounds, including psilocybin-related tryptamines, Hericium erinaceus, ibotenic acid/muscimol from Amanita muscaria, ergothioneine, as well as notable botanical agents (e.g., Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis). We systematically distinguish between robust human clinical data (e.g., psilocybin-assisted therapy) and preliminary in vitro/in vivo findings. Particular attention is paid to their neurotrophic, anti-inflammatory, and neuromodulatory properties, while emphasizing substantial safety concerns, including intoxication risks associated with isoxazole derivatives, and potentially severe cytochrome P450-mediated drug–drug interactions. Ultimately, while certain natural compounds show promise as adjunctive interventions, most remain strictly investigational and cannot replace evidence-based conventional pharmacotherapy without further long-term, large-scale randomized controlled trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Phytochemicals from Plants: Pharmacological and Therapeutic Applications)

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10 pages, 673 KB

Open AccessOpinion

Understanding Psychological Functioning in Type 1 Diabetes: Toward an Integrated Framework

by Emanuele Maria Merlo

Diabetology 2026, 7(9), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology7090175 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasingly recognized as a condition in which psychological processes play an important role in disease management, adaptation, and clinical outcomes. Although research has identified a growing number of relevant psychological constructs, these have largely been investigated independently, [...] Read more.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasingly recognized as a condition in which psychological processes play an important role in disease management, adaptation, and clinical outcomes. Although research has identified a growing number of relevant psychological constructs, these have largely been investigated independently, limiting understanding of their interactions with behavioral and biological processes. This contribution discusses the principal conceptual gaps that currently constrain theoretical integration and proposes an integrative psychobiological framework in which individual and contextual factors, psychological processes, self-management behaviors, and biological and metabolic dimensions are conceptualized as components of a dynamic and temporally embedded system. The framework emphasizes potentially mediated, moderated, and reciprocal pathways whose relative contribution may vary across individuals, life stages, and the disease trajectory. By providing a structure through which these processes can be jointly operationalized and empirically investigated, this perspective may support more coherent research strategies and help identify individual and evolving assessment and intervention priorities in diabetes care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Treatment, Intervention and Care of Diabetes)

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25 pages, 4244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Broadband China and Urban Environmental Outcomes: An Audit of Implementation, Outcome Measures, and Digital Readiness

by Honghua Cao and Ming Chen

Sustainability 2026, 18(17), 9171; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18179171 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Studies of Broadband China reach different environmental conclusions, but they do not always measure the same policy implementation or environmental outcome. We test whether conclusions survive changes in implementation, outcome, denominator, weighting, and baseline city capacity. We link the 2014–2016 cohorts to prefecture-level [...] Read more.

Studies of Broadband China reach different environmental conclusions, but they do not always measure the same policy implementation or environmental outcome. We test whether conclusions survive changes in implementation, outcome, denominator, weighting, and baseline city capacity. We link the 2014–2016 cohorts to prefecture-level panels, using administrative outcomes through 2019 and annual PM_2.5 through 2023. First, designation does not establish a reliable physical-network first stage: access ports rise, but the estimate fails the pretrend test, while adjusted fiber models fail overlap or balance diagnostics. Second, on the same 2427 city-years, industrial wastewater rises by 22.26%, whereas sulfur dioxide, smoke/dust, and PM_2.5 remain imprecise. On the adjusted sample, the wastewater estimate falls from 16.45% to an imprecise 7.69% after cross-fitted selection adjustment. Third, an exploratory within-sample analysis finds that a one-standard-deviation increase in baseline digital readiness is associated with an 18.76% lower treated-versus-control smoke/dust change (95% confidence interval: −30.54% to −4.98%), although mechanism tests do not survive multiplicity adjustment. These findings do not imply that broadband has no environmental effects. They show instead that any such claim must be tied to verified implementation, the environmental measure, and prepolicy city capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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42 pages, 19397 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Simulated IoT Embedded System for Classroom Indoor Air Quality, Noise, and Lighting Monitoring: Architecture and Firmware Performance Analysis

by José André Galván, Diego Mandujano, Lenin Canchos, Walter Lujerio and Mario Chauca

IoT 2026, 7(3), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/iot7030072 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Environmental conditions such as inadequate lighting, excessive noise, and poor indoor air quality can negatively affect students’ health, comfort, and academic performance. Although recent Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have enabled low-cost environmental monitoring systems, most studies provide limited validation of the embedded [...] Read more.

Environmental conditions such as inadequate lighting, excessive noise, and poor indoor air quality can negatively affect students’ health, comfort, and academic performance. Although recent Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have enabled low-cost environmental monitoring systems, most studies provide limited validation of the embedded firmware responsible for deterministic multi-sensor acquisition and real-time operation. This paper proposes and virtually validates an energy-efficient embedded firmware architecture for a low-cost IoT environmental monitoring node for smart classrooms. The system integrates ESP32-based firmware with MQ-135, LDR, and KY-037 sensors, local alarm management, LCD visualization, and HTTP-based wireless communication. Hardware–software co-simulation was performed in Proteus Virtual System Modeling (VSM) before physical implementation. Ten experimental scenarios evaluated firmware execution, sensor integration, alarm coordination, fault handling, IoT communication, and power consumption. The proposed architecture maintained stable deterministic execution under all scenarios, with instantaneous current consumption ranging from 100 mA to 280 mA, 100% successful HTTP transmissions (HTTP status code 200), and an average communication latency of 378 ms. These results demonstrate that virtual prototyping provides an effective framework for early firmware verification, reducing development risks while supporting the deployment of reliable and scalable IoT environmental monitoring systems for smart classroom applications. Full article

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17 pages, 30214 KB

Open AccessReview

Strain-Insensitive Conductive Hydrogel Materials for Motion-Artifact-Free Flexible Bioelectronics

by Yarong Ding, Yitong Dou, Lei Bai, Zhenyu Li, Jiayi Qi, Yufeng Li, Shaozhe Tan, Xuesi Zhang, Jiachun Sun, Yahui Song, Jingxuan Wu, Fei Han and Yingchun Li

Gels 2026, 12(9), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels12090822 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Flexible and stretchable electronics inevitably undergo stretching, compression, bending and torsion when conformally attached to skin, soft tissues and dynamic organs. While deformation-induced electrical variations act as target signals for motion sensors, they cause resistance/impedance drift, baseline shift and sensitivity degradation in physiological [...] Read more.

Flexible and stretchable electronics inevitably undergo stretching, compression, bending and torsion when conformally attached to skin, soft tissues and dynamic organs. While deformation-induced electrical variations act as target signals for motion sensors, they cause resistance/impedance drift, baseline shift and sensitivity degradation in physiological electrodes, temperature/chemical sensors, interconnects and stimulation devices, leading to motion artifacts and reduced long-term reliability. Hydrogels are pivotal materials for soft bioelectronic interfaces owing to their high water content, low modulus, tissue compatibility and ionic conductivity. However, their conductive networks are susceptible to structural reconstruction under deformation, dehydration, swelling and cyclic fatigue, meaning that stretchability is by no means equivalent to strain insensitivity. This review focuses on stable resistance/impedance and functional output within a specified strain window, this paper reviews three representative material systems, liquid metal (LM)-based composite hydrogels, conductive polymer/elastic network composite hydrogels, and hydrogen-bonded isotropic architectures. It further summarizes three design strategies—geometric and functional compensation, mechanical decoupling and strain isolation, and interfacial engineering for conductive network stabilization—and discusses their applications in wearable epidermal and implantable bioelectronics. Finally, unified evaluation metrics for strain insensitivity are proposed, with future directions covering high-conductivity–low-modulus synergy, long-term water/ionic stability, robust soft-hard interfaces, multiaxial deformation tolerance and scalable manufacturability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrogels with Appropriate/Tunable Properties for Biomedical Applications (3rd Edition))

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28 pages, 33145 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Fabrication, and Evaluation of a Patient-Derived 3D-Printed Anthropomorphic Breast Phantom for Performance Evaluation of Dual-Energy Subtraction in Contrast-Enhanced Mammography

by Adrián Belarra, Irene Hernández-Girón, Peter Homolka, Diego García-Pinto and Margarita Chevalier

Technologies 2026, 14(9), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies14090555 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

An anthropomorphic patient-derived 3D-printed breast phantom (4.8 cm compressed thickness, 12.2% volumetric breast density) was evaluated for image-quality assessment in contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM). It comprises four 1.2 cm plates printed via fused filament fabrication (PLA/ABS). Five replicates of one of the plates (target) [...] Read more.

An anthropomorphic patient-derived 3D-printed breast phantom (4.8 cm compressed thickness, 12.2% volumetric breast density) was evaluated for image-quality assessment in contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM). It comprises four 1.2 cm plates printed via fused filament fabrication (PLA/ABS). Five replicates of one of the plates (target) containing a glandular-tissue surrogate and four cavities for iodinated disks with same iodine area density per plate (0.2–0.5–0.75–1.0–1.5 mg/cm²) were fabricated. As a reference, a homogeneous PET-G phantom was printed. CEM images (low-energy (LE), high-energy (HE), and DES) were acquired in three different systems. Iodine signal linearity (mean pixel value, signal difference, signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SdNR)) and background cancellation (residual signals, texture cancellation coefficient (TCC), parameter β from noise power spectrum (1D-NPS)) were estimated. Evaluation across the three systems demonstrated the phantom provides appropriate measurements of iodine signal linearity (R² > 0.986, based on mean values across the four inserts) and background cancellation (TCC:0.04–0.11). Fitting 1D-NPS = αf⁻^β within 0.25–1.0 mm⁻¹ yielded β values ≈ 3.1–4.0, compatible with the literature, for patient LE and HE images, whereas DES reduced β to ≈1.1. In the homogeneous phantom, β remained invariant between LE and DES images (β ≈ 0.6). The local glandular ratio at each position of the iodinated disks enabled evaluating the impact of background on iodine signal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Technology)

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26 pages, 14990 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Mechanical Properties and Strain-Displacement Field Evolution of the Rock-like Backfill Composite Structure Under Biaxial Loading

by Pengtao Wang, Jiajian Li, Weidong Song, Bolin Tang, Zaihai Wu, Hanwen Jia and Xiaofei Li

Mining 2026, 6(3), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/mining6030077 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

In the subsequent backfilling mining method, the composite structure formed by the ore pillar and the backfill is the key element in ensuring the stability of the working face. Its mechanical behaviour directly affects mining safety and ore recovery rates. In order to [...] Read more.

In the subsequent backfilling mining method, the composite structure formed by the ore pillar and the backfill is the key element in ensuring the stability of the working face. Its mechanical behaviour directly affects mining safety and ore recovery rates. In order to elucidate the mechanical response and failure mechanisms of rock-like backfill composite structures (RLBCS) under biaxial loading, specimens with different water-to-cement (W/C) ratios (0.5, 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8) for the rock-like backfill were prepared in this study. Biaxial loading tests were conducted, with digital image correlation (DIC) technology employed simultaneously to monitor the evolution of strain and displacement on the specimen surface. The results indicate that the biaxial strength of RLBCS decreases exponentially as the W/C increases. When the W/C exceeds 0.7, the strength reaches a plateau. The strength contribution of the backfill increases relatively. The axial stress–strain curve exhibits four distinct phases. A pronounced bimodal distribution is observed when the W/C exceeds 0.5. The evolution of lateral strain exhibits a transition point where compression is followed by expansion. The threshold for lateral expansion stress exhibits a non-monotonic variation. The modulus of elasticity decreases as the W/C increases. The apparent structural strain ratio exhibits a non-monotonic variation. The failure pattern exhibits marked asymmetry. The rock-like side shows tensile failure. Where the interface is present, this manifests as localised crushing at the top of the rock-like layer, cracking along the interface, and bulging of the backfill. The W/C ratio of the rock-like material governs the failure mechanism of RLBCS. The strain localisation modes in backfill materials are classified into two types: post-peak abrupt and pre-peak gradual. The evolution of interface strain exhibits four distinct stages: an initial abrupt change, cooperative deformation, crack initiation, and post-peak instability. The spatiotemporal evolution of interfacial delamination and the deformation of the backfill was quantified through displacement field analysis. The research findings provide a theoretical basis for the design of underground mining operations. Full article

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24 pages, 2427 KB

Open AccessArticle

Imidacloprid Removal Efficiency with the Use of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) at Different Compost Doses

by Urszula Wydro, Elżbieta Wołejko, Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć, Marzena Ewa Smolewska, Juraj Medo and Józefa Wiater

Sustainability 2026, 18(17), 9167; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18179167 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

One method for removing neonicotinoids from the environment that is considered safe, eco-friendly, and sustainable is phytoremediation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the sewage sludge-based compost rate on substrate activity in the presence of rapeseed (Brassica [...] Read more.

One method for removing neonicotinoids from the environment that is considered safe, eco-friendly, and sustainable is phytoremediation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the sewage sludge-based compost rate on substrate activity in the presence of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and the effectiveness of the phytoremediation of substrate contaminated with imidacloprid (IM). A pot experiment was conducted using mineral substrate amended with sewage sludge-based compost (4 kg/m² and 8 kg/m²). IM aqueous solutions (250 ng/L and 500 ng/L) were applied to rapeseed seedlings, alongside compost substrate without IM (control). The following were determined: the content of IM in the substrate/rapeseed shoots, the main substrate properties, the activities of dehydrogenases and β-glucosidase, the number of bacteria, mold fungi and fluorescing Pseudomonas, and the number of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA). It was reported that the application of compost significantly increased rapeseed shoot biomass and substrate enzymatic activity. However, the efficiency of IM uptake by plants decreased (by approximately 40%) with an increase in its dose in the substrate. At the same time, IM had a negative effect on the abundance of AOA (on average, 12% less than in the control), while the compost rate caused an increase in AOA abundance but with a lower IM dose. The obtained results indicate that direct phytoextraction from the shoots was limited, and the low apparent yield may be explained by unmeasured processes including transformation, sorption, retention by the roots or other losses. It should also be noted that an important limitation of these studies was the lack of determination of the IM content in roots and the identification of IM metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Metal and Micropollutant Contamination in Soil and Water)

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33 pages, 1153 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Macroeconomic Effects of Strait of Hormuz Disruptions: Evidence on Trade, Inflation, and Exposure Heterogeneity

by Adil Zareef Khan, Cheng-Wen Lee and Ping-Hung Chen

Systems 2026, 14(9), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14091107 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

This study examines whether and how disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz are associated with trade growth and inflation across countries with different levels of structural exposure. We construct a continuous Hormuz Disruption Index (HDX) from observable corridor stress indicators, including oil throughput, [...] Read more.

This study examines whether and how disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz are associated with trade growth and inflation across countries with different levels of structural exposure. We construct a continuous Hormuz Disruption Index (HDX) from observable corridor stress indicators, including oil throughput, vessel traffic, LNG flows, and tanker congestion, and combine it with a monthly panel of 60 countries covering January 2018–March 2026. To capture heterogeneous vulnerability, we develop a preferred exposure-only Hormuz Dependency Index (HDI) based on energy import dependence, Gulf oil exposure, trade openness, and energy intensity. At the same time, logistics performance and strategic reserve capacity are treated separately as resilience dimensions. The empirical analysis combines fixed effects models, exposure-based difference-in-differences estimation, and dynamic event study analysis. The results indicate that higher disruption intensity is associated with lower trade growth and higher inflation, with larger responses in more exposed economies. The channel evidence is consistent with transmission via oil price pressure and maritime logistics frictions. At the same time, stronger resilience capacity is associated with smaller adverse trade responses. Because the design is observational and the sample includes overlapping global shocks, the findings are interpreted as exposure-based associations rather than definitive causal estimates. This study contributes a corridor-specific framework for evaluating how geopolitical stress at a strategic maritime chokepoint may generate uneven macroeconomic consequences and highlights the potential value of energy diversification, logistics resilience, and strategic buffers. Full article

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38 pages, 523 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Technology Transfer and Energy-Related Operational Port Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Listed Port Companies in China

by Can Liu, Min Zhao, Xiang Yan and Jie Wu

Systems 2026, 14(9), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems14091108 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Against the background of resource constraints and the difficulty of independent green technology innovation, green technology transfer (GTT) provides an important pathway for listed port companies to reduce energy-related emissions from their operational activities and advance low-carbon transformation. Based on panel data from [...] Read more.

Against the background of resource constraints and the difficulty of independent green technology innovation, green technology transfer (GTT) provides an important pathway for listed port companies to reduce energy-related emissions from their operational activities and advance low-carbon transformation. Based on panel data from 19 listed Chinese port companies from 2011 to 2024, this paper examines the effect and mechanisms of GTT on energy-related operational port carbon emissions (EOPCE) from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. The results show that (1) GTT significantly reduces EOPCE, and this finding remains robust after a series of robustness and endogeneity tests. (2) Mediation analysis indicates that GTT reduces EOPCE by promoting a cleaner energy consumption structure and technological progress. (3) Moderation analysis shows that environmental regulation, regional innovation support, and port financial health significantly strengthen the negative effect of GTT on EOPCE, while no statistically significant moderating effect of port technology absorptive capacity is identified under the current sample and proxy measure. (4) Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the effect of GTT on EOPCE varies across port regions and digitalization levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficiency, Emissions, and Optimization in Sustainable Maritime Transport and Logistics Systems)

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21 pages, 6081 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ecofunctional Factors Associated with Resin Yield of Bursera bipinnata in Agroforestry Systems of Tropical Deciduous Forest

by Selene del Carmen Arrazate-Jiménez, Julio César Buendía-Espinoza, Alejandro Lara-Bueno, Joel Pérez-Nieto and Artemio Cruz-León

Forests 2026, 17(9), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17091070 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

The production of resin from Bursera bipinnata, a species native to the tropical deciduous forest (TDF), known as copal, represents a crucial source of income for rural Mexican communities. This study evaluated associations between ecofunctional gradients and resin yield using principal component [...] Read more.

The production of resin from Bursera bipinnata, a species native to the tropical deciduous forest (TDF), known as copal, represents a crucial source of income for rural Mexican communities. This study evaluated associations between ecofunctional gradients and resin yield using principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis, and a multiple linear model. Ecological, edaphic, dendrometric, and management variables were evaluated in 27 trees established in agroforestry systems (AFS) in the municipality of Tepalcingo, Morelos, Mexico. Horn’s parallel analysis supported the retention of three principal components, which explained 63.66% of the total variance. The multiple linear model was significant

(F (5,21) = 3.23, p = 0.0256; R^{2} = 0.435; a d j u s t e d R^{2} = 0.300)

. PC1 was positively associated with log-transformed resin yield

(β = 0.400, p = 0.0245)

and was characterized by negative loadings for total tree height (TH), total fungi (TF), soil organic matter (OM), actinobacteria (AC), available phosphorus (P), and total nitrogen (TOTN), and a positive loading for elevation (ALT). In contrast, PC3 was negatively associated with log-transformed resin yield

(β = - 0.408, p = 0.0269)

and was characterized by negative loadings for soil bulk density (BD) and magnesium (MG), and a positive loading for soil moisture content (MC). Trees from site

S_{2}

also showed lower log-transformed resin yield than those from the reference site

S_{1}

(β = - 1.786, p = 0.0067)

, whereas no significant difference was detected between

S_{3}

and

S_{1}

. Although the clusters differed in their observed mean resin yield, these differences were not statistically significant. Overall, the findings indicate exploratory associations between resin yield and multivariate gradients integrating ecological, edaphic, dendrometric, and management attributes within the sampled trees and study sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Forestry Land Use Systems: Challenges and Benefits)

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33 pages, 20581 KB

Open AccessArticle

Half a Degree Matters: Mean Climate and Climate Extremes Responses to 1.5 °C and 2 °C Global Warming Levels in Türkiye

by Mustafa Tufan Turp, Nazan An, Elmas Merve Samancı, Zekican Demiralay, Dalya Nur Çatalçekiç and Mehmet Levent Kurnaz

Atmosphere 2026, 17(9), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17090873 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 °C while pursuing efforts to restrict it to 1.5 °C, as exceeding these thresholds may intensify climate-related risks. Understanding climate responses to an additional half-degree of warming remains critical for adaptation [...] Read more.

The Paris Agreement aims to limit global warming to well below 2 °C while pursuing efforts to restrict it to 1.5 °C, as exceeding these thresholds may intensify climate-related risks. Understanding climate responses to an additional half-degree of warming remains critical for adaptation planning. Accordingly, the implications of an additional 0.5 °C warming from 1.5 °C to 2 °C over Türkiye were evaluated using 10 km resolution RegCM4.4 simulations driven by the MPI-ESM-MR and HadGEM2-ES models. Temperature- and precipitation-related indicators were analyzed, including mean temperature (T_mean), tropical nights (TN), discomfort index (DI), total precipitation (TP), the simple daily intensity index (SDII), extreme precipitation days (R90P), dry periods lasting at least five consecutive days (CDD5), and consecutive dry days (CDD). The results indicate that the additional 0.5 °C warming does not affect all climate indicators equally, with the strongest responses observed in temperature-related indicators. Temperature-related indicators, particularly TN and DI, show clear and consistent increases, indicating strong sensitivity to additional warming. By contrast, precipitation-related indicators display more heterogeneous and model-dependent responses, with RCM-HG generally projecting increases in precipitation and intensity, while RCM-MPI suggests decreases in certain regions and seasons. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) analysis further indicates greater robustness of annual temperature-related changes, whereas inter-model sign agreement varies among indices and seasons, with complete agreement for T_mean. The findings provide a scientific basis for regionally tailored adaptation planning in Türkiye and highlight the potential for reducing climate risks by limiting warming to lower levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climatology)

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21 pages, 2586 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biogenic Carbon Dots from Hematoxylin with Photodynamic Antimicrobial Action

by Mehtap Sahiner, Betul Ari and Nurettin Sahiner

BioChem 2026, 6(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/biochem6030026 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Carbon dots (CDs) are fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials attracting considerable attention recently because of their high photostability, tunable luminescence characteristics, low toxicity, and versatile surface chemistry. In this study, Hematoxylin (HT), a naturally occurring phenolic aromatic compound used as a histological staining dye, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Carbon dots (CDs) are fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials attracting considerable attention recently because of their high photostability, tunable luminescence characteristics, low toxicity, and versatile surface chemistry. In this study, Hematoxylin (HT), a naturally occurring phenolic aromatic compound used as a histological staining dye, abundant in hydroxyl functional groups, was selected as a sustainable precursor for CD synthesis. The intrinsic fluorescence and favorable carbonization characteristics of HT are also value-added advantages for CDs. Methods: The use of citric acid (CA) during synthesis improves fluorescence behavior, colloidal stability, and biological performance of CDs. HT-based CDs prepared via the bottom-up synthesis method employing the hydrothermal technique as multifunctional fluorescent materials were also evaluated for potential bioimaging and light-activated antimicrobial applications. Results: The obtained HT-based CDs displayed good aqueous dispersion properties. HT CDs had a hydrodynamic diameter of 115 ± 1 nm and showed a fluorescence emission intensity of 5181 a.u. at λ_em = 329 nm when excited at λ_ex = 300 nm. In contrast, HT:CA CDs prepared at a 1:1 HT-CA weight ratio had a hydrodynamic diameter of 310 ± 19 nm and exhibited a significantly higher fluorescence emission intensity, e.g., 31,840 a.u. at λ_em = 332 nm when excited at λ_ex = 300 nm. Antioxidant studies of HT CDs and HT CDs using four different assays revealed that the antioxidant capacity of HT was partially retained and exhibited a concentration-dependent response. Notably, HT:CA CDs demonstrated significantly enhanced antimicrobial performance under UV-A irradiation compared to HT CDs, with bacterial cell viability calculated as 13 ± 4% for HT:CA CDs and 59 ± 2% for HT CDs. Moreover, HT CDs and HT:CA CDs demonstrated significantly enhanced cytocompatibility on the L929 fibroblast cell line, high cell viability up to 200 μg/mL, versus toxic HT molecules even at 100 μg/mL. Conclusions: HT-based CDs, particularly HT:CA CDs, demonstrated favorable fluorescence, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytocompatibility properties, supporting their potential application as multifunctional fluorescent materials for bioimaging and light-activated antimicrobial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in BioChem, 3rd Edition)

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Graphical abstract

28 pages, 6073 KB

Open AccessReview

Circulating Amyloid and Misfolded Biomarkers in Early Myocardial Injury: A Systematic Review and Epistemic Meta-Analysis

by Florencio Alejandro Chable-Guerrero, Diana Romero-Zertuche, Cristina Revilla-Monsalve, Lizett Castrejón-Delgado, Nelly F. Altamirano-Bustamante and Myriam Marlenne Altamirano-Bustamante

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(17), 7956; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27177956 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Misfolded proteins, including islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and amyloid-betas (Aβs) such as Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 oligomers, collectively referred to in our work as amyloid oligomers, have been implicated in the development of both metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, their [...] Read more.

Misfolded proteins, including islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and amyloid-betas (Aβs) such as Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 oligomers, collectively referred to in our work as amyloid oligomers, have been implicated in the development of both metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, their potential role as early biomarkers of myocardial damage remains insufficiently explored. We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines and epistemic meta-analysis to investigate the association between misfolded protein oligomers and early myocardial injury. All English- and Spanish-language articles with titles, abstracts, or keywords relevant to the research topic and indexed in at least one of the following databases—PubMed, BIREME, or Web of Science—were included. A comprehensive search across major databases identified 30 eligible studies. Thirty studies met inclusion criteria, in humans and animals, and in vitro. Amyloid oligomers were consistently elevated in patients with acute myocardial infarction, type 2 diabetes, or coronary artery disease compared with controls. In specific individual cohorts, a higher SAA concentration correlated with major adverse cardiovascular events, where it acted as an independent predictor of mortality in reperfused AMI (RR 5.8; 95% CI: 1.3–27.7) and cardiac rupture (OR 8.8; 95% CI: 1.7–25.6). Our findings support the hypothesis that protein misfolding contributes to early myocardial injury and highlight its potential as a novel source of cardiometabolic biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Biology Advances in Protein Conformational Diseases)

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14 pages, 2478 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bactericidal and Antibiofilm Activities of HT-2-1-3, a Vespidae Venom-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide, Against Streptococcus mutans UA159

by Yangyang Chen, Yuxiu Ye, Qiurong Wu, Guolian Xu, Tingting Wu, Meiling Tang, Sulan Luo and Yong Wu

Antibiotics 2026, 15(9), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15090873 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Background: Dental caries is a biofilm-associated disease in which Streptococcus mutans plays a central role. This study evaluated HT-2-1-3, a Vespidae venom-derived antimicrobial peptide, as a potential topical anti-caries lead. Methods: Candidate peptides were synthesized by Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis and [...] Read more.

Background: Dental caries is a biofilm-associated disease in which Streptococcus mutans plays a central role. This study evaluated HT-2-1-3, a Vespidae venom-derived antimicrobial peptide, as a potential topical anti-caries lead. Methods: Candidate peptides were synthesized by Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis and characterized by RP-HPLC and ESI-MS. Antibacterial activity against S. mutans UA159 was assessed using MIC, MBC, growth-curve, and time-kill assays. Membrane damage, antibiofilm activity, cytocompatibility, hemolysis, and preliminary oral safety in mice were further evaluated. Results: HT-2-1-3 showed the strongest activity among the tested peptides, with MIC and MBC values of 2 µg/mL. It inhibited bacterial growth in a concentration-dependent manner and achieved complete killing at 4×MIC (8 µg/mL) within 2 h. Mechanistic assays showed rapid membrane depolarization, increased PI uptake, and concentration-dependent release of extracellular DNA and proteins. MD simulations further indicated that HT-2-1-3 entered the model S. mutans UA159 membrane at 1857 ns, supporting membrane permeabilization as a central component of its bactericidal activity. Scanning electron microscopy revealed dose-dependent membrane disruption, cell collapse, and rupture. HT-2-1-3 inhibited biofilm formation by approximately 58–63% and eradicated up to 89.0% of mature biofilms. Hemolysis remained below 4% at concentrations up to 64×MIC (128 µg/mL), and mammalian-cell viability exceeded 95% at concentrations up to 16×MIC (32 µg/mL). Repeated oral administration caused no obvious gingival irritation in mice. Conclusions: HT-2-1-3 showed strong bactericidal and antibiofilm activity against S. mutans UA159 and favorable preliminary biocompatibility. Its mode of action may involve membrane disruption, and it showed favorable preliminary biosafety. These findings support further optimization of HT-2-1-3 as a topical antimicrobial candidate for caries prevention and control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Antimicrobial Peptides)

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20 pages, 6808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Curing Temperature Sensitivity and Strength Development of Polymer-Modified High-Early-Strength Belitic Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Concrete

by Daniel D. Akerele, Federico Aguayo and Travis Thonstad

Constr. Mater. 2026, 6(5), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater6050061 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

High-early-strength concretes are increasingly used for pavement repairs requiring a rapid return to service across a range of climatic conditions. This study evaluated two high-early-strength concrete mixtures containing polymer-modified belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cement, and one containing Type III Portland cement as a [...] Read more.

High-early-strength concretes are increasingly used for pavement repairs requiring a rapid return to service across a range of climatic conditions. This study evaluated two high-early-strength concrete mixtures containing polymer-modified belitic calcium sulfoaluminate (BCSA) cement, and one containing Type III Portland cement as a reference mixture. Constituents were preconditioned and samples were cured at 10 °C, 23 °C, or 35 °C. Internal temperatures were monitored for 24 h after mixing for the chamber-cured samples, and compressive strength was measured, starting 2 h after mixing, up to 28 d. Polymer-modified BCSA mixtures developed strengths suitable for traffic reopening (>17.2 MPa) within 4 h when cured at 35 °C and 23 °C and within 24 h when cured at 10 °C. Samples from the BCSA mixtures cured at 35 °C, reached peak internal temperatures exceeding 50 °C and their 28 d strengths were roughly 10–15% lower than the strengths of samples cured at 23 °C. Curing at 10 °C delayed strength development but increased the 28 d compressive strength of BCSA samples by over 25% relative to samples cured at 23 °C. Exploratory two-way ANOVA indicated mixture-by-temperature interactions at both 1 d and 28 d, although additional testing is needed to augment the small sample size and decouple the effects of thermal history and moisture exposure. The findings highlight the crucial relationship between curing conditions and strength development in polymer-modified BCSA concretes and emphasize the importance of suitable curing practices when specifying BCSA concrete for rapid pavement repairs. Full article

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31 pages, 1038 KB

Open AccessArticle

Digital Transformation and Sustainable Competitiveness: The ESG–Green Technology Innovation Pathway and the Moderating Role of Income Tax Burden

by Wattanapong Yodrach, Salakjit Ninlaphay and Utis Bhongchirawattana

Sustainability 2026, 18(17), 9166; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18179166 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

As firms increasingly face sustainability pressures and digital disruption, understanding how digital transformation contributes to long-term competitiveness has become an important research and managerial challenge. However, the mechanisms through which digital transformation enhances sustainable competitiveness remain insufficiently understood, particularly in emerging economies undergoing [...] Read more.

As firms increasingly face sustainability pressures and digital disruption, understanding how digital transformation contributes to long-term competitiveness has become an important research and managerial challenge. However, the mechanisms through which digital transformation enhances sustainable competitiveness remain insufficiently understood, particularly in emerging economies undergoing sustainability transitions. This study develops and empirically tests a sequential sustainability transformation framework by examining the mediating roles of ESG performance and green technology innovation in the relationship between digital transformation and sustainable competitiveness, while also investigating the moderating role of income tax burden. Using panel data from 131 firms listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand over the period 2021–2024, the study employs panel-data regression models, sequential mediation analysis, and moderation analysis to test the proposed framework. The findings indicate that the relationship between digital transformation and sustainable competitiveness operates primarily through ESG performance and green technology innovation rather than through a direct technological pathway. ESG performance serves as an important intermediary mechanism, while green technology innovation translates sustainability-oriented capabilities into competitive outcomes. The results further reveal that income tax burden positively moderates the relationship between digital transformation and green technology innovation, indicating that this positive relationship becomes stronger under higher levels of income tax burden. This study contributes to the literature by clarifying the sequential organizational mechanisms through which digital transformation is translated into sustainable competitiveness and by identifying income tax burden as a relevant financial boundary condition. The findings provide evidence that sustainable competitiveness is supported by complementary organizational mechanisms rather than technology adoption alone, while also highlighting the role of financial conditions in shaping sustainability-oriented innovation. The findings provide practical guidance for managers and policymakers seeking to integrate digital transformation, ESG-related governance, and green technology innovation to strengthen sustainable competitiveness in emerging economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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15 pages, 14396 KB

Open AccessArticle

PTPN23 Overexpression Is Associated with Reduced Proliferation and Tumor Growth in Murine Models of Colorectal Cancer

by Rocio Sanchez Alvarez, Claudia Gottier, Ana Montalban-Arques, Anna Bircher, Doris Pöhlmann, Marlene Schwarzfischer, Anne Müller, Silvia Lang, Marianne R. Spalinger and Michael Scharl

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(17), 7955; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27177955 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key regulators of intracellular signaling cascades involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and cancer. PTPN23, a non-receptor PTP, is involved in endosomal sorting and thereby regulates the internalization of growth factor receptors, such as the epidermal growth [...] Read more.

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key regulators of intracellular signaling cascades involved in cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, and cancer. PTPN23, a non-receptor PTP, is involved in endosomal sorting and thereby regulates the internalization of growth factor receptors, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). PTPN23 has been proposed to exert tumor-suppressive effects in several epithelial cancers, including breast and lung cancer. PTPN23 is ubiquitously expressed in the body; however, it is particularly highly expressed in the intestine, where it plays an essential role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Despite these observations, its involvement in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remains largely unexplored. To investigate the function of PTPN23 in CRC, we generated PTPN23-overexpressing CRC cell lines and evaluated their effects in vitro and in subcutaneous tumor models. Our in-vitro findings demonstrate that PTPN23 overexpression resulted in reduced proliferation levels and follow-up experiments showed suppression of colorectal cancer growth and proliferation in experimental CRC models. These effects were accompanied by changes in EGFR-associated signaling; however, the underlying mechanism, including a potential role of EGFR trafficking, remains to be established through direct experimental validation. Together, these findings expand current knowledge of PTPN23 in colorectal cancer and provide a basis for future studies addressing its biological function and therapeutic relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid Tumors: From Molecular Mechanisms to Targeted Therapies)

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43 pages, 19651 KB

Open AccessArticle

Calibration and Evaluation of an IMK Hysteretic Model for Seismic Fragility Assessment of Urban Rail RC Solid Piers

by Linxi Duan, Huaping Yang, Qiming Qi, Qihong Wu, Changjiang Shao, Wanting Gong and Yunfan Yang

Symmetry 2026, 18(9), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18091493 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2026

Abstract

Rapid post-earthquake assessment of urban rail viaducts requires nonlinear pier models that capture cyclic deterioration at manageable computational costs. This study calibrates and evaluates the established Ibarra–Medina–Krawinkler (IMK) formulation for reinforced-concrete solid piers rather than proposing a new hysteretic law or experimental database. [...] Read more.

Rapid post-earthquake assessment of urban rail viaducts requires nonlinear pier models that capture cyclic deterioration at manageable computational costs. This study calibrates and evaluates the established Ibarra–Medina–Krawinkler (IMK) formulation for reinforced-concrete solid piers rather than proposing a new hysteretic law or experimental database. Seven previously reported quarter-scale tests are reused for direction-specific parameter identification and calibration-set assessment. The new contribution is a multilevel accuracy–efficiency evaluation covering cyclic metrics, a scaled 12 m Fiber benchmark, nonlinear dynamics, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), computational cost, and fragility. For the specimens, final secant stiffness achieved R² = 0.891 and a 9.93% mean absolute percentage error; cumulative energy achieved R² = 0.893 but a 27.79% error. For the prototype, the intermediate-backbone force difference was 3.83%. Under eight representative records, mean differences were 2.64% for peak base shear and 4.15% for peak displacement. Across 60 records scaled from PGA = 0.1 to 1.5 g, peak–displacement and peak–base–shear comparisons yielded R² values of 0.854 and 0.931. The corresponding mean absolute percentage errors were 15.95% and 11.32%. The IMK model reduced wall-clock time by 96.37%, a 27.55-fold speed-up. Paired fragility curves differed by 3.14 percentage points on average, and median PGA capacities differed by 11.23%; Sa(T1) and capacity-dispersion checks preserved the main comparison. Because the record groups were not matched in spectral amplitude or velocity, their ranking is interpreted as an association rather than a causal pulse-period effect. The calibrated IMK model is therefore suitable for rapid global demand and fragility assessment within its calibration domain, whereas Fiber models remain preferable for local damage, residual deformation, and detailed energy dissipation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Engineering and Materials)

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