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16 pages, 4998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Nanosized Hydroxyapatite and Fluorapatite on Cell Lines and Their Relevance to the Alveolar Augmentation Process

by Wojciech Zakrzewski, Maria Szymonowicz, Anna Nikodem, Agnieszka Rusak, Zbigniew Rybak, Katarzyna Szyszka, Dorota Diakowska, Benita Wiatrak, Rafal J. Wiglusz and Maciej Dobrzyński

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16040125 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Materials with an apatite structure were investigated in vitro in dental bone augmentation procedures. This scientific study aimed to compare nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and fluorapatite (nFAp) materials in the form of tablets in in vitro studies, including cytotoxicity assessment and fluoride release. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Materials with an apatite structure were investigated in vitro in dental bone augmentation procedures. This scientific study aimed to compare nanosized hydroxyapatite (nHAp) and fluorapatite (nFAp) materials in the form of tablets in in vitro studies, including cytotoxicity assessment and fluoride release. Methods: The nHAp and nFAp nanosized materials were obtained using the microwave hydrothermal method. Subsequently, the tablets were prepared from these nanosized powders as further studied materials. Cytotoxicity tests were conducted on Balb/3T3 fibroblast cells and L929 cells. Fluoride ion release was tested at 3, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h periods. Results: Both materials presented viability levels above 70%, indicating a lack of cytotoxic potential. The amount of fluoride (F⁻) ions released and accumulated from nFAp was greatly higher than from nHAp. The release of F⁻ ions in both samples was the highest in the first 3 h of exposition. The accumulation of F⁻ ions reached the highest values in the deionized water. The most significant differences in the released or cumulated fluoride ions were observed between deionized water and lower 4.5 pH AS (artificial saliva) samples. Conclusions: Both nanosized hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite materials are biocompatible, and their in vitro examination showed promising results for their future in vivo application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanoparticles/Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications)

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16 pages, 1926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contribution of Citizen Science Data on the Evaluation of Local Biodiversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities

by Alessandro Lagrotteria, Samuele Roccatello and Alberto Doretto

Ecologies 2025, 6(2), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6020031 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Citizen science is increasingly utilized for environmental monitoring and educational purposes. For lotic ecosystems, this approach could be used to implement traditional methods and gain more data on local biodiversity, particularly in areas where professional monitoring is limited. This study, conducted in Italy, [...] Read more.

Citizen science is increasingly utilized for environmental monitoring and educational purposes. For lotic ecosystems, this approach could be used to implement traditional methods and gain more data on local biodiversity, particularly in areas where professional monitoring is limited. This study, conducted in Italy, aimed to complement data on river macroinvertebrates collected by the Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA) with additional data gained by volunteers. Our results revealed taxonomic differences between the macroinvertebrate communities of ARPA and citizen science sites. ARPA sites host 34.4% of the total biodiversity, with 22 exclusive taxa, while citizen science sites, with 6 exclusive taxa, represent 9.4% of the total gamma diversity. Compositional differences are mainly explained by taxa turnover between sites. ARPA sites, located along the main river stretches, are richer in alpha and gamma diversity, while volunteer-monitored sites, mostly in agricultural ditches, show lower richness at the local and regional scales but host some unique taxa, increasing the total biodiversity. This study supports the implementation of volunteer programs to increase the number of monitored rivers, enhancing information on macroinvertebrate diversity and distribution and generating relevant data to support decision-making and develop strategies for river conservation and ecosystem restoration at a local scale. Full article

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19 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Behavioral Risk Management in Investment Strategies: Analyzing Investor Psychology

by Jacob Odei Addo, Juraj Cúg, Solomon Abekah Keelson, John Amoah and Zora Petráková

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2025, 13(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs13020053 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Behavioral risk management is an increasingly important consideration in investment strategies, as research has shown that investor psychology can significantly impact portfolio performance. This study examines how psychological variables influence investing choices and the effects that these actions have on risk mitigation and [...] Read more.

Behavioral risk management is an increasingly important consideration in investment strategies, as research has shown that investor psychology can significantly impact portfolio performance. This study examines how psychological variables influence investing choices and the effects that these actions have on risk mitigation and overall investment performance. The primary respondents for this study were the employees of Takoradi Technical University. Partial Least Square Structural Modeling was adopted for the data processing, analysis, and testing of the study’s hypotheses. The study’s findings, which were based on a carefully chosen sample of 348 investors, showed that investigating behavioral risk management in investment strategies is an effective method for thoroughly comprehending and utilizing investors’ psychology to maximize risk management procedures and enhance investment results in dynamic financial markets. Seven hypotheses were deemed insignificant, and five were considered significant. This study is limited by its exclusive focus on only one technical university. This study augmented the growing corpus of research on risk management in investment strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Behavioural Finance and Economics 2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 7688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Geographic Information Systems and Hydraulic Modeling to Analyze the Hydraulic Response of an Urban Area Under Different Conditions: A Case Study to Assist Engineering Practice

by Panagiota Galiatsatou, Panagiota Stournara, Ioannis Kavouras, Michail Raouzaios, Christos Anastasiadis, Filippos Iosifidis, Dimitrios Spyrou and Alexandros Mentes

Geographies 2025, 5(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies5020017 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Detailed hydraulic modeling of a water distribution network (WDN) in an urban area is implemented therein, based on data from geoinformatic tools (GIS), to investigate and analyze the network’s hydraulic response to different scenarios of operation. A detailed mapping of the water meters [...] Read more.

Detailed hydraulic modeling of a water distribution network (WDN) in an urban area is implemented therein, based on data from geoinformatic tools (GIS), to investigate and analyze the network’s hydraulic response to different scenarios of operation. A detailed mapping of the water meters of the consumers in the urban district is therefore conducted in the frame of a District Metered Area (DMA) zoning. Different consumptions according to water meters and patterns of daily water demand, resulting from both theoretical and measured data from a limited number of smart meters, are used in the hydraulic simulations. The analysis conducted assists common engineering practice to identify critical locations for constructing new hydraulic infrastructure, resulting in the restructuring and reorganization of the DMA, assisting to face existing and common problems of WDNs within the general framework of DMA design and efficient water management. A case study on the WDN of Efkarpia, located in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, satisfying the principal design criteria of DMAs, is presented in this work, under both normal and emergency conditions. Hydraulic analysis is performed based on different scenarios, mainly consisting of different consumptions according to water meters and different demand patterns, all resulting in high pressures in the southern part of the DMA. Hydraulic simulations are then performed considering two basic operating scenarios, namely the operation of the old DMA of Efkarpia and a new DMA, which is reduced in size. The two scenarios are compared in terms of estimated pressures in the studied area, as well as in terms of energy consumption in the upstream pumping station. The comparisons reveal that the new DMA outperforms the old one, with a large increase in the pressure at nodes where low pressures were assessed in the old DMA, a reduction in daily pressure variation up to 45%, and quite significant energy savings assessed around 21.6%. Full article

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20 pages, 1325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Grammatical Structure of Prompts Influence the Responses of Generative Artificial Intelligence? An Exploratory Analysis in Spanish

by Rhoddy Viveros-Muñoz, José Carrasco-Sáez, Carolina Contreras-Saavedra, Sheny San-Martín-Quiroga and Carla E. Contreras-Saavedra

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3882; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073882 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed personal and professional domains by enabling creative content generation and problem-solving. However, the influence of users’ grammatical abilities on AI-generated responses remains unclear. This exploratory study examines how language and grammar abilities in Spanish affect the quality [...] Read more.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed personal and professional domains by enabling creative content generation and problem-solving. However, the influence of users’ grammatical abilities on AI-generated responses remains unclear. This exploratory study examines how language and grammar abilities in Spanish affect the quality of responses from ChatGPT (version 3.5). Despite the robust performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in various tasks, they face challenges with grammatical moods specific to non-English languages, such as the subjunctive in Spanish. Higher education students were chosen as participants due to their familiarity with AI and its potential use in learning. The study assessed ChatGPT’s ability to process instructions in Chilean Spanish, analyzing how linguistic complexity, grammatical variations, and informal language impacted output quality. The results indicate that varied verbal moods and complex sentence structures significantly influence prompt evaluation, response quality, and response length. Based on these findings, a framework is proposed to guide higher education communities in promoting digital literacy and integrating AI into teaching and learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Techniques and Applications of Natural Language Processing)

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16 pages, 283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relaxing the Φ-Family Auxiliary Functions and Related Results

by Salvatore Sessa, Yahya Almalki, Monairah Alansari, Muhammad Usman Ali and Essam Saleh Saad Said Al-Yar

Axioms 2025, 14(4), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14040268 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This article establishes the existence of fixed points and common fixed points for set-valued mappings satisfying an implicit-type contraction inequality involving a new auxiliary function in a complete metric space equipped with a binary relation. Through a novel family of functions referred to [...] Read more.

This article establishes the existence of fixed points and common fixed points for set-valued mappings satisfying an implicit-type contraction inequality involving a new auxiliary function in a complete metric space equipped with a binary relation. Through a novel family of functions referred to as the

Δ

-family, which simplifies the axioms in comparison to the previously defined

Φ

-family, the study unifies a few classical fixed-point theorems. The practical relevance of the theoretical findings is demonstrated by applying the results to investigate the existence of solutions for a system of integral equations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Analysis)

20 pages, 4739 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

LLM Fine-Tuning: Concepts, Opportunities, and Challenges

by Xiao-Kun Wu, Min Chen, Wanyi Li, Rui Wang, Limeng Lu, Jia Liu, Kai Hwang, Yixue Hao, Yanru Pan, Qingguo Meng, Kaibin Huang, Long Hu, Mohsen Guizani, Naipeng Chao, Giancarlo Fortino, Fei Lin, Yonglin Tian, Dusit Niyato and Fei-Yue Wang

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9040087 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

As a foundation of large language models, fine-tuning drives rapid progress, broad applicability, and profound impacts on human–AI collaboration, surpassing earlier technological advancements. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of large language model (LLM) fine-tuning by integrating hermeneutic theories of human comprehension, with [...] Read more.

As a foundation of large language models, fine-tuning drives rapid progress, broad applicability, and profound impacts on human–AI collaboration, surpassing earlier technological advancements. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of large language model (LLM) fine-tuning by integrating hermeneutic theories of human comprehension, with a focus on the essential cognitive conditions that underpin this process. Drawing on Gadamer’s concepts of Vorverständnis, Distanciation, and the Hermeneutic Circle, the paper explores how LLM fine-tuning evolves from initial learning to deeper comprehension, ultimately advancing toward self-awareness. It examines the core principles, development, and applications of fine-tuning techniques, emphasizing its growing significance across diverse field and industries. The paper introduces a new term, “Tutorial Fine-Tuning (TFT)”, which annotates a process of intensive tuition given by a “tutor” to a small number of “students”, to define the latest round of LLM fine-tuning advancements. By addressing key challenges associated with fine-tuning, including ensuring adaptability, precision, credibility and reliability, this paper explores potential future directions for the co-evolution of humans and AI. By bridging theoretical perspectives with practical implications, this work provides valuable insights into the ongoing development of LLMs, emphasizing their potential to achieve higher levels of cognitive and operational intelligence. Full article

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19 pages, 6209 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) Mode on Lung Function, Exercise Tolerance, Vital Signs, and Dyspnea After Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection

by Emilia Raposo Nascimento, Paloma Lopes Francisco Parazzi, Fernando Augusto Lima Marson, Maria Ângela Gonçalves Oliveira Ribeiro, Carla Cristina Sousa Gomez, Patrícia Blau Margosian Conti, Bianca Aparecida Siqueira, Edvane Aparecida Braz Araújo Silva and José Dirceu Ribeiro

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(4), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040073 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an intense impact on health worldwide. Among the sequelae, it became necessary to clarify respiratory impairment related to lung function and aerobic capacity, as well as the treatment of curative and preventive measures of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was associated with an intense impact on health worldwide. Among the sequelae, it became necessary to clarify respiratory impairment related to lung function and aerobic capacity, as well as the treatment of curative and preventive measures of pulmonary involvement. In this context, this study aimed to compare vital signs, the sensation of dyspnea (Borg scale), lung function, and exercise tolerance before and after the use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) in adults of both sexes after acute infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods: A cross-sectional analytical clinical study was performed with the inclusion of individuals who had been diagnosed with COVID-19 at least three months before data collection. Individuals were evaluated for vital signs (heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation), Borg scale, spirometry, and submaximal exercise protocol of two minutes of the step test before and after receiving NIV in ventilation mode by continuous positive airway pressure of 6 cm H₂O for 30 min. Results: A total of 50 participants were enrolled and grouped as a mild (N = 25) or severe (N = 25) clinical phenotype during SARS-CoV-2 infection according to the criteria of the World Health Organization. In our data, the forced vital capacity (p < 0.001), the ratio between the forced expiratory volume in the first one second to the forced vital capacity and the forced vital capacity (p = 0.020), and the two-minute submaximal step exercise protocol (number of steps—p = 0.001) showed a statistical improvement in the severe clinical phenotype group after NIV. In addition, forced expiratory volume in the first one second to the forced vital capacity (p = 0.032) and the two-minute submaximal step exercise protocol (number of steps—p < 0.001) showed a statistical improvement in the mild clinical phenotype group after NIV. No changes were described for vital signs and the Borg scale. Conclusions: This study allowed us to identify that NIV is a tool that promotes better exercise capacity by increasing the number of steps achieved in both clinical phenotype groups and improving lung function observed in the spirometry markers. Full article

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19 pages, 4506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Triethylammonium Tetrafluoroborate Electrolyte for Enhanced Supercapacitor Performance over a Wide Temperature Range

by Ezgi Yurttas, Yavuz Gokce, Nazife Isik Semerci, Emine Yagmur and Zeki Aktas

Processes 2025, 13(4), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13041057 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

The wide operating temperature and voltage window are favourable properties that increase the practical applications of supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (IL) are suitable electrolytes that allow supercapacitors to be used in wide operating ranges. In this study, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et₃NHBF₄) [...] Read more.

The wide operating temperature and voltage window are favourable properties that increase the practical applications of supercapacitors. Ionic liquids (IL) are suitable electrolytes that allow supercapacitors to be used in wide operating ranges. In this study, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (Et₃NHBF₄) is tested as a new IL to operate supercapacitors in a wide temperature range (−40 °C, 25 °C, and 80 °C) in the presence of commercial activated carbon. The performance of Et₃NHBF₄ is compared to two different commercial ILs. This study also investigates the application of heat treatment to determine suitable activated carbon surface characteristics for ILs. The results indicate that heat treatment enhances the electrode–electrolyte interaction, and the electrochemical performances of the supercapacitors prepared from the heat-treated activated carbon are significantly higher than the original commercial activated carbon. Electrochemical tests show that the synthesised Et₃NHBF₄ (with propylene carbonate) can be used over a wide temperature range and has a better energy storage performance, especially at −40 °C (specific capacitance of 42.12 F/g at 2 A/g), compared to the other two commercial ionic liquids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Conductor Materials for Energy Storage and Electrocaloric Applications)

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6 pages, 556 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Stimulator of InterferoN Genes (STING)-Associated Vasculopathy with Onset in Infancy Syndrome (SAVI) Associated with Disseminated Molluscum Contagiosum Under Baricitinib Treatment

by Thilo Gambichler, Yusa Devrim and Laura Susok

Dermato 2025, 5(2), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermato5020006 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/objectives: Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in the TMEM173 gene. These mutations result in chronic activation of the STING pathway and excessive type I interferon production, leading to [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI) is a rare autoinflammatory disorder caused by gain-of-function mutations in the TMEM173 gene. These mutations result in chronic activation of the STING pathway and excessive type I interferon production, leading to systemic inflammation, vascular abnormalities, interstitial lung disease, and skin ulcerations. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, including baricitinib, have shown promise in mitigating systemic and organ-specific manifestations. However, these inhibitors broadly suppress immune pathways, potentially increasing vulnerability to infections. Case presentation: This case report describes a 21-year-old woman with SAVI (due to a heterozygous TMEM173 mutation) who developed disseminated molluscum contagiosum (MC) while receiving baricitinib therapy. Laboratory results revealed lymphopenia, low CD4/CD8 ratio, and impaired immune cell activity, suggesting compromised antiviral immunity. Discussion: Despite SAVI’s association with excessive type I interferon signaling, this chronic hyperactivation may cause immune dysregulation, exhausting T cells and natural killer cells vital for viral defense. Furthermore, baricitinib suppresses interferon signaling via the JAK-STAT pathway, reducing inflammatory damage in SAVI but also impairing antiviral responses. Moreover, MC viruses evade host immune defenses by antagonizing STING and TANK-binding kinase 1-mediated interferon activation, further contributing to infection risk. This report is the first to document MC in a SAVI patient and highlights the rare complication of disseminated MC due to impaired type I interferon signaling and immune suppression from baricitinib therapy. This case underscores the need for vigilance regarding viral infections in SAVI patients treated with JAK inhibitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue What Is Your Diagnosis?—Case Report Collection)

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12 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeted-Amplicon NGS for Blastocystis sp. in Shepherd Dogs of Portugal Discriminates Co-Colonization with Multiple Zoonotic Subtypes

by Sara Gomes-Gonçalves, Maria João Feiteiro, Guilherme Moreira, Rita Cruz, Fernando Esteves, Helena Vala and João R. Mesquita

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(4), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12040325 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Research on endoparasites in pet dogs has been growing, but shepherd dogs have largely been overlooked. These dogs frequently share close proximity not only with sheep, which are reservoirs of zoonotic subtypes of Blastocystis, but also with their owners. This close contact [...] Read more.

Research on endoparasites in pet dogs has been growing, but shepherd dogs have largely been overlooked. These dogs frequently share close proximity not only with sheep, which are reservoirs of zoonotic subtypes of Blastocystis, but also with their owners. This close contact increases the potential for shepherd dogs to act as intermediates in the transmission of Blastocystis. To clarify the role of these dogs as reservoirs for this parasite, this study investigated the presence of Blastocystis in shepherd dogs. Stool samples from Portuguese shepherd dogs were analyzed using SYBR-Green-based real-time PCR and melting curve analysis followed by targeted-amplicon NGS for mixed infections detection. Our results revealed a 60% occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in shepherd dog stools and frequent identification of zoonotic subtypes ST1–ST4 and ST14. Additionally, we observed mixed infections and subtype diversity within individual dogs, suggesting a potential role in cross-species transmission between livestock and humans. Full article

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14 pages, 1927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Safety Practices in Artisanal and Semi-Automated Dairy Processors: Evidence from Fier, Albania

by Pranvera Troka, Marsela Luarasi and Ilir Kapaj

Agriculture 2025, 15(7), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15070762 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Food safety and traceability in dairy processing plants are essential for public health and industry sustainability. This study provides an empirical assessment of food safety and traceability practices among artisanal and semi-automated dairy processors in Fier, Albania, which is the country’s leading milk-producing [...] Read more.

Food safety and traceability in dairy processing plants are essential for public health and industry sustainability. This study provides an empirical assessment of food safety and traceability practices among artisanal and semi-automated dairy processors in Fier, Albania, which is the country’s leading milk-producing region. Based on structured interviews with 18 dairy processors, we examined practices related to supplier management, quality control, facility conditions, staff hygiene, and equipment sanitation. The results reveal significant gaps in milk supplier inspections, biochemical testing, and traceability systems. The majority of processors lack barcode systems, regulated contracts with farmers, and formalized product tracking mechanisms, decreasing the chances of market formalization. Moreover, none of the dairies in this study have ISO certification, which restricts access to international markets. This paper also compares food safety practices between semi-automated and artisanal processors, with the former having slightly better compliance in certain key areas such as milk supply monitoring and biochemical testing. However, both groups face major challenges in complying with food safety standards due to weak regulatory enforcement, limited financial resources, and insufficient training. Implementing stricter food safety measures and modern traceability systems is not only a regulatory necessity but a strategic step toward improving public health, market access, and the long-term sustainability of Albania’s dairy sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)

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13 pages, 3659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Non-Contact Privacy Protection Bed Angle Estimation Method Based on LiDAR

by Yezhao Ju, Yuanji Li, Haiyang Zhang, Le Xin, Changming Zhao and Ziyi Xu

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2226; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072226 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Accurate bed angle monitoring is crucial in healthcare settings, particularly in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), where improper bed positioning can lead to severe complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia. Traditional camera-based solutions, while effective, often raise significant privacy concerns. This study proposes a non-intrusive [...] Read more.

Accurate bed angle monitoring is crucial in healthcare settings, particularly in Intensive Care Units (ICUs), where improper bed positioning can lead to severe complications such as ventilator-associated pneumonia. Traditional camera-based solutions, while effective, often raise significant privacy concerns. This study proposes a non-intrusive bed angle detection system based on LiDAR technology, utilizing the Intel RealSense L515 sensor. By leveraging time-of-flight principles, the system enables real-time, privacy-preserving monitoring of head-of-bed elevation angles without direct visual surveillance. Our methodology integrates advanced techniques, including coordinate system transformation, plane fitting, and a deep learning framework combining YOLO-X with an enhanced A2J algorithm. Customized loss functions further improve angle estimation accuracy. Experimental results in ICU environments demonstrate the system’s effectiveness, with an average angle detection error of less than 3 degrees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Radar Sensors)

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11 pages, 2284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Nexus Between Sperm Membrane Integrity, Sperm Motility, and DNA Fragmentation

by Alfredo Góngora, Stephen Johnston, Pablo Contreras, Carmen López-Fernández and Jaime Gosálvez

Membranes 2025, 15(4), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15040109 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the interrelationships between sperm plasma membrane integrity, motility, and DNA fragmentation (SDF) to provide a more holistic understanding of male fertility. A total of 1159 ejaculates were analyzed for sperm membrane integrity (% dead spermatozoa), motility (% immotile spermatozoa), and [...] Read more.

This study investigated the interrelationships between sperm plasma membrane integrity, motility, and DNA fragmentation (SDF) to provide a more holistic understanding of male fertility. A total of 1159 ejaculates were analyzed for sperm membrane integrity (% dead spermatozoa), motility (% immotile spermatozoa), and SDF (% sperm with fragmented DNA). The statistical methods included non-parametric correlation analysis and artificial intelligence (AI)-generated cluster analysis to identify patterns based on these three parameters. The results showed a moderate correlation (ρ = 0.65; p < 0.000) between sperm membrane integrity and motility, indicating that immotile sperm were more likely to exhibit membrane damage. A weak correlation (ρ = 0.21; p < 0.000) suggested that DNA damage was largely independent of the other sperm parameters. Cluster analysis identified three main clusters: Cluster 0: high levels of low membrane integrity, immotile sperm, and moderate DNA fragmentation. Cluster 1: moderate membrane integrity and motility but extremely high DNA fragmentation. Cluster 2: the lowest levels of membrane damage, immotile sperm, and DNA fragmentation, indicating overall better sperm quality. The clustering techniques demonstrated their ability to integrate multiple sperm parameters, enabling a more individualized fertility diagnosis and potentially enhancing male infertility assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Membranes)

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18 pages, 2503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Metabolic Organic Radical Contrast Agents (mORCAs) for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

by Shuyang Zhang, Sabina Dhakal, Evan Curtis, Hunter Miller, Joseph T. Paletta, Connor Gee, Suchada Rajca, Forrest Kievit and Andrzej Rajca

Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071581 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

We report two conjugates of gem-diethyl pyrroline nitroxide radicals with D-mannosamine as potential metabolic organic radical contrast agents, mORCAs, circumventing the need for biorthogonal reactions. In-cell EPR spectroscopy, using Jurkat cells and analogous conjugate, based on a pyrrolidine nitroxide radical, shows an [...] Read more.

We report two conjugates of gem-diethyl pyrroline nitroxide radicals with D-mannosamine as potential metabolic organic radical contrast agents, mORCAs, circumventing the need for biorthogonal reactions. In-cell EPR spectroscopy, using Jurkat cells and analogous conjugate, based on a pyrrolidine nitroxide radical, shows an efficient incorporation of highly immobilized nitroxides, with a correlation time of τ_cor = 20 ns. In vivo MRI experiments in mice show that the paramagnetic nitroxide radical shortens the T₁ and T₂ relaxation times of protons in water located in the kidney and brain by only up to ~10% after 3 d. Ex vivo EPR spectroscopic analyses indicate that the contrast agents in mouse tissues are primarily localized in the kidney, lung, liver, heart, and blood, which primarily contain immobilized nitroxide radicals with τ_cor = 4–9 ns. The spin concentrations in tissues remain low (1–3 nmol g⁻¹) at 24 h after the third mORCA injection, approximately one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of ORCAFluor and BASP-ORCA (measured at ~24 h post-injection). These low spin concentrations explain the small proton T₁ and T₂ relaxation changes observed in in vivo MRI. Full article

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30 pages, 225854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LGWheatNet: A Lightweight Wheat Spike Detection Model Based on Multi-Scale Information Fusion

by Zhaomei Qiu, Fei Wang, Tingting Li, Chongjun Liu, Xin Jin, Shunhao Qing, Yi Shi, Yuntao Wu and Congbin Liu

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071098 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Wheat spike detection holds significant importance for agricultural production as it enhances the efficiency of crop management and the precision of operations. This study aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wheat spike detection, enabling efficient crop monitoring under resource-constrained conditions. To [...] Read more.

Wheat spike detection holds significant importance for agricultural production as it enhances the efficiency of crop management and the precision of operations. This study aims to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wheat spike detection, enabling efficient crop monitoring under resource-constrained conditions. To this end, a wheat spike dataset encompassing multiple growth stages was constructed, leveraging the advantages of MobileNet and ShuffleNet to design a novel network module, SeCUIB. Building on this foundation, a new wheat spike detection network, LGWheatNet, was proposed by integrating a lightweight downsampling module (DWDown), spatial pyramid pooling (SPPF), and a lightweight detection head (LightDetect). The experimental results demonstrate that LGWheatNet excels in key performance metrics, including Precision, Recall, and Mean Average Precision (mAP50 and mAP50-95). Specifically, the model achieved a Precision of 0.956, a Recall of 0.921, an mAP50 of 0.967, and an mAP50-95 of 0.747, surpassing several YOLO models as well as EfficientDet and RetinaNet. Furthermore, LGWheatNet demonstrated superior resource efficiency with a parameter count of only 1,698,529 and GFLOPs of 5.0, significantly lower than those of competing models. Additionally, when combined with the Slicing Aided Hyper Inference strategy, LGWheatNet further improved the detection accuracy of wheat spikes, especially for small-scale targets and edge regions, when processing large-scale high-resolution images. This strategy significantly enhanced both inference efficiency and accuracy, making it particularly suitable for image analysis from drone-captured data. In wheat spike counting experiments, LGWheatNet also delivered exceptional performance, particularly in predictions during the filling and maturity stages, outperforming other models by a substantial margin. This study not only provides an efficient and reliable solution for wheat spike detection but also introduces innovative methods for lightweight object detection tasks in resource-constrained environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Smart Agriculture with Remote Sensing as the Core and Its Applications in Crops Field)

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12 pages, 4279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engineered Pseudomonas mirabilis-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles Targeting Bone Microenvironment to Improve Osteoporosis

by Sanfu Lin, Chonggang Chen, Yuhui Zheng, Baofang Wu and Wenhua Wu

Biomedicines 2025, 13(4), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13040847 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent condition marked by reduced bone density and a heightened risk of fractures. Current treatments often have side effects, underscoring the need for safer alternatives. Recent research highlights the significant role of gut microbiota and their metabolites [...] Read more.

Introduction: Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent condition marked by reduced bone density and a heightened risk of fractures. Current treatments often have side effects, underscoring the need for safer alternatives. Recent research highlights the significant role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in maintaining bone health. Notably, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as a promising platform due to their nanoscale sizes, low toxicity, drug-loading capabilities, and excellent biocompatibility. Methods: In this study, we developed a delivery system using OMVs derived from Pseudomonas mirabilis (PM). By anchoring bone-targeting peptides to the PM-OMVs membrane, we equipped these vesicles to deliver endogenous miRNAs to the bone microenvironment effectively. Results and Discussion: The bone-targeted PM-OMVs (PM-OMVs-BT) demonstrated exceptional bone-targeting abilities and exhibited a favorable safety profile in vivo. Additionally, LGG-OMVs-BT were successfully internalized by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) without significant cytotoxicity, effectively promoting their osteogenic differentiation and mineralization. In conclusion, our study indicates that PM-OMVs-BT could offer a safe and effective treatment option for OP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology in Human Health and Disease)

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20 pages, 3381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Ordinary to Extraordinary: The Crucial Role of Common Species in Desert Plant Community Stability with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi Under Increased Precipitation

by Zhanquan Ji, Qianqian Dong, Rong Yang, Wenhao Qin, Yi Peng and Yangyang Jia

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071099 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Climate change is altering precipitation patterns in Central Asia’s arid zones, destabilizing desert ecosystems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, key soil microorganisms forming symbiosis with most plants, critically maintain ecosystem stability, yet their mechanisms in regulating individual plant species to sustain community stability remain [...] Read more.

Climate change is altering precipitation patterns in Central Asia’s arid zones, destabilizing desert ecosystems. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, key soil microorganisms forming symbiosis with most plants, critically maintain ecosystem stability, yet their mechanisms in regulating individual plant species to sustain community stability remain unclear. We conducted a 5-year in situ experiment in the Gurbantunggut Desert, testing how AM fungi influence desert plant community stability under increased precipitation. Using a randomized block design with three treatments—control (CK), increased precipitation (W), and precipitation with Benomyl fungicide (BW)—we monitored plant community dynamics. We discovered that both increased precipitation and AM fungi altered plant community structure without affecting diversity. Precipitation boosted aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and density, enhancing community stability via dominant species (e.g., Meniocus linifolius), supporting the mass ratio hypothesis. AM fungi further stabilized the community by increasing ANPP and enhancing the common species stability under increased precipitation, while the contribution of rare species was also non-negligible, aligning with the subordinate insurance hypothesis. Overall, our study elucidates how increased precipitation and AM fungi regulate plant community stability at the species level. Specifically, it overcomes key gaps by revealing AM fungi’s pivotal role in stabilizing communities through sustaining common species stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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17 pages, 6098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Cellulose Fibres from Posidonia oceanica to Obtain Chitosan Biocomposites and Poly(lactic Acid) Laminates

by Paula Camarena-Bononad, Pedro A. V. Freitas, Amparo Chiralt and Maria Vargas

Polysaccharides 2025, 6(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6020027 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

New sustainable materials have been developed to replace conventional plastics obtained from non-renewable sources. In this study, cellulose fibres from Posidonia oceanica (PO) were obtained by applying subcritical water extraction and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorite. The PO fibres were used [...] Read more.

New sustainable materials have been developed to replace conventional plastics obtained from non-renewable sources. In this study, cellulose fibres from Posidonia oceanica (PO) were obtained by applying subcritical water extraction and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide or sodium chlorite. The PO fibres were used to obtain cellulose films, chitosan–cellulose composites, and PLA–cellulose laminates. These films were characterised as to their optical properties, mechanical performance, oxygen and water vapour permeability, thermal stability, and microstructure. The cellulose films exhibited low mechanical resistance, with different colouration depending on the degree of delignification. The composites had lower mechanical strength than pure chitosan films. The PO cellulose fibres had a similar, but attenuated, effect when laminated with PLA layers. The fibres improved the oxygen barrier capacity of chitosan films, although this effect only occurred in PLA laminates for cellulose purified with sodium chlorite. In no case did cellulose improve the water vapour barrier of the films compared to pure polymers. The thermal stability was not notably altered by the blending effect, thus reflecting the absence of significant interactions between the fibres and polymer. However, there is a need to improve the functionality of cellulose fibres from PO waste for their incorporation as fillers or laminates in biodegradable food packaging materials. Full article

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11 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of a Food Supplement Based on Collagen and Magnesium Combined with Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Exercises in Women with Urinary Incontinence: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Pilot Clinical Trial

by Vincenzo Nobile, Roberta Villa, Mariella Micieli, Fabio Amone, Erminia D’Ambrosio, Giuseppe Pulitano, Camilla Schinzari, Eleonora Di Campi and Davide Carati

Uro 2025, 5(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/uro5020007 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition affecting women worldwide, with pelvic floor muscle training exercises (PFMT) recognized as the first-line treatment for UI. Supplementation with bioactive compounds, such as collagen and magnesium, may enhance the effectiveness of PFMT. This study aimed [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition affecting women worldwide, with pelvic floor muscle training exercises (PFMT) recognized as the first-line treatment for UI. Supplementation with bioactive compounds, such as collagen and magnesium, may enhance the effectiveness of PFMT. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combining a food supplement containing collagen and magnesium with PFMT in women experiencing stress (SUI), urge (UUI), or mixed (MUI) urinary incontinence. Methods: A pilot clinical trial was carried out on 44 women with stress, urge, or mixed urinary incontinence. The improvement in urinary incontinence was assessed, before and after 6 weeks (W6) of product use, by the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID) and the clinical assessment of the gynecologist. Quality of life (QoL) was assessed as a secondary endpoint. Results: At Week 6, the baseline median QUID score in the active group was significantly reduced by 64% (p < 0.001), with 76% finishing the study with a negative diagnosis for UI. In contrast, the placebo group showed a reduction in QUID score by only 10% (p < 0.001), with just 25% of participants achieving a negative diagnosis for UI. QoL statistically significantly (p < 0.001) improved by 76% in the active group, while no changes were observed in the placebo group. Conclusions: Supplementation with the (Dermoxen^®) tested product significantly improved urinary symptoms and quality of life, demonstrating a greater effect than pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) exercises alone. Dermoxen^® demonstrated efficacy across all three subtypes of UI. Full article

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15 pages, 529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Oral Amino Acid Supplementation on Physical Activity, Systemic Inflammation, and Quality of Life in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: A Single-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

by Laura Petraglia, Paola Iacotucci, Lorenza Ferrillo, Serena Cabaro, Jolanda Somma, Francesca Lacava, Ilaria Amaranto, Silvia Crucito, Maria Perrotti, Pietro Formisano, Giuseppe Rengo, Dario Leosco and Vincenzo Carnovale

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071239 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to progressive lung function decline, respiratory failure, and premature death. Musculoskeletal complications, affecting both peripheral and respiratory muscles, are major concerns in CF patients. Inflammatory cytokines seem to be responsible for [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a common, life-threatening genetic disorder that leads to progressive lung function decline, respiratory failure, and premature death. Musculoskeletal complications, affecting both peripheral and respiratory muscles, are major concerns in CF patients. Inflammatory cytokines seem to be responsible for the activation of the molecular pathways involved in the imbalance between protein synthesis and catabolism, with consequent loss of muscle mass and function. This study aims to assess the effects of amino acid supplements on functional status, muscle mass and strength, inflammation, and quality of life in adult CF patients. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial with 60 adult CF patients, aged 18 or older. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either amino acid supplementation or a placebo for 4 weeks. Physical function tests and self-assessment questionnaires on quality of life, global health, and sleep status, as well as blood samples to measure pro-inflammatory cytokines, were performed at baseline and after the treatment period. Results: The amino acid supplementation group showed a significant improvement in self-perceived physical performance and health status. Interleukin-6 serum levels were significantly reduced in this group compared to those who received the placebo (p = 0.042). Conclusions: Amino acid supplementation in adult CF patients improves self-perception of health status and may reduce systemic inflammation, significantly decreasing serum levels of Interleukin-6. This suggests potential benefits for the overall well-being of CF patients and a reduction in their inflammatory status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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16 pages, 3290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maize Cultivation in Sun Mushroom Post-Harvest Areas: Yield, Soil Chemical Properties, and Economic Viability

by Lucas da Silva Alves, Matheus Rodrigo Iossi, Cinthia Elen Cardoso Caitano, Wagner Gonçalves Vieira Júnior, Pedro Afonso Gomes Teixeira, Reges Heinrichs, Arturo Pardo-Giménez and Diego Cunha Zied

Plants 2025, 14(7), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071097 (registering DOI) - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cultivating crops in post-harvest areas of sun mushrooms presents an innovative alternative to reduce reliance on mineral fertilizers. Advances in crop cultivation in these areas could make this a sustainable solution for enhancing food security. We evaluated maize cultivation in a sun mushroom [...] Read more.

Cultivating crops in post-harvest areas of sun mushrooms presents an innovative alternative to reduce reliance on mineral fertilizers. Advances in crop cultivation in these areas could make this a sustainable solution for enhancing food security. We evaluated maize cultivation in a sun mushroom post-harvest area, focusing on soil and leaf macronutrient composition, yield factors, and economic benefits. Four management practices were tested: a post-harvest area without mineral fertilization (SMS); a post-harvest area with fertilization at sowing (SMS + S); a post-harvest area with fertilization at sowing and topdressing (SMS + S + TD); and a control area with standard mineral fertilization. The SMS treatment maintained adequate soil pH and electrical conductivity, and in the first crop, increased soil P, Ca, and Mg levels by 5%, 140%, and 23%, respectively, without significantly affecting yield compared to the control. However, nutrient absorption faced challenges due to a nutritional imbalance of Ca/Mg. In the second crop, SMS + S + TD was crucial for higher yields (up to 6500 kg ha⁻¹) and showed similarity to the control in a Nearest Neighbor Analysis, particularly in leaf N content. Regarding the economic benefits, SMS reduced mineral fertilization in the first crop, increasing the net benefit by up to 380%, while in the second crop, topdressing became indispensable for the SMS area, with SMS + S + TD generating the greatest net benefit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Management Practices on Field Crop Growth, Yield, and Quality)

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32 pages, 2117 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Sarcopenia: Focusing on Nutritional Treatment Approaches

by Michele Barone, Palmina Baccaro and Alessio Molfino

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071237 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. This condition is associated with physical disability, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Therefore, reducing the prevalence of sarcopenia could significantly lower healthcare costs. Sarcopenia [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. This condition is associated with physical disability, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Therefore, reducing the prevalence of sarcopenia could significantly lower healthcare costs. Sarcopenia can be classified into primary and secondary sarcopenia. The former is related to aging and begins after the fourth decade of life; after that, there is a muscle loss of around 8% per decade until age 70 years, which subsequently increases to 15% per decade. On the other hand, secondary sarcopenia can affect all individuals and may result from various factors including physical inactivity, malnutrition, endocrine disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cachexia. Understanding the multiple mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of sarcopenia allows for us to develop strategies that can prevent, treat, or at least mitigate muscle loss caused by increased protein breakdown. One potential treatment of sarcopenia is based on nutritional interventions, including adequate caloric and protein intake and specific nutrients that support muscle health. Such nutrients include natural food rich in whey protein and omega-3 fatty acids as well as nutritional supplements like branched-chain amino acids, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate, and vitamin D along with food for special medical purposes. It is important to emphasize that physical exercises, especially resistance training, not only promote muscle protein synthesis on their own but also work synergistically with nutritional strategies to enhance their effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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14 pages, 1982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Some Ecological Characteristics of a Neophyte of the Canary Islands: Pluchea ovalis (Asteraceae)

by Miguel Pestano, Isabel Suárez, Cristina González-Montelongo, Natalia Sierra Cornejo and José Ramón Arévalo

Ecologies 2025, 6(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6020028 - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pluchea ovalis (Pers.) DC. is an invasive alien plant species. It has spread widely on the island of Tenerife since it was first introduced, becoming a major threat to the island’s flora. The aims of this study are to analyze its germination capacity [...] Read more.

Pluchea ovalis (Pers.) DC. is an invasive alien plant species. It has spread widely on the island of Tenerife since it was first introduced, becoming a major threat to the island’s flora. The aims of this study are to analyze its germination capacity under different environmental conditions (e.g., light and temperature) and determine its effects on soil properties and native plant communities. Germination assays were carried out both in a germination chamber and in a greenhouse. Twelve plots were also established in the field to determine its effect on soil properties and plant species composition. Our results reveal that the germination capacity of Pluchea ovalis decreases under high temperature ranges and increases on flooded substrates. In addition, Pluchea ovalis can modify soil physicochemical properties by increasing soil magnesium content. As its invasive potential has been demonstrated, this study contributes with evidence of its effects on environmental conditions and species composition. Moreover, we recommend its inclusion in the Spanish Alien Invasive Species Catalogue and the development of further studies about its potential distribution and effects in the Canary Islands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers of Ecologies 2024)

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17 pages, 2134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Approach to Electrical Fault Detection in Urban Structures Using Dynamic Programming and Optimized Support Vector Machines

by Reynaldo Villarreal, Sindy Chamorro-Solano, Yolanda Vega-Sampayo, Carlos Alejandro Espejo, Steffen Cantillo, Luis Gaviria, Jheifer Paez, Carlos Ochoa, Silvia Moreno, Claudet Polo, Roberto Pestana-Nobles and Camilo Montoya

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2215; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072215 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Electrical power systems are crucial, yet vulnerable, due to their complex and interconnected nature, necessitating effective fault detection and diagnostics to ensure stability and prevent disruptions. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have transformed the ability to identify [...] Read more.

Electrical power systems are crucial, yet vulnerable, due to their complex and interconnected nature, necessitating effective fault detection and diagnostics to ensure stability and prevent disruptions. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) have transformed the ability to identify and resolve electrical system problems efficiently. Electrical systems operate at various scales, ranging from individual households to large-scale regional grids. In this study, we focus on medium-scale urban infrastructures. These environments present unique electrical challenges, such as phase imbalances and transient voltage fluctuations, which require robust fault detection mechanisms. This work investigates the use of AI with dynamic programming and a support vector machine (SVM) to improve fault detection. The data collected from voltage measurements in urban office buildings with smart meters over a period of six weeks was used to develop an AI model, demonstrating its applicability to similar urban infrastructures. This model achieved high accuracy in detecting system failures, identifying them with a performance greater than 99%, highlighting the potential of smart sensing technologies combined with AI to improve urban infrastructure management. The integration of smart sensors and advanced data analytics significantly increases the reliability and efficiency of energy systems, promoting sustainable and resilient urban environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Fault Monitoring for Smart Power Systems)

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