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34 pages, 1600 KB

Open AccessReview

Psychedelics and Autism Therapy: A Review of Current Research and Future Directions

by Christopher S. Gondi, Manu Gnanamony, Tarun P. Gondi, Lilyt Nersesyan and Lusine Demirkhanyan

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(4), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48040417 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong condition marked by challenges in social communication and repetitive behaviors. Current treatments, primarily behavioral therapies, often fail to address the core symptoms. Recent research has explored the potential of psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA, [...] Read more.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a lifelong condition marked by challenges in social communication and repetitive behaviors. Current treatments, primarily behavioral therapies, often fail to address the core symptoms. Recent research has explored the potential of psychedelics, such as LSD, psilocybin, and MDMA, as a new therapeutic approach. While these substances primarily modulate the serotonin 5-HT_2A receptor, their therapeutic effects also involve interactions with other serotonergic, dopaminergic, and glutamatergic pathways, collectively promoting neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to change and adapt. The specific receptors’ activation leads to structural and functional changes in the brain that can enhance social behavior and emotional regulation. Studies show that psychedelics may reduce symptoms of conditions like treatment-resistant depression and PTSD, highlighting their therapeutic potential. For ASD specifically, psychedelics may improve psychological flexibility, reduce distress, and enhance social interaction. While promising, the use of these substances requires careful consideration. Psychedelics can induce intense experiences and altered states of consciousness, necessitating strict monitoring and support during therapy. Ethical guidelines, including informed consent, are crucial, especially for vulnerable populations. In conclusion, psychedelics hold significant promise for treating ASD and other psychiatric disorders by promoting neuroplasticity and modulating complex signaling pathways. Continued research and clinical trials, conducted with strong ethical oversight, are essential to realizing their full therapeutic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)

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14 pages, 2851 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stimulus Size Modulates Periodic and Aperiodic EEG Components in SSVEP-Based BCIs

by Gerardo Luis Padilla and Fernando Daniel Farfán

Brain Sci. 2026, 16(4), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16040424 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential-based Brain–Computer Interfaces face a critical trade-off between system accuracy and user visual fatigue. To address this challenge, the objective of this study was to determine how the spatial manipulation of stimulus size modulates the full spectral dynamics of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential-based Brain–Computer Interfaces face a critical trade-off between system accuracy and user visual fatigue. To address this challenge, the objective of this study was to determine how the spatial manipulation of stimulus size modulates the full spectral dynamics of the Electroencephalogram, encompassing both the periodic oscillatory response and the aperiodic (1/f) background noise. Methods: Twenty-two healthy subjects completed a sustained visual attention task using a competitive stimulus paradigm (20 Hz and 30 Hz) presented in three spatial dimensions (Small, Medium, and Big). Parieto-occipital brain signals were decomposed using the spectral parameterization algorithm (SpecParam) to extract frequency-specific visually evoked response power and the aperiodic slope, while visual fixation was continuously monitored via eyetracking. Results: Increasing stimulus size induced a statistically significant gain in the power of the attended signal (Target) without increasing the response of the peripheral distractor. Simultaneously, larger stimuli produced a significant increase in the aperiodic slope during 20 Hz attention and visual rest, suggesting increased cortical inhibition and a reduction in broadband neural activity. This aperiodic modulation was not observed at 30 Hz. Conclusions: The improvement in Signal-to-Noise Ratio with increasing stimulus size arises from a dual neurophysiological mechanism: enhancement of the periodic evoked response together with a reduction in background neural noise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Challenges in Neuroengineering)

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17 pages, 876 KB

Open AccessReview

Balancing Tumor Response and Rejection Risk After Pre-Transplant Immunotherapy: A Scoping Review

by Berkay Demirors, Matthew Yu-Sheng Lin, Francis J. Spitz, Abiha Abdullah, Vrishketan Sethi and Michele Molinari

Cancers 2026, 18(8), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18081284 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Importance: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have expanded downstaging options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), enabling bridging to liver transplantation (LT). However, the immunologic consequences of pre-transplant checkpoint blockade, particularly the risk of allograft rejection mediated by persistent T-cell activation, remain insufficiently [...] Read more.

Importance: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have expanded downstaging options for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), enabling bridging to liver transplantation (LT). However, the immunologic consequences of pre-transplant checkpoint blockade, particularly the risk of allograft rejection mediated by persistent T-cell activation, remain insufficiently characterized, creating a critical knowledge gap at the intersection of immuno-oncology and transplant medicine. Objective: To synthesize current evidence on oncologic outcomes, rejection risk, washout intervals, donor-type considerations, and immunosuppression strategies in LT recipients with pre-transplant ICI exposure. Evidence Review: A PRISMA-ScR-guided review was conducted using MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from January 2015 through December 2025. Studies reporting outcomes in adult LT recipients with documented pre-transplant ICI exposure for HCC or CCA were included. Methodological quality was descriptively assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and JBI tools. Given study heterogeneity, findings were narratively synthesized. Findings: Thirty studies were included. In HCC, neoadjuvant ICI therapy achieved downstaging to Milan criteria in 75.6% of candidates in the largest multicenter cohort (n = 117), with complete pathologic response rates ranging from 23.8% to 40%. Rejection rates ranged from 16.3% to 20.2% in large series but increased to 56.3% with short washout intervals. Washout intervals exceeding 50 days were associated with rejection rates approaching non-ICI controls, while an individual patient meta-analysis of 91 patients estimated each additional week of washout was associated with approximately 8% reduction in rejection risk, suggesting that approximately 94 days may be required to achieve a rejection probability of 20% or less. Rejection occurred at a median of 7–10 days post-transplantation, earlier than typical acute cellular rejection. Three-year overall survival exceeded 85.3% in major cohorts. Donor type was not consistently associated with rejection after adjustment for washout duration. CCA data remain limited. Immune-related adverse events during ICI therapy were associated with increased post-transplant rejection risk. Conclusions: Pre-transplant ICI therapy may expand transplant eligibility in advanced hepatobiliary malignancies but carries time-dependent rejection risk. Current evidence supports a minimum washout interval of at least 50 days, with emerging data favoring 90–94 days when feasible. Prospective multicenter studies, biomarker-guided risk stratification, and standardized immunosuppression protocols are needed to refine patient selection and optimize timing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunotherapy and Transplantation in the Era of Transplant Oncology (2nd Edition))

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16 pages, 3012 KB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Neutrophil Percentage-to-Albumin Ratio (NPAR) and the Prognosis of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

by Xin Ye, Yi Liu, Fanjie Meng, Bin Hu and Hui Li

Cancers 2026, 18(8), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18081283 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Objective: This study investigates the prognostic value and clinical utility of the neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) in patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: We retrospectively included 335 patients with NSCLC who underwent lung resection at our institution between January [...] Read more.

Objective: This study investigates the prognostic value and clinical utility of the neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio (NPAR) in patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: We retrospectively included 335 patients with NSCLC who underwent lung resection at our institution between January 2017 and October 2018. Optimal cutoffs for preoperative and postoperative day 1 (D1) NPAR were determined using X-tile (version 3.6.1; Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA) to define high and low groups. Overall survival (OS) was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models. A perioperative NPAR trajectory (low–low, low–high, high–low, high–high) was constructed to characterize dynamic risk patterns. To mitigate potential bias associated with postoperative measurements, a D1 landmark analysis was performed. A nomogram was developed based on the multivariable model and assessed by calibration at 1, 3, and 5 years. Incremental clinical value beyond TNM stage and surgical approach was evaluated using decision curve analysis (DCA), as well as by 5-year continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI) and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). Results: The optimal cutoffs for preoperative and postoperative D1 NPAR were 14.5 and 23.1, respectively. In univariate analyses, sex, smoking history, preoperative NPAR, postoperative D1 NPAR, pathologic type, TNM stage, surgical approach, and adjuvant therapy were associated with OS (all p < 0.01). In multivariable Cox regression, high preoperative NPAR (HR 1.896, 95% CI 1.135–3.168; p = 0.014) and high postoperative D1 NPAR (HR 1.905, 95% CI 1.097–3.305; p = 0.014) were independent risk factors, along with TNM stage (Stage II: HR 2.824, 95% CI 1.209–6.595; p = 0.016; Stage III: HR 9.470, 95% CI 4.935–18.171; p < 0.001) and open surgery (HR 2.350, 95% CI 1.341–4.117; p = 0.003). Trajectory analysis further stratified risk, with the high–high group showing the poorest survival (adjusted HR 3.48, 95% CI 1.43–8.47; p = 0.006). The association of postoperative NPAR persisted in the D1 landmark analysis (HR 1.836, 95% CI 1.071–3.148; p = 0.027). Adding NPAR to TNM stage and surgical approach improved 5-year risk reclassification (continuous NRI 0.377, 95% CI 0.094–0.659; IDI 0.028, 95% CI −0.002–0.054) and increased net benefit on DCA. The nomogram demonstrated acceptable calibration at 1, 3, and 5 years. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that NPAR serves as an independent prognostic marker for long-term outcomes in patients with NSCLC. The use of NPAR offers clinicians a comprehensive and precise tool for assessing patient prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Thoracic Cancer)

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20 pages, 7374 KB

Open AccessArticle

Treadmill Exercise Enhances the Effects of Zoledronate on Bone Microarchitecture and Mechanical Strength in Ovariectomized Rat Model of Osteoporosis

by Yuta Tsubouchi, Takashi Kataoka, Ryota Takase, Takefumi Otsu, Ryoji Hamanaka, Masashi Kataoka and Nobuhiro Kaku

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2026, 11(2), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk11020159 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: The combination of pharmacological therapy and exercise is frequently recommended for osteoporosis management; however, whether antiresorptive agents may interfere with exercise-induced bone adaptation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the independent and combined effects of zoledronate and treadmill exercise on bone [...] Read more.

Background: The combination of pharmacological therapy and exercise is frequently recommended for osteoporosis management; however, whether antiresorptive agents may interfere with exercise-induced bone adaptation remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the independent and combined effects of zoledronate and treadmill exercise on bone microarchitecture and mechanical strength in an ovariectomized rat model. Methods: Twenty-four female Sprague Dawley rats underwent ovariectomy and were assigned to four groups: Control, zoledronate (ZA), treadmill exercise (T), and combined zoledronate and exercise (ZA + T). An additional sham-operated group was included. Zoledronate was administered as a single subcutaneous injection, and a 6-week treadmill exercise routine was implemented. Bone microarchitecture was assessed using micro-computed tomography, and a three-point bending test was employed for evaluation of mechanical properties. Results: The combined ZA + T group demonstrated significant improvements in trabecular bone parameters, including bone volume/tissue volume and trabecular number, compared with the Control group. Mechanical strength parameters, including maximum load and stiffness, were also significantly enhanced in the ZA + T group. Cortical bone parameters exhibited no significant changes. Conclusions: Treadmill exercise did not attenuate the effects of zoledronate, and may offer additive benefits in enhancing trabecular bone microarchitecture and mechanical strength. These findings suggest that exercise therapy can complement bisphosphonate treatment and contribute to optimizing therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis, supporting the potential utility of combined pharmacological and exercise-based interventions for improving bone health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanical Analysis in Physical Activity and Sports—3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 964 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benefits of Utilization of Hydroxy–Methionine in Diets of Finishing Pigs Raised Under Hot Environmental Conditions

by Caio Abércio da Silva, Cleandro Pazinato Dias, Marco Aurélio Callegari, Kelly Lais de Souza, José Henrique Barbi, Naiara Simarro Fagundes and Rafael Humberto de Carvalho

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040397 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of DL-methionine (DL-Met) and hydroxy–methionine (OH-Met) on the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs raised under intermittent hot environmental conditions. A total of 120 pigs (PIC337 × Camborough; 63.26 ± 4.49 kg initial body weight) were assigned [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of DL-methionine (DL-Met) and hydroxy–methionine (OH-Met) on the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs raised under intermittent hot environmental conditions. A total of 120 pigs (PIC337 × Camborough; 63.26 ± 4.49 kg initial body weight) were assigned to two dietary treatments in a randomized block design. Growth performance, carcass traits, and physicochemical meat parameters were assessed during the finishing period. Overall performance and carcass characteristics did not differ between treatments (p > 0.05). However, during finishing phase II (141–168 days), pigs fed OH-Met showed higher average daily gain (ADG; 1.027 vs. 0.957 kg/day; p < 0.05) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR; 2.862 vs. 3.028; p < 0.05) compared with DL-Met. Meat from pigs receiving OH-Met presented a higher pH at 24 h postmortem (5.78 vs. 5.63; p = 0.022) and reduced water loss by pressure (26.14% vs. 28.78%; p = 0.047). No differences were detected for backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth, lean percentage, color parameters, or lipid oxidation (TBARS) (p > 0.05). In conclusion, under intermittent heat stress conditions during the late-finishing phase, diets formulated with OH-Met resulted in improved growth efficiency and reduced meat water loss compared with DL-Met diets. Full article

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30 pages, 3826 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biochemical and Pharmacological Studies on Kynurenic Acid Metabolism in the Helix pomatia—Snail Model of Learning and Memory

by Halina Baran and Carina Kronsteiner

Biomolecules 2026, 16(4), 603; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16040603 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the L-kynurenine pathway of L-tryptophan degradation, is an endogenous blocker of glutamate ionotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). KYNA plays a significant role in various neuropsychiatric disorders and the aging process. Some [...] Read more.

Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of the L-kynurenine pathway of L-tryptophan degradation, is an endogenous blocker of glutamate ionotropic excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). KYNA plays a significant role in various neuropsychiatric disorders and the aging process. Some researchers have suggested that KYNA may contribute to memory impairment. In this study, we examined the impact of L-kynurenine (a KYNA substrate) and the anti-dementia drugs D-cycloserine and Cerebrolysin on kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) activity, an enzyme forming KYNA, in liver homogenates of Helix pomatia snails. Furthermore, a memory model was established using these snails, wherein tentacle shortening served as an indicator of learning activity. In vitro experiments on Helix pomatia demonstrated the significant impact of L-kynurenine and anti-dementia drugs on KYNA synthesis. KYNA levels increased significantly in the presence of L-kynurenine in liver homogenate. However, KYNA formation decreased when anti-dementia drugs, including Cerebrolysin or D-cycloserine, were administered to the snails’ liver homogenate. L-kynurenine has been shown to impair the learning process in vivo in snails, but an anti-dementia drug has been demonstrated to reverse this effect. Significant inhibition of tentacle lowering was observed in response to L-kynurenine treatment, which corresponded with elevated KYNA levels in the central nervous system. Administering D-cycloserine or Cerebrolysin alongside L-kynurenine reversed its effects. The Helix pomatia memory model is a valuable tool for studying learning and memory formation in various conditions and in the presence of different pharmacological agents. A drug or natural extract that blocks KYNA synthesis has the ability to increase tentacle lowering and could be considered an anti-dementia agent. Furthermore, this metabolite may also protect against aging and delay damage to the central nervous system related to memory. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Kynurenine Pathway in Mood Disorders: From Mechanisms to Therapeutics)

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21 pages, 5913 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quercetin Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Immune Inflammation via Modulating Heme and ROS Pathways in Rats Fed Protein-Oxidized Soybean Meal

by Zhiyong Wang, Peng Wang, Yanmin Zhou, Leli Wang and Su Zhuang

Antioxidants 2026, 15(4), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15040504 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Dietary protein oxidation impairs animal health, yet effective interventions remain limited. This study investigated whether quercetin (Q) supplementation protects against protein-oxidized soybean meal (OS)-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory injury in rats. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted with 48 three-week-old Sprague-Dawley [...] Read more.

Dietary protein oxidation impairs animal health, yet effective interventions remain limited. This study investigated whether quercetin (Q) supplementation protects against protein-oxidized soybean meal (OS)-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory injury in rats. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted with 48 three-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n = 12): fresh soybean meal (FS), FS + 400 mg/kg Q, OS, and OS + 400 mg/kg Q for 28 days. Serum biochemistry, intestinal and hepatic histology, antioxidant status, inflammatory markers, and transcriptomic pathways were analyzed. As a result, OS feeding elevated serum glucose and urea nitrogen, induced duodenal, jejunal and hepatic lesions, reduced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, glutathione (GSH) level, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content (p < 0.05), and increased IgG and IL-6 levels (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of heme biosynthesis and ROS synthesis pathways in jejunum and liver (p < 0.05). Q supplementation mitigated these adverse effects by improving antioxidant status, reducing inflammatory lesions, downregulating heme and ROS pathways, and normalizing the expression of key genes (Ccl20, RT1-M2) and protein (Ccl20) in jejunum (p < 0.05), and key genes (Duox1, Cyp4a2) and protein (Duox1) in liver (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that Q alleviates OS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue damage through the modulation of heme and ROS pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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50 pages, 11144 KB

Open AccessReview

Photoacoustic Imaging for Women’s Gynecological Health: Advances and Clinical Prospects

by Panangattukara Prabhakaran Praveen Kumar, Dong-Kwon Lim and Taeho Kim

Bioengineering 2026, 13(4), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13040476 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging hybrid biomedical imaging modality that combines the high molecular contrast of optical excitation with the deep tissue penetration of ultrasound detection. This review presents recent advances in PAI-based techniques for the detection and characterization of gynecological diseases [...] Read more.

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging hybrid biomedical imaging modality that combines the high molecular contrast of optical excitation with the deep tissue penetration of ultrasound detection. This review presents recent advances in PAI-based techniques for the detection and characterization of gynecological diseases in women, with particular focus on endometriosis and uterine-related disorders. We summarize the application of PAI across preclinical and translational studies, highlighting progress in photoacoustic microscopy, spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging, and endoscopic and probe-based implementations for non-invasive, high-resolution tissue evaluation. The role of functional and contrast-enhanced PAI approaches is discussed, emphasizing their ability to enhance diagnostic sensitivity, enable longitudinal monitoring, and provide detailed information on vascular, biochemical, and structural tissue characteristics. Furthermore, the expanding applications of PAI in assessing uterine, cervical, and ovarian pathologies, including tumor detection and tissue remodeling, are reviewed. Finally, current challenges, limitations, and future directions toward clinical translation are addressed. Collectively, this review underscores the potential of photoacoustic imaging as a powerful, non-invasive platform for early diagnosis, disease monitoring, and improved management of women’s health conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Engineering and Biomaterials)

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Graphical abstract

22 pages, 25057 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Steering Mechanism for Peristaltic Robots Inspired by Snail Motion

by Lan Wu, Jiangfeng Yuan, Shuaijun Zhang, Xiaoyan Jin, Chunye Wu and Yanyu Sun

Lubricants 2026, 14(4), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants14040173 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Although extensive research has been conducted on peristaltic robots, early designs are often constrained by mechanical configurations and material constraints, which restrict kinematic capability, particularly steering control. In contrast, snails steer by modulating mucus secretion to redistribute ventral friction along the foot. Inspired [...] Read more.

Although extensive research has been conducted on peristaltic robots, early designs are often constrained by mechanical configurations and material constraints, which restrict kinematic capability, particularly steering control. In contrast, snails steer by modulating mucus secretion to redistribute ventral friction along the foot. Inspired by this strategy, we propose a friction-differential steering mechanism and develop a novel crawler that implements it. The crawler is integrated with a peristaltic robot, and three experiments are conducted to evaluate steering performance. We further establish a physical model of friction-differential steering, including cases identified from the experiments. The proposed model captures the experimentally observed trend that the steering response increases with the friction differential and provides a qualitative physical interpretation of the steering mechanism. Finally, the method is generalized by analyzing its limiting behavior, thereby clarifying the operating bounds of the proposed approach. This work provides a principled framework for steering control in peristaltic robots and offers a promising direction for improving their motion controllability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Evaluation and Diagnosis of Tribological Phenomena in Machining Processes)

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27 pages, 3028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Drivers of Spatial Ecology in Juvenile Scalloped Hammerhead Sharks (Sphyrna lewini) in an Open-Coast Nursery Area in Jalisco, Mexico

by Alejandro Rosende-Pereiro and Antonio Corgos

Diversity 2026, 18(4), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18040232 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Coastal nurseries are critical for the early stages of many elasmobranchs, and understanding spatial ecology during these periods is essential for effective population management. Here, we investigated the environmental drivers shaping shark presence and spatial distribution in an open coastal nursery used by [...] Read more.

Coastal nurseries are critical for the early stages of many elasmobranchs, and understanding spatial ecology during these periods is essential for effective population management. Here, we investigated the environmental drivers shaping shark presence and spatial distribution in an open coastal nursery used by young-of-the-year Sphyrna lewini along the southern Pacific Coast of Mexico. Using acoustic telemetry data collected over three consecutive seasons, we combined Random Forest models with an interpretable machine learning framework, including permutation-based variable importance, accumulated local effects, and a Rashomon set approach. Shark presence was primarily driven by seasonal patterns and lunar illumination, whereas spatial distribution within the nursery area was structured by tide level, shark length, accumulated precipitation, and sea surface temperature. Tide level emerged as the most influential and stable predictor of spatial preference, while size-dependent responses revealed ontogenetic spatial segregation among zones. These results demonstrate that open-coast nurseries can operate through dynamic environmental processes rather than static habitat features, with river-influenced areas playing a key role for smaller individuals. By integrating telemetry data with interpretable machine learning methods, this study provides a mechanistic understanding of nursery habitat use and offers a transferable framework for assessing spatial ecology and conservation priorities in threatened coastal shark populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Applications of Emerging Technologies on Biodiversity Conservation)

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12 pages, 843 KB

Open AccessArticle

HPV Prevention Strategies in 2024: An Approach by the University of Milan

by Pier Mario Perrone, Ilaria Casolaro, Serena Pescuma, Ilaria Bruno, Martina Cappellina, Enrico Lupo Maria Caprara, Giovanni Cicconi, Andrea Cinnirella, Alessandro De Monte, Francesca Maria Grosso, Elvira Pantó, Andrea Pedot, Enrico Pigozzi, Simona Scarioni, Sudwaric Sharma, Catia Rosanna Borriello, Fabrizio Pregliasco and Silvana Castaldi

Vaccines 2026, 14(4), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14040362 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major concern in public health, given its role as a persistent sexually transmitted infection and a causative agent of non-cancerous and cancerous lesions (neoplasms). The increasing infection rates observed in recent years underscore the need [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major concern in public health, given its role as a persistent sexually transmitted infection and a causative agent of non-cancerous and cancerous lesions (neoplasms). The increasing infection rates observed in recent years underscore the need for effective public health measures to address this issue. The objective of this study is to describe the challenges and the results of conducting vaccination campaigns within a university setting and its impact on the HPV vaccination rate. Methods: A multifaceted approach was adopted, entailing the implementation of two distinct interventions. Following the promotional and educational online campaign (described elsewhere), vaccination delivery took place from November 2024 to July 2025 in the university campus and in three university hospitals in Milan. Overall and covariate-specific drop-out rate is calculated; significance is tested through a chi-square test of homogeneity between the population that completed less than three doses vs. those who completed the full cycle. Overall and vaccine-specific vaccination proportion is reported. Results: The vaccination rate for first doses reached 92% of available appointments, with a slight female majority (50.9%) and the 23–26 age as the most represented group (47%). The most represented nationality was Italian (58.4%), followed by Iranian (26.5%). Regarding the vaccination sites, the university venue recorded the highest rates in terms of both vaccines booked (56.4%) and vaccines administered (64.7%). With a net loss in follow up, consistent with WHO data, the three-dose HPV vaccination campaign was completed by 82.5% of participants. A chi-squared test of homogeneity revealed significant differences in age distribution between vaccination groups, χ² (3) = 347.78, p < 0.001, Cramér’s V = 0.457. Participants who received only one dose were predominantly younger (17–22 years: 71.1% vs. 19.0%, difference = 52.1 percentage points, 95% CI [46.6, 57.7]). Meanwhile, a catch-up strategy raised interest on other crucial vaccinations. Conclusions: The findings pertaining to the vaccination rate underscore the heightened awareness among young adults concerning the HPV vaccine. They further substantiate the efficacy of the integrated strategy encompassing advisory and educational site-based campaigns as an initial measure to attain the WHO-endorsed vaccination rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Papillomavirus Vaccines)

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19 pages, 516 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breaking Bad News: The Perspective and Experience of Women with Gynecological Cancer (Results of the NOGGO-Expression XX Survey)

by Ela Igde, Gülten Oskay-Özcelik, Jekaterina Vasiljeva, Murat Karaman, Susanne Fechner, Adak Pirmorady Sehouli and Jalid Sehouli

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(4), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33040229 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Effective communication improves patient satisfaction and reduces stress for both patients and physicians. Surveys consistently highlight the importance of strong communication skills among physicians, especially in oncologic settings. Yet, communication training is neither ubiquitous nor standardized in medical studies or residency, and [...] Read more.

Background: Effective communication improves patient satisfaction and reduces stress for both patients and physicians. Surveys consistently highlight the importance of strong communication skills among physicians, especially in oncologic settings. Yet, communication training is neither ubiquitous nor standardized in medical studies or residency, and physicians report that this task represents a burden for them. Given the limited data addressing the observations and expectations of patients with gynecologic malignancies when receiving bad news, this survey aimed to assess their perspective on this topic. Methods: We examined throughout an anonymous questionnaire how patients with gynecological and breast cancer experienced the delivery of bad news. Data were collected in Germany from July 2024 to September 2025. The questionnaire was available online and in paper form in four languages (German, English, Turkish, Arabic), with the purpose of recording culture-specific data. Results: A total of 249 patients completed the survey. Regarding the overall need for improvement in delivering bad news, 222 women (94.5%) declared that improvement was necessary, with 92 (39.1%) of them indicating that substantial improvement was required. While 67.9% of patients were content with the physician’s professional competence, 30.5% stated a lack of empathy, and 32.9% stated insufficient time for conversation. When comparing satisfied and dissatisfied patients, significant differences were observed across several aspects, such as consultation length, nonverbal communication, calmness of the setting, stress level after the conversation, and the offer to bring a trusted person or arrange a follow-up conversation. Conclusions: This patient survey highlights a persistent gap between patients’ expectations and physicians’ performance when it comes to delivering bad news. The findings underline the urgent need for the implementation of systematic training programs and structured communication protocols in gynecologic oncology. Full article

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17 pages, 2443 KB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge-Based XGBoost Model for Predicting Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in Aluminum Alloys

by Peng Wang, Xin Chen and Yongzhen Zhang

Crystals 2026, 16(4), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16040273 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Accurate prediction of corrosion-fatigue crack growth rate in aluminum alloys is critical for the safety assessment of aerospace structures. Conventional empirical fracture-mechanic models often struggle to capture multiphysics coupling effects, whereas purely data-driven machine-learning models may lack physical interpretability and generalize poorly beyond [...] Read more.

Accurate prediction of corrosion-fatigue crack growth rate in aluminum alloys is critical for the safety assessment of aerospace structures. Conventional empirical fracture-mechanic models often struggle to capture multiphysics coupling effects, whereas purely data-driven machine-learning models may lack physical interpretability and generalize poorly beyond the training distribution. To address this challenge, this study proposes a physics-guided knowledge-based XGBoost (KBXGB) model. Based on a comprehensive dataset comprising 2786 experimental records, Permutation Feature Importance was utilized to identify 11 key features, including the stress intensity factor range, stress ratio, frequency, and environmental parameters. The KBXGB framework learns the residual between physics-based empirical models (e.g., the Paris and Walker laws) and measured experimental data, recasting the complex nonlinear mapping into a correction of the systematic deviations of the physical models, thereby achieving deep integration of domain knowledge and data-driven learning. Test results demonstrate that the KBXGB model achieves a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9545 and a reduced Mean Relative Error (MRE) of 1.61% on the test set, outperforming standard XGBoost and traditional regression models. Crucially, in independent extrapolation validation, the standard XGBoost model failed (R² = 0.2858) with non-physical staircase artifacts, whereas the KBXGB model maintained high predictive fidelity (R² = 0.8646) and successfully reproduced physical crack growth trends. The proposed approach effectively mitigates the “black-box” limitations of machine learning in sparse data regions, offering a high-precision and physically robust tool for corrosion fatigue-life prediction under complex service conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crystalline Metals and Alloys)

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18 pages, 713 KB

Open AccessReview

Cognitive Stimulation and Activity-Dependent Myelination: Oligodendroglial Mechanisms Linking Neural Activity and Brain Plasticity

by Jordana Mariane Neyra Chauca, Maclovia Vázquez VanDyck, Ana Lilia Guerrero Oseguera, Catalina Meneses Ramírez, Alexis Didier Gutiérrez Escobar, Iván Peña Orozco and Maria Belen Ramirez Sanchez

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(8), 3603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27083603 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

The capacity of the brain to adapt to experience has long been associated with synaptic plasticity; however, recent evidence demonstrates that experience-driven neural activity also modulates white matter organization through dynamic regulation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and myelination. Activity-dependent myelination has emerged as [...] Read more.

The capacity of the brain to adapt to experience has long been associated with synaptic plasticity; however, recent evidence demonstrates that experience-driven neural activity also modulates white matter organization through dynamic regulation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells and myelination. Activity-dependent myelination has emerged as a complementary form of neuroplasticity that contributes to circuit efficiency, temporal coordination, and cognitive function. This review aims to examine the neurobiological mechanisms linking cognitive stimulation and activity-dependent neuronal signaling with oligodendroglial dynamics and adaptive myelination. A narrative review of experimental and translational studies was conducted, focusing on evidence from animal models and human research exploring neuron–oligodendroglia interactions, neurotransmitter-mediated signaling, learning paradigms, physical exercise, and neuromodulatory interventions relevant to myelination and brain plasticity. Accumulating evidence indicates that cognitive stimulation, learning, and physical activity modulate neuronal firing patterns and neurotransmitter release, influencing oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, differentiation, and myelin remodeling. Neurotransmitters such as glutamate, GABA, dopamine, and acetylcholine play key roles in neuron–oligodendroglia communication, largely through calcium-dependent intracellular signaling pathways. These mechanisms have been associated with experience-dependent circuit refinement across motor, cognitive, and stress-related paradigms. Rather than implying direct clinical effects, this review highlights oligodendroglial plasticity as a biologically plausible substrate through which cognitive and behavioral experiences may influence adaptive myelination and white matter integrity. Understanding these mechanisms provides a conceptual framework for future research exploring non-pharmacological approaches to modulate brain plasticity at the level of myelin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)

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15 pages, 4408 KB

Open AccessArticle

Immunohistochemical Expression of Integrin α_vβ₆ in Surgically Resected Pulmonary Inflammatory Lesions Mimicking Malignancy on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT: Implications for the Specificity of ⁶⁸Ga-Trivehexin PET/CT

by Muin Tuffaha, Amro Tuffaha, Wael Hananeh, Mohammad Khalifeh, Jenny Sonke and Michael Starke

Biomolecules 2026, 16(4), 602; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16040602 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT is widely used for the evaluation of pulmonary lesions but lacks specificity, as increased FDG uptake is frequently observed in inflammatory and reparative processes. This limitation may lead to false-positive interpretations and unnecessary surgical resections. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT is widely used for the evaluation of pulmonary lesions but lacks specificity, as increased FDG uptake is frequently observed in inflammatory and reparative processes. This limitation may lead to false-positive interpretations and unnecessary surgical resections. This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of integrin α_vβ₆ in 18 surgically resected pulmonary lesions that were falsely classified as malignant on FDG PET/CT, in order to find out if ⁶⁸Ga-Trivehexin PET/CT could have superior preoperative diagnostic specificity. Histopathological examination classified all lesions as non-neoplastic inflammatory processes of varying etiologies. Integrin α_vβ₆ expression was detected in all immunohistochemically examined tissue specimens (18/18 cases (100%)), with moderate membranous overexpression in 2/18 cases (11.11%) and strong membranous overexpression in 16/18 cases (88.89%) observed in the alveolar and bronchial epithelium of inflammatory lung lesions. Our findings indicate that integrin α_vβ₆ is upregulated not only in neoplastic lung tissue but also in inflammatory lesions, suggesting that integrin α_vβ₆ may have limited specificity for distinguishing primary neoplastic from inflammatory pulmonary lesions when used alone. Its interpretation requires integration with other clinical imaging modalities and histopathological data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)

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11 pages, 480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Body Mass Index Lacks Predictive Influence on Perioperative, Short-Term Follow-Up, and Patient-Reported Outcomes from Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate

by Jack T. Peterson, Jenny N. Guo, Amir Patel, Nabila Khondakar, Perry Xu and Amy E. Krambeck

J. Pers. Med. 2026, 16(4), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm16040225 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity has been associated with the development and severity of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), yet its influence on outcomes following definitive surgical management, like holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), remains unclear. Furthermore, gradation of body mass index (BMI) severity [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity has been associated with the development and severity of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), yet its influence on outcomes following definitive surgical management, like holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP), remains unclear. Furthermore, gradation of body mass index (BMI) severity has yet to discern personalized outcome stratification. We evaluated BMI’s influence on perioperative, immediate, short-term follow-up, and patient-reported outcomes for HoLEP patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing HoLEP for BPH at a single institution between January 2021 and August 2025. Outcomes included operative characteristics, post-operative complications, and validated symptom score changes. Analyses treated BMI as both a continuous and categorical variable. Multivariable linear and logistic regression models adjusted for common colinear confounders. Results: Among 1445 patients, BMI was not associated with most immediate, three-month, or patient-reported outcomes. Surgical complications were low across all BMI categories, and post-operative reported outcomes indicating high success rate for HoLEP. Higher BMI correlated with a modest increase in enucleation time (β = 0.197; p = 0.0132), increased odds of dysuria (OR = 1.084; p < 0.001), and change in American Urological Association Symptom Score (β = 0.211; p = 0.0334). All other operative metrics, complication rates, continence outcomes, and symptom scores (17 other total) were independent of BMI. Conclusions: After adjustment for relevant confounders, BMI does not meaningfully predict surgical safety, functional recovery, or patient-reported benefit following HoLEP. BMI alone should not influence candidacy or risk stratification for HoLEP in patients with BPH, instead favoring personalized, risk-stratified approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Urologic Surgery: Innovation and Strategies)

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20 pages, 5525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parishin B Attenuates PTZ-Induced Seizures in Zebrafish and Is Associated with Neurotransmitter Balance and ACLY-Related Metabolic Pathways

by Meng Sun, Haida Liu, Zhiying Hou, Qiong Wang and Wu Zhong

Metabolites 2026, 16(4), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo16040275 (registering DOI) - 18 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, complex neurochemical, and metabolic disturbances. Parishin B, a major bioactive component of Gastrodia elata, has shown neuroprotective potential, but its systemic mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: A pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure model in zebrafish [...] Read more.

Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, complex neurochemical, and metabolic disturbances. Parishin B, a major bioactive component of Gastrodia elata, has shown neuroprotective potential, but its systemic mechanisms remain unclear. Methods: A pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure model in zebrafish larvae was developed and used to evaluate the anti-seizure effects of Parishin B. Behavioral analysis, ELISA-based biochemical assays, integrated untargeted metabolomics with DIA-based proteomics, and qPCR were performed to decipher underlying molecular mechanisms. Results: Parishin B (0.0625–0.25 mg/mL) significantly alleviated PTZ-induced hyperactivity without developmental toxicity. Parishin B restored neurotransmitter balance by increasing GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels while reducing 5-HT. In addition, it suppressed neuroinflammation and enhanced antioxidant capacity. Integrated multi-omics analysis revealed that Parishin B modulated key metabolic pathways, particularly the TCA cycle and lipid metabolism, and reversed the downregulation of ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY). Parishin B was also associated with the regulation of ferroptosis-related pathways, supported by changes in acsl4a and fth1a expression. qPCR results further confirmed the regulation of aclya, unc13c, and GABAergic signaling genes. Conclusions: Parishin B exerts anti-seizure effects through coordinated regulation of neurotransmitter homeostasis, neuroinflammation, and ACLY-associated energy–lipid metabolism, with potential involvement in ferroptosis-related processes. These findings provide molecular insights supporting Parishin B as a promising candidate for epilepsy therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology and Drug Metabolism)

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49 pages, 1098 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Probiotic Interventions for Necrotizing Enterocolitis and Sepsis in Preterm Infants

by Angel Yun-Kuan Thye, Hui Xuan Lim, Yatinesh Kumari, Loh Teng-Hern Tan, Vengadesh Letchumanan, Priyia Pusparajah, Kok-Gan Chan, Learn-Han Lee and Jodi Woan-Fei Law

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(8), 3602; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27083602 (registering DOI) - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis/late-onset sepsis (LOS) are significant contributors to preterm infant morbidity and mortality, with prematurity and low birth weight representing major risk factors for these interconnected conditions. Although the pathogenesis of NEC and LOS is not fully understood, there is [...] Read more.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and sepsis/late-onset sepsis (LOS) are significant contributors to preterm infant morbidity and mortality, with prematurity and low birth weight representing major risk factors for these interconnected conditions. Although the pathogenesis of NEC and LOS is not fully understood, there is a clear association with an immature intestinal mucosal barrier, which may enable bacterial invasion and translocation, resulting in an inflammatory cascade. Increasing recognition of the gut microbiome as a marker for health and disease has driven interest in probiotics, particularly Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., as potential adjunctive agents for the prevention and management of NEC and LOS in preterm infants, which is the area of focus of this review. The focus of this paper was to analyze clinical studies using different probiotic strains, and compare single-strain versus multi-strain probiotic formulations. Several studies support that probiotic supplementation in preterm infants has the potential to decrease NEC incidence and, to a lesser extent, sepsis/LOS. Nonetheless, inconsistent results due to strain differences and clinical heterogeneity limit the widespread adoption of this mode of therapy, as do safety concerns in this vulnerable population. Further high-quality standardized studies are necessary to establish consistent guidelines for probiotic use in preterm infants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota and Nutrition in Human Health (2nd Edition))

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25 pages, 2910 KB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Aging on Determinants of Endurance Performance in Women Masters Athletes: A Scoping Review

by Danica Vangsgaard, Misa Noumi, K. Alix Hayden and Patricia K. Doyle-Baker

Healthcare 2026, 14(8), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14081080 (registering DOI) - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Masters athletes are adults aged ≥40 who compete in sport, exhibiting superior physical function and healthier aging than their sedentary peers. However, even highly trained masters athletes experience age-related performance declines. Women masters athletes represent a growing yet understudied population who may [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Masters athletes are adults aged ≥40 who compete in sport, exhibiting superior physical function and healthier aging than their sedentary peers. However, even highly trained masters athletes experience age-related performance declines. Women masters athletes represent a growing yet understudied population who may face unique physiological challenges. This scoping review synthesizes literature from 1984 to 2024, examining the impact of age and menopause on determinants of endurance performance in women masters athletes. Methods: Following JBI scoping review methodology, six databases were searched (Medline, Embase, Central, CINAHL, SPORTdiscus, Scopus). Studies were evaluated for population characteristics, methodological approaches, and physiological determinants of performance (i.e., aerobic capacity, lactate kinetics, and exercise economy). Results: Twenty-nine studies were included. Most (n = 28) assessed aerobic capacity, reporting declines between 0.36 and 0.84 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹·year⁻¹ (0.5–2.4%·year⁻¹). These reductions were primarily associated with decreased cardiac output followed by changes in body composition. Training volume emerged as a predictor of aerobic capacity, but the effects of menopause were unclear. Findings on lactate kinetics and exercise economy were mixed but preliminary research indicated that lactate threshold relative to VO₂max generally increased, peak lactate remained stable and energy cost increased with age. Fitness and health characteristics among women athletes differed from sedentary populations, emphasizing the need for athlete-specific data to support training and health decisions. Conclusions: Aging is associated with decreased aerobic capacity and variable changes in lactate kinetics and exercise economy. While training volume may attenuate performance decrements, the impact of menopause remains uncertain, underscoring the need for longitudinal research to better support this growing segment of the population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits of Exercise on Reproductive Health)

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48 pages, 24014 KB

Open AccessReview

Red/NIR-Emissive, Cadmium-Free Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Luminescence Mechanisms, and Applications

by Yuna Son, Young Jun Kim, Dong Geun Han, Taesik Eom, Daeyoung Kim, Nahyeon Kim and Minsu Park

Sensors 2026, 26(8), 2473; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082473 (registering DOI) - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Red- and near-infrared (NIR)-emissive quantum dots (QDs) hold great promise in optoelectronic devices, sensors, and biomedicine owing to their advantages of low optical scattering, deep-tissue penetration, and compatibility with advanced photonic technologies. However, the toxicity of conventional cadmium (Cd)- and lead (Pb)-based QDs [...] Read more.

Red- and near-infrared (NIR)-emissive quantum dots (QDs) hold great promise in optoelectronic devices, sensors, and biomedicine owing to their advantages of low optical scattering, deep-tissue penetration, and compatibility with advanced photonic technologies. However, the toxicity of conventional cadmium (Cd)- and lead (Pb)-based QDs has led to growing demand for eco-friendly alternatives. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of sustainable classes of red/NIR-emissive QDs, including indium phosphide (InP), I-III-VI chalcogenides (CuInS₂, AgInSe, and so on), group-IV (Si, Ge, and SiGe) nanocrystals, and carbon-based QDs (graphene QDs or carbon dots). InP QDs are leading candidates for display technologies due to their high efficiencies and narrow bandwidths in emission properties, enabled by advanced core/shell engineering. In contrast, I-III-VI chalcogenides, group-IV, and carbon-based QDs offer advantages for biocompatible NIR bioimaging, photothermal therapy, and silicon photonics integration. We discuss synthesis strategies for achieving long-wavelength emission, the mechanisms of red/NIR photoluminescence (PL), and representative applications in displays, sensors, and bioimaging. Finally, we outline the remaining challenges, such as large-scale manufacturing and long-term stability, which should be addressed for commercial and clinical viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sensing Technology: From Photon, Electron to Signal Processing)

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14 pages, 3206 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization and Mutagenesis Studies of a Microbial-like Diterpene Synthase from Huperzia serrata

by Ting He, Yao Zhao, Xin Li, Bao Chen, Fangyan Chen and Baofu Xu

Molecules 2026, 31(8), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31081329 (registering DOI) - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Over the past decade, an increasing number of functional microbial-like terpene synthases (MTPSLs) have been reported in non-seed plants. However, whether the traditional Chinese medicinal plant H. serrata harbors such enzymes and their corresponding functions remains unexplored. In this study, we mined the [...] Read more.

Over the past decade, an increasing number of functional microbial-like terpene synthases (MTPSLs) have been reported in non-seed plants. However, whether the traditional Chinese medicinal plant H. serrata harbors such enzymes and their corresponding functions remains unexplored. In this study, we mined the transcriptome of H. serrata and identified a microbial-like terpene synthase, HsMTPSL1, which produces multiple diterpene products. Following isolation and structural elucidation, seven distinct compounds were obtained, representing three skeletal types: spatane, prenylkelsoene-type, and biflorane. Among these, compound 7 is a novel biflorane diterpene. Structural analysis and subsequent mutagenesis revealed critical residues governing the formation of distinct skeletons, uncovering the multifunctional nature of this enzyme. Notably, the S224A mutation significantly enhanced the production of spatane diterpene compound 1 by 11.6-fold, demonstrating the potential for protein engineering to improve the yield of this bioactive marine-specific diterpene. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that HsMTPSL1 is highly expressed in sporangia, and co-expression analysis with cytochrome P450s identified the CYP781 subfamily as candidates potentially involved in the downstream modification of these skeletons. Collectively, we report the first MTPSL from H. serrata and characterize it as a multifunctional diterpene synthase. Through structure-guided mutagenesis, we uncovered the molecular basis of its functional versatility, with the S224A mutation providing a powerful tool for enhancing the yields of all three diterpene skeletons, thereby laying a foundation for future protein engineering and synthetic biology applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Biology)

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34 pages, 7099 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Prior Lithium Extraction from Spent Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials via Pyrometallurgical Roasting

by Zhanyong Guo, Xiangrui Ren, Zihan Zhang, Zhen Feng and Fachuang Li

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 4026; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18084026 (registering DOI) - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

The extensive application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and related applications has significantly enhanced the quality of spent LIBs. As a critical component of LIBs, cathode materials contain substantial amounts of valuable metals (e.g., lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese), [...] Read more.

The extensive application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electronic devices, electric vehicles, and related applications has significantly enhanced the quality of spent LIBs. As a critical component of LIBs, cathode materials contain substantial amounts of valuable metals (e.g., lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese), and their efficient recovery offers significant environmental and economic advantages. Owing to its simple operating conditions, effective impurity removal, and high reaction efficiency, pyrometallurgical roasting has become an important approach for recycling spent LIB cathode materials. This review focuses on pyrometallurgical roasting technologies for prior lithium extraction from spent LIB cathodes. By examining the structural characteristics of different cathode materials and their property variations during recycling, the fundamental principles and characteristics of pyrometallurgical roasting are clarified. The applications of roasting-based prior lithium extraction in LIB recycling are systematically reviewed, covering conventional processes, emerging high-efficiency roasting routes, and other advanced strategies for prior lithium extraction. Finally, the development trends of pyrometallurgical roasting technologies for spent LIB cathode materials are discussed, with the objectives of supporting technological advancement in LIB recycling and facilitating the establishment of a more sustainable development framework for the battery industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Resource Utilization and Management of Electronic Waste: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions)

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24 pages, 2800 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Epidemiology of ESBL and Non-ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli Across One Health Interfaces in Oman

by Hibatallah Sultan Al-Habsi, Zaaima Al Jabri, Amina Al-Jardani, Amira ElBaradei, Hafidha Al-Hattali, Faiza Syed, Zakariya Al Muharrmi, Wafa Al Alawi, Hatim Ali Eltahir and Meher Rizvi

Antibiotics 2026, 15(4), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15040411 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a One Health problem driven by the intricate interactions across human, animal, and environmental interfaces that enable microbial exchange and movement of mobile genetic elements encoding resistance and virulence. This study investigated the genomic epidemiology of ESBL and [...] Read more.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is a One Health problem driven by the intricate interactions across human, animal, and environmental interfaces that enable microbial exchange and movement of mobile genetic elements encoding resistance and virulence. This study investigated the genomic epidemiology of ESBL and non-ESBL Escherichia coli across One Health interfaces in Oman. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study analyzed 295 non-duplicate Escherichia coli isolates derived from 104 clinical, 173 animal [diseased (123) and healthy (50)], 14 sewage and four water sources. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed phenotypically, and a representative subset of 50 ESBL and non-ESBL Escherichia coli from the three interfaces underwent whole genome sequencing to determine MLST, phylogroups, resistance genes, virulence determinants and plasmid replicons. Results: ESBL prevalence was highest in human isolates (73%), followed by sewage (28.6%) and animals (16.3% diseased; 8% healthy). blaCTX-M-15 predominated in humans, whereas blaCTX-M-55 dominated in animals and sewage, suggesting ecological partitioning with partial overlap. Quinolone resistance was lowest in the animal interface. Sewage isolates harbored the most complex resistome, including rmtB and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. MLST analysis revealed high diversity in human isolates, including globally recognized ExPEC lineages (ST10, ST38, ST73, ST127, ST131), while ST224 dominated in animals with evidence of possible spillover to humans. ST167 was confined to sewage, consistent with environmental maintenance of high-risk clones. Phylogroup structuring showed predominance of A, B2 and D among human isolates and A, B1, and E among animal and sewage isolates. Virulence profiling demonstrated broader virulome diversity in humans, but shared core determinants (fimH, sitA, traT) across all domains. IncFIB(AP001918) was the dominant plasmid replicon, particularly among ESBL isolates, underscoring its role in horizontal gene dissemination. Alarmingly, mutation in pmrB (V161G) was identified in a healthy animal isolate, pointing to a need for greater colistin restriction in animal husbandry. Conclusions: This study highlights plasmid-mediated resistance and shared virulence determinants linking reservoirs; although AMR profile was quite distinct across the three interfaces, human isolates demonstrated greater resistance than animal isolates, suggesting healthcare-driven AMR in Oman. Continued integrated genomic surveillance is essential to monitor gene flow and inform coordinated antimicrobial stewardship strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR))

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21 pages, 2518 KB

Open AccessArticle

Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis JNDM Postbiotics Alleviate Atopic Dermatitis with Concurrent Changes in Gut Microbiota and Fecal SCFAs

by Zhijie Shi, Ke Li, Jiaqian Liang, Laifa Yan, Yuzhen Guo, Zhenming Lu, Xiaojuan Zhang, Hongyu Xu and Jinsong Shi

Microorganisms 2026, 14(4), 913; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14040913 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis driven by skin barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and gut–skin axis imbalance. While probiotics show promise, the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of topical postbiotics in modulating the gut–skin axis remain understudied. Here, we investigated the efficacy [...] Read more.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis driven by skin barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and gut–skin axis imbalance. While probiotics show promise, the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of topical postbiotics in modulating the gut–skin axis remain understudied. Here, we investigated the efficacy of Schleiferilactobacillus harbinensis JNDM-derived cell-free supernatant (CFS) and lysate (ShL) in a DNFB-induced AD mouse model. Topical application of both CFS and ShL significantly attenuated AD-like symptoms, reduced epidermal thickening, and restored the expression of the barrier protein filaggrin. Immunologically, treatment suppressed the Th2-dominant inflammatory cascade (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, TSLP) and reduced serum IgE and IFN-γ levels. Notably, ShL exhibited superior systemic efficacy, significantly inhibiting mast cell infiltration and reducing the spleen index. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that topical intervention remotely remodeled the gut microbiota, specifically reversing the depletion of the beneficial genus Alistipes and suppressing the compensatory increase in Odoribacter. This microbial restructuring was accompanied by distinct metabolic changes: ShL treatment resulted in an approximately 4-fold elevation in fecal butyrate concentrations compared with the model group. Correlation analysis further validated a strong positive axis linking Alistipes abundance and butyrate levels to skin barrier integrity. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that S. harbinensis postbiotics—particularly the lysate—ameliorate AD through a dual mechanism of local barrier repair and systemic metabolic modulation via the gut–skin axis, presenting a promising non-steroidal therapeutic strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Microbiology)

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26 pages, 2247 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability-Oriented Planning of Capacitor Banks for Loss Reduction and Voltage Improvement in Radial Distribution Feeders

by Edwin Albuja-Calo and Jorge Muñoz-Pilco

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 4025; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18084025 - 17 Apr 2026

Abstract

Radial distribution feeders are especially sensitive to reactive-power deficits, which increase technical losses, deteriorate voltage profiles, reduce energy efficiency, and indirectly raise the emissions associated with the energy required to supply those losses. In this context, this paper proposes a sustainability-oriented planning methodology [...] Read more.

Radial distribution feeders are especially sensitive to reactive-power deficits, which increase technical losses, deteriorate voltage profiles, reduce energy efficiency, and indirectly raise the emissions associated with the energy required to supply those losses. In this context, this paper proposes a sustainability-oriented planning methodology for the location and sizing of capacitor banks in radial distribution feeders, aimed at jointly improving technical performance, economic viability, and sustainability-related energy benefits. The problem is formulated as a discrete multi-objective model and solved through a constructive Greedy heuristic combined with backward/forward sweep load-flow evaluation, considering commercially available capacitor sizes. The methodology is validated on the IEEE 34-bus feeder, a demanding benchmark that remains less frequently used than the IEEE 33- and 69-bus systems in recent capacitor-planning studies. Seven scenarios are analyzed, from the uncompensated base case to configurations with up to six capacitor banks. The results show that all compensated scenarios improve feeder performance, reducing active losses from 25.3327 kW to a minimum of 20.1468 kW, equivalent to a maximum reduction of 20.47%, and increasing the minimum nodal voltage from 0.95528 p.u. to 0.97038 p.u. From a purely financial perspective, the one-bank scenario yields the highest net present value (USD 16,358.86), whereas the two-bank scenario emerges as the most balanced solution within the evaluated set, with annual savings of USD 5432.29 and a net present value of USD 11,497.58. Overall, the results confirm that capacitor-bank planning should be addressed as a trade-off among electrical efficiency, voltage support, profitability, and sustainability-oriented benefits. The proposed framework provides a simple, reproducible, and interpretable planning tool for radial distribution feeders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Grid and Sustainable Energy Systems)

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