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Recent Articles  

12 pages, 3863 KiB  
Article
Induction Motors Under Voltage Unbalance Combined with Voltage Subharmonics
by Piotr Gnaciński, Marcin Pepliński, Adam Muc and Damian Hallmann
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6324; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246324 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
In power systems, various power quality disturbances are present, including voltage deviation, voltage unbalance, and voltage waveform distortions. Voltage waveform distortions are usually identified with harmonics, but in some systems, subharmonics (subsynchronous interharmonics) and interharmonics may also occur—that is, components of frequency less [...] Read more.
In power systems, various power quality disturbances are present, including voltage deviation, voltage unbalance, and voltage waveform distortions. Voltage waveform distortions are usually identified with harmonics, but in some systems, subharmonics (subsynchronous interharmonics) and interharmonics may also occur—that is, components of frequency less than the fundamental frequency, or not an integer multiple of it. This study examines torque pulsations of an induction motor under voltage subharmonics combined with voltage unbalance. The motor and the driven DC generator vibrations were analysed under the power quality disturbances. Investigations were carried out using finite element and empirical methods. Experimental tests were performed for the maximal levels of the power quality disturbances specified or proposed in the relevant standards. For the investigated motor, under voltage subharmonics or voltage unbalance occurring as a single power quality disturbance, the vibration level was within the prescribed limit. However, under unbalance combined with subharmonics, the level could be accepted for only a limited time. Consequently, the permissible level of voltage subharmonics in non-generation installations should be interconnected with the voltage unbalance in the power system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Machinery and Transformers III)
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15 pages, 2220 KiB  
Article
Quantification of Minerals in Edible Mushrooms via Optimized Microwave-Assisted Digestion: Nutritional Contributions of Fe, Mg, Na, K, and Ca
by Alejandro R. López, Elena Ortega-Caneda, Estrella Espada-Bellido, Oscar R. Taracena-Zepeda, Miguel Palma and Gerardo Fernández-Barbero
Foods 2024, 13(24), 4051; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13244051 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
The intake of mushrooms provides numerous beneficial properties for the correct functioning of the human body due to their rich content in carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, vitamins, and minerals. However, most of the reports are focused on the determination of bioactive compounds and only [...] Read more.
The intake of mushrooms provides numerous beneficial properties for the correct functioning of the human body due to their rich content in carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, vitamins, and minerals. However, most of the reports are focused on the determination of bioactive compounds and only a few regarding the essential mineral content and the evaluation of the RDI. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the mineral composition of different cultivated (A. bisporus and P. ostreatus) and wild edible mushrooms (A. crocodilinus, A. arvensis, A. silvicola, A. impudicus, M. mastoidea, M. rhacodes, and P. ostreatus) collected in the south of Spain and north of Morocco. First, the optimization of a microwave-assisted digestion method was carried out using a Box–Behnken design with a response surface methodology to quantify the total content of five metals: Fe, Mg, Na, K, and Ca in mushrooms. The samples were analyzed by FAAS and ICP-OES. The percentage of the RDI of each mineral covered by the intake of mushrooms was calculated. It was observed that a high percentage of RDI levels are covered and just exceeded for Fe. Thence, due to their beneficial properties and high content of essential minerals, mushrooms would be proposed as a valuable source of nutrients to manufacture some food supplements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fortification of Food with Micronutrients: Production, Determination, Bioaccessibility and Health Benefits)
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18 pages, 3930 KiB  
Article
Treatment with Ascorbyl Glucoside–Arginine Complex Ameliorates Solar Lentigos
by Mariko Takada, Kayoko Numano, Masahiko Nakano, Akio Yamamoto and Genji Imokawa
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13453; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413453 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Little is known about the anti-pigmenting effects of skin-whitening agents on solar lentigos (SLs). To characterize the anti-pigmenting effects of a newly designed derivative ascorbyl glucoside–arginine complex (AGAC) on SLs, lotions with or without 28% AGAC were applied twice daily for 24 weeks [...] Read more.
Little is known about the anti-pigmenting effects of skin-whitening agents on solar lentigos (SLs). To characterize the anti-pigmenting effects of a newly designed derivative ascorbyl glucoside–arginine complex (AGAC) on SLs, lotions with or without 28% AGAC were applied twice daily for 24 weeks in a double-blind half-face study of 27 Japanese females with SLs. The pigmentation scores and skin colors of previously selected SLs on the right and left sides of the faces of the subjects were evaluated using a photo-scale, a color difference meter and a Mexameter. Treatment with the test lotion elicited a significant decrease in pigmentation scores at 24 weeks compared to week 0, with a significant decrease in pigmentation scores at 24 weeks compared to the placebo lotion. In the test lotion-treated SLs, the lightness (L) and melanin index (MI) values that reflect the pigmentation level significantly increased and decreased, respectively, at 12 and 24 weeks of treatment compared to week 0. Comparisons of increased L values or decreased MI values between the test and placebo lotion-treated SLs demonstrated that the test lotion-treated SLs had significantly higher increased L or decreased MI values than the placebo lotion-treated SLs both at 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. The sum of our results strongly indicates that AGAC is distinctly effective in ameliorating the hyperpigmentation levels of SLs at a level visibly recognizable by the subjects, without any hypo-pigmenting effects or skin problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics)
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17 pages, 9097 KiB  
Article
Macro–Micro Failure Characteristics of Soft–Hard Composite Rock with Unparallel Joints: Analysis Based on DIC and AE Technique
by Xinglong Feng, Su Li, Chaoyi Yang, Zhengrong Li, Hang Lin and Zeyue Wang
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(24), 11706; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411706 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Jointed composite rock masses are ubiquitous, where the interplay between fractures and bedding planes significantly complicates their failure mechanisms. This study conducted uniaxial compression tests on a composite rock material featuring soft and hard components with unparallel double joints. Leveraging the digital image [...] Read more.
Jointed composite rock masses are ubiquitous, where the interplay between fractures and bedding planes significantly complicates their failure mechanisms. This study conducted uniaxial compression tests on a composite rock material featuring soft and hard components with unparallel double joints. Leveraging the digital image correlation (DIC) method and acoustic emission (AE) technology, the investigation analyzed the influence of joint angles on the mechanical properties, failure modes, and crack propagation behaviors. The results indicate that the peak strength exhibits an ascending–descending–ascending trend with the variation of upper joint angle, peaking at 90°. The failure modes can be systematically categorized into three types. The failure of the specimen is predominantly influenced by the upper joint. However, when the lower joint angle is relatively flat, it becomes more prone to contributing to the failure of the specimen. The lower joint-dominated failure mode only occurs when the upper joint angle is 90°. As the lower joint angle remains at 90°, an augmentation in the upper joint angle initially leads to a decrease and subsequently to an increase in the proportion of shear cracks. In contrast, when the lower joint angle deviates from 90°, the increase of the upper joint angle initially boosts and then diminishes the proportion of shear cracks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Civil Engineering)
10 pages, 753 KiB  
Article
Ratio of l-(+)- and d-(−)-Lactic Acids Produced by Enterococcus faecalis Changes Depending on the Culture pH
by Kanako Matsunaga and Yasuhiko Komatsu
Microbiol. Res. 2024, 15(4), 2703-2712; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15040179 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) has been associated with the specific production of l-(+)-lactic acid. However, in this study, d-(−)-lactic acid production by E. faecalis was observed under specific pH conditions. E. faecalis PR31 exhibited a significant amount of d [...] Read more.
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) has been associated with the specific production of l-(+)-lactic acid. However, in this study, d-(−)-lactic acid production by E. faecalis was observed under specific pH conditions. E. faecalis PR31 exhibited a significant amount of d-(−)-lactic acid under a stirring culture in MRS broth at pH 4.5, 5.8, and 6.0, and the contents of d-(−)-lactic acid were 45.1, 35.9, and 36.2%, respectively. When the cell suspension prepared at a pH of 6.0 was reacted with l-(+)- or d-(−)-lactic acid, d-(−)- or l-(+)-lactic acid was produced, respectively, in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Therefore, this phenomenon of d-(−)-lactic acid production in PR31 was suggested to be due to the activation of the larA gene encoding lactate racemase that is present in PR31. However, even in the E. faecalis-type strain NBRC 100480, which contains neither larA nor vanH, encoding d-(−)-lactate dehydrogenase VanH, d-(−)-lactic acid was also produced at specific pH values. Therefore, the production of d-(−)-lactic acid in NBRC 100480 was thought to occur not via the activation of larA. The biological significance of d-(−)-lactic acid production in E. faecalis depending on the pH and the detailed underlying mechanism, including whether it is the same in PR31 and NBRC 100480, remain to be elucidated in future studies. Full article
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24 pages, 4616 KiB  
Article
Estimating a 3D Human Skeleton from a Single RGB Image by Fusing Predicted Depths from Multiple Virtual Viewpoints
by Wen-Nung Lie and Veasna Vann
Sensors 2024, 24(24), 8017; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248017 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
In computer vision, accurately estimating a 3D human skeleton from a single RGB image remains a challenging task. Inspired by the advantages of multi-view approaches, we propose a method of predicting enhanced 2D skeletons (specifically, predicting the joints’ relative depths) from multiple virtual [...] Read more.
In computer vision, accurately estimating a 3D human skeleton from a single RGB image remains a challenging task. Inspired by the advantages of multi-view approaches, we propose a method of predicting enhanced 2D skeletons (specifically, predicting the joints’ relative depths) from multiple virtual viewpoints based on a single real-view image. By fusing these virtual-viewpoint skeletons, we can then estimate the final 3D human skeleton more accurately. Our network consists of two stages. The first stage is composed of a two-stream network: the Real-Net stream predicts 2D image coordinates and the relative depth for each joint from the real viewpoint, while the Virtual-Net stream estimates the relative depths in virtual viewpoints for the same joints. Our network’s second stage consists of a depth-denoising module, a cropped-to-original coordinate transform (COCT) module, and a fusion module. The goal of the fusion module is to fuse skeleton information from the real and virtual viewpoints so that it can undergo feature embedding, 2D-to-3D lifting, and regression to an accurate 3D skeleton. The experimental results demonstrate that our single-view method can achieve a performance of 45.7 mm on average per-joint position error, which is superior to that achieved in several other prior studies of the same kind and is comparable to that of other sequence-based methods that accept tens of consecutive frames as the input. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning Applications for Pose Estimation and Human Action Recognition)
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18 pages, 8281 KiB  
Article
Structural Design and Simulation of Multi-Detector Same-Platform Laser Gyro Reflector Substrate Defect Detection Prototype
by Jun Wang, Zhenyang Li, Maoxin Song, Zhilong Xu, Huan Luo, Mingchun Ling, Hengwei Qin, Wuhao Liu, Zhenhai Liu and Jin Hong
Micromachines 2024, 15(12), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15121498 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Defect detection and classification in super-high reflector mirrors and their substrates are crucial for manufacturing laser gyroscope systems. This paper presents a prototype designed to meet the requirements for the reflection and transmission of laser gyroscope mirror substrates. The prototype featured two measurement [...] Read more.
Defect detection and classification in super-high reflector mirrors and their substrates are crucial for manufacturing laser gyroscope systems. This paper presents a prototype designed to meet the requirements for the reflection and transmission of laser gyroscope mirror substrates. The prototype featured two measurement channels (bright field and dark field) and could detect defects on patterned and unpatterned surfaces. Key components were simulated using Ansys software, (Ansys Workbench 2022 R1)which showed a maximum static deformation of 4.65 μm, a resonant frequency of at least around 230 Hz, and a maximum stress of 9.86 MPa under transportation conditions (GJB150.16A-2009). These results confirm the prototype’s stability for optical performance testing and structural design. The experimental testing on laser gyroscope reflector substrates and USAF 1951 plates demonstrated that the prototype effectively detected defects on reflection and transmission surfaces, with a detection resolution that exceeded 170 nm, which met the design requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lab on Chips and Optical Detection Methods)
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8 pages, 5765 KiB  
Case Report
Comminuted Paraspinal Rib Fractures with Resultant Impending Penetrating Aortic Injury Requiring Costovertebral Rib Fixation: A Case Report
by Soon-Ki Min, Tae-Seok Jeong and Yang-Bin Jeon
Medicina 2024, 60(12), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60122063 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Rib fractures are common in patients with trauma, and patients with multiple rib fractures often require surgical stabilization. Because rib fractures may occur at different sites along the ribs, the technical approach to surgical stabilization varies. Here, we present [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Rib fractures are common in patients with trauma, and patients with multiple rib fractures often require surgical stabilization. Because rib fractures may occur at different sites along the ribs, the technical approach to surgical stabilization varies. Here, we present a case of posterior rib fractures with multiple paraspinal fragmented rib segments that were successfully treated with costovertebral plate fixation. Case Presentation: A truck driver was injured after falling from the top of a truck. Computed tomography scans of the chest showed multiple flail segments along the paraspinal and posterolateral regions with a clinically evident flail chest. Owing to the proximity of the flail segments to the thoracic spine, rib plating was performed across the ribs and the transverse processes of the thoracic spine with the assistance of a neurosurgeon. The patient was extubated on postoperative day 1 and discharged successfully after the other traumatic injuries were treated. Discussion: Far posterior rib fractures close to the spine may be challenging, particularly if plates for rib fractures cannot be placed on the ribs alone. For such challenges, costotransverse plating is a feasible surgical option. However, the anatomical orientation of the rib and the transverse process of the thoracic spine are different, which complicates surgical planning and maneuvers. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the costotransverse anatomy is critical for successful surgical stabilization of fractured ribs. Conclusions: This is a good example of a challenging case of rib fractures requiring paraspinal plate stabilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Surgery)
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17 pages, 4507 KiB  
Article
The Relationship Between Soil and Gut Microbiota Influences the Adaptive Strategies of Goitered Gazelles in the Qaidam Basin
by Yiran Wang, Bin Li, Bo Xu and Wen Qin
Animals 2024, 14(24), 3621; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14243621 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
The gut microbiota is integral to the health and adaptability of wild herbivores. Interactions with soil microbiota can shape the composition and function of the gut microbiota, thereby influencing the hosts’ adaptive strategies. As a result, soil microbiota plays a pivotal role in [...] Read more.
The gut microbiota is integral to the health and adaptability of wild herbivores. Interactions with soil microbiota can shape the composition and function of the gut microbiota, thereby influencing the hosts’ adaptive strategies. As a result, soil microbiota plays a pivotal role in enabling wild herbivores to thrive in extreme environments. However, the influence of soil microbiota from distinct regions on host’s gut microbiota has often been overlooked. We conducted the first comprehensive analysis of the composition and diversity of gut and soil microbiota in goitered gazelles across six regions in the Qaidam Basin, utilizing source tracking and ecological assembly process analyses. Significant differences were observed in the composition and diversity of soil and gut microbiota among the six groups. Source tracking analysis revealed that soil microbiota in the GangciGC (GC) group contributed the highest proportion to fecal microbiota (8.94%), while the Huaitoutala (HTTL) group contributed the lowest proportion (1.80%). The GC group also exhibited the lowest α-diversity in gut microbiota. The observed differences in gut microbial composition and diversity among goitered gazelles from six regions in the Qaidam Basin were closely tied to their adaptive strategies. Ecological assembly process analysis indicated that the gut microbiota were primarily influenced by stochastic processes, whereas deterministic processes dominated most soil microbial groups. Both the differences and commonalities in gut and soil microbiota play essential roles in enabling these gazelles to adapt to diverse environments. Notably, the utilization pattern of soil microbiota by gut microbiota did not align with regional trends in gut microbial α-diversity. This discrepancy may be attributed to variations in environmental pressures and the gut’s filtering capacity, allowing gazelles to selectively acquire microbiota from soil to maintain homeostasis. This study highlights the significant regional variation in gut and soil microbiota diversity among goitered gazelle populations in the Qaidam Basin and underscores the critical role of soil-derived microbiota in their environmental adaptation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)
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21 pages, 6847 KiB  
Article
Efficient Locomotion for Space Robots Inspired by the Flying Snake
by Zhiyuan Yang, Sikai Zhao, Nanlin Zhou, Jian Qi, Ning Zhao, Jizhuang Fan, Jie Zhao and Yanhe Zhu
Aerospace 2024, 11(12), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace11121025 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Robots are becoming an integral part of space facilities construction and maintenance, and may need to move to and from different work locations. Robotic arms that are widely employed, which are mounted on fixed bases, have difficulty coping with increasingly complex missions. The [...] Read more.
Robots are becoming an integral part of space facilities construction and maintenance, and may need to move to and from different work locations. Robotic arms that are widely employed, which are mounted on fixed bases, have difficulty coping with increasingly complex missions. The challenge discussed in this paper is the problem of the efficient locomotion of robotic systems. Inspired by the gliding motion of a flying snake launched from a tree and combined with the weightlessness of the space environment, we design similar motions for the robot, including the following three steps. First, the robot folds its body like a snake and initiates flight by accelerating the global center of mass (CM), focusing on the movement direction and generating suitable momentum. Then, during the flight (free-floating) phase, the joint motions are planned using a nonlinear optimization technique, considering the nonholonomic constraints introduced by the momentum conservation and the system states at the initial and final states of the floating. Meanwhile, the difficulties caused by long-distance flights are addressed to reduce the motion computational cost and energy consumption by introducing the phase plane analysis method. Finally, the landing motion is designed to avoid rigid collisions and rollover on the radial plane. The numerical simulations illustrate that the three phases of maneuvers are smooth and continuous, which can help the space robots efficiently traverse the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)
21 pages, 13076 KiB  
Article
A Framework for High-Spatiotemporal-Resolution Soil Moisture Retrieval in China Using Multi-Source Remote Sensing Data
by Zhuangzhuang Feng, Xingming Zheng, Xiaofeng Li, Chunmei Wang, Jinfeng Song, Lei Li, Tianhao Guo and Jia Zheng
Land 2024, 13(12), 2189; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122189 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
High-spatiotemporal-resolution and accurate soil moisture (SM) data are crucial for investigating climate, hydrology, and agriculture. Existing SM products do not yet meet the demands for high spatiotemporal resolution. The objective is to develop and evaluate a retrieval framework to derive SM estimates with [...] Read more.
High-spatiotemporal-resolution and accurate soil moisture (SM) data are crucial for investigating climate, hydrology, and agriculture. Existing SM products do not yet meet the demands for high spatiotemporal resolution. The objective is to develop and evaluate a retrieval framework to derive SM estimates with high spatial (100 m) and temporal (<3 days) resolution that can be used on a national scale in China. Therefore, this study integrates multi-source data, including optical remote sensing (RS) data from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8/9, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from Sentinel-1, and auxiliary data. Four machine learning and deep learning algorithms are applied, including Random Forest Regression (RFR), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and Ensemble Learning (EL). The integrated framework (IF) considers three feature scenarios (SC1: optical RS + auxiliary data, SC2: SAR + auxiliary data, SC3: optical RS + SAR + auxiliary data), encompassing a total of 33 features. The results are as follows: (1) The correlation coefficients (r) between auxiliary data (such as sand fraction, r = −0.48; silt fraction, r = 0.47; and evapotranspiration, r = −0.42), SAR features (such as the backscatter coefficients for VV-pol (σvv0), r = 0.47), and optical RS features (such as Shortwave Infrared Band 2 (SWIR2) reflectance data from Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8/9, r = −0.39) with observed SM are significant. This indicates that multi-source data can provide complementary information for SM monitoring. (2) Compared to XGBoost and LSTM, RFR and EL demonstrate superior overall performance and are the preferred models for SM prediction. Their R2 for the training and test sets exceed 0.969 and 0.743, respectively, and their ubRMSE are below 0.022 and 0.063 m3/m3, respectively. (3) The SM prediction accuracy is highest for the scenario of optical + SAR + auxiliary data, followed by SAR + auxiliary data, and finally optical + auxiliary data. (4) With an increasing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and SM values, the trained models exhibit a general decrease in prediction performance and accuracy. (5) In 2021 and 2022, without considering cloud cover, the IF theoretically achieved an SM revisit time of 1–3 days across 95.01% and 96.53% of China’s area, respectively. However, SC1 was able to achieve a revisit time of 1–3 days over 60.73% of China’s area in 2021 and 69.36% in 2022, while the area covered by SC2 and SC3 at this revisit time accounted for less than 1% of China’s total area. This study validates the effectiveness of combining multi-source RS data with auxiliary data in large-scale SM monitoring and provides new methods for improving SM retrieval accuracy and spatiotemporal coverage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)
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11 pages, 503 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Role of Transarterial Embolization Plus Radiotherapy Compared to Radiotherapy or Transarterial Embolization Alone in the Management of Painful Bone Metastases: Results of a Systematic Review
by Antonio Vizzuso, Matteo Renzulli, Valentina Lancellotta, Alessandro Posa, Patrizia Cornacchione, Bruno Fionda, Ciro Mazzarella, Davide De Leoni, Luca Tagliaferri, Emanuela Giampalma and Roberto Iezzi
Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4183; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244183 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
This study systematically reviews the efficacy and safety of combining transarterial embolization (TAE) with radiotherapy (RT) for managing bone metastases (BM), assessing clinical response (CR), and local control (LC). A literature search using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline Plus, and the Cochrane [...] Read more.
This study systematically reviews the efficacy and safety of combining transarterial embolization (TAE) with radiotherapy (RT) for managing bone metastases (BM), assessing clinical response (CR), and local control (LC). A literature search using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline Plus, and the Cochrane Library identified three relevant studies with 74 patients and 103 BM. One study included local chemotherapy infusion with TAE. All studies reported CR rates, though one used skeletal-related events as a surrogate, while only one study provided LC rates. Adverse events were noted across all studies. A quantitative analysis of CR rates showed a relative risk (RR) of 0.15 (confidence interval (CI): 0.03–0.69) favoring TAE plus RT over RT alone, while no significant differences were observed between TAE plus RT and TAE alone (RR: 0.91; CI: 0.51–1.63). The combined TAE and RT approach demonstrated effectiveness in local tumor control and produced faster, longer-lasting pain relief than RT alone, although TAE was associated with a mild, transient increase in side effects. While TAE plus RT shows potential benefit and acceptable toxicity, the current evidence is of low quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches and Advances in Interventional Oncology)
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16 pages, 2554 KiB  
Article
Revealing the Adverse Potential of Six SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals by Aliivibrio fischeri Assay: Toxicity Analysis of Single Agent Solutions and Binary Mixtures
by Viktorija Martinjak, Martina Miloloža, Marinko Markić, Lidija Furač, Matija Cvetnić, Tomislav Bolanča, Dajana Kučić Grgić and Šime Ukić
Water 2024, 16(24), 3607; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16243607 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the development of new antiviral agents specifically intended for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but has also increased the use of some already known antiviral agents originally intended for other viruses. Although the pandemic has ended, the SARS-CoV-2 virus is [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the development of new antiviral agents specifically intended for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, but has also increased the use of some already known antiviral agents originally intended for other viruses. Although the pandemic has ended, the SARS-CoV-2 virus is expected to be present in the human population forever, as is the case with the influenza virus, for example. Such a scenario guarantees the continued use of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals and, accordingly, their continued release into the environment. Unfortunately, there is little or no information on the adverse potential of most of these antiviral agents. In this study, the acute toxicity of six antiviral agents used in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infections was determined. These are atazanavir, ribavirin, emtricitabine, nirmatrelvir, sofosbuvir and oseltamivir, sorted according to their toxicity, starting with the most toxic agent. Toxicity was determined using the marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri according to the ISO 11348-1:2007 standard. In addition to the toxicities of the individual antiviral solutions, the toxicities of binary antiviral mixtures were also determined. By comparing the experimentally determined toxicities of the mixtures with the values estimated by the concentration addition model and the independent action model, we analyzed the mode of joint toxic activity of these antiviral agents. Additive behavior was observed for most binary combinations. The combination of nirmatrelvir and sofosbuvir led to an antagonistic deviation from the concentration addition model, while a synergistic deviation was observed for the combinations of emtricitabine with atazanavir and with nirmatrelvir, as well as for the combinations of ribavirin with atazanavir, oseltamivir and sofosbuvir. All tested binary combinations showed a synergistic deviation from the independent action model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Occurrence, Fate and Removal of Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater)
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14 pages, 2078 KiB  
Article
Serum Metabolomics Study to Screen Potential Biomarkers of Lung Cancer Risk in High Natural Background Radiation Areas of Thailand: A Pilot Study
by Narongchai Autsavapromporn, Aphidet Duangya, Pitchayaponne Klunklin, Imjai Chitapanarux, Chutima Kranrod, Churdsak Jaikang, Tawachai Monum, Atchara Paemanee and Shinji Tokonami
Cancers 2024, 16(24), 4182; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16244182 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background: Indoor radon is a significant risk factor for the development of LC. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for LC risk in high background radiation areas using a metabolomics approach (UHPLC-HRMS). Methods: Based on the indoor radon activity concentration measurements in [...] Read more.
Background: Indoor radon is a significant risk factor for the development of LC. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers for LC risk in high background radiation areas using a metabolomics approach (UHPLC-HRMS). Methods: Based on the indoor radon activity concentration measurements in the Kong Khaek subdistrict, serum samples were collected from 45 nonsmoker or former smoker participants, comprising 15 LC patients and 30 matched healthy controls (low- and high-radon groups, respectively). Results: A total of 90 and 111 differential metabolites were identified in the LC group compared with the low- and high-radon groups, respectively, using criteria such as a variable importance in projection (VIP) of >1, a fold change (FC) of >1 or <0.5, and a p value of <0.05. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (an AUC of ≥ 0.9) indicated that 30 and 21 of these metabolites had the potential to serve as biomarkers of LC development in the low- and high-radon groups, respectively. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis suggested that D-sphingosine may have been a candidate biomarker associated with LC in both groups. Conclusions: Overall, this study provides new insights into metabolic biomarkers for screening LC development in high-risk individuals with prolonged exposure to indoor radon. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate our results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Screening and Early Detection of Cancer)
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11 pages, 2016 KiB  
Article
Entropy-Driven Molecular Beacon Assisted Special RCA Assay with Enhanced Sensitivity for Room Temperature DNA Biosensing
by Shurui Tao, Yi Long and Guozhen Liu
Biosensors 2024, 14(12), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14120618 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
The Phi29 DNA polymerase is renowned for its processivity in synthesizing single-stranded DNA amplicons by rolling around a circularized DNA template. However, DNA synthesis rolling circle amplification (RCA) is significantly hindered by the secondary structure in the circular template. To overcome this limitation, [...] Read more.
The Phi29 DNA polymerase is renowned for its processivity in synthesizing single-stranded DNA amplicons by rolling around a circularized DNA template. However, DNA synthesis rolling circle amplification (RCA) is significantly hindered by the secondary structure in the circular template. To overcome this limitation, an engineered circular template without secondary structure could be utilized to improve the sensitivity of RCA-based assays without increasing its complexity. We herein proposed an entropy-driven special RCA technology for the detection of HPV16 E7 gene at room temperature. The strategy is composed of a molecular beacon containing a loop region for nucleic acid target recognition and a stem region to initiate RCA. With the target analyte, the stem region of the molecular beacon will be exposed and then hybridized with a special circular template to initiate the DNA amplification. We tested different designs of the molecular beacon sequence and optimized the assay’s working conditions. The assay achieved a sensitivity of 1 pM in 40 min at room temperature. The sensitivity of this assay, at 1 pm, is about a hundred-fold greater than that of conventional linear RCA performed in solution. Our proposed sensor can be easily reprogrammed for detecting various nucleic acid markers by altering the molecular beacon’s loop. Its simplicity, rapid assay time, and low cost make it superior to RCA sensors that utilize similar strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Programmable Nuclease-Based Biosensors for Medical Diagnostics, Food Safety and beyond Applications)
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23 pages, 3018 KiB  
Article
Rethinking the Green Strategies and Environmental Performance of Ports for the Global Energy Transition
by Małgorzata Bielenia, Eli Marušić and Ilona Dumanska
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6322; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246322 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
The relationship between ports and energy markets is undergoing a transition in their functions as suppliers, consumers, and energy processors. Environmental factors increasingly force the maritime sector to reduce its carbon footprint and improve energy efficiency. Governing the maritime sector’s environmental performance requires [...] Read more.
The relationship between ports and energy markets is undergoing a transition in their functions as suppliers, consumers, and energy processors. Environmental factors increasingly force the maritime sector to reduce its carbon footprint and improve energy efficiency. Governing the maritime sector’s environmental performance requires leveling decarbonization through integration with energy supply chains and rethinking green strategies and environmental sustainability. This paper highlights that a port’s energy management system can be an example of supply–demand equalizing sustainable alternative energy sources. Such systems engage more profoundly within the energy value chain by assessing green and environmental indicators in port operations, strategies, and investments. This manuscript investigates the challenges in ports’ operations, strategies, and investments, considering their energy transition and decarbonization. Therefore, this research conducted a qualitative study on ports’ energy efficiency and greening using an in-depth interview method in three seaports in the Adriatic, Baltic, and Black Sea basins. The paper proposes a framework for analyzing green variables in the ports’ operations, strategies, and investments to improve their environmental performance. The framework examines a set of green variables, researching their cause-and-effect relationship, enabling testing and evaluation of the determined relationships, and identifying asynchrony in the balanced development of green investments and energy efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Challenges in Economic Development and Energy Policy)
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16 pages, 306 KiB  
Review
The Potential of Metabolomics in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis
by Chengqu Fu, Xinyi Liu, Le Wang and Dong Hang
Metabolites 2024, 14(12), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14120708 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health. Metabolic reprogramming represents a critical feature in the process of tumor development and progression, encompassing alterations in sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and [...] Read more.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health. Metabolic reprogramming represents a critical feature in the process of tumor development and progression, encompassing alterations in sugar metabolism, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and other pathways. Metabolites hold promise as innovative prognostic biomarkers for cancer patients, which is crucial for targeted follow-up care and interventions. This review aims to provide an overview of the progress in research on metabolic biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of CRC. We also discuss the future trends and challenges in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Clinical Metabolic Research)
26 pages, 19228 KiB  
Article
The Coupled Thermal Response Analysis of Green Roofs Based on the Discrete Element Method
by Chang Liu, Xiaoyong Zhang, Mingjie Jiang, Shengnan Zhu, Zhuan Wang and Jianxu Long
Buildings 2024, 14(12), 3984; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14123984 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
As an effective energy-saving measure, green roofs significantly improve the thermal environment of buildings by covering the roof with vegetation and soil. This paper compares the thermal transfer performance of concrete roofs and green roofs under different temperature conditions. First, a uniaxial compression [...] Read more.
As an effective energy-saving measure, green roofs significantly improve the thermal environment of buildings by covering the roof with vegetation and soil. This paper compares the thermal transfer performance of concrete roofs and green roofs under different temperature conditions. First, a uniaxial compression discrete element method (DEM) was used to calibrate the mesoscopic parameters of concrete, ensuring an accurate representation of concrete properties. The results indicate that green roofs have significant insulation effects under high-temperature conditions in summer. After being exposed to high temperatures for 5 h, the temperature of the green roof was 23.4 degrees Celsius lower than that of the ordinary concrete roof. In addition, different initial temperatures of the model also have a certain impact on heat transfer. The higher the initial temperature, the slower the temperature increase under high-temperature conditions. In winter, the green roof significantly delays the cooling at the top of the building, demonstrating excellent thermal insulation performance. The maximum temperature difference compared with the concrete roof is 8 °C. Finally, there is an exponential relationship between the thermal resistivity of the green roof and the temperature. In conclusion, green roofs have significant energy-saving and environmental protection value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Building Performance Simulation and Building Energy Consumption Analysis)
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13 pages, 2166 KiB  
Article
Left Atrial Functional and Structural Characteristics in Patients After Total and Bicaval Orthotopic Heart Transplantation
by Marta Obremska, Roman Przybylski, Mateusz Sokolski, Monika Przewłocka-Kosmala, Mateusz Rakowski, Jakub Ptak, Przemysław Sareło, Michał Zakliczyński and Wojciech Kosmala
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(24), 7643; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247643 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Currently, the most popular techniques for orthotopic heart transplantation (OHTx) are bicaval and total OHTx. Although bicaval OHTx has shown advantages over the biatrial approach, comparisons between bicaval and total OHTx reain limited. To compare the functional and morphological characteristics of the [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Currently, the most popular techniques for orthotopic heart transplantation (OHTx) are bicaval and total OHTx. Although bicaval OHTx has shown advantages over the biatrial approach, comparisons between bicaval and total OHTx reain limited. To compare the functional and morphological characteristics of the left atrium (LA) in patients after bicaval and total OHTx. Methods: Sixty-six patients (age 51.2 ± 10.5 years) after total OHTx (33 patients) and bicaval OHTx (33 patients) were included in this case–control study. Recipients were matched for sex, age, and time from transplantation and absence of severe graft rejection based on routine endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) performed during follow-up. Echocardiography included standard measurements along with a speckle-tracking assessment of LA strain. Results: Compared with the bicaval OHTx, the total OHTx group showed higher atrial mitral inflow velocity, resulting in a lower E/A ratio, lower LA volume index, and higher LA emptying fraction. Both the reservoir and contraction components of LA function, as assessed by LA deformation, were found to show more favorable profiles in the total OHTx group than in the bicaval group (26.5 ± 6.9 vs. 17.4 ± 4.7, p < 0.001 and 14.8 ± 5.8 vs. 6.0 ± 4.5, p < 0.001, respectively). Multivariable analysis identified surgical technique, left ventricular global longitudinal strain, and the presence of diabetes in the recipient as independent determinants of LA strain. Conclusions: Total OHTx is associated with better LA morphology and function than bicaval OHTx. This may provide better conditions for LA-LV coupling in transplanted hearts and contribute to a more stable electrophysiological environment in atrial tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)
11 pages, 632 KiB  
Review
The Sucrose Regulation of Plant Shoot Branching
by Shifa Xiong, Yangdong Wang, Yicun Chen, Xiang Shi and Liwen Wu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(12), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10121348 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
The branching characteristics of plants represent crucial agronomic traits that significantly influence both yield and economic value. The formation of branches involves several stages, including the initiation of axillary meristems and the activation and continued growth of lateral buds. These processes are collaboratively [...] Read more.
The branching characteristics of plants represent crucial agronomic traits that significantly influence both yield and economic value. The formation of branches involves several stages, including the initiation of axillary meristems and the activation and continued growth of lateral buds. These processes are collaboratively regulated by genetic factors, hormones, nutritional availability, and environmental conditions. Recently, sucrose has emerged as a significant factor impacting plant branching characteristics. Sucrose not only serves as a carbon source, providing essential nutrition and energy for branching growth, but also integrates multiple regulatory factors to jointly influence branching development. This review summarizes the structural enzyme genes involved in the sucrose synthesis pathway and the key co-factors in signal transduction pathways, the interactions between sucrose and plant hormones and transcription factors, and the regulatory role of sucrose metabolites in plant branching. Furthermore, it highlights critical issues that require further investigation regarding the role of sucrose in regulating branching. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm, Genetics and Breeding of Ornamental Plants)
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14 pages, 4060 KiB  
Case Report
Electric Wire in the Urinary Bladder: Surgical Challenges and Comprehensive Literature Insights
by Daniel Porav-Hodade, Raul Gherasim, Ciprian Todea-Moga, Tibor Reman, Bogdan Ovidiu Feciche, Kosza Hunor, Madalin Guliciuc, Mártha Orsolya Katalin Ilona, Ioan Coman and Nicolae Crisan
Diagnostics 2024, 14(24), 2825; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14242825 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Background/Objectives: An electric wire inserted into the bladder or urethra presents a specific challenge that is frequently encountered in such cases: the potential formation of a tight knot, making extraction nearly impossible. The primary objective of this study was to share our personal [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: An electric wire inserted into the bladder or urethra presents a specific challenge that is frequently encountered in such cases: the potential formation of a tight knot, making extraction nearly impossible. The primary objective of this study was to share our personal experience with patients who had intravesical electric cable insertions and to provide an extensive literature review, offering detailed insights into the various strategies reported for managing such foreign body cases. Methods: Of the four cases with a foreign body in the lower urinary tract, two involved patients aged 19 and 53, respectively, who had inserted an electric cable. During their attempt at self-removal, they developed an intravesical knot, as confirmed by radiographic imaging. Results: In the first case, a bipolar approach was used: a cystoscope was inserted transurethrally into the bladder alongside the cable, while a laparoscopic trocar was introduced suprapubically. Using laparoscopic scissors, the cable was successfully cut and removed. In the second case, due to the cable’s size, a direct cystotomy was performed. At the 3-month follow-up, the uroflowmetry results were normal for both patients. A psychiatric evaluation revealed no abnormalities in the first patient, while the second patient was diagnosed with polyembolokoilamania. Conclusions: The removal of self-inserted electric cables from the urethra and bladder is a challenging procedure, often requiring the urologist’s creativity to prevent potential complications. Many cases can be resolved endoscopically; however, even this minimally invasive approach must be tailored to each case to provide the most suitable solution for the patient. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics)
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17 pages, 1795 KiB  
Review
Detrimental Effects of Anti-Nucleocapsid Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Reinfection, and the Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19
by Emi E. Nakayama and Tatsuo Shioda
Pathogens 2024, 13(12), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13121109 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon in which antibodies enhance subsequent viral infections rather than preventing them. Sub-optimal levels of neutralizing antibodies in individuals infected with dengue virus are known to be associated with severe disease upon reinfection with a different dengue virus [...] Read more.
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon in which antibodies enhance subsequent viral infections rather than preventing them. Sub-optimal levels of neutralizing antibodies in individuals infected with dengue virus are known to be associated with severe disease upon reinfection with a different dengue virus serotype. For Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type-2 infection, three types of ADE have been proposed: (1) Fc receptor-dependent ADE of infection in cells expressing Fc receptors, such as macrophages by anti-spike antibodies, (2) Fc receptor-independent ADE of infection in epithelial cells by anti-spike antibodies, and (3) Fc receptor-dependent ADE of cytokine production in cells expressing Fc receptors, such as macrophages by anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. This review focuses on the Fc receptor-dependent ADE of cytokine production induced by anti-nucleocapsid antibodies, examining its potential role in severe COVID-19 during reinfection and its contribution to the post-acute sequelae of COVID-19, i.e., prolonged symptoms lasting at least three months after the acute phase of the disease. We also discuss the protective effects of recently identified anti-spike antibodies that neutralize Omicron variants. Full article
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18 pages, 1120 KiB  
Review
The Impact of Autonomous Vehicles on Safety, Economy, Society, and Environment
by Luca Gherardini and Giacomo Cabri
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(12), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15120579 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
Autonomous driving is a rising technology expected to revolutionize commuting. Even if the spread of autonomous vehicles is slower than expected some years ago, their progress will not stop and will become a reality shortly. Therefore, we must manage them both technologically and [...] Read more.
Autonomous driving is a rising technology expected to revolutionize commuting. Even if the spread of autonomous vehicles is slower than expected some years ago, their progress will not stop and will become a reality shortly. Therefore, we must manage them both technologically and by considering their impact on other aspects such as safety, economy, society, and environment. Of these, trust in these vehicles by society is a crucial element that must be accounted for when designing the interaction between human passengers and autonomous vehicles. Economical and social impacts derived from the diffusion of autonomous vehicles hold both promises and challenges, as different sectors and professions might undergo considerable changes, along with our idea of transport infrastructure. This paper aims to analyze future developments and effects of this technology by starting with a review of the related work. For this purpose, we have analyzed several papers with contrasting perspectives and conclusions. This paper is not limited to summarizing them but also points out relevant research directions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomous Electric Vehicles Combined with Non-connected Vehicles in Smart Cities)
25 pages, 10816 KiB  
Article
Maximizing the Total Profit of Combined Systems with a Pumped Storage Hydropower Plant and Renewable Energy Sources Using a Modified Slime Mould Algorithm
by Le Chi Kien, Ly Huu Pham, Minh Phuc Duong and Tan Minh Phan
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6323; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246323 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
This paper examines the effectiveness of a pumped storage hydropower plant (PSHP) when combined with other plants. System 1 examines the contribution of the PSHP to reducing fuel costs for thermal power plants. System 2 examines the optimization of operations for power systems [...] Read more.
This paper examines the effectiveness of a pumped storage hydropower plant (PSHP) when combined with other plants. System 1 examines the contribution of the PSHP to reducing fuel costs for thermal power plants. System 2 examines the optimization of operations for power systems with energy storage and uncertain renewable energies to maximize total profit based on four test system cases: Case 1: neglect the PSHP and consider wind and solar certainty; Case 2: consider the PSHP and wind and solar certainty; Case 3: neglect the PSHP and consider wind and solar uncertainty; and Case 4: consider the PSHP and wind and solar uncertainty. Cases 1 and 2 focus on systems that assume stable power outputs from these renewable energy sources, while Cases 3 and 4 consider the uncertainty surrounding their power output. The presence of a PSHP has a key role in maximizing the system’s total profit. This proves that Case 2, which incorporates a PSHP, achieves a higher total profit than Case 1, which does not include a PSHP. The difference is USD 17,248.60, representing approximately 0.35% for a single day of operation. The total profits for Cases 3 and 4 are USD 5,089,976 and USD 5,100,193.80, respectively. Case 4 surpasses Case 3 by USD 10,217.70, which is about 0.2% of Case 3’s total profit. In particular, the PSHP used in Cases 2 and 4 is a dispatching tool that aims to achieve the highest profit corresponding to the load condition. The PSHP executes its storage function by using low-price electricity at off-peak periods to store water in the reservoir through the pumping mode and discharge water downstream to produce electricity at periods with high electricity prices using the generating mode. As a result, the total profit increases. A modified slime mould algorithm (MSMA) is applied to System 2 after proving its outstanding performance compared to the jellyfish search algorithm (JS), equilibrium optimizer (EO), and slime mould algorithm (SMA) in System 1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)
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17 pages, 6382 KiB  
Article
Design and Test of a Calibration System for Avalanche Photodiodes Used in X-ray Compton Polarimeters for Space
by Andrea Alimenti, Fabrizio Cologgi, Sergio Fabiani, Kostiantyn Torokhtii, Enrico Silva, Ettore Del Monte, Ilaria Baffo, Sergio Bonomo, Daniele Brienza, Riccardo Campana, Mauro Centrone, Giulia De Iulis, Enrico Costa, Giovanni Cucinella, Andrea Curatolo, Nicolas De Angelis, Giovanni De Cesare, Andrea Del Re, Sergio Di Cosimo, Simone Di Filippo, Alessandro Di Marco, Giuseppe Di Persio, Immacolata Donnarumma, Pierluigi Fanelli, Abhay Kumar, Paolo Leonetti, Alfredo Locarini, Pasqualino Loffredo, Giovanni Lombardi, Gabriele Minervini, Dario Modenini, Fabio Muleri, Silvia Natalucci, Andrea Negri, Massimo Perelli, Monia Rossi, Alda Rubini, Emanuele Scalise, Paolo Soffitta, Andrea Terracciano, Paolo Tortora, Emanuele Zaccagnino and Alessandro Zambardiadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Sensors 2024, 24(24), 8016; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248016 (registering DOI) - 15 Dec 2024
Abstract
The development and calibration of a measurement system designed for assessing the performance of the avalanche photodiodes (APDs) used in the Compton scattering polarimeter of the CUSP project is discussed in this work. The designed system is able to characterize the APD gain [...] Read more.
The development and calibration of a measurement system designed for assessing the performance of the avalanche photodiodes (APDs) used in the Compton scattering polarimeter of the CUSP project is discussed in this work. The designed system is able to characterize the APD gain GAPD and energy resolution across a wide range of temperatures T (from −20 ∘C to +60 ∘C) and bias voltages Vbias (from 260 V to 410 V). The primary goal was to experimentally determine the GAPD dependence on the T and Vbias in order to establish a strategy for stabilizing GAPD by compensating for T fluctuations, acting on Vbias. The results demonstrate the system capability to accurately characterize APD behavior and develop feedback mechanisms to ensure its stable operation. This work provides a robust framework for calibrating APDs for space environments. It is essential for the successful implementation of spaceborne polarimeters such as the Compton scattering polarimeter foreseen aboard the CUbeSat Solar Polarimeter (CUSP) mission under development to perform solar flare X-ray polarimetry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)
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