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Open AccessCase Report

Intrafamilial Variability in NRXN1-Associated Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Clinical and Genetic Insights from a Family Case Study with Literature Review

by Nikolina Kastratovic, Marina Gazdic Jankovic, Marina Miletic Kovacevic, Sandra Nikolic, Dragica Pavlovic, Dijana Perovic, Vladimir Janjic and Biljana Ljujic

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(14), 6241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27146241 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

The neurexin1 gene (NRXN1) encodes a presynaptic adhesion molecule that plays a critical role in synapse formation, maintenance, and function. Copy-number variants (CNVs) affecting the NRXN1 locus, including submicroscopic deletions, represent rare variant acting as a predisposition for neurodevelopmental disorders, such [...] Read more.

The neurexin1 gene (NRXN1) encodes a presynaptic adhesion molecule that plays a critical role in synapse formation, maintenance, and function. Copy-number variants (CNVs) affecting the NRXN1 locus, including submicroscopic deletions, represent rare variant acting as a predisposition for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Pitt–Hopkins-like syndrome type 2 (MIM #614325) and susceptibility to schizophrenia (MIM #621407). Variations in NRXN1 gene are associated with marked clinical heterogeneity. We present a familial case involving two male siblings (aged 6 and 5 years) and their 28-year-old mother, all exhibiting variable neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Both children demonstrated disharmonic developmental profiles characterized by impaired communication, speech largely intelligible only to their parents, and behaviors consistent with autism spectrum disorder, including reduced eye contact. Mother represents a carrier with only subtle, nonspecific behavioral traits, further supporting the concept of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity associated with this genetic alteration. Genetic analysis identified a 317 kb NRXN1 deletion shared by all affected family members, accompanied by significant intrafamilial phenotypic variability, suggesting the contribution of additional genetic and/or modifying factors. These findings support the concept that NRXN1 deletions alone do not determine clinical outcome but rather act within a broader genetic and biological context. The marked intrafamilial phenotypic variability and incomplete penetrance observed in this family is compatible with a multiple-hit model, whereby NRXN1 deletions act as susceptibility factors whose phenotypic consequences are shaped by additional genetic and modifying influences. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypic variability warrant further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Investigations in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: 2nd Edition)

22 pages, 2479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Credit to Economic Sectors and the Ability to Repay Long-Run External Loans: New Evidence from Jordan

by Raad Mahmoud Al-Tal, Ahmad M. Fawaier and Mohammad Tayeh

Int. J. Financial Stud. 2026, 14(7), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs14070186 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Emerging economies face crucial challenges around fiscal stability, particularly servicing foreign debt and securing long-term financing arrangements. In this context, we investigated the relationship between the share of banking facilities allocated to various economic sectors, the growth of public revenues and the proportion [...] Read more.

Emerging economies face crucial challenges around fiscal stability, particularly servicing foreign debt and securing long-term financing arrangements. In this context, we investigated the relationship between the share of banking facilities allocated to various economic sectors, the growth of public revenues and the proportion of long-term loans relative to total foreign debt in Jordan. Using data from 2008: Q1 to 2022: Q4 and employing two regression models along with the Vector Error Correction model, key findings reveal that the share of banking facilities allocated to total financing positively impacts public income and reduces long-term liabilities (LRL). Additionally, the positive effect of direct credit from financial institutions on real GDP and public income is associated with a negative impact on LRL. Conversely, direct credit from financial corporations negatively influences real GDP and public income while positively affecting LRL. Direct credit from public sector financing exhibits an inverse relationship with economic growth and public income, leading to a positive association with LRL. The statistically significant error correction coefficients indicate that short-run deviations are corrected toward the long-run equilibrium, with the first model showing a faster but oscillatory adjustment process and the second model exhibiting a slower and more gradual return to equilibrium. These findings suggest that developing countries like Jordan must prioritize banking facilitation for sectors such as industry, tourism, and agriculture to facilitate debt repayment. Full article

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14 pages, 1885 KB

Open AccessArticle

COC Chip-Integrated Zinc Finger Protein Array for PCR-Free Detection of RASSF1A Promoter Methylation

by Hye Yeon Jang, Sthitodhi Ghosh, Chong H. Ahn, Narendhar Chandrasekar, Michael Taeyoung Hwang and Moon-Soo Kim

Chemosensors 2026, 14(7), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14070162 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

The detection of RASSF1A (Ras-associated domain family 1 isoform A) promoter methylation in body fluids can offer a powerful tool for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer. Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) serve as sequence-specific recognition elements for targeting double-stranded DNA sequences. Here, we [...] Read more.

The detection of RASSF1A (Ras-associated domain family 1 isoform A) promoter methylation in body fluids can offer a powerful tool for the early diagnosis of bladder cancer. Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) serve as sequence-specific recognition elements for targeting double-stranded DNA sequences. Here, we report a cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) chip-integrated ZFP array-based molecular sensor that bypasses the need for bisulfite conversion and PCR amplification to recognize the specific site of DNA methylation in the RASSF1A promoter. Building upon the SEER-LAC (SEquence-Enabled Reassembly of β-Lactamase) framework, we engineered a dual-recognition split-enzyme system in which a COC chip-immobilized ZFP array confers sequence specificity while a co-recruited methyl-binding domain (MBD) enforces methylation-dependent gating, together driving the proximity-induced reconstitution of functional β-lactamase at methylated target loci. Accordingly, this sensor specifically reassembles and restores enzymatic activity only in the presence of specific methylated DNA in the RASSF1A promoter region. We demonstrate that this dual-component array effectively differentiates methylation status with high specificity. Given its rapid turnaround and non-PCR-based mechanism, this system can be well-suited for developing diagnostic assays for bladder cancer, offering a potential alternative to conventional epigenetic screening methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section (Bio)chemical Sensing)

42 pages, 2657 KB

Open AccessReview

Biotechnological Modulation of Legumes via Fermentation: Impacts on Nutrient Bioaccessibility, Glycemic Index, and Antinutrients—A Scoping Review

by Carolina Noma, Carlos Henrique Pagno, Julio Cesar Colivet Briceno, Priscila Zaczuk Bassinello and Juliana Aparecida Correia Bento

Foods 2026, 15(14), 2483; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15142483 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

The global transition toward plant-based diets has driven the inclusion and legumes as primary sources of proteins and micronutrients. However, the raw whole seed hosts complex matrices of antinutritional factors and crystalline starch arrangements that limit proteolytic digestibility, chelate essential minerals, and induce [...] Read more.

The global transition toward plant-based diets has driven the inclusion and legumes as primary sources of proteins and micronutrients. However, the raw whole seed hosts complex matrices of antinutritional factors and crystalline starch arrangements that limit proteolytic digestibility, chelate essential minerals, and induce accelerated postprandial glycemic responses. Conventional culinary and thermal treatments applied in isolation are frequently insufficient to disrupt the physicochemical matrix of the seeds, leaving critical gaps regarding how to sustainably optimize mineral bioaccessibility and convert water-soluble starches into stable slowly digestible fractions. This scoping review synthesizes analytical evidence demonstrating that targeted fermentative bioprocessing acts as a microstructural modulator. However, these biochemical outcomes are not unidirectional; the expansion of nutritional value is strictly governed by a complex interplay of substrate properties, process moisture, pH adjustments, and thermal pretreatments in plant defense frameworks and spatially reorganizing starch polymers. Microbial organic acid production and the mechanical penetration of fungal hyphae promote a 90–100% degradation and elimination of phytates and condensed tannins, eliminating non-digestible galacto-oligosaccharides and inactivating trypsin inhibitors. These mechanisms optimize phytate-to-mineral molar ratios, doubling the bioaccessibility of iron, zinc, and calcium in the digestive aqueous phases, while microbial beta-glucosidase expression bioconverts conjugated glycosides into free aglycones with high antioxidant activity. Simultaneously, the induction of molecular retrogradation drives continuous increases in the resistant starch fraction, inducing significant reductions in the hydrolysis index and lowering the predictive glycemic index to low thresholds. These findings consolidate controlled fermentation as a viable biotechnological intervention, providing structural guidelines for the rational design of functional foods, biofortified baked goods, and vegan beverages with high digestive tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing and Fermentation of Grain Products: From Digestibility to Bioactivity)

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35 pages, 2330 KB

Open AccessReview

Regulatory Networks of Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Natural Killer Cell Antitumor Immunity in the Tumor Microenvironment

by Zida Xu, Can Jin and Xuan Huang

Cells 2026, 15(14), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15141260 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

The intricate intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME) critically drives cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Natural killer (NK) cells are potent sentinels of the innate immune system, but their antitumor functions are often severely compromised by the TME’s immunosuppressive networks. Moving beyond [...] Read more.

The intricate intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment (TME) critically drives cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Natural killer (NK) cells are potent sentinels of the innate immune system, but their antitumor functions are often severely compromised by the TME’s immunosuppressive networks. Moving beyond protein-coding genes, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs)—with microRNAs (miRNAs) playing a foundational role alongside long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs)—have emerged as vital components of the regulatory networks influencing immune responses. Rather than dictating immune cell fate, these diverse transcriptomic classes form complex networks that modulate NK cell functional states and TME immunosuppression. This review systematically elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which these ncRNA networks influence NK cell biology in the TME. We dissect three core regulatory axes driven by extracellular vesicle (EV)-mediated communication, competitive endogenous RNA crosstalk, and epigenetic remodeling: the extrinsic suppression of NK cells by EV-derived and secreted ncRNAs from TME-resident cells, the reciprocal modulation of TME components by NK cell-derived ncRNAs, and the intrinsic regulation of NK cell functions by endogenous ncRNAs. Furthermore, we critically assess the clinical translational potential of targeting these networks. We highlight specific ncRNAs as non-invasive prognostic biomarkers and summarize targeted therapeutic interventions using antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, and nano-delivery systems. Modulating these core ncRNA nodes to mitigate TME immunosuppression offers a novel paradigm for precision oncology, holding substantial promise for enhancing immune checkpoint blockade and NK cell-directed immunotherapies. Full article

13 pages, 1755 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Interpretable Center-Specific Machine Learning Model for Risk Stratification Following Mitral Valve Surgery: A Pilot Study

by Aleksandra Stańska, Miriam Kilarska, Mateusz Janeczek, Wojciech Karolak and Andrzej Klapkowski

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(14), 5496; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15145496 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Mitral valve surgery is associated with substantial perioperative heterogeneity and risk of postoperative complications. Although established risk scores such as EuroSCORE II provide population-level prognostic estimates, their performance may be limited in specific surgical populations and institutional settings. This pilot study aimed [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Mitral valve surgery is associated with substantial perioperative heterogeneity and risk of postoperative complications. Although established risk scores such as EuroSCORE II provide population-level prognostic estimates, their performance may be limited in specific surgical populations and institutional settings. This pilot study aimed to develop and internally validate an interpretable center-specific machine learning model for perioperative risk stratification following mitral valve surgery and to explore its translational implementation through a prototype clinical application. Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted including 211 consecutive patients undergoing mitral valve surgery with ring implantation. Routinely available demographic, laboratory, and perioperative variables were evaluated as candidate predictors. The primary endpoint was a composite of major postoperative complications, including in-hospital mortality, stroke, conversion to sternotomy, and rethoracotomy. Predictive approaches included logistic regression, LASSO regression, and random forest classification. Internal validation was performed using 5-fold cross-validation and bootstrap resampling. Model explainability was assessed using regression coefficients and SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) analysis. Results: The composite endpoint occurred in 34 patients (16.1%). In the complete-case final logistic regression model, apparent discrimination reached an AUC of 0.750 (95% CI 0.643–0.858), with a Brier score of 0.105. In the predefined train-test evaluation, the simplified logistic regression model achieved a test-set AUC of 0.67, while 5-fold cross-validation yielded a mean AUC of 0.75. LASSO regression achieved the highest cross-validated AUC (0.78), although with marked discrepancy between test-set and cross-validation performance, suggesting model instability. Across models, higher age, serum creatinine concentration, cardiopulmonary bypass duration, and cross-clamp time were associated with increased complication risk, whereas higher hemoglobin levels were associated with lower risk. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of developing interpretable center-specific machine learning models for perioperative risk stratification following mitral valve surgery. Simplified regression-based approaches provided clinically transparent predictions with moderate discriminatory performance, while penalized models showed potential for improved generalizability. Further multicenter validation is required before clinical implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Artificial Intelligence Applications for Invasive and Non-Invasive Cardiovascular Procedures)

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21 pages, 1942 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Carbon Sequestration of Restored Degraded Lakeside Wetlands Around Chaohu Lake Based on GIS and Machine Learning

by Zifang Wang, Changming Yang and Xiang Zhang

Sustainability 2026, 18(14), 7159; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18147159 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

With the acceleration of global urbanization and intensified agricultural activities, approximately 61% of the world’s wetlands have degraded over recent decades, significantly weakening their carbon sequestration capacity. The Shibalianwei Wetland, a crucial tributary system of Lake Chaohu in China, has suffered severe degradation [...] Read more.

With the acceleration of global urbanization and intensified agricultural activities, approximately 61% of the world’s wetlands have degraded over recent decades, significantly weakening their carbon sequestration capacity. The Shibalianwei Wetland, a crucial tributary system of Lake Chaohu in China, has suffered severe degradation due to land use and cover change, nutrient loading and hydrological disruption. In response, large-scale ecological restoration has been implemented since 2018. To quantify the restoration outcomes, this study integrated remote sensing, GIS, and machine learning techniques, employing the XGBoost model to evaluate and predict carbon sequestration in 2017 and 2024 based on 2010 carbon data. The results reveal that the average carbon density increased from 48.70 t ha⁻¹ in 2017 to 90.18 t ha⁻¹ in 2024, representing an overall increase of 85.2% in total carbon storage. This substantial enhancement is primarily attributed to land use transitions and ecosystem-scale restoration effects, including vegetation recovery and hydrological rehabilitation. Model validation indicated moderate prediction errors (RMSE = 0.47–0.74), with consistent performance across repeated iterations. Together with complementary MAE and R² metrics, the results suggest that the XGBoost model is capable of capturing relative spatial patterns and restoration-induced changes in wetland carbon sequestration, while retaining reasonable predictive stability under changing landscape conditions. Overall, the findings demonstrate that large-scale wetland restoration can rapidly and effectively enhance regional carbon sink capacity and highlight the potential of data-driven modeling frameworks to support wetland management and carbon-neutrality strategies. This provides important guidance for policymakers to promote sustainable land use and optimize ecosystem management under China’s dual-carbon development goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

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27 pages, 2916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens- and Bacillus licheniformis-Fermented Feeds on Performance, Meat Quality and Gut Microbiot of Fattening Pigs

by Weizhi Wu, Yongben Wang, Youli Yao, Kejiang Jia, Xuan Luo, Lei Wang and Guofang Wu

Animals 2026, 16(14), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16142179 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition and fermentation quality of feed fermented by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis as well as their effects on growth performance, meat quality, blood parameters, and gut microbiota in fattening pigs. A total of 72 healthy [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition and fermentation quality of feed fermented by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis as well as their effects on growth performance, meat quality, blood parameters, and gut microbiota in fattening pigs. A total of 72 healthy Duroc × Landrace × Large White crossbred barrows (68.78 ± 1.41 kg, p > 0.05 for initial body weight among groups) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments, with four replicates pens per treatment and six pigs per pen. The pigs were fed one of three diets: (1) CK: 100% basal diet; (2) YR1: 50% basal diet + 50% feed fermented with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YR3.2; and (3) YR2: 50% basal diet + 50% feed fermented with Bacillus licheniformis YR3.1. The experiment consisted of a 7-day adaptation period and a 50-day treatment period. The results showed that the crude protein, starch, lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid contents were significantly higher in the treatment groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The final body weight of fattening pigs, serum superoxide dismutase activity, and redness value of the longissimus dorsi muscle were significantly higher in the treatment groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). The carcass weight of the YR1 group was significantly higher than that of the other groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the shear force of pork was significantly lower in the treatment groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). Microbial analysis showed that Firmicutes dominated the jejunum and cecum in all groups (>80%). In the YR1 group, the abundance of Clostridium increased in the jejunum, whereas the abundance of Terrisporobacter decreased. In the YR2 group, the abundances of both Clostridium and Terrisporobacter increased in the jejunum and cecum. In conclusion, fermented feed prepared with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Bacillus licheniformis has a positive effect on the growth performance of fattening pigs, but fermented feed prepared by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YR3.2 has a more significant effect on improving growth performance, feed conversion efficiency and some meat quality indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Feed Quality and Composition on Pig Production, Physiological and Health Parameters)

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31 pages, 5557 KB

Open AccessArticle

Competing Social and Ecological Objectives for Residential–Green Infrastructure Trade-Offs in the Global South UsingMulti-Objective Optimization Models with Remote Sensing

by Nargis Kamal, Qingquan Li, Jiasong Zhu and Muhammad Imran

Land 2026, 15(7), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15071263 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Unplanned urban expansion accompanied by a decline in green infrastructure poses significant challenges for sustainable land-use planning in semi-arid, water-constrained secondary cities. Quetta, Pakistan, exemplifies these challenges due to rapid population growth, ecological degradation, water scarcity, and the absence of an updated master [...] Read more.

Unplanned urban expansion accompanied by a decline in green infrastructure poses significant challenges for sustainable land-use planning in semi-arid, water-constrained secondary cities. Quetta, Pakistan, exemplifies these challenges due to rapid population growth, ecological degradation, water scarcity, and the absence of an updated master plan. This study develops a GIS-based spatial decision-support framework to evaluate residential development and green infrastructure priorities and to identify areas of conflict, synergy, and balanced planning opportunities. Sentinel-2A imagery acquired in May 2023 was used to generate a land-use/land-cover map, while residential and green-infrastructure suitability factors were standardized using fuzzy membership functions and integrated through an AHP Weighted Linear Combination approach. The resulting Residential Suitability Index (RSI) and Green-Infrastructure Suitability Index (GSI) were normalized and combined through a rule-based Residential–Green Infrastructure Trade-off Index (RGTI). Unlike conventional suitability assessments that evaluate development and ecological priorities independently, the proposed framework explicitly identifies zones of residential dominance, ecological dominance, and shared planning potential. Five planning-priority categories were delineated, comprising Very High Green Infrastructure Priority, Moderate Green Infrastructure Priority, Shared Zone, Moderate Residential Expansion Priority, and Very High Residential Expansion Priority. A spatial consistency assessment demonstrated that the identified planning zones correspond closely with existing land-use patterns and available land resources, supporting the plausibility of the proposed framework. The results provide a practical basis for delineating ecological conservation areas, residential development zones, and integrated planning zones capable of balancing urban growth and environmental sustainability. The framework offers a transparent and transferable approach for supporting land-allocation decisions in arid, data-scarce, and rapidly urbanizing cities facing competing development and ecological pressures. Full article

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19 pages, 2295 KB

Open AccessArticle

Leveraging Code Language Models for Code Smells Detection

by Soumia Zellagui, Abderrezak Kenniche, Samiha Fadloun and Souham Meshoul

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(14), 7040; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16147040 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Improving software quality remains a major challenge in modern software engineering. Among the different techniques used to address this issue, code smell detection plays an important role, as code smells may negatively affect software maintainability, readability, and evolution. Recent advances in machine learning, [...] Read more.

Improving software quality remains a major challenge in modern software engineering. Among the different techniques used to address this issue, code smell detection plays an important role, as code smells may negatively affect software maintainability, readability, and evolution. Recent advances in machine learning, particularly pre-trained code representation models, have opened new perspectives for automating this task. In this study, code smell detection is formulated as a multi-label classification problem in order to reflect realistic scenarios where multiple smells may co-occur within the same code fragment. To enable the evaluation of pre-trained code representation models in a multi-label setting, six multi-label datasets containing source code were derived from two existing datasets, namely MLCQ and Fontana, by merging instances sharing common code smells. The study investigates multiple experimental configurations based on CodeBERT, GraphCodeBERT, and CodeT5, including direct transformer-based classification, sliding window processing for long code sequences, and hybrid approaches combining transformer embeddings with classical machine learning classifiers. Among the evaluated configurations, the hybrid approach based on CodeBERT embeddings combined with a Random Forest classifier achieved the best overall performance, reaching an accuracy of 0.91 and a micro-F1 score of 0.90 on the Fontana datasets. Full article

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32 pages, 29701 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Mechanism and Restoring Force Model of Precast Concrete Superposed Shear Walls with Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular End Columns

by Bian Wu, Min Zhang and Feng-Liang Zhang

Buildings 2026, 16(14), 2785; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16142785 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Precast concrete (PC) structures are increasingly adopted in building construction for their sustainable construction advantages. However, theoretical models for seismic design of precast concrete walls with concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) elements remain limited. The lack of such models hinders the performance-based seismic design [...] Read more.

Precast concrete (PC) structures are increasingly adopted in building construction for their sustainable construction advantages. However, theoretical models for seismic design of precast concrete walls with concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) elements remain limited. The lack of such models hinders the performance-based seismic design and resilience assessment of these hybrid structures. This study investigates the seismic mechanism and develops a restoring force model for precast concrete superposed shear walls with CFST end columns (PCSSWEC). A refined three-dimensional finite element model was established using ABAQUS and validated against quasi-static cyclic test results of three full-scale specimens. The four-stage loading mechanism—elastic, wall cracking, elastoplastic yielding, and ultimate failure—was revealed, with the precast–postcast concrete interface identified as the primary weak link governing post-peak strength degradation. Comprehensive parametric studies examined the influence of shear span ratio (λ = 0.75–3.25), axial compression ratio (n_a = 0.1–0.6), steel tube width-to-thickness ratio (B/t = 20–80), and concrete strength (C30–C60) on seismic performance. Results indicate that intermediate walls (λ = 1.75–2.25) exhibit optimal ductility, and a steel tube with B/t = 40–60 provides a balanced combination of strength and deformation capacity. A tri-linear backbone curve model with explicit formulae for equivalent stiffness and load capacity was developed, along with modified Clough-based hysteretic rules incorporating stiffness degradation through a common yield-point approach. Validation against experimental and numerical results demonstrates reliable model performance for primary structural parameters: lateral load bearing capacity and ultimate drift ratio are predicted within ±10%, while yield load and ductility predictions show larger scatter due to inherent challenges in cyclic behavior characterization. The proposed restoring force model provides a practical tool for performance-based seismic design and resilience assessment of precast concrete buildings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structure—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 847 KB

Open AccessArticle

Benthic Diatoms Differentially Regulate Apoptosis, Ferroptosis and Androgenic Gland Signaling Underlying Molecular Pathways of Sex Differentiation in Hippolyte inermis

by Bruno Pinto, Emanuele Somma, Ilaria Cuomo, Anna Italiano, Takashi Gojobori, Robert Hoehndorf, Maria Costantini and Valerio Zupo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(14), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14141288 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Chemical cues released by benthic primary producers regulate key ecological interactions and life-history traits in marine ecosystems. The caridean shrimp Hippolyte inermis, a protandric hermaphrodite inhabiting Posidonia oceanica meadows, is a model for chemically mediated sex differentiation. Previous studies showed that the [...] Read more.

Chemical cues released by benthic primary producers regulate key ecological interactions and life-history traits in marine ecosystems. The caridean shrimp Hippolyte inermis, a protandric hermaphrodite inhabiting Posidonia oceanica meadows, is a model for chemically mediated sex differentiation. Previous studies showed that the benthic diatom Cocconeis scutellum var. parva produces a lipophilic metabolite that induces a molecular signature previously associated with androgenic gland degeneration and subsequent feminization in H. inermis. Here, we investigated whether this activity is shared by other benthic diatoms. Eleven epiphytic diatom strains isolated from P. oceanica leaves were tested on PL₅ post-larvae, and the expression of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (IAG)-related genes was analyzed by real-time qPCR. Several strains, particularly Diploneis sp., Cocconeis scutellum var. posidoniae, and Mastogloia fimbriata, induced upregulation of programmed cell death genes together with downregulation of IAG-related genes, closely resembling the response elicited by C. scutellum var. parva. Principal Component Analysis supported these shared molecular responses, whereas other strains activated only early ferroptosis markers. These findings demonstrate that several benthic diatoms induce molecular pathways previously associated with androgenic gland degeneration and feminization in H. inermis. Although phenotypic feminization was not assessed in the present study, these results suggest that this molecular regulatory mechanism may be more widespread among benthic diatoms inhabiting P. oceanica meadows than previously recognized, highlighting their ecological significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Biology)

18 pages, 1214 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Seeding Rate and Fertilization Mode on Canopy Light Utilization, Dry Matter Accumulation, and Grain Yield of Wheat

by Pingfan Xie, Jiahao Yang, Xin Sun, Mingyang Chen, Xia Wang, Chenyu Zhao, Huiyuan Yan, Yuan Zhou, Tingyong Mao, Yunlong Zhai, Lei Li and Lili Yang

Agriculture 2026, 16(14), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16141514 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Guaranteeing food security and improving resource use efficiency are core objectives of winter wheat production. Single agronomic measures, such as simply increasing seeding rate or fertilizer application alone, fail to simultaneously raise grain yield and resource utilization efficiency. In this study, the dense–tolerant [...] Read more.

Guaranteeing food security and improving resource use efficiency are core objectives of winter wheat production. Single agronomic measures, such as simply increasing seeding rate or fertilizer application alone, fail to simultaneously raise grain yield and resource utilization efficiency. In this study, the dense–tolerant wheat cultivar Yunong 804 was used as the experimental material. Three seeding rates (187.5, 225, and 262.5 kg·ha⁻¹) and two fertilization regimes (conventional split fertilization and a one-time basal application of urea–formaldehyde controlled-release fertilizer) were used to explore their independent and interactive effects on the canopy structure; photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception, utilization efficiency, and conversion efficiency; and dry matter accumulation and grain yield of winter wheat. The results show that under the same fertilization mode, leaf area index (LAI) and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR) increased first and then decreased with the rise in seeding rate, reaching maximum values at a seeding rate of 225 kg·ha⁻¹. Compared with conventional fertilization, the one-time basal application of controlled-release fertilizer significantly improved LAI, canopy PAR interception rate (CAR), PAR utilization efficiency (PUE), and PAR conversion efficiency (PCE), as well as remarkably boosting dry matter accumulation (DMA), elevating the allocation proportion of dry matter to spikes, and increasing grain yield by 5–23.69% under the seeding rate of 225 kg·ha⁻¹. The correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) results indicate that grain yield had a closer correlation with PUE, PCE, and DMA, while its correlation with CAR was relatively weak. Under the experimental conditions set in this research, the combined cultivation strategy of a 225 kg·ha⁻¹ seeding rate matched with the one-time basal application of urea–formaldehyde controlled-release fertilizer was confirmed as the optimal management scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)

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11 pages, 1655 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Uncertainties of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation

by Anton A. Komar and William C. Merrick

Genes 2026, 17(7), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17070800 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

This article proposes three possible explanations that relate to the process of eukaryotic translation initiation. These explanations suggest mechanisms as to how concentrations of initiation factors (by mass or by posttranslational modification) can influence start site selection, how regulation of translation by 4E-BP [...] Read more.

This article proposes three possible explanations that relate to the process of eukaryotic translation initiation. These explanations suggest mechanisms as to how concentrations of initiation factors (by mass or by posttranslational modification) can influence start site selection, how regulation of translation by 4E-BP (an inhibitor of m⁷G cap-dependent translation) can be explained by “eIF4F disassembly” and how the scanning mechanism might involve initiation factor binding at the 5′ end of the mRNA to provide for apparent unidirectional Brownian movement to locate the initiating AUG. These represent testable models, although the experiments would not be simple. It is hoped that the insights provided will assist researchers in defining the precise steps and mechanisms of the complex initiation process. It is noted that the better this process is understood, the easier it will be to understand how this process is regulated under a wide variety of biological situations, such as nutritional deprivation, heat shock, cell growth, or disease. Additionally, as initiation is the rate-limiting step in translation, a better understanding of this process should also suggest new avenues to treat various diseases, especially conditions of unrestricted growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews in RNA: Mechanisms and Roles)

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21 pages, 39365 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Daoist to Pure Land Paradises: Pond Gardens in Silla and Heian Palaces

by Jeongsoo Shin

Religions 2026, 17(7), 835; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17070835 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

This study has examined how Silla Korea and Heian Japan diverged from the pond-garden tradition of Tang China and developed their own localized forms in terms of landscape and religious studies. In Tang China, the Grand Fluid Pond occupied a prominent position within [...] Read more.

This study has examined how Silla Korea and Heian Japan diverged from the pond-garden tradition of Tang China and developed their own localized forms in terms of landscape and religious studies. In Tang China, the Grand Fluid Pond occupied a prominent position within the highly symmetrical palace compound, yet it was excluded from the imperial sacrificial rituals. The pond primarily functioned as a space for courtly recreation, while Daoism survived largely as a symbolic vocabulary and formal embellishment. By contrast, the Wŏlji pond in Kyŏngju more actively incorporated celestial elements of garden Daoism and indigenous beliefs. They included the three immortal islands, the Twelve Peaks of Mount Wu, wild animals for hunting, and the worship of the Dragon King. More importantly, the pond was deliberately situated adjacent to a royal Buddhist temple, and, over time, a large number of Buddhist artifacts were placed in the pond area. Taken together, the Silla pond functioned not merely as an idealized landscape but also as an ideological space that reinforced the royal authority and glorified the dynasty through a syncretic religious landscape. Although the imagery of Amitābha’s Western Paradise was only partially expressed in the Silla garden, it was fully realized in garden form under the patronage of the Fujiwara clan in eleventh-century Heian Japan. By this time, Pure Land Buddhism had permeated all levels of society, while widespread anxieties over the “Latter Days of the Law” encouraged devotion to Amitābha as the primary means of salvation. Against this religious background, the Fujiwara sponsored temple complexes with expansive pond gardens. Two of the most prominent examples, Hōjōji and Byōdōin, were deliberately designed to represent Amitābha’s Western Paradise and to serve as ritual settings for Pure Land devotion. This religiosity therefore represented a fundamental departure from both the Daoist garden of Tang China and the syncretic gardens of Silla Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origins and Development of the Pure Land Tradition Through the Lens of Sacred Site Transference)

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40 pages, 14779 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wildfire Susceptibility Mapping in China Combining Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Transformer-Based Models

by Uroš Durlević, Velibor Ilić, Milan M. Radovanović, Ana Milanović Pešić, Marko D. Petrović, Milan Milenković, Jasmina M. Jovanović and Emin Atasoy

Earth 2026, 7(4), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth7040119 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Long-term wildfire susceptibility mapping represents a significant component of disaster prevention and the protection of human communities, public health, and local ecosystems. In this study, a wildfire inventory was developed through multi-sensor fusion of satellite data (MODIS and VIIRS), comprising 153,305 fire events [...] Read more.

Long-term wildfire susceptibility mapping represents a significant component of disaster prevention and the protection of human communities, public health, and local ecosystems. In this study, a wildfire inventory was developed through multi-sensor fusion of satellite data (MODIS and VIIRS), comprising 153,305 fire events across China for the period 2001–2024. In addition to historical incidents, 14 predictive variables were processed, representing geomorphological, climatological, hydrological, vegetative, and anthropogenic conditions. This study evaluates long-term spatial wildfire susceptibility based on long-term mean environmental and climatic conditions. Methodologically, the research applies six models from machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and transformer-based approaches: Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Deep Neural Network (DNN), Fourier Multi-Layer Perceptron (F-MLP), Kolmogorov–Arnold Network (KAN), and Feature Tokenizer (FT) Transformer. The results were integrated into an ensemble susceptibility map with a spatial resolution of 500 m using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), indicating that 7.4% of China’s territory is classified as having a very high wildfire susceptibility. In addition to the national-scale assessment, a local differentiation was conducted across 34 province-level divisions, revealing that Fujian Province (86.8%) and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (82.9%) had the largest shares of areas classified as high and very high wildfire susceptibility. Performance evaluation under spatial block-based validation demonstrated that the Random Forest model achieved the highest predictive power, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 87.8%, followed by XGBoost (87.3%) and Fourier MLP (86.6%). Based on the combined SHAP (Shapley additive explanations) analysis of all applied models, soil moisture, elevation, and terrain slope were identified as the most influential factors affecting wildfire occurrence in China. Overall, the findings contribute to more effective wildfire prevention and risk management strategies at both the local and national levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Issue Series: Young Investigators in Earth Science)

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33 pages, 2014 KB

Open AccessReview

Detection and Analysis of Conveyor Belt Damage: A Review of Sensing Technologies and Signal-Based Approaches

by Aleksandra Rzeszowska, Ryszard Błażej and Leszek Jurdziak

Sensors 2026, 26(14), 4453; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26144453 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Conveyor belts constitute critical components of bulk material handling systems, and their reliable operation directly affects process continuity, operational safety, and maintenance costs in industrial environments. Increasing requirements regarding system reliability and predictive maintenance have stimulated the development of advanced diagnostic methods for [...] Read more.

Conveyor belts constitute critical components of bulk material handling systems, and their reliable operation directly affects process continuity, operational safety, and maintenance costs in industrial environments. Increasing requirements regarding system reliability and predictive maintenance have stimulated the development of advanced diagnostic methods for conveyor belt condition monitoring. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of conveyor belt damage detection and diagnostic approaches, with particular emphasis on sensing technologies and signal-based methodologies. The paper discusses major conveyor belt degradation mechanisms and analyzes their representation in diagnostic data obtained using different sensing modalities. Current developments in machine vision systems, magnetic methods based on magnetic flux leakage, ultrasonic techniques, and X-ray imaging are critically reviewed together with signal preprocessing procedures, feature extraction strategies, and damage classification approaches. Particular attention is devoted to the transition from conventional signal processing techniques toward machine learning and deep learning methods enabling automated feature representation and fault identification. The analysis indicates that despite substantial progress in sensing technologies and artificial intelligence, most existing solutions remain strongly sensor-specific and limited to individual data modalities. Key research gaps include the lack of unified damage representation frameworks, limited benchmark datasets, and the insufficient integration of multimodal sensing information. Future progress will likely depend on the development of integrated diagnostic ecosystems combining heterogeneous sensing technologies, advanced feature representation methods, and intelligent decision-support systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Fault Diagnosis & Sensors)

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18 pages, 3977 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Analcime and ZSM-5 Zeolite by Diatomite Without Organic Structure-Directing Agent and Adsorption Properties of Their Acid-Modified Samples on Toluene

by Fanghui Pan, Jianxiang Wang, Javed Iqbal, Fei Yu and Jie Ma

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(14), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16140863 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Zeolites are porous aluminosilicate crystalline materials that are widely used for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The synthesis of zeolites without organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) is attractive because of its low cost and environmental friendliness. In this study, analcime and the [...] Read more.

Zeolites are porous aluminosilicate crystalline materials that are widely used for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The synthesis of zeolites without organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) is attractive because of its low cost and environmental friendliness. In this study, analcime and the ZSM-5 zeolite were synthesized from natural diatomite under OSDA-free conditions through different crystallization routes. Analcime was prepared by regulating the hydrothermal conditions, while the ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized by combining hydrothermal condition regulation with seed-induced crystallization. Hydrochloric acid modification was further used to improve the pore structures and adsorption properties of the zeolites. The optimum acid treatment conditions were 1.0 mol·L⁻¹ HCl for analcime and 0.5 mol·L⁻¹ HCl for the ZSM-5 zeolite. After acid modification, the specific surface area and pore volume of analcime increased to 271.7 m²·g⁻¹ and 0.130 cm³·g⁻¹, respectively, and its tolune adsorption capacity increased from 18.3 mg·g⁻¹ to 23.2 mg·g⁻¹, corresponding to a 26.6% improvement. For the ZSM-5 zeolite, the optimal modified sample showed a specific surface area of 307.9 m²·g⁻¹, a pore volume of 0.172 cm³·g⁻¹, and a toluene adsorption capacity of 65.4 mg·g⁻¹, which was 5.5% higher than that of the unmodified sample. Adsorption kinetic analysis indicated that pore diffusion played an important role in toluene adsorption, while acid modification introduced additional acid sites that contributed to chemisorption. Overall, the ZSM-5 zeolite showed a higher adsorption capacity than analcime because of its larger surface area, higher pore volume, and more accessible adsorption sites. This study provides a low-cost and environmentally friendly route for preparing diatomite-derived zeolite adsorbents for VOC removal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)

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33 pages, 1962 KB

Open AccessReview

Structuring Logistics and Supply Chain Complexity: A Systematic Review of Problem Structuring Methods

by Saeed Sadeghi Darvazeh, Farzaneh Mansoori Mooseloo, Andres Acero, Yasel Costa and Abdoulmohammad Gholamzadeh Chofreh

Logistics 2026, 10(7), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/logistics10070161 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background: Supply chains are becoming increasingly complex, interconnected, and stakeholder-intensive, making effective problem formulation as important as identifying optimal solutions. Although problem structuring methods (PSMs) have been widely applied in logistics and supply chain management (LSCM), the literature remains fragmented, providing limited guidance [...] Read more.

Background: Supply chains are becoming increasingly complex, interconnected, and stakeholder-intensive, making effective problem formulation as important as identifying optimal solutions. Although problem structuring methods (PSMs) have been widely applied in logistics and supply chain management (LSCM), the literature remains fragmented, providing limited guidance on selecting appropriate methodologies for different problem contexts. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, this review analyzes 187 journal articles published between 1997 and 2026. Bibliometric analysis and qualitative synthesis were combined to examine the evolution of the field, compare the characteristics and applications of different PSMs, and identify emerging methodological trends. Results: PSM research has grown substantially since 2015, with System Dynamics, Cognitive Mapping, and Scenario Planning emerging as the dominant methodologies. The review also identifies a clear shift toward mixed-methodology approaches that integrate PSMs with optimization, simulation, and multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Stakeholder complexity, uncertainty, and system dynamics were identified as the primary factors influencing methodology selection. Conclusions: This study advances theory and practice by developing an integrated decision-support framework and methodological guidance for selecting appropriate PSMs in complex logistics and supply chain environments. The proposed framework provides a practical roadmap for diagnosing ill-structured problems and choosing suitable problem structuring approaches across diverse supply chain contexts. Full article

20 pages, 19576 KB

Open AccessArticle

The MDPV Derivative α-PHP Regulates Cellular Differentiation and Triggers Apoptotic Cell Death and Ultrastructural Changes in Murine 3D Neurospheres

by Fabrizio De Luca, Cinzia Brenna, Marta Bassi, Sabrine Bilel, Adolfo Gregori, Carlo Alessandro Locatelli, Luca Maria Neri, Raffaella Adami, Daniele Bottai, Matteo Marti and Elisa Roda

Molecules 2026, 31(14), 2453; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31142453 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Cumulative reports of psychiatric and neurological outcomes due to synthetic cathinones continue to raise public concern. However, the understanding of the neurotoxic mechanism of action is still poorly understood, particularly for the under-explored αPHP, one of the main MDPV derivatives. In particular, the [...] Read more.

Cumulative reports of psychiatric and neurological outcomes due to synthetic cathinones continue to raise public concern. However, the understanding of the neurotoxic mechanism of action is still poorly understood, particularly for the under-explored αPHP, one of the main MDPV derivatives. In particular, the effects of this synthetic drug on neural stem/progenitor cell cultures are still unknown. Therefore, in the proposed in vitro study, the effects of increasing αPHP concentrations (50–2000 μM) on cell morphology, neuronal/glial differentiation, cell death pathways, and ultrastructure have been evaluated after exposure in murine 2D NSPCs and 3D neurospheres using complementary techniques, i.e., phase contrast microscopy, immunocytochemistry, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. We observed that αPHP was able to induce a dose-dependent neurotoxic and neuromodulatory effect in murine 2D NSPC cultures and a 3D neurosphere model, affecting neuronal/glial differentiation, activating the apoptotic pathway, and inducing morphological and ultrastructural changes. The present study could pave the way for a broadened knowledge of synthetic cathinone (SCs) toxicology, needed to establish the right treatment for novel psychoactive substance (NPS) exposure and the possible consequences for public health. Full article

29 pages, 8163 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Error Collaborative Tooth Surface Modification of High Reduction Ratio Hypoid Gears Considering Cutter and Machine Tool Errors

by Jun Li, Zhonghou Wang and Yunlong Wu

Machines 2026, 14(7), 792; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines14070792 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

In the machining process of high reduction ratio hypoid gears (HRHGs), cutter tool geometry errors (CGE) and machine tool setting parameters errors (MSE) significantly affect tooth surface accuracy. Existing studies mainly focus on analyzing the effects of MSE alone or investigate CGE and [...] Read more.

In the machining process of high reduction ratio hypoid gears (HRHGs), cutter tool geometry errors (CGE) and machine tool setting parameters errors (MSE) significantly affect tooth surface accuracy. Existing studies mainly focus on analyzing the effects of MSE alone or investigate CGE and MSE under conventional reduction ratios, while comprehensive research on the coupled effects of tooth top error (TTE), tooth root error (TRE), and root mean square deviation (RMS) is limited. To address this gap, this paper proposes a tooth surface correction method based on the integration of Sobol’ sensitivity analysis and NSGA-II optimization algorithms. A multidimensional mapping model was established between CGE, MSE parameters, and tooth surface accuracy indices (TTE, TRE, and RMS) to achieve coordinated error optimization. Sobol’ global sensitivity analysis (GSA) was conducted to identify the key influencing parameters of cutter geometry and machine settings. A multi-objective optimization model was developed using the NSGA-II algorithm, targeting TTE, TRE, and RMS. The fast non-dominated sorting mechanism effectively identified the Pareto-optimal solutions, enabling inverse compensation of critical error factors and significantly improving the machining accuracy of hypoid gears. The results revealed that, on the concave flank, the deviations of tooth top, tooth root, and tooth mean square decreased by a minimum improvement of 75.4%, 70.1%, and 73.3%. Furthermore, on the convex flank, the corresponding deviations decreased by a minimum improvement of 78.1%, 75.0%, and 73.1%. These results verify the high accuracy of the proposed algorithm in correcting the tooth flanks of HRHGs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Manufacturing)

14 pages, 812 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility of Minimally Invasive Surgery After Chemo-Immunotherapy in Locally Advanced and Oligometastatic NSCLC: Technical Aspects and Surgical Outcomes

by Giorgio Cannone, Luigi Lione, Viola Sambataro, Alessandro Bonis, Vincenzo Verzeletti, Alessandro Rebusso, Giovanni Maria Comacchio, Eleonora Faccioli, Giulia Pasello, Laura Bonanno, Fiorella Calabrese, Samuele Nicotra, Marco Schiavon and Andrea Dell’Amore

Cancers 2026, 18(14), 2244; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18142244 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background: In patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy, pulmonary resection can be technically demanding because of hilar/mediastinal inflammation and fibrosis, potentially limiting the use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS). We report our single-center experience with MIS anatomical lung [...] Read more.

Background: In patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy, pulmonary resection can be technically demanding because of hilar/mediastinal inflammation and fibrosis, potentially limiting the use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS). We report our single-center experience with MIS anatomical lung resections after neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy. Methods: We retrospectively collected consecutive NSCLC patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy followed by anatomical lung resection with an intended MIS approach at our institution between May 2018 and October 2025. Primary endpoints were feasibility and safety (conversion rate, intraoperative and postoperative complications, need for reoperation, and 30-day mortality). Results: Fifty-two patients were included. Mean age was 65.9 ± 8.6 years; 27 (51.9%) were male. Median Charlson Comorbidity Index was 3 (IQR 2–4). Most patients had clinical stage III disease (IIIA 40.4%, IIIB 30.8%). Conversion to open surgery occurred in 7 cases (13.5%). One intraoperative complication was recorded (1.9%). Anatomical resections were predominantly lobectomies (including combined/extended lobectomies) (88.4%); sleeve resections accounted for 11.5%, and bilobectomy for 7.7%. Postoperative complications occurred in 13 patients (25.0%); reoperation for complications was required in 1 case (1.9%). No deaths were recorded in the dataset. Pathological response showed pCR in 22 patients (42.3%) and MPR in 10 (19.2%). Conclusion: In our experience, minimally invasive anatomical lung resection after neoadjuvant chemo-immunotherapy for NSCLC is feasible, with an acceptable conversion rate and manageable morbidity, and is associated with a substantial rate of pathological response. Careful patient selection and surgical expertise remain essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy and Surgery for NSCLC: From Biomarkers to Optimized Resection Tactics)

11 pages, 236 KB

Open AccessArticle

B Sharp: An Investigation into the Effects of Single Symphony Performance Experiences on Cognition in Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias

by K. A. Willoughby-Dudley, L. H. Malinin, M. H. Faw and D. B. Davalos

J. Dement. Alzheimer's Dis. 2026, 3(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jdad3030035 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Current trends show a significant increase in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) rates, reflecting a growing need for interventions. Recently, non-pharmacological interventions have received increased recognition as a viable option for ADRD prevention and disease modification. The current study focuses on [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Current trends show a significant increase in Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) rates, reflecting a growing need for interventions. Recently, non-pharmacological interventions have received increased recognition as a viable option for ADRD prevention and disease modification. The current study focuses on a music-based community engagement program, titled B Sharp, to investigate the effects of music experiences on domain- and subtest-specific cognitive processing in ADRD. Methods: Participants were provided season tickets (six performances over ten months) to a local MasterWorks Symphony. Across the program’s three seasons (18 individual musical performances), a total of 55 individuals with ADRD participated. Subtest- and domain-specific changes in cognition were assessed before and after each individual symphony performance of 1.5–3 h duration. Variables of interest include auditory-verbal (N = 67) and visuospatial (N = 49) cognitive subtests. Results: In a comparison of pre- and post-symphony performance scores, results indicate statistically significant improvements on a visuospatial working memory task (Coding) (p = 0.021) and statistically significant decline on verbal working memory/immediate memory (List Learning/Story Memory) (p = 0.045). Significant differences were not observed on the remaining subtests. Discussion: Results suggest that even brief exposure to music results in cognitive benefits on visuospatial working memory and contribute to a body of findings which suggest that non-pharmacological arts-based programs may be beneficial for adults with ADRD for specific types of cognition, even for single or sporadic attendance. As research in arts programming increases, it is hoped that findings will guide how to apply various types of programs for specific cognitive deficits accompanying ADRD. Full article

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22 pages, 922 KB

Open AccessArticle

Volatilomic Signatures of Parental and Oxaliplatin-Resistant HCT116 Colon Cancer Cell Lines

by Christine Heinzle, Andreas Leiherer, Axel Muendlein, Clemens Ager, Agnieszka Królicka, Chris A. Mayhew and Pawel Mochalski

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(14), 6240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27146240 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) reflect cellular metabolic activities and may serve as non-invasive biomarkers in oncology. This study investigated whether acquired oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer is associated with distinct volatilomic alterations. The human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 and its oxaliplatin-resistant derivative [...] Read more.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) reflect cellular metabolic activities and may serve as non-invasive biomarkers in oncology. This study investigated whether acquired oxaliplatin resistance in colorectal cancer is associated with distinct volatilomic alterations. The human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 and its oxaliplatin-resistant derivative (OXrHCT116) were analyzed under basal conditions and following oxaliplatin exposure. Chemoresistance was confirmed using dose–response, cell viability, and colony formation assays. VOCs were analyzed by headspace needle trap extraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-NTE-GC-MS). OXrHCT116 cells exhibited markedly reduced oxaliplatin sensitivity, increased IC₅₀ values, and reduced proliferative and clonogenic capacity. Volatilomic profiling identified 55 significantly altered VOCs. Parental HCT116 cells displayed broader VOC diversity and higher turnover than OXrHCT116 cells. Hydrocarbons associated with lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress were more abundant in HCT116 cells, whereas resistant cells showed markedly reduced emission of these compounds. Additional alterations in aldehydes, alcohols, and aromatic compounds suggested reduced metabolic flux in resistant cells. Oxaliplatin exposure induced pronounced volatilomic changes in HCT116 cells but only minimal modulation in OXrHCT116 cells. These findings suggest that oxaliplatin resistance may be associated with distinct metabolic reprogramming and support VOC profiling as a promising approach for monitoring chemoresistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Bioinformatics in Human Health and Disease: 2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 11173 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biopolymer Surface Modification as a Strategy for Conferring “Stealth-like” Characteristics of Xanthohumol-Loaded Liposomes

by Plamen Simeonov, Velislava Todorova, Tsvetelina Batsalova, Balik Dzhambazov, Stanislava Ivanova and Plamen Katsarov

Polymers 2026, 18(14), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18141724 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone isolated from Humulus lupulus L., exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive effects. However, its therapeutic application is limited by poor aqueous solubility, low chemical stability, and rapid clearance from the systemic circulation. [...] Read more.

Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone isolated from Humulus lupulus L., exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemopreventive effects. However, its therapeutic application is limited by poor aqueous solubility, low chemical stability, and rapid clearance from the systemic circulation. The present study aimed to develop and characterize a novel nano-sized drug-delivery system for XN that combines favourable colloidal stability, efficient encapsulation, sustained release, and reduced recognition by macrophages (“stealth-like” properties). To achieve this, XN-loaded cationic liposomes were coated with two marine polysaccharides, iota-carrageenan (CAR) and fucoidan (FUC), followed by Ca²⁺-mediated cross-linking. Liposomes were prepared by the ethanol injection method, and formulation parameters were optimized using a 2³ + 1 full factorial design. Surface modification and cross-linking conditions were further optimized through polyelectrolyte titration and a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. The resulting nanocarriers were evaluated for particle size, polydispersity, ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency, release behavior, and cellular uptake. Both coatings significantly prolonged XN release compared with uncoated liposomes, with CAR-coated vesicles providing the most sustained release (≈55% over 48 h). In RAW264.7 macrophages, 50 µg/mL CAR-coated liposomes reduced cellular uptake by approximately 74% following 1-h incubation relative to uncoated controls and maintained this reduction over 2 h whereas FUC-coated vesicles afforded only transient early evasion. The cross-linked iota-carrageenan coating thus represents a promising strategy for conferring stable “stealth-like” characteristics to XN-loaded liposomes intended for prolonged drug delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineered Polymeric Particles for Next-Generation Nanomedicine)

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28 pages, 973 KB

Open AccessReview

How Heuristic Credibility Cues Shape Perceived Credibility on Social Media: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Research

by Renjun Cao, Norliana Binti Hashim and Saiful Nujaimi Abdul Rahman

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(7), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16071184 (registering DOI) - 13 Jul 2026

Abstract

As the information environment evolves, social media has become the primary channel through which the public accesses and shares information, and perceived credibility has emerged as a critical influence on how users evaluate the credibility of information. Existing research suggests that heuristic credibility [...] Read more.

As the information environment evolves, social media has become the primary channel through which the public accesses and shares information, and perceived credibility has emerged as a critical influence on how users evaluate the credibility of information. Existing research suggests that heuristic credibility cues can enhance users’ perceived credibility, yet the findings remain inconsistent. Consequently, it is necessary for researchers to systematically examine whether heuristic credibility cues can effectively enhance perceived credibility. This study employed a meta-analysis to analyse 18 studies meeting the selection criteria, involving a total sample size of 14,188 participants. The aim was to assess the overall effect of social media heuristic credibility cues on perceived credibility and to explore the influence of potential moderating mechanisms on perceived credibility. The results indicate that manipulating source cues and social cues, which serve as heuristic credibility cues on social media, significantly increased perceived credibility (g = 0.307, p < 0.001). Effect sizes varied across moderating variables such as the type of heuristic credibility cue, participant type, method of measuring perceived credibility, experimental design, sample size, and year of publication. Among these, the type of heuristic cue and participant type were significant moderators; specifically, authoritative sources were more effective than other types of information sources in enhancing perceived credibility; the impact of different types of social cues on perceived credibility was also significant to varying degrees. Furthermore, student groups were more susceptible to the influence of heuristic credibility cues than non-student groups. These findings provide theoretical and practical insights for the design of information dissemination and the construction of perceived credibility on social media. It should be noted that, given the limited number of studies included in this meta-analysis and the restricted range of moderator variables, the above conclusions require further empirical research to be tested and confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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