MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

21 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intellectual Property as a Strategy for Business Development

by Ligia Isabel Beltrán-Urvina, Byron Fabricio Acosta-Andino, Monica Cecilia Gallegos-Varela and Henry Marcelo Vallejos-Orbe

Laws 2025, 14(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/laws14020018 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2025

Abstract

The objective of this research is to examine the role of intellectual property (IP) in fostering business development, particularly focusing on patent management in Ecuador and its alignment with international standards. The study employs a comparative analysis of Ecuadorian legislation against the framework [...] Read more.

The objective of this research is to examine the role of intellectual property (IP) in fostering business development, particularly focusing on patent management in Ecuador and its alignment with international standards. The study employs a comparative analysis of Ecuadorian legislation against the framework established by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to identify challenges and opportunities within the national IP system. Key methods include reviewing existing legal texts, interviewing stakeholders, and analyzing patent registration processes. The findings indicate that while Ecuador has made significant strides in harmonizing its IP laws with international treaties, such as the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), considerable barriers remain, particularly related to bureaucratic inefficiencies and a lack of technical resources in key institutions like the National Service of Intellectual Rights (SENADI). The conclusions highlight the need for enhanced efficiency and implementation of IP regulations to stimulate sustained innovation growth, attract national and foreign investments, and, ultimately, strengthen Ecuador’s competitiveness in a global economy. This research contributes to the understanding of how effective IP management can serve as a vital tool for economic development and innovation. Full article

3 pages, 128 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial Viewpoint on the Special Issue “Food Process Modeling, Optimisation and Control” from Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series

by Mohsen Gavahian and Weibiao Zhou

Foods 2025, 14(6), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14061039 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2025

Abstract

The guest editors, Dr [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: "Food Process Modeling, Optimisation and Control")

36 pages, 594 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

AI-Driven Predictive Maintenance in Mining: A Systematic Literature Review on Fault Detection, Digital Twins, and Intelligent Asset Management

by Luis Rojas, Álvaro Peña and José Garcia

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 3337; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063337 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2025

Abstract

The mining industry faces increasing challenges in maintaining high production levels while minimizing unplanned failures and operational costs. Critical assets, such as crushers, conveyor belts, mills, and ventilation systems, operate under extreme conditions, leading to accelerated wear and failure risks. Traditional maintenance strategies [...] Read more.

The mining industry faces increasing challenges in maintaining high production levels while minimizing unplanned failures and operational costs. Critical assets, such as crushers, conveyor belts, mills, and ventilation systems, operate under extreme conditions, leading to accelerated wear and failure risks. Traditional maintenance strategies often fail to prevent unexpected downtimes, safety hazards, and economic losses. As a response, industries are integrating predictive monitoring technologies, including machine learning, the Internet of Things, and digital twins, to enhance early fault detection and optimize maintenance strategies. This Systematic Literature Review analyzes 166 high-impact studies from Scopus and Web of Science, identifying key trends in fault detection algorithms, hybrid AI models, and real-time monitoring techniques. The findings highlight the increasing adoption of deep learning, reinforcement learning, and digital twins for anomaly detection and process optimization. Additionally, AI-driven methods are improving sensor-based data acquisition and asset management, extending equipment lifecycles while reducing failures. Despite these advancements, challenges such as data standardization, model scalability, and system interoperability persist, requiring further research. Future work should focus on real-time AI applications, explainable models, and academia-industry collaboration to accelerate the implementation of intelligent maintenance solutions, ensuring greater reliability, efficiency, and sustainability in mining operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Analysis and Data Mining for Knowledge Discovery)

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16 pages, 2890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Drip Irrigation and Nitrogen Application on Plant Height, Leaf Area Index, and Water Use Efficiency of Summer Maize in Southern Xinjiang

by Tao Zhu, Feng Liu, Guangning Wang, Han Guo and Liang Ma

Plants 2025, 14(6), 956; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060956 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2025

Abstract

Agricultural production faces critical challenges in arid regions due to global climate change and water scarcity. Exploring optimal water and nitrogen irrigation combinations is essential to enhancing water use efficiency and crop yields. This study employs the logistic growth model to analyze the [...] Read more.

Agricultural production faces critical challenges in arid regions due to global climate change and water scarcity. Exploring optimal water and nitrogen irrigation combinations is essential to enhancing water use efficiency and crop yields. This study employs the logistic growth model to analyze the impact of varying water and nitrogen treatments on summer maize growth in southern Xinjiang. The goal is to identify an optimal irrigation strategy to enhance maize productivity, optimize water use, and ensure precise crop management. Field experiments included three irrigation levels (W1: 80% ETc, W2: 100% ETc, W3: 120% ETc) and four nitrogen rates (N0: 0 kg/ha, N1: 168 kg/ha, N2: 306.5 kg/ha, N3: 444.5 kg/ha). A logistic growth model, incorporating effective accumulated temperature, plant height, and leaf area index (LAI), quantified growth dynamics. Maximum (v_max) and average (v_avg) growth rates were derived, followed by regression analysis to estimate theoretical maxima and corresponding irrigation–nitrogen requirements. The logistic model provided a good approximation of maize growth dynamics. Maximum growth rates for plant height occurred at 106% ETc and 340 kg/hm² nitrogen, with an effective accumulated temperature of 319.30 °C. LAI growth rates peaked at 105% ETc and 334 kg/hm² nitrogen, with 239.75 °C during rapid growth. Optimal water–nitrogen combinations were identified, highlighting a threshold beyond which excess application becomes counterproductive. The W2N2 combination was identified as optimal, achieving a water use efficiency of 3.04 kg/m³. These findings offer practical guidance for optimizing agricultural practices in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

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25 pages, 9421 KiB

Open AccessReview

Numerical Modelling of Flat Slabs with Different Amounts of Double-Headed Studs as Punching Shear Reinforcement

by Frederico P. Maués, Mauricio P. Ferreira, Rafael A. S. Díaz, Elyson A. P. Liberati, Leandro M. Trautwein and João P. B. Santos

Buildings 2025, 15(6), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060960 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2025

Abstract

Increasing the shear reinforcement ratio (ρ_w) can help meet architectural and structural requirements but often results in less reliable punching strength estimates from design codes. Nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) has the potential to support a thorough assessment of the punching [...] Read more.

Increasing the shear reinforcement ratio (ρ_w) can help meet architectural and structural requirements but often results in less reliable punching strength estimates from design codes. Nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) has the potential to support a thorough assessment of the punching strength of slabs with shear studs, yet accurately modelling the interaction between concrete and transverse steel to capture the strength provided by shear rebars is challenging while using user-friendly software. This paper explores methodologies to assess the punching strength of slabs with double-headed studs with a commercial NLFEA program. Experimental tests were used to define the input parameters for the concrete’s nonlinear behaviour and to evaluate modelling approaches for shear studs, resulting in two strategies applied to slabs with varying ρ_w. NLFEA provided accurate punching strength estimates, consistently reproducing slabs’ rotations, crack patterns, and flexural strains. However, discrepancies in shear rebar strains highlight the challenges of using NLFEA to assess the response of slabs with shear reinforcement. Moreover, NLFE and experimental strengths were compared to estimates using the fib Model Code 2010 with levels of approximation (LoA) II, III, and IV, showing that, for the selected tests, increasing complexity in LoA IV did not consistently improve strength estimate accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Concrete in the Digital Age: Advanced Simulations for Structural Innovation)

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15 pages, 2030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transformer-Based Student Engagement Recognition Using Few-Shot Learning

by Wejdan Alarefah, Salma Kammoun Jarraya and Nihal Abuzinadah

Computers 2025, 14(3), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14030109 - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Improving the recognition of online learning engagement is a critical issue in educational information technology, due to the complexities of student behavior and varying assessment standards. Additionally, the scarcity of publicly available datasets for engagement recognition exacerbates this challenge. The majority of existing [...] Read more.

Improving the recognition of online learning engagement is a critical issue in educational information technology, due to the complexities of student behavior and varying assessment standards. Additionally, the scarcity of publicly available datasets for engagement recognition exacerbates this challenge. The majority of existing methods for detecting student engagement necessitate significant amounts of annotated data to capture variations in behaviors and interaction patterns. To address these limitations, we investigate few-shot learning (FSL) techniques to reduce the dependency on extensive training data. Transformer-based models have shown comprehensive results for video-based facial recognition tasks, thus paving new ground for understanding complicated patterns. In this research, we propose an innovative FSL model that employs a prototypical network with the vision transformer (ViT) model pre-trained on a face recognition dataset (e.g., MS1MV2) for spatial feature extraction, followed by an LSTM layer for temporal feature extraction. This approach effectively addresses the challenges of limited labeled data in engagement recognition. Our proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance on the EngageNet dataset, demonstrating its efficacy and potential in advancing engagement recognition research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Image Processing and Computer Vision)

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22 pages, 2558 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Wastewater Quality Using Ultrafiltration Technology for Sustainable Irrigation Reuse

by Mohamed Ghonimy, Abdulaziz Alharbi, Shereen A. H. Saad and Nermin S. Hussein

Water 2025, 17(6), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17060870 - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the physical, chemical, and biological properties of wastewater—comprising domestic sewage and agricultural drainage water—both before and after treatment to assess the efficiency of the applied processes. The physical properties, including total suspended solids (TSS) and color, demonstrated significant [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the physical, chemical, and biological properties of wastewater—comprising domestic sewage and agricultural drainage water—both before and after treatment to assess the efficiency of the applied processes. The physical properties, including total suspended solids (TSS) and color, demonstrated significant improvements post-treatment, with TSS reduction reaching 91.4% and color removal at 99.5%, indicating the effectiveness of ultrafiltration and coagulation techniques. Chemically, the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration decreased from 838.2 to 375.5 mg·L⁻¹, aligning with environmental standards and ensuring suitability for irrigation. Additional reductions were observed in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), with removal efficiencies of 86.5% and 83.7%, respectively, highlighting the system’s capability in reducing organic pollutants. Biologically, the treatment process achieved 99.9% removal efficiencies for both Total Coliform and E. coli, meeting world health organization (WHO) guidelines for microbial safety. The water quality index (WQI) analysis classified the treated water in the “Excellent” category, demonstrating an overall enhancement in water quality. Beyond these performance evaluations, this study introduces a novel approach by employing conventional treatment techniques on a blended wastewater—comprising domestic sewage and agricultural drainage water—operated under real operational conditions to achieve safe and sustainable irrigation reuse. This study hypothesizes that the synergistic integration of ultrafiltration with sodium hypochlorite disinfection—without relying on biological treatment—can significantly enhance water quality for sustainable irrigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Advances Review)

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12 pages, 2686 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome Mining-Guided Discovery of Two New Depsides from Talaromyces sp. HDN1820200

by Xiao Zhang, Luyang Liu, Jiani Huang, Xingtao Ren, Guojian Zhang, Qian Che, Dehai Li and Tianjiao Zhu

Mar. Drugs 2025, 23(3), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/md23030130 - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Depsides and their derivatives are a class of polyketides predominantly found in fungal extracts. Herein, a silent nonreducing polyketide synthase (TalsA)-containing gene cluster, which was identified from the Antarctic sponge-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. HDN1820200, was successfully activated through heterologous expression in Aspergillus nidulans [...] Read more.

Depsides and their derivatives are a class of polyketides predominantly found in fungal extracts. Herein, a silent nonreducing polyketide synthase (TalsA)-containing gene cluster, which was identified from the Antarctic sponge-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. HDN1820200, was successfully activated through heterologous expression in Aspergillus nidulans. This activation led to the production of two novel depsides, talaronic acid A (1) and B (2), alongside three known compounds (3–5). The further co-expression of TalsA with the decarboxylase (TalsF) demonstrated that it could convert 2 into its decarboxylated derivative 1. The structural elucidation of these compounds was achieved using comprehensive 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, which was complemented by HR-MS analysis. Talaronic acids A and B were firstly reported heterodimers of 3-methylorsellinic acid (3-MOA) and 5-methylorsellinic acid (5-MOA). All isolated compounds (1–5) were tested for their anti-inflammatory potential. Notably, compounds 1 and 2 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of the positive control. These results further enrich the structural class of depside natural products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Microorganisms Bioprospecting)

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22 pages, 2316 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is the vIL-10 Protein from Cytomegalovirus Associated with the Potential Development of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?

by Ruvalcaba-Hernández Pamela, Mata-Rocha Minerva, Cruz-Muñoz Mario Ernesto, Mejía-Aranguré Juan Manuel, Sánchez-Escobar Norberto, Arenas-Huertero Francisco, Melchor-Doncel de la Torre Silvia, Rangel-López Angélica, Jiménez-Hernández Elva, Nuñez-Enriquez Juan Carlos, Ochoa Sara, Xicohtencatl-Cortes Juan, Cruz-Córdova Ariadnna, Figueroa-Arredondo Paula and Arellano-Galindo José

Viruses 2025, 17(3), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17030435 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Leukemia is a hematologic malignancy; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent subtype among children rather than in adults. Orthoherpesviridae family members produce proteins during latent infection phases that may contribute to cancer development. One such protein, viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10), closely resembles [...] Read more.

Leukemia is a hematologic malignancy; acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent subtype among children rather than in adults. Orthoherpesviridae family members produce proteins during latent infection phases that may contribute to cancer development. One such protein, viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10), closely resembles human interleukin-10 (IL-10) in structure. Research has explored the involvement of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) in the pathogenesis of ALL. However, the limited characterization of its latent-phase proteins restricts a full understanding of the relationship between hCMV infection and leukemia progression. Studies have shown that hCMV induces an inflammatory response during infection, marked by the release of cytokines and chemokines. Inflammation may, therefore, play a role in how hCMV contributes to oncogenesis in pediatric ALL, possibly mediated by latent viral proteins. The classification of a virus as oncogenic is based on its alignment with cancer’s established hallmarks. Viruses can manipulate host cellular mechanisms, causing dysregulated cell proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and genomic instability. These processes lead to mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and chronic inflammation, all of which are vital for carcinogenesis. This study aims to investigate the role of vIL-10 during the latent phase of hCMV as a potential factor in leukemia development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Human Cytomegalovirus)

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16 pages, 335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dark and Light Sides of Empathy: The Clinical Relevance of the Assessment of Cognitive and Affective Empathy Across Negative and Positive Emotions

by Paweł Larionow

Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ. 2025, 15(3), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe15030038 - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Is empathy a “double-edged sword”? This study aimed to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the multidimensional empathy construct in the statistical prediction of negative and positive mental health outcomes. More specifically, this research intended to reveal whether, what, and [...] Read more.

Is empathy a “double-edged sword”? This study aimed to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the multidimensional empathy construct in the statistical prediction of negative and positive mental health outcomes. More specifically, this research intended to reveal whether, what, and how four individual empathy dimensions (i.e., cognitive empathy for negative emotions, cognitive empathy for positive emotions, affective empathy for negative emotions, and affective empathy for positive emotions) uniquely statistically predicted the levels of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as well-being. A total of 786 Polish-speaking adults (452 females and 334 males) filled out a series of self-report questionnaires on empathy (the Perth Empathy Scale), anxiety, and depression symptoms, as well as well-being. Adjusting for demographic variables, the frequentist and Bayesian multiple regression analyses revealed that affective empathy dimensions (i.e., abilities to vicariously share others’ emotions) significantly predicted psychopathology symptoms and well-being, whereas cognitive empathy dimensions (i.e., abilities to understand others’ emotions) did not. In particular, higher affective empathy for negative emotions contributed to worse mental health outcomes, whereas higher affective empathy for positive emotions contributed to better mental outcomes. Overall, the results indicated that individual empathy dimensions demonstrated their specific dark and light sides in the statistical prediction of mental illness and well-being indicators, further supporting the clinical relevance of the multidimensional empathy construct. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity, Educational Inclusion, Emotional Intelligence, Coping, and Other Factors That Influence Psychological Health and Well-Being)

13 pages, 2492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molluscicidal and Schistosomicidal Activities of 2-(1H-Pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole Derivatives

by Leonardo da Silva Rangel, Daniel Tadeu Gomes Gonzaga, Ana Cláudia Rodrigues da Silva, Natalia Lindmar von Ranke, Carlos Rangel Rodrigues, José Augusto Albuquerque dos Santos, Nubia Boechat, Keyla Nunes Farias Gomes, Guilherme Pegas Teixeira and Robson Xavier Faria

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(3), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18030429 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/objectives: Schistosomiasis is caused by flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, for which mollusks of the genus Biomphalaria are intermediate hosts. Niclosamide (NCL) is a molluscicide recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for control of Biomphalaria. Although effective, it is expensive [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: Schistosomiasis is caused by flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, for which mollusks of the genus Biomphalaria are intermediate hosts. Niclosamide (NCL) is a molluscicide recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for control of Biomphalaria. Although effective, it is expensive and environmentally toxic, which raises concerns regarding its widespread use. As a result, we explored new synthetic substances as alternative strategies for controlling Biomphalaria glabrata. We evaluated the molluscicidal activity of 2-(1H-py-razol-1-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives against B. glabrata snails and embryos, as well as Schistosoma cercariae (infective larvae). Methods: Adult and young snails were added to 24-well plates containing 20 synthetic compounds from the PDAN series for initial screening over 96 h at a concentration of 100 ppm. Water and NCL (2 ppm) were used as the negative and positive controls, respectively. Active compounds in the adult B. glabrata assay were selected for the tests vs. embryos and cercariae. Results: In the initial screen, only PDAN 52 (63 ± 4%) and 79 (12 ± 3%) showed molluscicidal activity at a concentration of 100 ppm up to 48 h. Consequently, we selected only PDAN 52. The LC₅₀ value found in the tests on embryos after 24 h of treatment was 20 ± 2 ppm and, after 48 h, it was 4 ± 0.5 ppm. Against cercariae, we measured an LC₅₀ value of 68 ± 5 ppm after 4 h of treatment. PDAN 52 did not induce marked toxicity against a second mollusk, Physella acuta, after 48 h of exposure. Conclusions: We highlight the promising molluscicidal activity of PDAN 52 against different developmental stages of the mollusk, B. glabrata, as well the infective larvae of Schistosoma mansoni. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmacology)

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13 pages, 2923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Programmable Gain Amplifier with Programmable Bandwidth for Ultrasound Imaging Application

by István Kovács, Paul Coste and Marius Neag

Electronics 2025, 14(6), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061186 - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a low-power, fully differential, programmable gain amplifier (PGA) for ultrasound receiver analog front-ends (AFE). It consists of a programmable attenuator implemented by a capacitive voltage divider and a closed-loop amplifier based on a differential difference amplifier (DDA). A suitable sizing [...] Read more.

This paper presents a low-power, fully differential, programmable gain amplifier (PGA) for ultrasound receiver analog front-ends (AFE). It consists of a programmable attenuator implemented by a capacitive voltage divider and a closed-loop amplifier based on a differential difference amplifier (DDA). A suitable sizing strategy provides orthogonal control over gain and bandwidth. The PGA was designed using a standard 180 nm CMOS process. The gain value can be set between −18 dB and +20 dB in 2 dB steps; the bandwidth can be programmed independently of gain, to values from 5 MHz to 20 MHz, in 5 MHz steps; it draws 600 µA from a 1.8 V supply line. It achieves a differential output swing of 0.8 V peak-to-peak differential with no more than 1.7% total harmonic distortion (THD) and an input-referred noise density of 22 nV/√Hz at 10 MHz, measured at the gain of 20 dB. The PGA exhibits high input impedance and low output resistance for easy integration within the AFE signal chain. The digitally controlled gain and bandwidth make this PGA suitable for ultrasound imaging applications requiring precise time gain compensation and adjustable frequency response and/or additional anti-aliasing filtering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Digital and Analog Electronic Systems for Next-Generation Devices)

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14 pages, 1480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Language Skills of Preschool Children: Data from a School Screening Project for Language Disorders in Greece

by Eleni Kyvrakidou, Giannis Kyvrakidis, Anastasia S. Stefanaki, Asterios Asimenios, Athanasios Gazanis and Asterios Kampouras

Children 2025, 12(3), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12030376 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected children’s lives, particularly preschool-aged children who undergo rapid biological and psychosocial development. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the language skills of preschool children in Greece. Methods: To that end, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected children’s lives, particularly preschool-aged children who undergo rapid biological and psychosocial development. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the language skills of preschool children in Greece. Methods: To that end, a widely used screening tool was applied in a screening project involving 213 preschoolers. Language skills were assessed in three groups of children aged 2–4 years old before, during and after the pandemic. Results: A significant increase in the number of children with atypical language skills profile was identified in relation to the preschoolers after the pandemic versus those before or during the pandemic period. A higher prevalence of atypical profiles was observed in girls than in boys. Interestingly, an increase in the number of successfully produced or repeated words and pseudowords, along with enhanced expressive abilities, was observed during the pandemic compared to the periods before and after. Conclusions: Given the importance of language development as a critical aspect of children’s overall personality and well-being, further research is needed to explore the impact of specific pandemic-related factors on language competency. These factors include mask-wearing, increased screen time, reduced social interaction and exposure to language-rich environments, as well as impaired mental health and parental distress. Additionally, personalized interventions should be developed to support healthier developmental outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

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18 pages, 8906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Energy Recovery Processes from Sunflower Stalks Using Expired Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

by Valentina Zubkova, Andrzej Strojwas and Stanislaw Baran

Energies 2025, 18(6), 1509; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061509 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

The influence of the addition of expired paracetamol, naproxen, ibuprofen, and their blend on the course of pyrolysis of sunflower stalks was studied using the gravimetric technique as well as the techniques of IR and UV, XRD, and SEM and EDX spectroscopies. It [...] Read more.

The influence of the addition of expired paracetamol, naproxen, ibuprofen, and their blend on the course of pyrolysis of sunflower stalks was studied using the gravimetric technique as well as the techniques of IR and UV, XRD, and SEM and EDX spectroscopies. It was ascertained that ibuprofen has the highest effect in reduction of hydrocarbons in the composition of volatile pyrolysis products, which lowers the contribution of bands: saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons by about 2.36 times; compounds with carbonyl groups by almost by three times; and the contribution of alcohols, phenols, and esters by 2.5 times in the FT-IR spectra. The reasons for a greater effectiveness of ibuprofen in reducing hydrocarbons in volatiles can be its lower temperature of decomposition and distinct composition of formed volatile pyrolysis products. Up to the temperature of 450 °C, paracetamol inhibits the migration of AAEMs from the pyrolyzed sample, the blend of pharmaceuticals accelerates the migration of all AAEMs except inorganics with Mg atoms. In the sediment of char of ibuprofen additive, there is a higher amount of Ca, Mg, and Cl atoms than in other chars, which can explain a greater influence of ibuprofen on the reduction of hydrocarbons in the composition of volatiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass and Bio-Energy—2nd Edition)

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25 pages, 2990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can the Supplementation of Oocytes with Extra Copies of mtDNA Impact Development Without Being Transmitted? A Molecular Account

by Justin C. St. John, Eryk Andreas and Alexander Penn

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(6), 2746; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062746 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

The introduction of extra copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whether autologous or heterologous, into oocytes at the time of fertilisation or through other assisted reproductive technologies, such as nuclear transfer, is a contentious issue. The primary focus has been on whether third-party mtDNA [...] Read more.

The introduction of extra copies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), whether autologous or heterologous, into oocytes at the time of fertilisation or through other assisted reproductive technologies, such as nuclear transfer, is a contentious issue. The primary focus has been on whether third-party mtDNA is transmitted to the offspring and if it impacts offspring health and well-being. However, little attention has focused on whether the introduction of extra copies of mtDNA will interfere with the balance established between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes during oogenesis and as the developing embryo establishes its own epigenetic imprint that will influence mature offspring. Whilst we determined that sexually mature offspring generated through mtDNA supplementation did not inherit any-third party mtDNA, they exhibited differences in gene expression from three tissues derived from three separate embryonic lineages. This resulted in a number of pathways being affected. In each case, the differences were greater in the heterologous and autologous comparison than when comparing all supplemented offspring against non-supplemented offspring. Many of the changes in gene expression were coupled to differential DNA methylation across tissues, some of which were tissue-specific, with high levels observed in the heterologous against autologous comparison. An analysis of DNA methylation in blastocyst-stage embryos pointed to changes in patterns of DNA methylation that were transmitted through to the offspring. Our results indicated that extra copies of mtDNA may not be transmitted if introduced at low levels, but the changes induced by supplementation that occur in DNA methylation and gene expression in the blastocyst have a profound effect on tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondria and Energy Metabolism Reprogramming in Diseases)

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33 pages, 3295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Model-Based Systems Engineering into CubeSat Development: A Case Study of the BOREALIS Mission

by Lorenzo Nardi, Stefano Carletta, Parsa Abbasrezaee, Giovanni Palmerini, Nicola Lovecchio, Nunzio Burgio, Alfonso Santagata, Massimo Frullini, Donato Calabria, Massimo Guardigli, Elisa Michelini, Maria Maddalena Calabretta, Martina Zangheri, Elisa Lazzarini, Andrea Pace, Marco Montalti, Dario Mordini, Liyana Popova, Saverio Citraro, Daniela Billi, Fabio Lorenzini, Alessandro Donati, Mara Mirasoli and Augusto Nascetti Show full author list Hide full author list

Aerospace 2025, 12(3), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12030256 - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

The Biofilm Onboard Radiation Exposure Assessment Lab In Space (BOREALIS) mission is a 6U CubeSat initiative funded by the Italian Space Agency under the ALCOR program, executed through a collaboration among the School of Aerospace Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome, Interdepartmental Centre [...] Read more.

The Biofilm Onboard Radiation Exposure Assessment Lab In Space (BOREALIS) mission is a 6U CubeSat initiative funded by the Italian Space Agency under the ALCOR program, executed through a collaboration among the School of Aerospace Engineering of Sapienza University of Rome, Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Aerospace Research (CIRI Aerospace) of the University of Bologna and Kayser Italia Srl. BOREALIS is equipped with a lab-on-chip payload for studying the effects of microgravity and ionising radiation on microbial biofilms, which are crucial for understanding and preventing persistent infections in space environments. The satellite will operate across multiple orbits, moving from low to medium Earth orbit, to distinctly analyse the impacts of radiation separate from microgravity. The required orbital transfer not only tests the autonomy of its on-board systems in challenging conditions but also places BOREALIS among the first and few CubeSats to have ever attempted such a complex manoeuvre. This study explores the systematic application of Model-Based Systems Engineering to satellite design, from conceptualisation to trade-offs, using a tradespace analysis approach supported by Monte Carlo simulations to optimise mission configurations against performance and cost. Additionally, the adaptability of Model-Based Systems Engineering tools and the reusability of such an approach for other satellite projects are discussed, illustrating the BOREALIS mission as a case study for small mission design considering constraints and requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Satellite Systems Design, Verification and Testing to Spacecraft Operations)

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19 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Vaccination: Exploring Young Adults’ Awareness, Knowledge, and Attitudes Related to Sexually Transmitted Infections in Romania

by Alexandra-Ioana Roșioară, Bogdana Adriana Năsui, Nina Ciuciuc, Dana Manuela Sîrbu, Daniela Curșeu, Romulus Florian Oprica, Codruța Alina Popescu, Rodica Ana Ungur, Tamara Cheșcheș and Monica Popa

Vaccines 2025, 13(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13030322 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Romania has the highest rate of cervical cancer in Europe. The aim of this study is to measure the level of sexual health knowledge among participants and determine the extent to which factors such as age, gender, education level, access [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Romania has the highest rate of cervical cancer in Europe. The aim of this study is to measure the level of sexual health knowledge among participants and determine the extent to which factors such as age, gender, education level, access to sexual health resources, and cultural background influence their knowledge. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1089 Romanian youth participants aged 18–35 years. A self-administered online questionnaire was used concerning the level of knowledge relating to STIs, contraception methods, and preventive attitudes during the 2023–2024 academic year. Results: Most of the participants (93,8%) scored a “good-to-excellent” STI level of knowledge. Despite this, 71.9% of the responders had never taken an HIV test, and 63.5% had never been tested for other STIs. Logistic regression analysis revealed a direct association between higher STI knowledge levels among respondents with age (p < 0.001), underage sexual debuts (p = 0.018), greater parental education (p = 0.016), and those who studied health sciences (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights the critical need for health communication campaigns to enhance STI knowledge and vaccine literacy to improve the vaccination rates among young people in Romania. The identified knowledge gaps, frequent misconceptions, and barriers to STI testing underscore the importance of comprehensive sexual health education, public health initiatives for reducing the stigma associated with STIs, and improved access to healthcare services for young people. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccine Development and Global Health)

22 pages, 2661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Novel Canned Peaches (Fercluse Variety) as a Healthy and Possible Diabetic Food Choice

by Ioannis Prodromos Papachristoudis, Maria Dimopoulou, Smaro Kyroglou, Patroklos Vareltzis and Olga Gortzi

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(6), 3336; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063336 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

An upward trend has been observed in recent years in which consumers are actively more conscious about finding healthier food alternatives to purchase. Based on the constantly increasing demands of the diabetes food market, a new product of canned peach halves was designed [...] Read more.

An upward trend has been observed in recent years in which consumers are actively more conscious about finding healthier food alternatives to purchase. Based on the constantly increasing demands of the diabetes food market, a new product of canned peach halves was designed at the Laboratory of Technology & Food Quality & Food Safety of the University of Thessaly through the substitution of sugar with sweetening agents coming from the Stevia plant and Agave syrup. For the production process of the samples the ingredients were carefully selected. Then, the recipes were designed along with the determination of the all the parameters that should be taken into account according to the thermal processing of previous studies. After the completion of the production process, the samples were stored in a dark and cold environment for a 6-month period. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed before and after simulated digestion (INFOGEST protocol) to determine their nutritional characteristics and their microbiological safety. The samples were then given to consumers to test the organoleptic characteristics of the new products. The results of the microbiological, nutritional, organoleptic, and meal tests were analyzed in order to assess the quality of samples. The canned peaches with Stevia had higher bio-availability and liking scores, and resulted in lower post-prandial glucose levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Food Microbiology: Food Fermentation, Safety, and Production)

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14 pages, 598 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sex Differences in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Implications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

by Paulina Czarnota, Jamie L. MacLeod, Niya Gupta, Ani Manichaikul and Yun M. Shim

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(6), 2747; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26062747 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading chronic disease worldwide, with significant healthcare utilization, morbidity, and mortality. Irreversible airflow obstruction identified on spirometry establishes the diagnosis of COPD, but the disease entity encompasses a heterogeneous collection of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis [...] Read more.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading chronic disease worldwide, with significant healthcare utilization, morbidity, and mortality. Irreversible airflow obstruction identified on spirometry establishes the diagnosis of COPD, but the disease entity encompasses a heterogeneous collection of lung diseases, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Despite the enormous burden of COPD, there are no pharmacological therapies that slow its progression or reduce mortality, indicating the need for a deeper understanding. There are sex differences concerning COPD prevalence, pathology, and symptoms. Historically thought to primarily affect males, its effect on females has increased significantly over time due to a rising prevalence of smoking and exposure to harmful pollutants among females. Over the past decade, the age-adjusted prevalence of COPD has been consistently higher in females than in males. Despite this, the impacts of biological sex continue to be confusing and poorly defined. The primary goal of this review is to organize and collate sex-dependent factors that may contribute to disease differences in males and females, thereby identifying future research questions in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD))

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23 pages, 3834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Dual-Link Data Transmission Based on Internet of Vessels

by Fei Li, Ying Guo, Ziqi Wang, Yuhang Chen and Jingyun Gu

Sensors 2025, 25(6), 1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25061899 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

The transmission of marine data is an urgent global challenge. Due to the particularity of underwater environments, the efficiency and reliability of data transmission in underwater acoustic communication are severely restricted, especially in long-distance and large-scale data transmission situations. This study proposes a [...] Read more.

The transmission of marine data is an urgent global challenge. Due to the particularity of underwater environments, the efficiency and reliability of data transmission in underwater acoustic communication are severely restricted, especially in long-distance and large-scale data transmission situations. This study proposes a dual-link data transmission method based on the Internet of Vessels, utilizing the powerful communication capabilities and flexibility of ships as relay nodes for data transmission. By constructing both above-water and underwater dual-link collaborative transmission, the method effectively improves data transmission rates and stability. Additionally, a spatial crowdsourcing allocation algorithm based on Bayesian reputation selection is designed to assess the capability of ships to complete tasks, and an integrated scoring function is used to select the optimal relay ship, solving the problems of relay ship selection and transmission path selection in the data transmission process. Furthermore, this study introduces an incentive mechanism for data transmission based on the Internet of Vessels, which maximizes the stability of data transmission. Experimental results show that the dual-link data transmission method of the Internet of Vessels significantly improves the reliability and transmission speed of underwater communication, providing a novel and practical solution for long-distance, large-volume data transmission in maritime environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater and Underground Sensor Networks: Theory, Technology, and Application)

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15 pages, 402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Beliefs About Critical Competence in a Sample of Psychosocial and Socio-Educational Intervention Professionals in Master’s Degree Training

by Francisco Jose Garcia-Moro and Diego Gomez-Baya

J. Intell. 2025, 13(3), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13030039 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Critical thinking is a skill of great importance in our current and future society. Its value goes beyond all theoretical doubt although it requires more practical development, especially in terms of coordinated and evidence-based approaches. In addition, the ethical foundation must permeate the [...] Read more.

Critical thinking is a skill of great importance in our current and future society. Its value goes beyond all theoretical doubt although it requires more practical development, especially in terms of coordinated and evidence-based approaches. In addition, the ethical foundation must permeate the entire critical process, indicating what to criticize, for what, why, how, and when, elements that should not be left to improvisation or what is traditionally done. The aim of this research was to describe the ethical connotations that come together in the critical process. To this end, we focused on a group case study of undergraduate and graduate students of Psychosocial and Socio-educational studies in Spain, collecting information with instruments built ad hoc. The results show little practical awareness of the weight of ethics in critical decisions, producing a change in orientation regarding educational training to improve decision-making based on CT and ethics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Formation and Evaluation of Critical and Creative Thinking for Good Personal, Academic and Professional Performance in These New Times)

26 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development and Validation of a K-12 STEM Engagement Participant Outcome Instrument

by Toni A. May, Carla C. Johnson, Sera Harold and Janet B. Walton

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15030377 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

The U.S. Federal STEM Strategic Plan released in 2018 charged federal agencies to operate with transparency and accountability regarding the impact of STEM programming on participant outcomes. This study’s purpose is to share a robust and iterative design-based research validation study for a [...] Read more.

The U.S. Federal STEM Strategic Plan released in 2018 charged federal agencies to operate with transparency and accountability regarding the impact of STEM programming on participant outcomes. This study’s purpose is to share a robust and iterative design-based research validation study for a middle school (U.S. grades 6–8; ages 11–14 years old) Student STEM Outcomes Survey. Our team partnered with NASA to develop an instrument to study the impact of participation in NASA Office of STEM Education’s (OSTEM) engagement programming on middle school student affective outcomes. Overall, this study produced strong validity evidence for each construct (STEM Identity, STEM Self-Efficacy, STEM Interest, 21st century skills) of the Student STEM Outcomes Survey. Qualitative field testing results from subject matter experts and middle grade students related to content, response processes, and consequences of testing validity evidence provided support for data-informed item wording modifications. Rasch psychometric results assisted in meaningfully paring back items to ultimately result in parsimonious and psychometrically sound survey sections based on internal structure and response processes findings. Suggestions for using the newly developed and validated Student STEM Outcomes Survey are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section STEM Education)

15 pages, 3346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Awareness, Identity, and Place Attachment Among Young People Living in a Calabrian Reclamation Landscape

by Rosalucia Mazzei, Angela Magariello, Alessandra Patitucci, Andrea Tagarelli and Giuseppe Tagarelli

Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2705; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062705 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Over the centuries, the reclamation of marshy areas has significantly transformed the Italian rural landscape. The Piana di Sibari (North of Calabria) represents a paradigmatic case of this process, because the current landscape is the result of a vast rural transformation. This paper [...] Read more.

Over the centuries, the reclamation of marshy areas has significantly transformed the Italian rural landscape. The Piana di Sibari (North of Calabria) represents a paradigmatic case of this process, because the current landscape is the result of a vast rural transformation. This paper discusses the results of a survey conducted to evaluate students’ knowledge and perception of this “Reclaim Lands” landscape, focusing on their emotional connection and awareness of its cultural and environmental heritage. The survey was administered to 149 middle school and 177 high school students. The study aims to investigate awareness and perception of landscape among mid-to-late adolescents living in the Piana di Sibari, highlighting the key aspects of the relationship between students and the places they inhabit, recognizing the catalytic role of the landscape in fostering a sense of belonging and identity. The results of this survey encourage reflection on a cultural shift that integrates ecological, social, and cultural perspectives, aligned with the European Landscape Convention, advocating for greater investment in youth education and participation to promote active citizenship and chart a course toward a fairer and more sustainable society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Strategies for Sustainable Landscape Conservation and Cultural Legacy)

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24 pages, 5482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of Copper-Responsive miRNAs and Their Target Genes in Jerusalem Artichoke

by Xi Chen, Tianyun Shao, Wenhan Dong, Jiayan Lin, Lixiang Dai, Yilong Ma, Zhaosheng Zhou and Xiaohua Long

Plants 2025, 14(6), 955; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060955 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in plants, significantly contributing to various biological processes and stress responses. While their roles have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis thaliana and other model plants, the response of miRNAs to copper (Cu) stress in Jerusalem [...] Read more.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in plants, significantly contributing to various biological processes and stress responses. While their roles have been extensively studied in Arabidopsis thaliana and other model plants, the response of miRNAs to copper (Cu) stress in Jerusalem artichoke remains unknown. This study addresses this gap by investigating Cu-responsive miRNAs and their regulatory roles in Jerusalem artichoke under Cu stress. Through small RNA library analysis, six miRNA families—miR168, miR394, miR397, miR398, miR408, and miR858—were identified in Cu-stressed and control plants of the Jerusalem artichoke cv. NY1. These miRNAs possess characteristic stem-loop precursor structures and detectable miRNA* sequences, with miR858 having unusually long precursors (1524–6448 nt). This study outlines a framework for miRNA-mediated Cu stress responses in Jerusalem artichoke, highlighting the roles of both well-established Cu-responsive miRNAs (miR397, miR398, and miR408) and other conserved miRNAs (miR168, miR394, and miR858). These miRNAs are suggested to influence Cu stress adaptation by modulating target genes involved in essential metabolic, physiological, and morphological processes, offering new insights into miRNA-mediated stress regulation in plants. Full article

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21 pages, 1244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recycling Potential of Copper-Bearing Waelz Slag via Oxidative Sulfuric Acid Leaching

by Pavel Grudinsky, Ekaterina Vasileva and Valery Dyubanov

Metals 2025, 15(3), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15030330 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

Copper-bearing Waelz slag (CBWS) is a solid by-product of the Waelz process, the disposal of which faces significant environmental challenges. In this study, oxidative sulfuric acid leaching was applied for the recovery of valuable elements from a CBWS sample containing 26.23% Fe, 0.82% [...] Read more.

Copper-bearing Waelz slag (CBWS) is a solid by-product of the Waelz process, the disposal of which faces significant environmental challenges. In this study, oxidative sulfuric acid leaching was applied for the recovery of valuable elements from a CBWS sample containing 26.23% Fe, 0.82% Cu, and 0.81% Zn. Experimental leaching was conducted at temperature ranges, durations, and solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratios of 25–90 °C, 5–240 min, and 0.05–0.5 g/cm³, respectively. The consumption rates of H₂SO₄ and H₂O₂ ranged within 9.18–15.29 mmol/g and 0–7.35 mmol/g, which, at a 1:4:1 g/cm³/cm³ ratio, were equal to 225–375 g/dm³ H₂SO₄ and 0–250 g/dm³ H₂O₂, respectively. Various oxidants such as H₂O₂, MnO₂, air, oxygen, and Fe³⁺ ions were tested in the leaching experiments. The optimal leaching conditions were proven to be a temperature of 70 °C, duration of 180 min, S/L ratio of 0.2 g/cm³, and consumption rate of 13.4 mmol H₂SO₄/g. These leaching conditions led to the recovery of 96.1% Fe, 87.0% Cu, and 86.9% Zn with the addition of 2.94 mmol H₂O₂/g and 95.2% Fe, 84.7% Cu, and 67.5% Zn with the addition of 0.095 g MnO₂/g. These results suggest that metallic iron particles contained in a CBWS sample complicate copper dissolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Separation, Purification and Extraction of Metals from Primary and Secondary Resources)

27 pages, 3873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Recovery of Polycationic Metals from Acid Mine Drainage and Their Subsequent Valorisation for the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater

by Khathutshelo Lilith Muedi, Job Tatenda Tendenedzai, Vhahangwele Masindi, Nils Hendrik Haneklaus and Hendrik Gideon Brink

Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2701; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062701 (registering DOI) - 18 Mar 2025

Abstract

The presence of toxic and hazardous chemical species in municipal wastewater poses a significant environmental and public health challenge, necessitating innovative, sustainable, and cost-effective treatment solutions. This study pioneers the recovery and valorisation of polycationic metals from real acid mine drainage (AMD) for [...] Read more.

The presence of toxic and hazardous chemical species in municipal wastewater poses a significant environmental and public health challenge, necessitating innovative, sustainable, and cost-effective treatment solutions. This study pioneers the recovery and valorisation of polycationic metals from real acid mine drainage (AMD) for municipal wastewater treatment, demonstrating a novel approach that integrates resource recovery with wastewater remediation. A key strength of this study is the use of real municipal wastewater (authentic MWW) in the treatment phase, ensuring that the findings accurately reflect real-world conditions. Advanced analytical techniques were employed to characterise both aqueous and solid samples, and batch experiments were conducted to assess the removal efficiency of polycationic metals for key contaminants: ammonium (NH₄⁺), sulphate (SO₄²⁻), phosphate (PO₄³⁻), and nitrate (NO₃⁻). The optimised conditions are 2 g of polycationic metals per 100 mL, 90 min of contact time, and 35°C. The yielded exceptional removal efficiencies are PO₄³⁻ (>99.9%), NH₄⁺ (>99.7%), NO₃⁻ (>99%), and SO₄²⁻ (>96%), achieving final concentrations of <0.5 mg/L for PO₄³⁻ and NH₄⁺, 2.1 mg/L for NO₃⁻, and 9.1 mg/L for SO₄²⁻. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-first-order model, indicating physisorption, while the Two-Surface Langmuir model suggested a combination of homogeneous and heterogeneous adsorption mechanisms. FTIR, SEM-EDX mapping, and XRF analyses confirmed the retention of P, S, and N in the product sludge, validating the adsorption process. This study is the first of its kind to recover Al-rich Fe species from real AMD and activate them for municipal wastewater remediation using authentic MWW, bridging the gap between laboratory-scale research and real-world applications. By simultaneously addressing AMD pollution and municipal wastewater treatment, this research advances circular economy principles, promotes sustainable water management, and contributes to national and global efforts toward water security and environmental protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Innovation for Sustainable Development: Harnessing Waste Beneficiation and Secondary Raw Materials)

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