MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

54 pages, 6131 KB

Open AccessReview

Polymer Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration Membranes Containing Inorganic Modifiers: Functional Properties and Performance—Review

by Yuliya S. Dzyazko, Valentina V. Chmilenko, Priscila Pini Pereira, Ludmila M. Rozhdestvenska, Katerina O. Kudelko, Nicole Novelli do Nascimento, Angélica Marquetotti Salcedo Vieira, Letícia Nishi and Rosângela Bergamasco

Polymers 2026, 18(18), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym18182304 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Modifying MF and UF polymer membranes with hydrophilic compounds is one of the well-known antifouling strategies, which also allows one to achieve a compromise between fluid permeability and the retention of one or another species. Hydrophilizing inorganic substances are widely used for modifying [...] Read more.

Modifying MF and UF polymer membranes with hydrophilic compounds is one of the well-known antifouling strategies, which also allows one to achieve a compromise between fluid permeability and the retention of one or another species. Hydrophilizing inorganic substances are widely used for modifying due to their enhanced chemical stability and multifunctionality. In this review, the inorganic modifiers are categorized according to their effect on organic contaminants and bacteria: (i) non-destructive (natural and synthetic aluminosilicates, phosphates and oxides of multivalent elements, particularly magnetic nanoparticles), (ii) bacteria-destructing (silver nanoparticles, advanced carbon nanomaterials, MXenes), and (iii) strongly destructive, which disrupt both bacteria and organic substances (photocatalysts). The mechanism of antibacterial activity of different modifiers is considered. The main approaches to modifying are stressed: blending polymers with preliminarily formed nanoparticles followed by membrane formation, synthesis of them inside the pores of membranes or on their surface, embedding pre-formed particles into pores, or modifying the surface with them. A comparative analysis of the functional properties and performance of pure polymer membranes and materials containing inorganic modifiers has been conducted. The attention is focused on the ability of modified membranes based on various polymers to retain both macromolecular and low-molecular-weight substances together with high fluid permeability and stability against organic contaminants and biofouling. The limitations of materials containing various types of inorganic modifiers are analyzed. Among the possible directions of further investigations, the development of a universal theoretical approach to modifying is noted; moreover, the testing of the materials has to involve the treatment of real solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Membranes and Films)

17 pages, 4156 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Effectiveness of Gas Control in Low-Permeability Coal Seams Based on Microbial Gas Dissolution

by Qingsong Li, Wei Zhang, Xianwei Heng, Shujin Zhang, Zhengpeng Duan, Dan Feng and Zhenhua Shen

Processes 2026, 14(18), 2999; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14182999 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

To shorten the gas control period in low-permeability coal seams, the effectiveness of microbial gas dissolution technology for gas control was investigated through a combination of field tests and numerical simulations. First, three groups of injection boreholes were constructed, and the microbial gas-dissolving [...] Read more.

To shorten the gas control period in low-permeability coal seams, the effectiveness of microbial gas dissolution technology for gas control was investigated through a combination of field tests and numerical simulations. First, three groups of injection boreholes were constructed, and the microbial gas-dissolving solution was injected into the coal seam, followed by an evaluation of the treatment effect after three days. Furthermore, based on a multiphysics-coupled modeling framework, the conventional borehole drainage process was simulated using the Partial Differential Equation (PDE) module of COMSOL Multiphysics to compare the evolution of coal seam gas pressure under conventional drainage with the field performance of the gas dissolution treatment. The results showed that the injected bioactive solution promoted methane oxidation and rapidly reduced the gas content and pressure in the treated region. After 3 days of gas dissolution treatment, the average gas content and gas pressure within the overlapping influence zones between the injection borehole groups decreased by 38.0% and 80.7%, respectively, relative to their initial values. However, the treatment effect gradually weakened with increasing distance from the injection zone, indicating spatial attenuation of the effective influence of the bioactive solution in the low-permeability coal seam. Comparatively, conventional drainage required approximately 68 days to reduce the gas pressure to the same level achieved by the gas dissolution treatment within 3 days, demonstrating that gas dissolution technology can drastically accelerate the gas control cycle. Nevertheless, further large-scale application requires consideration of economic feasibility and continued optimization of injection parameters and field implementation procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Simulation of Coal Mining)

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24 pages, 16809 KB

Open AccessArticle

Botanical Substitution in Traditional ‘Rang Chuet’ Preparations: Distinguishing the Potential Xenobiotic Modulation of Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. from the Hepatotoxic Risks of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth

by Kitti Leesiam, Arunporn Itharat, Weerachai Pipatrattanaseree, Puritat Kanokkangsadal, Thishnapha Vudhironarit, Vilailak Tiyao, Sunita Makchuchit, Pranporn Kuropakornpong and Neal M. Davies

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(18), 8389; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27188389 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Rang Chuet is a traditional Thai medicinal plant widely used for detoxification, although the name is applied to several botanically distinct species. This study investigated the ethnopharmacological basis and potential molecular mechanisms underlying this practice by integrating practitioner knowledge, botanical authentication, phytochemical profiling, [...] Read more.

Rang Chuet is a traditional Thai medicinal plant widely used for detoxification, although the name is applied to several botanically distinct species. This study investigated the ethnopharmacological basis and potential molecular mechanisms underlying this practice by integrating practitioner knowledge, botanical authentication, phytochemical profiling, and molecular docking. Structured interviews were conducted with 30 experienced traditional medicine practitioners from five regions of Thailand to document the therapeutic use and preparation of Rang Chuet. Botanical identification confirmed three species marketed under this name: Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Curcuma rangjued Saensouk & Boonma, and Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Most practitioners used Rang Chuet primarily for detoxification, with C. spectabilis and T. laurifolia being the predominant species. LC–MS/MS analysis identified fifteen phytochemicals, including compounds common to both species, such as apigenin, quercetin, and caffeic acid, together with species-specific constituents including rosmarinic acid and α-spinasterol in T. laurifolia. Molecular docking suggested that selected phytochemicals may interact with xenobiotic-sensing receptors, with α-spinasterol showing favorable binding to the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) and apigenin and catechin to the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR). However, C. spectabilis is a recognised source of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and because molecular docking cannot distinguish agonist from antagonist activity or establish functional receptor activation, these predicted interactions should not be interpreted as evidence of detoxification efficacy or safety. These findings provide a scientific framework linking traditional knowledge, botanical diversity, phytochemical composition, and potential receptor-mediated mechanisms, and highlight the public health risk of botanical substitution under the shared vernacular name “Rang Chuet.” These findings are hypothesis-generating and warrant future functional and toxicological validation, particularly regarding C. spectabilis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Extracts and Natural Products: Molecular Insights into the Biofunctional Properties)

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25 pages, 19421 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Residual Power Series Framework in Fractional Convection–Diffusion Model with Convergence Analysis and Applications

by Sajad Iqbal, Ilhem Kadri, Brij Mohan, Manal Y. A. Juma and Nidal E. Taha

Fractal Fract. 2026, 10(9), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract10090656 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

This work investigates a novel residual power series technique (RPST) to analyze time-fractional convection–diffusion equations (TFC-DEqs) that model transport processes with memory and anomalous diffusion effects. The approach is appropriate for both linear and nonlinear cases because it avoids linearization, discretizations, and other [...] Read more.

This work investigates a novel residual power series technique (RPST) to analyze time-fractional convection–diffusion equations (TFC-DEqs) that model transport processes with memory and anomalous diffusion effects. The approach is appropriate for both linear and nonlinear cases because it avoids linearization, discretizations, and other simplifying assumptions. The reliability of the method is demonstrated by the results, which show strong agreement with exact solutions and rapid convergence as the fractional order approaches one. The error analysis also verifies that such results can be obtained with high accuracy by considering only a few terms, which demonstrates the efficiency of the method. A significant outcome of this research is the development of a reliable and efficient analytical framework that can accommodate complex transport phenomena without resorting to assumptions. The results are significant as they offer insights and show promise for potential applications in engineering and applied science, particularly for nonlocal and memory-dependent systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Solution and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations, 3rd Edition)

29 pages, 1142 KB

Open AccessReview

Digital Twin Empowering Whole-Lifecycle Governance of Urban Infrastructure: A Review of Technological Embedding, Organizational Change, and Institutional Reconstruction

by Xiansheng Chen, Sha Liu, Yang Zhao, Changxu Zheng and Yaping Zhang

Buildings 2026, 16(18), 3742; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16183742 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

As a frontier direction of engineering informatics, Digital Twin technology offers new technical possibilities for the whole-lifecycle governance of urban infrastructure. However, existing research mostly treats Digital Twin as a pure engineering system optimization tool, neglecting its governance attributes as a “Socio-technical System.” [...] Read more.

As a frontier direction of engineering informatics, Digital Twin technology offers new technical possibilities for the whole-lifecycle governance of urban infrastructure. However, existing research mostly treats Digital Twin as a pure engineering system optimization tool, neglecting its governance attributes as a “Socio-technical System.” Based on the systematic literature review method, this paper retrieves relevant literature from databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and CNKI between 2010 and 2025; systematically reviews the application evolution of Digital Twin technology in urban infrastructure across the planning, construction, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning stages from the three dimensions of technological embedding, organizational change, and institutional reconstruction; reveals the transmission mechanism through which technological capabilities are transformed into governance effectiveness via organizational mediation; identifies key existing research limitations in current research regarding data governance, cross-sector collaboration, and institutional adaptation; and proposes an integrative three-dimensional “Technological Embedding—Organizational Change—Institutional Reconstruction” analytical framework. This study finds that the core challenge of Digital Twin governance lies in coordinating the structural tension between technological centralization and governance decentralization; future research needs to transcend technological determinism, situate Digital Twin within a broader socio-technical system context, and achieve the substantive transformation from “technology empowerment” to “governance effectiveness.” Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engineering Informatics for Intelligent Lifecycle Management in the Built Environment)

19 pages, 732 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Artificial Intelligence Reporting Guidelines in Radiology: A Systematic Review

by Katarzyna Ochman, Miłosz Korbaś, Dominika Kaczyńska, Adam Mitręga, Radosław Zaucha and Jakub Kufel

Diagnostics 2026, 16(18), 3054; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16183054 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used in radiology, prompting the development of reporting guidelines, checklists, position statements, and evaluation frameworks. This systematic review aimed to identify and characterize these documents, assess their methodological quality, and evaluate their applicability to AI [...] Read more.

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used in radiology, prompting the development of reporting guidelines, checklists, position statements, and evaluation frameworks. This systematic review aimed to identify and characterize these documents, assess their methodological quality, and evaluate their applicability to AI tools supporting diagnostic imaging. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched in October 2025. English-language guidance documents first officially published or made available online between 2015 and 18 October 2025, including ahead-of-print articles, were eligible. Two reviewers independently screened records and assessed methodological quality using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II (AGREE II) with predefined project-specific interpretation guidance. The review was retrospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261471153). Results: Sixteen guidance documents were included. Clarity of Presentation had the highest median AGREE II score (86.1%), whereas Rigour of Development had the lowest (35.4%). CLEAR, CLEAR-E3, the CLAIM 2024 Update and the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR) position statement were recommended for use; the remaining 12 documents were recommended with modifications. Conclusions: Radiology AI guidance is generally clear and applicable, but development methods are often insufficiently reported. No single imaging-specific document comprehensively addresses model development, validation, diagnostic workflow integration, and post-deployment monitoring; complementary guidance may therefore be required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics)

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48 pages, 984 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Examining the Relationship Between E-Commerce and Economic Growth from a Regional Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review

by Pınar Özcanlı Baran and Ferhan Gezici

Sustainability 2026, 18(18), 9640; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18189640 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

The rapid expansion of digitalization has positioned e-commerce as an increasingly important component of economic activity, with potential implications for productivity, transaction costs, market access, and economic growth. Despite the growing body of empirical research, spatial differences in the relationship between e-commerce and [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of digitalization has positioned e-commerce as an increasingly important component of economic activity, with potential implications for productivity, transaction costs, market access, and economic growth. Despite the growing body of empirical research, spatial differences in the relationship between e-commerce and economic growth have not yet been comprehensively synthesized in the literature. To address this gap, this study presents a systematic literature review of 101 peer-reviewed articles published between 2004 and 2026, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The findings indicate that research in this field has expanded rapidly since 2020 and that regional-level studies are overwhelmingly concentrated in China. National-level studies generally report positive associations between e-commerce and productivity improvements, trade expansion, and digital transformation. In contrast, regional-level studies primarily focus on rural development, regional inequalities, and place-based policy interventions. Across both geographical scales, the reviewed literature suggests that reported e-commerce–growth relationships vary with digital infrastructure, human capital, institutional capacity, market accessibility, and policy context. By explicitly distinguishing between national- and regional-level evidence, this review highlights the spatial and methodological contexts associated with heterogeneous economic outcomes. The study also identifies key research gaps and discusses how inclusive digital development conceptually aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 8, 9, and 10. Full article

28 pages, 2025 KB

Open AccessReview

Cell-Surface Signatures and Targets of Modulated Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Atherosclerosis: From State Identification to Precision Intervention

by Yinfei Xu, Yi Wang, Hui Wu, Pengfei Li, Jiaqi Zhuang, Zhean Shen, Ziyi Lu, Cheng Zhang and Yan Chen

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2026, 13(9), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd13090472 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Atherosclerotic plaques contain vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived populations that no longer fit a simple contractile-versus-synthetic model. Lineage tracing, single-cell transcriptomics, spatial profiling and multimodal surface-protein measurements now show that VSMC-derived cells occupy heterogeneous lesional states with pathogenic, reversible or plaque-stabilizing properties. This [...] Read more.

Atherosclerotic plaques contain vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-derived populations that no longer fit a simple contractile-versus-synthetic model. Lineage tracing, single-cell transcriptomics, spatial profiling and multimodal surface-protein measurements now show that VSMC-derived cells occupy heterogeneous lesional states with pathogenic, reversible or plaque-stabilizing properties. This diversity creates a translational bottleneck. Intracellular markers and transcriptomic clusters can define state transitions, but they do not by themselves provide handles for live-cell isolation, molecular imaging, targeted delivery or selective intervention. This narrative review examines how VSMC state discovery can be translated into cell-surface signatures and surface-accessible intervention interfaces. We distinguish state/lineage markers, surface identification and sorting signatures, functional surface interfaces, causally supported candidate targets, and intervention-supported surface targets. Current evidence positions CD29, CD90, CD142, and CD200 primarily as tools for live-cell identification, whereas fibroblast activation protein (FAP) represents the most advanced example of an intervention-supported surface target for the depletion of a disease-associated modulated VSMC state. We propose a state-matched framework in which pathogenic states are selectively depleted, plastic or reversible states are modulated or reprogrammed, and matrix-supportive plaque-stabilizing states are preserved. C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2), guanylyl cyclase-B/natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (GC-B/NPR2), matrix metalloproteinase 14 (S14), and CD47 span different intermediate levels of therapeutic evidence, from targeted delivery to functional surface modulation and causal intervention, whereas CD36, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), and integrins remain constrained by incomplete cell-state or lineage specificity. Major barriers include human protein-level and surface validation, state specificity, spatial accessibility and direct therapeutic testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Basic and Translational Cardiovascular Research)

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26 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Cardiovascular Health and Welfare on Meat Quality in Modern Broiler Chickens: An Integrated Approach to Poultry Production

by Wiktoria Kościów, Emilia Lisiecka and Monika Łukasiewicz Mierzejewska

Animals 2026, 16(18), 2959; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16182959 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Modern broiler chickens have been selected for very rapid growth, efficient feed use, and a high proportion of breast muscle. However, the development of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems may not always keep pace with the increasing metabolic demands of rapidly growing tissues. [...] Read more.

Modern broiler chickens have been selected for very rapid growth, efficient feed use, and a high proportion of breast muscle. However, the development of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems may not always keep pace with the increasing metabolic demands of rapidly growing tissues. This imbalance may contribute to reduced blood flow, insufficient oxygen delivery, oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal muscle regeneration. At the same time, environmental and management factors such as heat stress, high stocking density, poor air quality, unsuitable lighting programs, limited activity, and pre-slaughter stress can further challenge the birds’ ability to maintain normal physiological function. This review explains how cardiovascular health and welfare conditions may interact in the development of breast muscle abnormalities and changes in meat quality. Particular attention is given to impaired circulation, tissue oxygen deficiency, vascular dysfunction, and their possible links with conditions such as wooden breast, white striping, and spaghetti meat. Understanding these relationships may help improve broiler health and welfare while maintaining meat quality and production efficiency. Future research should combine measurements of cardiovascular function, bird behaviour, environmental conditions, muscle health, and meat quality in the same animals over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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39 pages, 1490 KB

Open AccessReview

Mathematical Optimization and Advanced Algorithms for Few-Shot and Zero-Shot Visual Learning: An Optimization-Centered Review

by Jie Li, Yubo Sun, Xun Du, Haonan Chen and Yang Liu

Mathematics 2026, 14(18), 3407; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14183407 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Few-shot learning (FSL) and zero-shot learning (ZSL) are usually studied as separate problems, yet both require prediction when class-specific evidence is absent or scarce. This review analyzes their shared difficulty from an optimization perspective. Instead of grouping studies only by architecture, it tracks [...] Read more.

Few-shot learning (FSL) and zero-shot learning (ZSL) are usually studied as separate problems, yet both require prediction when class-specific evidence is absent or scarce. This review analyzes their shared difficulty from an optimization perspective. Instead of grouping studies only by architecture, it tracks four common coordinates: the information available to the learner, the variables estimated from that information, the objectives and constraints, and the numerical solvers. These coordinates support a unified comparison of attribute-based ZSL, episodic meta-learning, metric and prototype estimators, graph and optimal-transport inference, generative any-shot models, and adaptation of vision–language models. The synthesis exposes recurring trade-offs rather than a universally preferable family: flexible updates increase estimator variance; tractable task-time solvers inherit representation bias; query batches can improve inference while changing the protocol; and strong pretrained priors reduce target-data requirements while making the origin of task evidence harder to audit. Canonical objectives are distinguished from simplified review formulations and prospective research targets. The framework also clarifies the progression from explicit semantic mappings to local adaptation around pretrained image–text representations. Three priorities emerge: model selection without extra validation labels, safe use of uncertain pretrained knowledge, and stable parameter-efficient adaptation. Under this view, FSL and ZSL are connected structured-estimation problems rather than an inventory of unrelated algorithms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Optimization and Advanced Algorithms in Few-Shot and Zero-Shot Learning)

19 pages, 14741 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Unloading Inhibits Osteoblast Differentiation via Downregulation of OGT-Mediated O-GlcNAcylation

by Xiran Zhao, Junfei Zhang, Zhikui Li, Quan Sun, Liqun Xu, Tong Xue, Jiangdong Zhao, Xian Guo, Ru Zhang, Xuan Xie, Zhijun Yan, Zebing Hu, Shu Zhang and Fei Shi

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(9), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48090961 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Prolonged spaceflight and sustained bed rest induce mechanical unloading, leading to disuse osteoporosis and an elevated risk of fractures. Although post-translational modifications are increasingly recognized as key contributors to the pathogenesis of disuse bone loss, the functional role and underlying molecular mechanisms of [...] Read more.

Prolonged spaceflight and sustained bed rest induce mechanical unloading, leading to disuse osteoporosis and an elevated risk of fractures. Although post-translational modifications are increasingly recognized as key contributors to the pathogenesis of disuse bone loss, the functional role and underlying molecular mechanisms of O-linked N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that mechanical unloading via 2D clinorotation downregulates the levels of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and global protein O-GlcNAcylation in MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas osteogenic induction elicits the opposite effect. Both small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting OGT and pharmacological inhibition using OSMI-1 recapitulated unloading-induced deficits, significantly impairing osteogenic differentiation and matrix mineralization. Conversely, OGT overexpression or inhibition of O-GlcNAcase (OGA) with Thiamet-G enhanced these processes. Importantly, OGT re-expression partially reversed the deficits caused by mechanical unloading. Notably, exogenous elevation of global O-GlcNAcylation levels via Thiamet-G treatment even after OGT knockdown also partially restored osteogenic capacity. Together, these findings establish the OGT/O-GlcNAcylation axis as a critical regulator of unloading-induced suppression of osteogenesis and identify it as a promising therapeutic target for disuse osteoporosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Molecular and Cellular Biology)

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30 pages, 3069 KB

Open AccessReview

From Proteomic Signatures to Candidate Endotypes in Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, MASLD/MASH, and MetALD: Study Designs, Bioinformatics, and Biostatistical Strategies

by Zhennan Wu, Sachin Anil Ghag, Md Hasan Imam Shihab, Aatman Pushkarkumar Vasoya, Vinamrata Sharma, Jacob Patton Hickman, Yijie Wang, Xiaoqing Huang and Menghao Huang

Proteomes 2026, 14(3), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/proteomes14030049 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and dual-etiology metabolic dysfunction-associated alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD) form an overlapping metabolic dysfunction spectrum, rather than a single linear disease sequence. Proteomics offers a functional readout of this [...] Read more.

Obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and dual-etiology metabolic dysfunction-associated alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD) form an overlapping metabolic dysfunction spectrum, rather than a single linear disease sequence. Proteomics offers a functional readout of this spectrum by measuring proteins, proteoforms, and protein species involved in tissue injury, inflammation, metabolic stress, and inter-organ communication. This review asks how proteomic data can support mechanism-based stratification, rather than simply generate disease-associated signatures. We summarize advances in circulating and tissue-based proteomics across obesity, T2D, MASLD/MASH, and MetALD, highlighting shared and disease-specific pathways such as mitochondrial dysfunction, extracellular matrix remodeling, immune activation, proteostasis stress, and endocrine crosstalk. We emphasize that proteomic clusters should be considered candidate endotypes only when they are reproducible, mechanistically coherent, linked to tissue or causal evidence, and clinically informative. We also evaluate bioinformatics and biostatistical strategies needed for reliable interpretation, including preprocessing, missing-data handling, normalization, longitudinal modeling, multi-omics integration, protein quantitative trait locus (pQTL) analysis, colocalization, and Mendelian randomization. Finally, we discuss how proteoforms, post-translational modifications (PTMs), and platform-dependent proteome complexity shape interpretation. Together, these concepts provide practical guidance for moving from proteomic signatures to candidate endotypes and for prioritizing clinically useful biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteomics of Human Diseases and Their Treatments)

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14 pages, 10904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a DDQ Coil Structure for Electric Vehicle Wireless Power Transfer Systems

by Mustafa Turkyılmaz and Ali Agcal

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(18), 9334; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16189334 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Achieving robust misalignment tolerance is a critical challenge in electric vehicle (EV) wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes an optimised Double-D (DD) transmitter and a series-connected Double-D and Quadrature (DDQ) receiver architecture. By integrating a quadrature (Q) [...] Read more.

Achieving robust misalignment tolerance is a critical challenge in electric vehicle (EV) wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes an optimised Double-D (DD) transmitter and a series-connected Double-D and Quadrature (DDQ) receiver architecture. By integrating a quadrature (Q) coil, the system effectively compensates for magnetic flux drops during lateral x-axis shifts, ensuring highly robust operation and uniform efficiency across the entire SAE J2954 spatial tolerance zone. Designed for WPT1 power class and Z1 air gap specifications, the system’s safety and performance were evaluated through the ANSYS 2017 (Electromagnetic Suite 18.0) Maxwell 3D finite element method (FEM) and physical prototyping. A 110-piece ferrite core structure successfully limits electromagnetic exposure to the 27 µT safety threshold. Validated via experimental measurements, the system achieves a measured peak efficiency of 96.61% under perfect alignment. Furthermore, to evaluate the structural limits of the topology, extreme misalignment stress tests were conducted. The results demonstrate that the system maintains over 93% measured efficiency across a broad lateral offset range up to 50 cm. This exceptional tolerance highlights the magnetic stability of the DDQ structure and its strong potential for future dynamic charging applications. The strong correlation between numerical models and experimental data confirms a highly reliable and electromagnetically compatible solution for EV charging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering)

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24 pages, 7157 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Resilient Built-Environment Performance Through a Planning-Led Integrative Framework

by Abdulaziz Alotaibi and Haytham Elmousalami

Sustainability 2026, 18(18), 9639; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18189639 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Madinah, a high-intensity religious heritage city, faces increasing pressure from rapid urbanization, climatic stress, high visitor intensity, and growing infrastructure demands. Enhancing resilient built-environment performance therefore requires coordinated attention to mobility, comfort, service continuity, social usability, and operational support. This study develops a [...] Read more.

Madinah, a high-intensity religious heritage city, faces increasing pressure from rapid urbanization, climatic stress, high visitor intensity, and growing infrastructure demands. Enhancing resilient built-environment performance therefore requires coordinated attention to mobility, comfort, service continuity, social usability, and operational support. This study develops a planning-led framework for evaluating user-perceived resilient built-environment performance through a user satisfaction index (USI) integrating three dimensions: Planning/Spatial, Building Performance, and Digital Construction. The framework was applied to the Central Area surrounding the Prophet’s Mosque using a cross-sectional questionnaire survey with 300 valid responses. Indicator and dimension importance were established independently through expert ratings, while user responses were normalized and hierarchically aggregated to compute the USI. Planning/Spatial recorded the highest weighted performance score (55.87%), followed by building performance (48.99%) and digital construction (39.82%), resulting in an overall USI of 48.83%. Accessibility (PS3) achieved the highest individual mean score (3.22; 64.4%), whereas decision-support capability (DC4) recorded the lowest (1.84; 36.8%). The findings indicate comparatively stronger user-perceived spatial accessibility but weaker environmental, service-related, and user-visible digital-support performance. The proposed framework provides a structured basis for identifying perceived performance gaps and informing integrated planning and management interventions in high-intensity heritage urban environments, while its transferability to other contexts requires independent validation. Full article

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24 pages, 11594 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nifuroxazide Pretreatment Protects Against Acute CdCl₂ Exposure-Induced Toxicity via Modulating the USP21/AIM2 Inflammasome Axis

by Jing Yu, Feng Xu, Ran Wang, Qiu-Man Li, Xiang Li, Yang-Fang Jiang, Jian-Fei Lu, Chang-Hong Li, Guan-Jun Yang and Jiong Chen

Antioxidants 2026, 15(9), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15091211 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant with an exceptionally long biological half-life (10–30 years) and high multi-organ toxicity. While chronic cadmium exposure has been extensively studied, the pathological mechanisms and prophylactic strategies for acute cadmium poisoning remain poorly defined. Here, we established [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant with an exceptionally long biological half-life (10–30 years) and high multi-organ toxicity. While chronic cadmium exposure has been extensively studied, the pathological mechanisms and prophylactic strategies for acute cadmium poisoning remain poorly defined. Here, we established an acute cadmium intoxication model in C57BL/6 mice via intraperitoneal injection of CdCl₂ (5 mg/kg) and assessed pathological and molecular changes 12 h post-exposure. Histopathological examination revealed overt hepatic damage and mild extrahepatic changes in kidney and spleen. Mechanistically, acute cadmium challenge disrupted systemic redox homeostasis, as evidenced by significant reductions in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Concurrently, cadmium triggered a robust inflammatory response, upregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and activated the pyroptotic pathway, as shown by elevated cleaved caspase-1 and GSDMD-N levels. To identify potential prophylactic agents, we investigated nifuroxazide (NFX), a multifunctional agent with known anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Our results indicate that NFX pretreatment protects against cadmium-induced acute liver injury. Mechanistically, these data support the involvement of the USP21–AIM2 axis in this protection. USP21, a deubiquitinase, stabilizes AIM2 by removing its ubiquitin chains. Cadmium exposure increased USP21-mediated AIM2 deubiquitination, decreased AIM2 ubiquitination, and promoted AIM2 protein accumulation, accompanied by AIM2 inflammasome activation and hepatic stellate cell pyroptosis. In contrast, NFX pretreatment was associated with reduced USP21-mediated AIM2 deubiquitination, increased AIM2 ubiquitination and reduced AIM2 protein accumulation, and suppressed hepatic stellate cell pyroptosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that NFX pretreatment protects against acute CdCl₂-induced hepatic injury with mild improvements in extrahepatic tissue histology, and support the involvement of the USP21–AIM2 axis in regulating AIM2 inflammasome protein stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Defenses Against Stress Caused by Physical or Chemical Environmental Changes)

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16 pages, 1170 KB

Open AccessArticle

The p53-Associated Regulation of ATF4 mRNA Expression Involves p21 and p130 in a Stress-Dependent Manner

by Alexandra Dalina, Maria Shilyaeva, Irina Kovaleva and Peter Chumakov

Cells 2026, 15(18), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15181713 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

p53-dependent signaling and the integrated stress response (ISR) are major stress response programs that coordinate cellular metabolism and cell fate decisions. While p53 activation often promotes cell cycle arrest and cell death, the ISR can support either adaptive survival or cell death depending [...] Read more.

p53-dependent signaling and the integrated stress response (ISR) are major stress response programs that coordinate cellular metabolism and cell fate decisions. While p53 activation often promotes cell cycle arrest and cell death, the ISR can support either adaptive survival or cell death depending on the cellular context. Although increasing evidence indicates the crosstalk between these pathways, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that p53 activation is associated with reduced ATF4 mRNA expression under basal conditions and during selected metabolic stresses, including mitochondrial dysfunction. Knockdown experiments have demonstrated that p21 and p130 contribute to this response in a stress-dependent manner. Our findings identify a context-dependent link between p53 signaling and ATF4 mRNA regulation and suggest that p53, p21, and p130 may influence the ATF4-dependent branch of the ISR during cellular stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Gene Regulation)

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12 pages, 1199 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Retrospective Analysis of Nearly 3,000,000 Non-COVID-19 Mid- and High-Priority Ambulance Activations Before and During COVID-19: A National Study from Saudi Arabia

by Saeed A. Alqahtani, Talal M. Alshammari, Abdullah M. Alshamrani, Tariq L. Alshabaani, Tarek M. Esmael, Asif A. Mahmood, Abdulmajeed A. Alamri, Ahmed A. Alshamrani, Nawaf H. Alshaye, Abdulatif S. Alamri, Salem R. Aldossary, Yousef M. Alsofayan, Fahad S. Alhajjaj, Jawaher M. Alkhaldi and Ahmad A. Alrawashdeh

Healthcare 2026, 14(18), 3106; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14183106 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Evidence regarding sustained changes in ambulance utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic is inconsistent, and long-term national evidence from Saudi Arabia is limited. This study assessed changes in the level and weekly trend of eligible non-COVID-19 mid-priority, potentially life-threatening, and life-threatening ambulance activations [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Evidence regarding sustained changes in ambulance utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic is inconsistent, and long-term national evidence from Saudi Arabia is limited. This study assessed changes in the level and weekly trend of eligible non-COVID-19 mid-priority, potentially life-threatening, and life-threatening ambulance activations and EMS time intervals recorded by the Saudi Red Crescent Authority (SRCA) during the COVID-19 period relative to the pre-pandemic period. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed eligible SRCA activations recorded between 1 March 2018 and 28 February 2022. Weekly counts were evaluated using segmented negative-binomial interrupted time-series models. Exponentiated coefficients are reported as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). EMS time intervals were compared between periods. Results: The analytical cohort comprised 2,837,523 eligible activations. At the interruption on 1 March 2020, the model estimated an immediate 19.0% level increase in weekly call volume (level-change IRR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.06–1.33), followed by a relative decline in the post-interruption weekly trend (slope-change IRR = 0.996; 95% CI: 0.994–0.997). The largest complaint-specific immediate level-change IRRs were observed for penetrating injuries (IRR = 7.60; 95% CI: 5.40–10.70), pregnancy or obstetric emergencies (IRR = 3.59; 95% CI: 2.66–4.84), and allergic reactions (IRR = 3.21; 95% CI: 2.32–4.44); traffic-accident activations had a lower level (IRR = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.53–0.66). Median response, scene, transport, and total EMS intervals were longer by 1, 2, 2, and 4 min, respectively. Conclusions: Among the included non-COVID-19 mid- and high-priority activations, pandemic onset was associated with a higher immediate call level followed by a declining relative weekly trend and modestly longer EMS intervals. Complaint-specific differences may inform surveillance and service-capacity planning, but the observational design and exclusions preclude causal interpretation or inference about total SRCA workload. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Public Health Surveillance: Exploring New Perspectives and Improving Healthcare Outcomes)

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53 pages, 1832 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bias-Aware Detection Limits, Calibration Transfer and Matched-Control Robustness Assessment in Dual-Parameter Photonic Refractive-Index and Temperature Sensing: A Coupled Interface-Mode Multilayer Case Study

by Agah Oktay Ertay and Muhammed Mustafa Ertay

Sensors 2026, 26(18), 5955; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26185955 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Dual-parameter photonic sensors are usually reported through a nominal sensitivity and one detection limit, without stating which statistic that limit is or whether it survives transfer between devices. This computational study supplies that evaluation for one structure, a 36-layer one-dimensional multilayer read in [...] Read more.

Dual-parameter photonic sensors are usually reported through a nominal sensitivity and one detection limit, without stating which statistic that limit is or whether it survives transfer between devices. This computational study supplies that evaluation for one structure, a 36-layer one-dimensional multilayer read in transmission, whose Zak-phase-distinct TiO

_{2}

/SiO

_{2}

photonic-crystal sections enclose a 600 nm analyte cavity and a 500 nm thermo-optic reference cavity, each carrying a 5 nm ITO/5 nm TiO

_{2}

nanolaminate insert. Two coupled interface resonances at 1517 and 1651 nm, with loaded Q of 232 and 208 and refractive-index (RI) sensitivities of 90.71 and 329.41 nm/RIU, are inverted by a bounded nonlinear calibration to

2.43 \times 10^{- 5}

RIU and

0.155

^{\circ} C

; the temperature channel reports the device temperature. Probability-of-detection limits at 1% false alarm and 95% detection are

4.36 \times 10^{- 5}

RIU and

0.123

^{\circ} C

; they are set by the calibration standards and the wavelength reference, not by the linewidth. Transferring one calibration between devices worsens them 81-fold and 203-fold; a three-point per-device correction removes 84–93% of that loss. A trivial control matched on wavelength, Q, transmission, thickness and RI sensitivity shows no topological robustness advantage. Applied to the design itself, the same evaluation shows that the modes are cavity-selected, that hyperbolicity brings no benefit, and that the nanolaminate-free stack is preferred. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Optical Sensors 2026)

29 pages, 1052 KB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence-Augmented Approaches for Next-Generation Harmful Algal Bloom Management

by Malihe Mehdizadeh Allaf, Parham Dehnavi, Kevin J. Erratt, Lauren W. Rego and Hassan Peerhossaini

Water 2026, 18(18), 2342; https://doi.org/10.3390/w18182342 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are escalating global threats to aquatic ecosystems, water security, and public health. Although conventional monitoring and management approaches, ranging from in situ sensing to predictive ecological models, have advanced bloom detection and risk assessment, their effectiveness is often constrained [...] Read more.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are escalating global threats to aquatic ecosystems, water security, and public health. Although conventional monitoring and management approaches, ranging from in situ sensing to predictive ecological models, have advanced bloom detection and risk assessment, their effectiveness is often constrained by data scarcity, transferability, and real-time applicability. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative capabilities across the HAB management continuum, from detection to decision support, positioning AI as a cornerstone of next-generation strategies to mitigate bloom risks. This review synthesizes recent progress in AI applications, including automated phytoplankton identification, remote sensing analysis, predictive modeling, and decision-support systems, and evaluates classical machine learning, deep learning, and automated machine learning (AutoML) approaches. This review highlights how integrating AI with conventional ecological knowledge and expert judgment can yield adaptive, scalable hybrid intelligence frameworks. By integrating technological innovation with established monitoring practices, next-generation HAB management can shift from reactive responses to proactive strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences)

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40 pages, 16969 KB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of an Esophageal Cancer Prognostic Model Based on Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism-Related Genes and Mechanism of INHBA in Promoting Malignant Progression via the Smad2/3 Pathway

by Jinping Li, Yi Yao, Huikai Li, Bozong Shao and Enqiang Linghu

Biomolecules 2026, 16(9), 1367; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom16091367 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Objective: Esophageal cancer (ESCA) has poor prognosis and lacks reliable biomarkers. This study aimed to construct a mitochondrial energy metabolism-related prognostic model and identify key regulatory genes. Methods: TCGA-ESCA and GSE53625 data were used as training and validation cohorts, respectively. Mitochondrial energy metabolism [...] Read more.

Objective: Esophageal cancer (ESCA) has poor prognosis and lacks reliable biomarkers. This study aimed to construct a mitochondrial energy metabolism-related prognostic model and identify key regulatory genes. Methods: TCGA-ESCA and GSE53625 data were used as training and validation cohorts, respectively. Mitochondrial energy metabolism scores were calculated by ssGSEA. Differential expression analysis and WGCNA identified key genes, followed by consensus clustering, Cox/LASSO regression, enrichment analysis, immune infiltration, TIDE evaluation, and nomogram development. INHBA knockdown or overexpression was performed in KYSE-150 and TE-1 cells to assess malignant phenotypes, mitochondrial function, EMT markers, and Smad2/3 signaling, with SB431542 used for pathway blockade. Results: High mitochondrial energy metabolism scores predicted poorer overall survival. A total of 124 key genes were identified, and three molecular subtypes were established, with Cluster 2 showing the worst prognosis. A four-gene signature comprising COL11A1, INHBA, TNFAIP6, and POSTN stratified patients into high- and low-risk groups in both cohorts. High-risk tumors were enriched in extracellular matrix remodeling, cell adhesion, inflammatory response, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and PI3K-Akt signaling, whereas oxidative phosphorylation was more active in low-risk tumors. The high-risk group had higher TIDE scores, suggesting poorer immunotherapy response. The nomogram incorporating risk group and M stage showed limited discrimination after bootstrap correction. In vitro, INHBA promoted proliferation, migration, invasion, EMT, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP production, and oxidative phosphorylation. SB431542 partially reversed these effects. Conclusions: This MEMRG-based model predicts ESCA prognosis and immune features. INHBA promotes ESCA progression by activating Smad2/3-mediated EMT and mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming, suggesting its potential as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. Full article

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21 pages, 2538 KB

Open AccessArticle

TeleGlaukos: A Clinician-Led Adaptive Telemonitoring Platform for Hybrid Glaucoma Care

by Jeniffer Jesus, Pedro Cardoso-Teixeira, João Chibante Pedro, Dália Meira, Ignácio Rodriguez-Uña, João Melo Beirão and Luís Bastião Silva

Bioengineering 2026, 13(9), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering13091090 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Glaucoma requires continuous surveillance, sustained treatment adherence, and timely recognition of postoperative or treatment-related complications. Conventional outpatient follow-up provides structured clinical assessment but offers limited visibility of symptoms between appointments. This study describes TeleGlaukos, a clinician-led adaptive telemonitoring platform designed for hybrid perioperative [...] Read more.

Glaucoma requires continuous surveillance, sustained treatment adherence, and timely recognition of postoperative or treatment-related complications. Conventional outpatient follow-up provides structured clinical assessment but offers limited visibility of symptoms between appointments. This study describes TeleGlaukos, a clinician-led adaptive telemonitoring platform designed for hybrid perioperative and therapeutic glaucoma care. Its principal innovation is a configurable protocol engine that transforms static symptom forms into patient-specific workflows through conditional questions, symptom-triggered branching, medication reminders, rule-based alerts, and bidirectional clinician–patient communication. The platform was implemented as a Progressive Web App connected to a modular Django backend through RESTful APIs and WebSocket-enabled communication. The clinical pilot cohort comprised 30 glaucoma patients followed between May 2025 and April 2026. The wider platform environment contained 95 registered accounts: 30 glaucoma patients, 10 ophthalmologists, 10 research or administrative users, 20 development and testing accounts, and 25 non-pilot registered users. Across the platform, 737 engaged sessions, 1329 events, 30 bidirectional messages, and 186 questionnaire responses were recorded. Structured monitoring identified suspected treatment-related adverse reactions in two patients, prompting earlier clinical reassessment and treatment adjustment. Usability was assessed in 22 respondents (18 patients and 4 ophthalmologists), yielding a mean System Usability Scale score of 79.43 ± 17.98 (95% CI: 71.46–87.40), corresponding to a Good adjective rating and an Acceptable usability range; internal consistency was high (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.882). The artificial intelligence-assisted module remained exploratory and was not evaluated as an autonomous clinical component. TeleGlaukos demonstrated technical feasibility, favourable perceived usability, and the capacity of adaptive symptom workflows to surface clinically relevant signals between visits. Larger multicentre studies are required to evaluate effectiveness, safety, adherence, workflow burden, and cost-effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy)

22 pages, 24328 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Variations in the Popularity of Coastal Spaces in China’s Temperate Monsoon Region Using Large Language Models

by Lan Jin, Peijin Sun and Yan Song

Land 2026, 15(9), 1762; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15091762 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Coastal spaces are important settings for recreation, public health, tourism, and human–environment interaction. However, their spatial attractiveness often changes substantially across seasons, especially in regions with strong climatic variability. This study examines the seasonal drivers of coastal spatial popularity in China’s temperate monsoon [...] Read more.

Coastal spaces are important settings for recreation, public health, tourism, and human–environment interaction. However, their spatial attractiveness often changes substantially across seasons, especially in regions with strong climatic variability. This study examines the seasonal drivers of coastal spatial popularity in China’s temperate monsoon region using 440,857 geotagged Weibo posts across 13 coastal cities, aggregated into 2733 5 km grid cells. We integrate perception-related cultural ecosystem service (CES) indicators extracted through large language models with built-environment, natural-environment, and socio-economic variables at the 5 km grid level. Fixed-effects models are employed to identify overall and seasonal associations between environmental conditions and spatial popularity. The primary full model explains a substantial proportion of the variation in coastal spatial popularity (R² = 0.6330). The results show that coastal spatial popularity differs from conventional urban activity patterns. High building density and POI diversity are negatively associated with popularity, while accessibility, attractions, water-related environments, and economic conditions are positively associated with activity intensity. At the same time, substantial seasonal variation is observed. Visual perception remains important throughout the year, while the influence of other factors changes across seasons. For example, aquatic environmental conditions become particularly important in summer, whereas taste-related experiences become more relevant in autumn and recreational services in winter. These findings suggest that the drivers of coastal spatial popularity are not uniform over time but vary under different seasonal contexts. The study provides empirical evidence for seasonally adaptive coastal planning and demonstrates the potential of combining large language models with social media data to analyze perception-related spatial dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Innovations – Data and Machine Learning)

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38 pages, 1122 KB

Open AccessReview

Linear Dilaton in Cosmology and Particle Physics

by Eugenio Megías and Mariano Quirós

Universe 2026, 12(9), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/universe12090287 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

A warped extra dimension in a five-dimensional (5D) anti-de Sitter (AdS) background was introduced in 1999 by Lisa Randall and Raman Sundrum to solve the gauge hierarchy problem in particle physics. As a bonus, a holographic interpretation in terms of four-dimensional (4D) conformal [...] Read more.

A warped extra dimension in a five-dimensional (5D) anti-de Sitter (AdS) background was introduced in 1999 by Lisa Randall and Raman Sundrum to solve the gauge hierarchy problem in particle physics. As a bonus, a holographic interpretation in terms of four-dimensional (4D) conformal field theories (CFTs) was found. Interestingly enough, another 5D background, linear dilaton (LD), was found to have a holographic interpretation in terms of Little String Theory. In this review, we will show how a set of 5D backgrounds, parametrized in terms of a real parameter

ν

, generalizes both theories and gives rise, in particular, to AdS for

ν = 0

and to LD for

ν = 1

. Furthermore, working in the 5D theory, we will consider applications of the LD background to: (i) particle physics, so that the 5D Planck scale can be lowered to sub-Planckian values, and (ii) Brane World Cosmology (BWC), based on the appearance of an extra vacuum characterized by a 5D black hole. In all cases, we find a gapped continuum for bulk propagating fields, which makes a connection with unparticles. In the case of BWC, we also point out the existence of a pressureless holographic fluid that could play the role of dark matter (DM), with feeble (gravitational) interactions with the Standard Model (SM), decoupled from the thermal SM bath, and generated by a freeze-in mechanism after inflation. We also point out the additional possibility of identifying DM with a long-lived, feebly interacting massive graviton, as an isolated resonance generated by radiative corrections to the continuum graviton propagator self-energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue String Theory and Particle Physics: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Ignatios Antoniadis on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday)

13 pages, 637 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

New-Onset Pemphigus Following Drug Exposure and Vaccination: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases

by Gabriele Poddine, Francesco Bellinato, Paolo Gisondi and Giampiero Girolomoni

Vaccines 2026, 14(9), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines14090828 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Background: Although an increasing number of cases of new-onset pemphigus have been reported following drug exposure or vaccination, the available evidence remains fragmented and distinguishing true trigger-associated disease from coincidental onset continues to represent a major clinical challenge. We performed a systematic review [...] Read more.

Background: Although an increasing number of cases of new-onset pemphigus have been reported following drug exposure or vaccination, the available evidence remains fragmented and distinguishing true trigger-associated disease from coincidental onset continues to represent a major clinical challenge. We performed a systematic review to evaluate the available evidence on drug- and vaccine-associated new-onset pemphigus and to compare their clinical characteristics, management, and outcomes. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 statement and prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261307622). PubMed was searched from database inception to 30 April 2026. Studies reporting individual patients with new-onset pemphigus temporally associated with drug exposure or vaccination were included. Demographic, clinical, immunopathological, therapeutic, and outcome data were extracted and synthesized descriptively because of the anticipated heterogeneity of the available evidence. Results: A total of 20 drug-associated and 26 vaccine-associated cases identified from primary reports were included in the descriptive synthesis. Drug-associated cases demonstrated marked heterogeneity in the implicated agents, broader clinical variability, and a longer median latency, with frequent clinical improvement following withdrawal of the suspected drug when reported. In contrast, vaccine-associated cases occurred predominantly after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, displayed a substantially shorter latency, and were mainly represented by pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. Across both groups, systemic corticosteroids constituted the mainstay of treatment, with generally favorable outcomes among patients with available follow-up. However, the available evidence consisted almost exclusively of case reports and small case series, precluding reliable assessment of incidence or causality. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that drugs and vaccines may act as potential triggers of new-onset pemphigus in susceptible individuals; however, the strength of evidence differs substantially between the two settings. Drug-associated cases generally provide more convincing clinical support for a trigger-related mechanism, whereas vaccine-associated cases require more cautious interpretation because temporal association alone cannot establish causality. Standardized case reporting, prospective pharmacovigilance, and mechanistic studies are needed to strengthen causal inference and improve the recognition and management of trigger-associated pemphigus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses in Patients with Chronic Disease After Vaccination)

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34 pages, 1356 KB

Open AccessArticle

FCC-Bench and Adaptive Multi-Scale Inference for Multivariate Forecasting Using Data from a Continuous FCC Unit

by Ye Tang, Nan Jiang, Hansheng Suo, Linghui Li, Zun Gu, Runping Qin and Haowei Hu

Processes 2026, 14(18), 2998; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14182998 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units are central to modern oil refining. FCC operation is complex, with strong nonlinearity and high-dimensional spatiotemporal coupling, making process monitoring, soft sensing, and operational optimization difficult. Multivariate forecasting supports these tasks. Public datasets and forecasting benchmarks provide limited [...] Read more.

Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units are central to modern oil refining. FCC operation is complex, with strong nonlinearity and high-dimensional spatiotemporal coupling, making process monitoring, soft sensing, and operational optimization difficult. Multivariate forecasting supports these tasks. Public datasets and forecasting benchmarks provide limited data for one continuous FCC process, and forecasters transferred to FCC operation often need retraining to maintain accuracy as operation changes. To address these issues, we construct the Fluid Catalytic Cracking Benchmark (FCC-Bench) and propose Adaptive Multi-Scale Inference (AMSI). FCC-Bench focuses on one continuous FCC process, with 129 variables over 62.5 days, capturing operating changes and supporting traceable saved-array metric calculation. AMSI runs a frozen forecaster at three context lengths and fuses forecasts with adaptive per-variable weights, so short contexts respond quickly to sudden changes while long contexts reduce noise during slow changes. In the FCC-Bench last-20% rolling comparison, AMSI reaches the lowest mean MSE and MAE among the evaluated methods of 1.2909 and 0.8101. The same settings still give the lowest error on another period from the same unit and on another unit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Oil and Gas Engineering)

25 pages, 19521 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Input Neural Networks for Personalized Image Precompensation

by Nafe Alkzir, Maria Yarykina, Alexander Abgaryan, Sergey Gladilin, Dmitry Nikolaev and Ilya Nikolaev

J. Imaging 2026, 12(9), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging12090456 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Image precompensation aimed at correcting refractive errors of the human eye seeks to transform a displayed image so that, after being blurred by the observer’s ocular optics, the image projection on the retina closely matches the original picture. The optimal precompensation varies for [...] Read more.

Image precompensation aimed at correcting refractive errors of the human eye seeks to transform a displayed image so that, after being blurred by the observer’s ocular optics, the image projection on the retina closely matches the original picture. The optimal precompensation varies for different refractive errors, so taking into account the specific refractive distortion introduced by a particular eye is called personalization. Existing personalized precompensation methods rely on deconvolution with built-in constraints or further tone mapping, which either produce artifacts or impose contrast loss. In this paper, we propose an approach for adapting modern two-input neural networks developed for non-blind image deconvolution to the problem of personalized image precompensation. The purpose of two inputs is the capability of independently feeding the neural-network model with the image to process and the personal characteristic function of the observer’s eye. Based on the proposed technique, three neural-network models (USRNet-PC, DWDN-PC, and KerUnc-PC) were developed, the adaptation of which was rather a unified approach than individual transformation of each architecture. These models were then comprehensively compared with other modern personalized precompensation methods on the basis of objective quality metrics, computational performance, and the results of simulation-based human studies. It has been shown that USRNet-PC provides the best subjective quality of perception and the shortest processing time on a GPU, while DWDN-PC demonstrates the highest computational efficiency on x86 and ARM CPUs. Thus, a new neural-network approach is proposed for solving the precompensation problem, which appeared to be superior in quality to previously known methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Image Processing, Signal Processing and Their Applications)

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29 pages, 786 KB

Open AccessArticle

Budget-Constrained Multi-Stage Search for Deep Learning Deployment Configurations on Ascend 310B Edge NPU

by Yi Cao and Dongjin Xin

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(18), 9332; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16189332 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2026

Abstract

Deploying deep learning models on edge neural processing units (NPUs) requires selecting multiple compilation and runtime parameters. Exhaustive evaluation is costly, so high-quality configurations must be found within a limited hardware evaluation budget. We propose a budget-constrained, multi-stage search method for the Ascend [...] Read more.

Deploying deep learning models on edge neural processing units (NPUs) requires selecting multiple compilation and runtime parameters. Exhaustive evaluation is costly, so high-quality configurations must be found within a limited hardware evaluation budget. We propose a budget-constrained, multi-stage search method for the Ascend 310B platform and evaluate it on an Ascend 310B1 device. An L9 orthogonal design first provides low-cost, structured measurements of the main effects of precision mode, batch size, operator implementation mode, and compilation and execution strategy. CRITIC assigns fixed objective weights to the measured performance metrics. These main effects then prioritize untested configurations for device-side validation, and TOPSIS ranks the feasible configurations. We measured all 81 configurations for ResNet-18 on an Ascend 310B1. For the 72 non-L9 configurations, predicted guidance scores correlated strongly with unified measured scores (Spearman

ρ = 0.831

, 95% bootstrap CI [0.716, 0.898],

p < 0.001

). The method matched the full-search recommendation at

B = 12

. At

B = 18

, it evaluated 22.22% of the space, reduced device-side evaluations by 77.78%, and returned the same recommendation as exhaustive search. The method therefore directs limited hardware measurements toward promising regions of the deployment space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

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