MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

25 pages, 2547 KB

Open AccessArticle

Equilibrium Analysis of an Agricultural Evolutionary Game Under New Quality Productive Forces Policy

by Bingxian Wang, Sunxiang Zhu and Yuanyuan Zhu

Mathematics 2025, 13(22), 3618; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13223618 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

New quality agricultural productivity is essential for advancing agricultural modernization, consolidating and expanding achievements in poverty alleviation, and driving rural revitalization. However, leveraging this productivity to facilitate industrial upgrading and support the transition of smallholder farmers remains challenging. This paper constructs a tripartite [...] Read more.

New quality agricultural productivity is essential for advancing agricultural modernization, consolidating and expanding achievements in poverty alleviation, and driving rural revitalization. However, leveraging this productivity to facilitate industrial upgrading and support the transition of smallholder farmers remains challenging. This paper constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model involving the government, agricultural enterprises, and farmers within the policy framework of new quality agricultural productivity. By applying evolutionary game theory, we analyze the strategic interactions among policy implementation, farmer welfare, and the development of new quality agricultural productivity. Equilibrium analysis reveals that the government, as a regulatory actor, should provide appropriate subsidies to agricultural enterprises and farmers, undertake initial infrastructure improvements, diversify subsidy instruments, establish special incentives for agricultural technology innovation, and increase investment in cultivating new agricultural talent. Agricultural enterprises, as dynamic agents, should adopt proactive and systematic transformation strategies. Furthermore, they need to strengthen benefit-linked mechanisms with farmers to ensure sustained collaboration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Applied Mathematics)

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18 pages, 1162 KB

Open AccessReview

Shaping Antitumor Immunity with Peptide Vaccines: Implications of Immune Modulation at the Vaccine Site

by Amrita Sarkar, Emily Pauline Rabinovich and Craig Lee Slingluff, Jr.

Vaccines 2025, 13(11), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13111150 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cancer vaccines have emerged as a class of therapeutics designed to harness the immune system to stimulate durable anti-tumor responses with lower systemic toxicity than conventional therapies. Many platforms have been explored, including protein, peptide, DNA, RNA, and cell-based vaccines. Within this landscape, [...] Read more.

Cancer vaccines have emerged as a class of therapeutics designed to harness the immune system to stimulate durable anti-tumor responses with lower systemic toxicity than conventional therapies. Many platforms have been explored, including protein, peptide, DNA, RNA, and cell-based vaccines. Within this landscape, peptide vaccines remain a promising approach. Most clinical trials have examined peripheral immune responses and clinical outcomes, but there is growing interest in the vaccine site microenvironment (VSME) as a window to understand local immune activation and its implications for systemic immunity and tumor control. Studies of the VSME have investigated the effects of adjuvants, local immune cell dynamics, and their correlation with systemic responses and outcomes. Local adjuvants typically enhance immune cell infiltration, though there are concerns regarding VSME sequestration or dysfunction of immune cells, which could impact systemic efficacy. Repeated vaccination at a single site may improve antigen presentation and immune responses, but factors such as injection site location may be linked to variability in clinical outcomes. Current studies are limited by substantial variability in sampling, timing, and analyses used in VSME assessment. This limits the comparability of findings and broader inferences regarding the influence of vaccine site dynamics on therapeutic efficacy. Standardized VSME assessment as part of future vaccine trials may improve evaluation of immune responses and provide a more consistent surrogate for vaccine effectiveness. This refinement may inform optimal vaccine strategies and further support the development of next-generation cancer immunotherapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Development of Peptide-Based Vaccines)

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25 pages, 1703 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Understanding the Impact of the Skin Microbiome on Dermatological Assessments and Therapeutic Innovation

by Jéssica Ferreira Xavier-Souza, Raquel Allen Garcia Barbeto Siqueira, Beatriz Silva Moreira, Stephany Garcia Barbosa, Estella Souza Nascimento Mariano, Layra Inês Marinotti, Isabelle Gomes Costa, Bruna Sousa Requena, Thais Porta Lima, Iveta Hradkova, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Newton Andréo-Filho and Patricia Santos Lopes

Dermato 2025, 5(4), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermato5040021 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The human skin microbiome, defined as a multifaceted ecosystem comprising bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites, plays a pivotal role in maintaining skin homeostasis and regulating immune responses. In recent years, an increasing amount of evidence has illuminated the considerable influence exerted by microbiomes [...] Read more.

The human skin microbiome, defined as a multifaceted ecosystem comprising bacteria, fungi, viruses, and mites, plays a pivotal role in maintaining skin homeostasis and regulating immune responses. In recent years, an increasing amount of evidence has illuminated the considerable influence exerted by microbiomes on the pathophysiology of dermatological ailments. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of contemporary findings concerning the microbiome’s role in acne, aging, hyperpigmentation, and hair disorders, while also addressing the emerging concept of the gut–skin axis and how it could interfere in these skin disorders. Alterations in microbial composition, referred to as dysbiosis, have been associated with inflammatory processes and barrier dysfunction, thereby contributing to the severity and chronicity of diseases. Distinct microbial profiles have been identified as correlating with specific skin conditions. For instance, variations in Cutibacterium acnes phylotypes have been associated with the development of acne, whereas alterations in Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus species have been linked to the processes of aging and pigmentation patterns. Furthermore, the composition of the microbiome is examined in relation to its impact on cosmetic outcomes. It also engages with increasing interest in the modulation of microbiota through the topical application of bioactive compounds. The incorporation of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics into cosmetic formulations constitutes a novel strategy aimed at enhancing skin health. In the domain of dermatological therapies, postbiotics have emerged as a significant class of substances, particularly due to their remarkable stability, safety, and immunomodulatory properties. These characteristics position them as promising candidates for incorporation into dermatological treatments. Recent studies have underscored the significance of microbiome-informed strategies within the domains of therapeutic and preventive dermatology, emphasizing the potential of such approaches to positively influence patient outcomes. As our understanding of this field continues to evolve, skin microbiomes are poised to emerge as a pivotal area of focus in the realm of personalized skin care and treatment. This development presents novel and innovative approaches for the management of skin conditions, characterized by enhanced specificity and efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews in Dermatology: Current Advances and Future Directions)

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23 pages, 329 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Cirrhosis: Associations with Child–Pugh Class and Hepatic Encephalopathy

by Vlad Pădureanu, Virginia Maria Rădulescu, Cristiana Gianina Moise, Marius Cristian Marinaș, Rodica Pădureanu, Denisa Marilena Săbiescu, Denisa Floriana Vasilica Pîrșcoveanu, Dragoș Forțofoiu and Lidia Boldeanu

Diagnostics 2025, 15(22), 2853; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15222853 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of cirrhosis, but its value as a clinical biomarker remains uncertain. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 90 patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) were measured at admission. Biomarker levels were [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of cirrhosis, but its value as a clinical biomarker remains uncertain. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 90 patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) were measured at admission. Biomarker levels were compared between Child–Pugh classes B and C, across hepatic encephalopathy grades, and ascites severity, using Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis, and Spearman correlation tests. Results: Median MDA did not differ significantly between Child–Pugh classes B and C (2.67 [2.10–3.20] vs. 2.45 [1.98–3.05] μmol/L; p = 0.331), nor across ascites categories (p = 0.453). Similarly, 8-iso-PGF2α values did not vary between Child–Pugh classes (255.8 [220.0–310.0] vs. 250.1 [210.0–295.0] pg/mL; p = 0.784) or ascites groups (p = 0.828). Spearman analysis showed no significant correlations with albumin, INR, bilirubin, creatinine, or age, except for a non-significant trend with bilirubin (ρ = −0.18, p = 0.09). Importantly, MDA levels increased significantly across encephalopathy grades (p = 0.021), suggesting a link between systemic oxidative stress and neuropsychiatric impairment. Conclusions: In this clinical cohort, oxidative stress biomarkers did not provide discriminatory value for staging by Child–Pugh or ascites, but MDA was associated with encephalopathy severity. These findings highlight both the limitations and potential clinical relevance of oxidative stress markers in cirrhosis management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond the Tipping Point: Advances in the Diagnosis and Management of Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure and End-Stage Liver Disease)

18 pages, 8743 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Role of Graphite Morphology in Ductile Iron: A 3D FEM-Based Micromechanical Framework for Damage Evolution and Mechanical Performance Prediction with Applicability to Multiphase Alloys

by Jing Tao, Yufei Jiang, Shuhui Xie, Yujian Wang, Ziyue Zhou, Lingxiao Fu, Chengrong Mao, Lingyu Li, Junrui Huang and Shichao Liu

Materials 2025, 18(22), 5128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18225128 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The mechanical performance of cast iron is strongly governed by the morphology of its graphite phase, yet establishing a quantitative link between microstructure and macroscopic properties remains a challenge. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element method (FEM)-based micromechanical framework is proposed to [...] Read more.

The mechanical performance of cast iron is strongly governed by the morphology of its graphite phase, yet establishing a quantitative link between microstructure and macroscopic properties remains a challenge. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element method (FEM)-based micromechanical framework is proposed to analyze and predict the mechanical behavior of cast iron with representative graphite morphologies, spheroidal and flake graphite. Realistic representative volume elements (RVEs) are reconstructed based on experimental microstructural characterization and literature-based X-ray computed tomography data, ensuring geometric fidelity and statistical representativeness. Cohesive zone modeling (CZM) is implemented at the graphite/matrix interface and within the graphite phase to simulate interfacial debonding and brittle fracture, respectively. Full-field simulations of plastic strain and stress evolution under uniaxial tensile loading reveal that spheroidal graphite promotes uniform deformation, delayed damage initiation, and enhanced ductility through effective stress distribution and progressive plastic flow. In contrast, flake graphite induces severe stress concentration at sharp tips, leading to early microcrack nucleation and rapid crack propagation along the flake planes, resulting in brittle-like failure. The simulated stress–strain responses and failure modes are consistent with experimental observations, validating the predictive capability of the model. This work establishes a microstructure–property relationship in multiphase alloys through a physics-informed computational approach, demonstrating the potential of FEM-based modeling as a powerful tool for performance prediction and microstructure-guided design of cast iron and other heterogeneous materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behavior of Additive Manufactured Alloys)

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11 pages, 581 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effect of Furosemide on Left Atrium Size in Cats with Acute Left-Sided Congestive Heart Failure

by Sarah Miliaux, Alma H. Hulsman, Sanne Hugen, Niels Groesser, Erik Teske and Viktor Szatmári

Animals 2025, 15(22), 3267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223267 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common cause of acute respiratory distress in cats, and echocardiographic assessment of left atrial (LA) size is an important test to differentiate it from respiratory diseases that cause similar clinical signs. Furosemide, a potent loop diuretic, [...] Read more.

Left-sided congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common cause of acute respiratory distress in cats, and echocardiographic assessment of left atrial (LA) size is an important test to differentiate it from respiratory diseases that cause similar clinical signs. Furosemide, a potent loop diuretic, is the first-line therapy for cardiogenic pulmonary edema, but its effect on LA size has not been systematically investigated in cats. Some dyspneic cats are referred after having received high doses of furosemide by the referring veterinarian without prior point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). This can make the diagnosis of CHF challenging. If furosemide significantly reduces left atrial size, it could potentially lead to misdiagnosis, by erroneously categorizing these cats as not having CHF. This prospective, observational multicenter study enrolled 25 cats with acute left-sided CHF. Point-of-care ultrasound was used to assess LA to aortic ratio (LA:Ao) and maximal LA diameter (LAD) at admission and three hours after furosemide administration. Significant reductions were observed in LA:Ao (2.48 ± 0.35 to 2.17 ± 0.40; p < 0.001), LAD (21.0 ± 2.8 mm to 18.4 ± 3.2 mm; p < 0.001), and respiratory rate (64 ± 30 to 40 ± 14 breaths/min; p < 0.001). Normalization of respiratory rate occurred in 50% of cats, while normalization of maximum LAD occurred in 32%. One cat achieved normalization of LA:Ao. We found that furosemide induced rapid reduction in LA size and respiratory rate in cats with left-sided CHF. Clinicians should be aware that severe LA dilation can be absent in referred dyspneic cats that had already received furosemide. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

9 pages, 2786 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular-Level Imaging and Detection of Vibration of Fac-tris(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III) Solids Through Transmission Electron Microscopy and Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy

by Lifeng Zhang, Yuxin Qiu, Wei Liu, Hongpeng Liu, Yatian Liu and Langli Luo

Chemistry 2025, 7(6), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7060180 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

In organic solids, the heterogeneous distribution of organic molecules in the solid state gives rise to novel structure–property relationships. Here, we use transmission electron microscopy to investigate the aggregated structure of organic solid of a typical phosphorescent molecule Ir(ppy)₃ at the atomic [...] Read more.

In organic solids, the heterogeneous distribution of organic molecules in the solid state gives rise to novel structure–property relationships. Here, we use transmission electron microscopy to investigate the aggregated structure of organic solid of a typical phosphorescent molecule Ir(ppy)₃ at the atomic scale. Through the identification of heavy Ir atoms in the molecular structure, we reveal the existence of organic crystals, clusters and single molecules in the solids. Through electron energy loss spectroscopy, we explore the vibration modes of molecules and lattices in the solids and possible perturbations by excitons induced by electron beam, which could affect the electroluminescent property of the molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemistry of Materials)

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22 pages, 9030 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Isolation Performance of Seismic Metamaterials Based on Embedded Dual-Resonator Coupled Auxetic Materials

by Liuchang Zhang, Yue Meng, Shuliang Cheng, Shuo Zhang, Yajun Xin, Yongtao Sun and Qingxin Zhao

Materials 2025, 18(22), 5124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18225124 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Due to their long wavelengths and low attenuation characteristics, seismic waves pose serious threats to engineering structures, resulting in an urgent need to develop effective vibration mitigation strategies. Locally resonant phononic crystals provide a novel approach to controlling seismic wave propagation, while auxetic [...] Read more.

Due to their long wavelengths and low attenuation characteristics, seismic waves pose serious threats to engineering structures, resulting in an urgent need to develop effective vibration mitigation strategies. Locally resonant phononic crystals provide a novel approach to controlling seismic wave propagation, while auxetic materials have attracted considerable attention for their excellent energy absorption capabilities. To achieve broadband low-frequency seismic isolation, this study proposes a seismic metamaterial composed of embedded dual resonators combined with auxetic materials. The bandgap characteristics of the structure are calculated using the finite element method, and the mechanism of bandgap formation is elucidated through vibrational mode analysis. A parametric study is conducted to investigate the influence of mass block substitution on bandgap tunability, and complex band analysis is employed to evaluate seismic wave attenuation within the bandgap range. Furthermore, a graded composite structure is designed, and its seismic isolation performance is validated through frequency- and time-domain simulations. The results show that the proposed composite structure exhibits significant isolation effects within the 2.7–5 Hz bandgap range. Even under excitation with the Chi-Chi earthquake, whose dominant frequency lies outside the bandgap, the peak ground acceleration is reduced by approximately 42%, and the overall acceleration response is effectively suppressed. These findings provide a promising new design strategy for achieving broadband and low-frequency seismic protection in engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)

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25 pages, 2936 KB

Open AccessArticle

Territorial Disparities, Structural Imbalances, and Economic Implications in the Potato Crop System in Romania

by Paula Stoicea, Irina-Adriana Chiurciu and Elena Cofas

Agriculture 2025, 15(22), 2343; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15222343 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

At the European level, potato cultivation is highly polarized. In Western Europe (Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark), yields are high, agricultural technology is advanced, and production systems ensure stability and competitiveness. In contrast, in Eastern and Southern Europe (including Romania, Poland, Italy, [...] Read more.

At the European level, potato cultivation is highly polarized. In Western Europe (Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark), yields are high, agricultural technology is advanced, and production systems ensure stability and competitiveness. In contrast, in Eastern and Southern Europe (including Romania, Poland, Italy, and Spain), yields are considerably lower due to the use of outdated agricultural practices, a low degree of mechanization, and increased exposure to adverse climatic factors. In Romania, potato cultivation is marked by significant territorial disparities and structural imbalances, influenced by land fragmentation, agro-pedoclimatic variability, and the lack of capital necessary for investments in modern technologies and irrigation systems. This study analyzes these regional disparities in relation to the country’s real agricultural potential and quantifies the economic impact of its failure to realize it. The methodology applied is based on descriptive statistical analysis of data at the county and regional level for the period 2003–2024, including minimum, maximum, average, and standard deviations of yields. These were integrated into a production function that correlates cultivated areas with average prices, highlighting major intra-regional differences and significant economic consequences at the national level. The results indicate a double crisis: a drastic reduction in the areas cultivated with potatoes (from 196,000 ha in 2017 to 76,000 ha in 2024) and consistently low yields (12,000–18,000 kg/ha), which led to the collapse of total production (from 3.1 million tons in 2017 to under 1 million tons in 2024). As a result, Romania registers a productivity three to four times lower than the reference Western European countries. Moreover, Romania has moved from being a net exporter to a net importer of potatoes, with the food self-sufficiency indicator decreasing from 100.3% in 2017 to 48.1% in 2023. Although domestic production could theoretically cover consumption needs, structural problems regarding yields, the sharp reduction in cultivated areas, and distribution deficiencies have seriously affected the balance of the domestic market. While per capita consumption has remained relatively constant, the decline in production has led, after 2021, to an increasing dependence on imports. These trends highlight the need for urgent structural reforms, technological modernization, and targeted agricultural policies to increase productivity and restore food security in the Romanian potato crop system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Resilient and Sustainable Agri-Food Systems—2nd Edition)

24 pages, 1244 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review: Migration of Chemical Compounds from Plastic Material Containers in Food and Pharmaceutical Fields

by Laura Culleré, Estela Sangüesa, Laura Lomba, María Pilar Ribate, Estefanía Zuriaga and Cristina B. García

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(6), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15060194 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

A systematic review was conducted on the migration of compounds from plastic containers in the food and pharmaceutical industries, using Web of Science databases and following PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The protocol has been registered with the [...] Read more.

A systematic review was conducted on the migration of compounds from plastic containers in the food and pharmaceutical industries, using Web of Science databases and following PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). The protocol has been registered with the OSF registry, with the DOI 10.17605/OSF.10/UQ3T2. This review included only review articles in English published within the last fifteen years. Four reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, discussing inclusion criteria. In this comprehensive evaluation of the information present in an Excel spreadsheet, a substantial number of records were discarded because they were not representative of the topic under study. Following the review process, a total of twenty-eight key records were selected, primarily focusing on migration in the food and pharmaceutical sectors. Of these, twenty-four addressed only food, just two addressed only pharmaceutical sector, and two covered both fields, highlighting limited information on migration in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and related products. The analysis emphasized the types of compounds studied, the analytical methods employed, the migration tests conducted, and the toxicity assessments undertaken. The most frequently assessed compounds included phthalates, endocrine disruptors like bisphenol A, and non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Analytical methods used typically involved pre-treatment steps, such as liquid–liquid or solid-phase extraction, followed by gas or liquid chromatography, depending on compound volatility. Full article

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20 pages, 1708 KB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Omniphobic Teflon/PAI Composite Membrane Prepared by Vacuum-Assisted Dip-Coating Strategy for Dissolved Gases Separation from Transformer Oil

by Wei Zhang, Qiwei Yang, Yuanyuan Jin, Yanzong Meng, Leyu Shen, Xuran Zhu, Haifeng Gao and Chuan Chen

Coatings 2025, 15(11), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15111319 (registering DOI) - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Omniphobic membranes have gained extensive attention for mitigating membrane wetting in robust membrane separation owing to the super-repulsion toward water and oil. In this study, a Teflon/PAI composite membrane with omniphobic characteristics was prepared by a vacuum-assisted dip-coating strategy on the PAI hollow [...] Read more.

Omniphobic membranes have gained extensive attention for mitigating membrane wetting in robust membrane separation owing to the super-repulsion toward water and oil. In this study, a Teflon/PAI composite membrane with omniphobic characteristics was prepared by a vacuum-assisted dip-coating strategy on the PAI hollow fiber membrane. A series of characterizations on morphological structure, surface chemical composition, wettability, permeability, mechanical properties, and stability were systematically investigated for pristine PAI and Teflon/PAI composite membranes. Subsequently, the experiment was conducted to explore the oil–gas separation performance of membranes, with standard transformer oil containing dissolved gas as the feed. The results showed that the Teflon AF2400 functional layer was modified, and C-F covalent bonds were introduced on the composite membrane surface. The Teflon/PAI composite membrane exhibited excellent contact angles of 156.3 ± 1.8° and 123.0 ± 2.5° toward DI water and mineral insulating oil, respectively, indicating omniphobicity. After modification, the membrane tensile stress at break increased by 23.0% and the mechanical performance of the composite membrane was significantly improved. In addition, the Teflon/PAI composite membrane presented satisfactory thermal and ultrasonic stability. Compared to the previous membranes, the Teflon/PAI composite membrane presented a thinner Teflon AF2400 separation layer. Furthermore, the omniphobic membrane demonstrated anti-wetting performance by reaching the dynamic equilibrium within 2 h for the dissolved gases separated from the insulating oil. This suggests an omniphobic membrane as a promising alternative for oil–gas separation in monitoring the operating condition of oil-filled electrical equipment online. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymer Composite Coatings and Films)

1 pages, 124 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Statement of Peer Review

by Sergei D. Odintsov, Changzheng Qu and Jihuan He

Proceedings 2025, 123(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2025123011 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

In submitting conference proceedings to Proceedings, the Volume Editors of the proceedings would like to certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review by the designated expert referees and were administered by the [...] Read more.

In submitting conference proceedings to Proceedings, the Volume Editors of the proceedings would like to certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to peer review by the designated expert referees and were administered by the Volume Editors [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Symmetry (Symmetry 2025))

15 pages, 3095 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of General Versus Neuraxial Anaesthesia on Bleeding and Thrombotic Outcomes in Neck of Femur Fracture Surgery: A Meta-Analysis

by Alexandra Lyons, Nathan Yii, Leigh White, Matthew Bright and Gina Velli

Anesth. Res. 2025, 2(4), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/anesthres2040025 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Hip fracture surgery in elderly patients carries significant risks of both bleeding and thrombotic complications. Anaesthetists frequently face a dilemma between neuraxial anaesthesia, which may reduce thrombotic risk but is often limited by contraindications, and general anaesthesia, which is widely applicable but [...] Read more.

Background: Hip fracture surgery in elderly patients carries significant risks of both bleeding and thrombotic complications. Anaesthetists frequently face a dilemma between neuraxial anaesthesia, which may reduce thrombotic risk but is often limited by contraindications, and general anaesthesia, which is widely applicable but may exacerbate bleeding. Previous reviews have not specifically addressed bleeding and thrombotic outcomes, leaving a critical gap that this meta-analysis seeks to answer. Study objective: To evaluate the effect of neuraxial anaesthesia compared to general anaesthesia on the incidence of bleeding and thrombotic complications in acute neck of femur fracture surgery. Methods: Relevant studies comparing neuraxial and general anaesthetic for hip fracture surgery were searched for through Medline, Embase, Scopus, CINAHL and PubMed. Inclusion criteria were randomised control trials of hip fracture surgery patients aged >16 years with relevant outcome data. In total, 24 randomised control trials were included, with 5479 patients. A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. The study was registered with PROSPERO ID: CRD42022348039. Outcome measurement: Primary outcomes were intra-operative blood loss, intra- or post-operative blood transfusion and post-operative deep vein thrombosis. Secondary outcomes were post-operative pulmonary embolism, post-operative myocardial infarction and post-operative stroke. Results: Neuraxial anaesthesia reduced deep vein thrombosis incidence by 45% and reduced blood loss by 58 mL, both of which reached statistical significance (p < 0.05). Albeit not reaching statistical significance, neuraxial anaesthesia also had a 35% relative risk reduction in myocardial infarction, and a 35% relative decrease in stroke in current studies published after 2010. Despite practise evolution over the decades, protective neuraxial trends have remained. Conclusions: Patients undergoing acute hip fracture surgery under general anaesthesia have higher volumes of blood loss, without requiring increased blood transfusion. General anaesthesia is also associated with higher thrombotic complications, with a 45% increased relative risk of deep vein thrombosis, compared to neuraxial anaesthesia. Multi-modal thromboprophylaxis is important, as up to a third of DVT cases occur in the non-operative leg. In frail patients with a low cardiopulmonary reserve for bleeding or in high-thrombotic-risk patients, extra consideration and optimisation for neuraxial technique is advised. Future studies on comorbidities and operation type may reveal a subgroup of patients which would benefit from a specific anaesthetic type. Full article

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14 pages, 2087 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Silico Evaluation of Structural Consequences in the Human CYP3A4 Caused by Molnupiravir-Induced Mutations During COVID-19 Treatment

by Madhumita Aggunna, Chiranjeevi V. M. Ganteti, Keerthi R. Bhukya, Meghana Mathangi, Joyjethin Neelam, Aswitha Gurrala, Bavana Grandhi, Noahjeevan Vejendla, Sriharshini Mathangi, Swarnalatha Gudapati and Ravikiran S. Yedidi

Drugs Drug Candidates 2025, 4(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc4040050 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Molnupiravir (MOV) and nirmatrelvir (NMV) are antiviral drugs that were FDA-approved under the emergency use authorization (EUA) for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) treatment. MOV and NMV target the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and main protease, respectively. Paxlovid is a combination of NMV and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Molnupiravir (MOV) and nirmatrelvir (NMV) are antiviral drugs that were FDA-approved under the emergency use authorization (EUA) for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) treatment. MOV and NMV target the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and main protease, respectively. Paxlovid is a combination of NMV and ritonavir (RTV), an inhibitor of the human cytochrome P450-3A4 (hCYP3A4). In this study, the structural consequences in the hCYP3A4 caused by MOV-induced mutations (MIM) were evaluated using in silico tools. Methods: MOV-induced mutations (MIM) were inserted into all the possible hotspots in the active site region of the hCYP3A4 gene, and mutant protein models were built. Structural changes in the heme-porphyrin ring of hCYP3A4 were analyzed in the presence and absence of substrates/inhibitors, including RTV. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to analyze the effect of MIM-induced structural changes in hCYP3A4 on drug binding. Results: MD simulations confirm that MIMs, R375G and R440G in hCYP3A4 severely affect the heme-porphyrin ring stability by causing a tilt that in turn affects RTV binding, suggesting a possible inefficiency in the function of hCYP3A4. Similar results were seen for amlodipine, atorvastatin, sildenafil and warfarin, which are substrates of hCYP3A4. Conclusions: The current in silico studies indicate that hCYP3A4 containing MIMs can create complications in the treatment of COVID-19 patients, particularly with co-morbidities due to its functional inefficiency. Hence, clinicians must be vigilant when using MOV in combination with other drugs. Further in vitro studies focused on hCYP3A4 containing MIMs are currently in progress to support our current in silico findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fighting SARS-CoV-2 and Related Viruses)

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15 pages, 305 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parents’ Perceptions of Screens, Addiction and the Impact on Teenagers’ Sleep

by Laetitia Gomes, Frederica Simplício, Anna Litvinchuck, Amélia Rica and Elisabete Cioga

Future 2025, 3(4), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/future3040024 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to analyze parents’ perceptions regarding adolescents’ screen use, signs of screen dependency, and its impact on sleep among 10- to 16-year-olds in the district of Leiria, Portugal. A descriptive–correlational, cross–sectional study was conducted in April 2024 using an online [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to analyze parents’ perceptions regarding adolescents’ screen use, signs of screen dependency, and its impact on sleep among 10- to 16-year-olds in the district of Leiria, Portugal. A descriptive–correlational, cross–sectional study was conducted in April 2024 using an online questionnaire completed by a non-probabilistic accidental sample of 616 parents or legal guardians. Nearly half of the respondents (48.2%) perceived adolescents as dependent on screens, while 68.7% believed that their screen time was excessive. Several behavioural signs consistent with digital dependence were reported. Increased screen use was significantly associated with shorter sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and difficulties initiating sleep. Although many adolescents still achieved the recommended number of hours of sleep, those perceived as screen-dependent were more likely to experience compromised sleep quality and quantity. These findings reinforce the growing concern about adolescents’ digital habits and underscore the importance of implementing targeted health promotion strategies focused on responsible screen use and sleep hygiene among school-aged youth. Full article

12 pages, 534 KB

Open AccessArticle

Muscle Oxygenation Response During Duplicate Sprints in Professional Football Players: An Original Investigation

by Andrew Usher, John Babraj and Adam Younger

Muscles 2025, 4(4), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4040054 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Football requires repeated sprint ability for game-changing moments; however, the demand on the skeletal muscles is unknown. The aim of the current study was to determine the muscle oxygen response during duplicate sprints in professional footballers. Eight male professional footballers (age: 29 ± [...] Read more.

Football requires repeated sprint ability for game-changing moments; however, the demand on the skeletal muscles is unknown. The aim of the current study was to determine the muscle oxygen response during duplicate sprints in professional footballers. Eight male professional footballers (age: 29 ± 5 y; height: 181 ± 8 cm; weight: 78 ± 8 kg) were recruited. Participants wore their normal GPS unit and completed their normal match warm-up before near-infrared monitors were attached to the rectus femoris and bicep femoris muscles. Participants then completed two 30 m sprints with 10 s of recovery, while GPS data and muscle oxygenation were recorded. Max speed was unaltered across the two sprints (s1: 8.4 ± 0.3 m.s⁻¹; s2: 8.4 ± 0.4 m.s⁻¹), but max acceleration (s1: 5.0 ± 1.5 m.s⁻²; s2: 3.7 ± 1.2 m.s⁻²) and time to max acceleration (s1: 1.0 ± 0.3 s; s2: 1.8 ± 0.8 s) were significantly different in sprint 2 compared with sprint 1. Change in muscle oxygenation was greater in the bicep femoris muscle than in the rectus femoris muscle in sprint 1 (right BF: 37.0 ± 14.7%; right RF: 23.4 ± 14.8%). Time to fast delay was longer in sprint 2 than in sprint 1 in the bicep femoris muscle (right BFs1: 1.6 ± 1.2 s; right BFs2: 5.2 ± 2.3 s), reflecting different recovery kinetics in the two muscles. During duplicate sprints there is a difference in oxygen response between the two muscles, and the overall recovery of the bicep femoris is much slower. This suggests poorer conditioning of the bicep femoris muscle, which may impact injury risk in professional football players. Full article

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16 pages, 4838 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Accelerated Aging Stress for Physical Unclonable Function Self-Corruption

by Eric Hunt-Schroeder and Tian Xia

Chips 2025, 4(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/chips4040048 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Silicon-Based Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) exploit inherent manufacturing variations to produce a unique, random, and ideally unclonable secret key. As electronic devices are decommissioned and sent for End of Life (EOL) recycling, the encrypted critical program information remains within the device. However, conventional [...] Read more.

Silicon-Based Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) exploit inherent manufacturing variations to produce a unique, random, and ideally unclonable secret key. As electronic devices are decommissioned and sent for End of Life (EOL) recycling, the encrypted critical program information remains within the device. However, conventional PUFs remain vulnerable to invasive attacks and reverse engineering that with sufficient time, resources, and effort can enable an adversary to bypass the security enclave of the system and extract this secret data. Recent research has started to explore techniques to respond to tamper attempts using electromigration (EM) and time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) to the PUF entropy source, preventing future authentication attempts with well-known semiconductor reliability failure mechanisms. This work presents a Pre-Amplifier Physical Unclonable Function (Pre-Amp PUF) with a self-corruption function designed and manufactured in a 3 nm FinFET technology. This PUF can perform a destructive read operation as an EOL anti-counterfeit measure against recycled and reused electronics. The destructive read utilizes an accelerated aging technique that exploits both Hot Carrier Injection (HCI) and Bias Temperature Instability (BTI) degradations directly at the PUF entropy source bitcell data. This work demonstrates a silicon proven ability to irreversibly corrupt the encryption key, invalidating the PUF key, and blocking future authentication attempts. By utilizing HCI and BTI aging effects rather than physical damage a PUF that can self-corrupt its own key without being detectable with imaging techniques is demonstrated for the first time. A feedback loop enables corruption of up to ~30% of the PUF entropy source, which is approximately 3× more data corruption than the prior state of the art self-corrupting PUF. Our technique reuses on-chip stable (repeatable) PUF bitcells identifying circuitry and thereby minimizes the area overhead to support this differentiated feature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues in Hardware and IC System Security)

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15 pages, 1412 KB

Open AccessArticle

Triggered Hardware Trojan Detection in IP Cores for Ensuring Safety in Cyber Physical Systems

by Mahfuzur Rahman Talukder, Md. Eftekhar Alam, Abu Monsur Mohammah Fahim and Fakir Sharif Hossain

Chips 2025, 4(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/chips4040047 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cyber physical systems (CPSs) increasingly depend on complex hardware IP cores to perform critical functions. However, triggered hardware Trojans’ stealthy, malicious modifications activated under rare conditions pose significant threats to the safety and reliability of these systems. This research paper introduces a novel [...] Read more.

Cyber physical systems (CPSs) increasingly depend on complex hardware IP cores to perform critical functions. However, triggered hardware Trojans’ stealthy, malicious modifications activated under rare conditions pose significant threats to the safety and reliability of these systems. This research paper introduces a novel detection framework that integrates multi-modal side-channel analysis with trigger-aware machine learning to identify Trojans embedded within IP cores. A lightweight runtime monitoring mechanism enables real-time Trojan detection while adhering to the stringent safety constraints of CPSs. To further strengthen resilience, cryptographic integrity verification and dynamic mitigation through partial reconfiguration are incorporated. Experimental validation on two representative IP cores, AES-128 and RS232, demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness by achieving high detection accuracy (over 96%) with minimal hardware overhead (<3% LUT utilization) and latency increase of 4.95%. It can also be seen that our trigger-aware methodology more than doubles the toggling probability of rare Trojan trigger nets compared to conventional approaches. Furthermore, results from FPGA prototypes and standard Trojan benchmarks confirm the effectiveness of the proposed framework, and the proposed approach achieves high detection accuracy with minimal resource and performance penalties. This work advances the state of the art in securing CPS hardware against Trojan-based attacks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues in Hardware and IC System Security)

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20 pages, 1488 KB

Open AccessArticle

Vimentin Methylation as a Potential Screening Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer in HIV-Helminth Co-Infected Individuals

by Botle Precious Damane, Shakeel Kader, Mohammed Alaouna, Pragalathan Naidoo, Zodwa Dlamini and Zilungile Lynette Mkhize-Kwitshana

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(11), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16110236 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Colonoscopy remains the gold standard for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, but its invasiveness, cost, and limited availability in resource-constrained settings pose major barriers. Stool-based methylated DNA biomarkers, such as vimentin, offer sensitive, non-invasive alternatives. Given the high burden of HIV and helminth co-infections [...] Read more.

Colonoscopy remains the gold standard for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, but its invasiveness, cost, and limited availability in resource-constrained settings pose major barriers. Stool-based methylated DNA biomarkers, such as vimentin, offer sensitive, non-invasive alternatives. Given the high burden of HIV and helminth co-infections in sub-Saharan Africa and their potential contribution to cancer susceptibility, this study investigated whether stool-derived vimentin methylation could detect early oncogenic changes in these high-risk groups. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, archived stool samples from 62 South African adults were stratified into five groups: uninfected controls, HIV-infected only, helminth-infected only, HIV-helminth co-infected, and CRC-confirmed patients. DNA was extracted, bisulfite-converted, and analyzed for vimentin methylation using a high-resolution melt assay. Fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) was also performed. Vimentin methylation differed significantly across groups (p < 0.0001). CRC cases showed 90% methylation, confirming its role as a CRC biomarker. Interestingly, vimentin methylation frequencies were also observed in HIV-only (92.9%, p < 0.0001 vs. controls), helminth-only (93.3%, p < 0.0001), and HIV-helminth co-infected (77.9%, p < 0.0001) individuals without diagnosed cancer, compared to 10% in controls. Methylation levels in infected groups were not significantly different from CRC patients (all p > 0.05), suggesting infection-induced epigenetic changes of comparable magnitude to malignancy. To support these results, DNMT1–RG108 molecular docking (PDB 4WXX, Maestro 2025-3) demonstrated stable binding (GlideScore −6.285 kcal/mol; ΔG_bind −49.61 kcal/mol) via hydrogen bonding with Glu1266 and Asn1578 and π–π stacking with Phe1145, providing a mechanistic explanation for infection-driven vimentin methylation. No significant differences were found between infected groups. FOBT was positive in 83.3% of CRC cases, with only sporadic positives in infected groups. These findings provide novel evidence that chronic HIV and helminth infections are associated with vimentin promoter methylation at levels indistinguishable from CRC. This supports the hypothesis that persistent infection-driven inflammation promotes early epigenetic reprogramming toward oncogenesis. In high-burden African settings, stool-based methylation assays could serve as early diagnostic tools to identify at-risk individuals long before clinical disease manifests, enabling targeted surveillance and prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host–Microbe Interactions in Health and Disease)

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12 pages, 531 KB

Open AccessArticle

by Sofia Bezerra, Ricardo Soares dos Reis, Maria José Sá and Joana Guimarães

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(11), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17110184 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Optic neuropathies (ON) are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders that can cause profound and lasting visual disability, with wide-ranging effects on patients’ quality of life. Although the NEI-VFQ-25 is an instrument for assessing vision-related quality of life (VRQoL), few studies [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Optic neuropathies (ON) are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders that can cause profound and lasting visual disability, with wide-ranging effects on patients’ quality of life. Although the NEI-VFQ-25 is an instrument for assessing vision-related quality of life (VRQoL), few studies have systematically compared patient-reported outcomes across multiple ON subtypes, especially in underrepresented populations. We aimed to delineate how etiological differences and longitudinal visual acuity trajectories shape VRQoL in a diverse Portuguese cohort with ON. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study included 152 patients diagnosed with ON and followed at São João University Hospital, Portugal. All participants completed the validated NEI-VFQ-25. Diagnosis-specific differences in VRQoL were interrogated using ANCOVA and linear mixed-effects models, controlling for age and sex. Visual acuity changes over time were analyzed in relation to patient-reported outcomes. Results: Substantial heterogeneity in VRQoL was observed across ON subtypes. Patients with MS-related ON (MS-RON) and idiopathic ON reported significantly higher NEI-VFQ-25 scores in domains such as general vision, mental health, and dependency (F = 3.30, p = 0.013; ηp² = 0.08), while those with ischemic or other inflammatory etiologies showed persistently lower scores. Notably, both final visual acuity and diagnosis were independently associated with NEI-VFQ-25 composite scores, highlighting the correlation between objective and subjective measures of visual function. Age and diagnosis independently predicted poorer VRQoL. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) across a diverse cohort of optic neuropathy patients in a Portuguese tertiary center, using the NEI-VFQ-25. Our results underscore the heterogeneity of functional impact across ON subtypes, emphasizing the value of integrating sensitive, multidimensional assessment tools into neuro-ophthalmic clinical care, especially in populations historically underrepresented in research. Full article

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15 pages, 732 KB

Open AccessReview

Pathophysiology and Etiology of Brainstem-Related Dysphagia

by Lucia D’Alatri, Maria Raffaella Marchese, Angelo Tizio and Jacopo Galli

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(6), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15060153 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Brainstem-related dysphagia represents a complex and severe form of neurogenic dysphagia (ND) arising from lesions that disrupt the central pattern generator (CPG) for swallowing located in the medulla oblongata. Methods: This paper explores the physiological basis of swallowing and its disruption in [...] Read more.

Background: Brainstem-related dysphagia represents a complex and severe form of neurogenic dysphagia (ND) arising from lesions that disrupt the central pattern generator (CPG) for swallowing located in the medulla oblongata. Methods: This paper explores the physiological basis of swallowing and its disruption in various brainstem pathologies. Results: The clinical presentation and electrophysiological evaluation of dysphagia are discussed, with a focus on volitional and spontaneous swallowing (SS) and the use of electromyography (EMG)-based assessment techniques. Conclusions: Finally, therapeutic strategies are reviewed, including conventional rehabilitative methods, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, non-invasive brain stimulation, and invasive procedures such as neurobotulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) injections, balloon dilation, and CP myotomy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Brainstem Diseases on Hearing, Balance, Speech and Swallowing)

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31 pages, 3125 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Multi-Objective Controller Placement in SD-WAN: A GMM-MARL Hybrid Framework

by Abdulrahman M. Abdulghani, Azizol Abdullah, A. R. Rahiman, Nor Asilah Wati Abdul Hamid and Bilal Omar Akram

Network 2025, 5(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/network5040052 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Modern Software-Defined Wide Area Networks (SD-WANs) require adaptive controller placement addressing multi-objective optimization where latency minimization, load balancing, and fault tolerance must be simultaneously optimized. Traditional static approaches fail under dynamic network conditions with evolving traffic patterns and topology changes. This paper presents [...] Read more.

Modern Software-Defined Wide Area Networks (SD-WANs) require adaptive controller placement addressing multi-objective optimization where latency minimization, load balancing, and fault tolerance must be simultaneously optimized. Traditional static approaches fail under dynamic network conditions with evolving traffic patterns and topology changes. This paper presents a novel hybrid framework integrating Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) clustering with Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) for dynamic controller placement. The approach leverages probabilistic clustering for intelligent MARL initialization, reducing exploration requirements. Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution (CTDE) enables distributed optimization through cooperative agents. Experimental evaluation using real-world topologies demonstrates a noticeable reduction in the latency, improvement in network balance, and significant computational efficiency versus existing methods. Dynamic adaptation experiments confirm superior scalability during network changes. The hybrid architecture achieves linear scalability through problem decomposition while maintaining real-time responsiveness, establishing practical viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Network Automation and Self-Organizing Networks: Architecture, Algorithms, and Applications)

54 pages, 8629 KB

Open AccessArticle

E-Commerce Meets Emerging Technologies: An Overview of Research Characteristics, Themes, and Trends

by Andra Sandu, Liviu-Adrian Cotfas, Corina Ioanăș, Irina-Daniela Cișmașu and Camelia Delcea

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(4), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20040320 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

The rise of e-commerce platforms has completely revolutionized the way in which consumers interact with the market. In our digital world, due to the evolution of technology, people can purchase with ease the desired products, regardless of time and place, directly from their [...] Read more.

The rise of e-commerce platforms has completely revolutionized the way in which consumers interact with the market. In our digital world, due to the evolution of technology, people can purchase with ease the desired products, regardless of time and place, directly from their personal devices. This has led to a considerable improvement in users’ experiences, saving both time and money and avoiding stores’ congestions. At the same time, the emerging technologies, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and blockchain, registered a substantial contribution to optimizing e-commerce platforms by enhancing the efficiency of the processes, better understanding users’ needs, and offering personalized solutions. Therefore, the present bibliometric investigation aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research domain-electronic commerce exploration using emerging technologies. Based on a dataset collected from the Web of Science database, the study reveals key details of the field, research characteristics, main themes, and current trends. Within the analysis, the R-tool—Biblioshiny 4.2.1—has been used for the creation of tables, graphs, and visual representations. The high importance of the domain, together with the significant interest within academics in publishing papers around this area, is validated by the value obtained for the annual growth rate, more specifically 44.65%, as well as by the cross-validation analyses performed in VOSviewer 1.6.20 and CiteSpace 6.3.R1, along with topic analysis performed through Latent Dirichlet Allocation and BERTopic. The results of this research represent precious information for the scientific community, authorities, and even companies that are oriented to e-commerce platforms, since crucial details about the market trends, domain’s impact, and key contributions are exposed. Full article

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30 pages, 2498 KB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Characterisation of Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria Inhibitors to Overcome Methanogenic Competence and Optimise Green Biogas Production

by David Talavera-Cortés, Laureano E. Carpio, Patricia Serrano-Candelas, Carlos Lafita, María José Tàrrega Marti, Ángela Baeza-Serrano, Pau Granell, Rafael Gozalbes and Eva Serrano-Candelas

Appl. Microbiol. 2025, 5(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol5040128 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Microorganisms such as methanogenic archaea play a key role in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by breaking down organic matter and pollutants and producing methane, a potential renewable energy source. However, sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) compete with archaea for the same substrates under anaerobic conditions, [...] Read more.

Microorganisms such as methanogenic archaea play a key role in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by breaking down organic matter and pollutants and producing methane, a potential renewable energy source. However, sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) compete with archaea for the same substrates under anaerobic conditions, lowering methane production and generating harmful hydrogen sulphide (H₂S). Inhibiting SRB is therefore crucial to enhance methane yield and reduce toxic by-products. By means of manual screening of public databases (KEGG, BRENDA, PDB, PubChem) 12 potential inhibitors of SRB were found. After computational ecotoxicological assessment, four candidates were selected, and one of them experimentally increased methane production, demonstrating that SRB inhibition favours the anaerobic digestion of sludges. In order to further explore new candidates, Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) models were developed showing reliable predictive performance. These models enabled the virtual screening of COCONUT, a natural product database, identifying 73 potential SRB inhibitors. After an ecotoxicological assessment, five commercially available compounds remained. The identified candidates may reduce competition between SRB and methanogenic archaea, leading to higher methane production and supporting WWTPs in generating their own biogas. This would contribute to a circular economy and help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Microbiological and Metabolic Approaches Applied to Pollutant Matrices Degradation)

23 pages, 2601 KB

Open AccessArticle

Volatile Compounds from Northern Moroccan Medicinal Plants: Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential, and In Silico Investigations

by Karima Ait Alla, Othman El Faqer, Sanae Jahjah, Amina Labhar, Chaima Alaoui Jamali, Ayoub Kasrati, Badredine Souhail, Mounir Legssyer, Abdelfettah Maouni and Rabah Saidi

Compounds 2025, 5(4), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds5040049 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants are valuable sources of bioactive compounds with potential applications as natural antimicrobials and antioxidants. This study investigated the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and in silico pharmacological properties of EOs extracted from Laurus nobilis, Thymbra [...] Read more.

Essential oils (EOs) from aromatic plants are valuable sources of bioactive compounds with potential applications as natural antimicrobials and antioxidants. This study investigated the chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, and in silico pharmacological properties of EOs extracted from Laurus nobilis, Thymbra capitata, and Mentha piperita, three medicinal species traditionally used in northern Morocco. Hydrodistillation yielded 1.12–1.53% oils, and GC–MS analysis revealed distinct chemotypes: L. nobilis was rich in eucalyptol, linalool, methyleugenol, and α-terpinyl acetate; T. capitata was dominated by carvacrol (80.95%), and M. piperita contained high proportions of linalool (57.37%) and linalyl acetate (28.56%). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated strong activity of all oils against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as Candida species, with T. capitata showing the most potent and broad-spectrum effects (MIC 0.073–9.47 mg/mL), attributed to its high carvacrol content. Antioxidant assays (DPPH and ferric reducing power) identified L. nobilis as the most active radical scavenger (IC₅₀ = 0.037 mg/mL), followed by T. capitata, whereas M. piperita displayed weaker activity. PCA confirmed that phenolic monoterpenes drive both antimicrobial and antioxidant potency, while oxygenated terpenes and sesquiterpenes contribute more selectively. ADMET predictions indicated generally favorable absorption and low toxicity, although o-cymene and carvacrol presented potential safety concerns. Molecular docking revealed α-terpinyl acetate as the most versatile ligand, with strong binding to bacterial, fungal, and oxidative enzymes, whereas other compounds exhibited more selective affinities. Collectively, these findings highlight the potential of Moroccan EOs, particularly T. capitata and L. nobilis, as promising natural alternatives to synthetic antimicrobial and antioxidant agents. Full article

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23 pages, 1479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bioaccumulation and Transfer of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Yam-Soil System and Associated Health Risks in Kampala’s Luzira Industrial Area

by Gabson Baguma, Gadson Bamanya, Hannington Twinomuhwezi, Allan Gonzaga, Timothy Omara, Patrick Onen, Simon Ocakacon, Christopher Angiro, Wilber Waibale and Ronald Ntuwa

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(6), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15060193 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Rapid industrialization in peri-urban centers has accelerated the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils, with implications for food safety and public health concerns. This study quantified PTEs (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn) in soils and yam (Colocasia esculenta [...] Read more.

Rapid industrialization in peri-urban centers has accelerated the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils, with implications for food safety and public health concerns. This study quantified PTEs (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn) in soils and yam (Colocasia esculenta) tubers from Kampala’s Luzira Industrial Area. Soil contamination levels were evaluated using the geoaccumulation index (I_geo), contamination factor (CF), and pollution load index (PLI), while soil-to-crop transfer of the PTEs was assessed using the biological accumulation factor (BAF). Statistical analyses (One Way Analysis of Variance, Pearson bivariate correlation, and Principal Component Analysis) were applied to identify relationships among PTEs and sampling sites. Soils exhibited marked industrial influence, with PTE concentrations in the order Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr > Cd. The PLI values above unity confirmed cumulative pollution, with hotspots dominated by Zn, Pb, and Cu. Yam tubers contained lower PTE concentrations but reflected a similar contamination pattern as in the soils. The BAF values were <1 for all the PTEs except Zn, pointing to its greater solubility and mobility in the area’s acidic soils. Health risk assessment indicated that yam consumption was the dominant exposure pathway, with hazard indices (HI) for children exceeding the safe threshold at all industrial sites (HI = 1.14–2.06), and total cancer risks (TCR) ranging from 1.27 × 10⁻⁴ to 5.83 × 10⁻⁴, well above the US EPA limit. For adults, the TCR also surpassed 1 × 10⁻⁴ at sampling points SP3 and SP4. These results found potential transfer of the PTEs from soils into yam tubers, with Cd and Cr being the key drivers of dietary risk. Full article

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14 pages, 821 KB

Open AccessArticle

Panorama of Two Decades of Maternal Deaths in Brazil: Retrospective Ecological Time Series

by Gustavo Gonçalves dos Santos, Giovana Aparecida Gonçalves Vidotti, Carolliny Rossi de Faria Ichikawa, Cindy Ferreira Lima, Leticia de Almeida Dionizio, Janize Silva Maia, Karina Franco Zihlmann, Joaquim Guerra de Oliveira Neto, Wágnar Silva Morais Nascimento, Alexandrina Maria Ramos Cardoso, Júlia Maria das Neves Carvalho, Patrícia Lima Ferreira Santa Rosa, Ricardo José Oliveira Mouta, Cesar Henrique Rodrigues Reis, Cláudia de Azevedo Aguiar, Débora de Souza Santos, Bruno Pereira da Silva, Anderson Lima Cordeiro da Silva, Edson Silva do Nascimento, Beatriz Maria Bermejo Gil and Leticia López Pedraza Show full author list Hide full author list

Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(11), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15110396 - 11 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Maternal mortality remains a significant public health challenge in Brazil, reflecting persistent social, racial, and regional inequalities. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze trends and characteristics of maternal deaths in Brazil from 2000 to 2020, identifying sociodemographic and clinical risk factors. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Maternal mortality remains a significant public health challenge in Brazil, reflecting persistent social, racial, and regional inequalities. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze trends and characteristics of maternal deaths in Brazil from 2000 to 2020, identifying sociodemographic and clinical risk factors. Methods: A retrospective, population-based study was conducted using secondary data from the Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed, including chi-square (χ²) goodness-of-fit tests and 95% confidence intervals calculated by the Wilson method. Variables were stratified by region, age, race, education, type and period of death, and investigation status. Results: A total of 40,907 maternal deaths were recorded. From 2000 to 2020, Brazil recorded 40,907 maternal deaths. The maternal mortality ratio decreased from approximately 74 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2000 to 57 per 100,000 in 2020, representing a 23% reduction over two decades. Most deaths occurred among young, Brown women with low education levels, particularly in the Southeast and Northeast regions. Direct obstetric causes accounted for two-thirds of cases, and most deaths occurred in hospital settings, mainly during the early puerperium. Conclusions: Despite progress, maternal mortality in Brazil remains above the WHO target and is strongly influenced by social inequities. Strengthening primary care, improving referral networks, expanding postpartum follow-up, and enhancing surveillance systems are essential for preventing avoidable deaths and achieving reproductive justice. Full article

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