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23 pages, 9190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Dendritic Neural Network-Based Model for Residential Electricity Consumption Prediction

by Ting Jin, Rui Xu, Kunqi Su and Jinrui Gao

Mathematics 2025, 13(4), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13040575 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Residential electricity consumption represents a large percentage of overall energy use. Therefore, accurately predicting residential electricity consumption and understanding the factors that influence it can provide effective strategies for reducing energy demand. In this study, a dendritic neural network-based model (DNM), combined with [...] Read more.

Residential electricity consumption represents a large percentage of overall energy use. Therefore, accurately predicting residential electricity consumption and understanding the factors that influence it can provide effective strategies for reducing energy demand. In this study, a dendritic neural network-based model (DNM), combined with the AdaMax optimization algorithm, is used to predict residential electricity consumption. The case study uses the U.S. residential electricity consumption dataset.This paper constructs a feature selection framework for the dataset, reducing the high-dimensional data to 12 features. The DNM model is then used for fitting and compared with five commonly used prediction models. The

R^{2}

of DNM is 0.7405, the highest among the six models, followed by the XGBoost model with an

R^{2}

of 0.7286. Subsequently, the paper leverages the interpretability of DNM to further filter the data, obtaining a dataset with 6 features, and the

R^{2}

on this dataset is further improved to 0.7423, resulting in an increase of 0.0018. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biologically Plausible Deep Learning)

19 pages, 7996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Oral Epithelial Dysplasia: Comparative Insights from In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography and Histopathology

by Waseem Jerjes, Zaid Hamdoon, Dara Rashed and Colin Hopper

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(4), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041118 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is considered one of the premalignant lesions for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), for which the five-year disease-free survival rate may vary widely. There has emerged in recent years, therefore, a significant niche for optical coherence tomography (OCT) [...] Read more.

Background: Oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) is considered one of the premalignant lesions for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), for which the five-year disease-free survival rate may vary widely. There has emerged in recent years, therefore, a significant niche for optical coherence tomography (OCT) to non-invasively examine tissue morphology. The present study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic performance of OCT in distinguishing between mild, moderate, and severe dysplasias and carcinoma in situ (CIS) with histopathological correlations. Methods: This prospective, single-centre study included 120 patients with clinically suspicious oral lesions. All lesions underwent in vivo OCT imaging followed by surgical excision and a histopathological examination. The sensitivity, specificity, and AUC (area under the curve) were calculated as measures of diagnostic accuracy. Results: OCT demonstrated high diagnostic performance with sensitivity and specificity above 80% for all grades of dysplasia. The AUC values were highest for moderate dysplasia at 0.91 and mild dysplasia at 0.89. The Bland–Altman analysis revealed a high degree of agreement between OCT and histopathology regarding the tumour depth measurements. Interobserver agreement was substantial to almost perfect, with kappa values ranging from 0.74 to 0.85. OCT provided the key imaging features of epithelial thickening, basement membrane disruption, and architectural disorganization. These had good correlations with the grade of dysplasia: r = 0.75–0.82, p < 0.001. Conclusions: OCT is an established diagnostic technique that is non-invasive in nature for the diagnosis of OED; it can provide fine differentiation among grades of dysplasia and define the margins of a lesion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine)

22 pages, 8592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inconsistent Variations in Components of Functional Stability Under Heterogeneous Conditions: A Case Study from the Maolan Karst Forest Ecosystems in Guizhou Province, Southwest of China

by Yong Li, Longchenxi Meng, Luyao Chen, Mingzhen Sui, Guangqi Zhang, Qingfu Liu, Danmei Chen, Fangjun Ding and Lipeng Zang

Forests 2025, 16(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16020304 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Human-induced environmental changes threaten the functional stability of natural forest ecosystems. Understanding the dominant factors influencing both functional space and stability in extremely heterogeneous environments is crucial for elucidating the stability of heterogeneous forest ecosystems. Here, 30 forest dynamic plots were established along [...] Read more.

Human-induced environmental changes threaten the functional stability of natural forest ecosystems. Understanding the dominant factors influencing both functional space and stability in extremely heterogeneous environments is crucial for elucidating the stability of heterogeneous forest ecosystems. Here, 30 forest dynamic plots were established along the successional pathway in Maolan National Nature Reserve in Southwest China. By measuring 15,725 stems across 286 distinct species’ six key plant functional traits, we constructed the key plant functional traits for functional space and quantified functional redundancy (FR) and functional vulnerability (FV) to represent functional stability, and we further utilized the line model and multiple linear regression model to explore the key biotic/abiotic indicators influencing functional stability along the successional pathway of degraded karst forests. Additionally, as the successional pathway unfolded, the contribution of the six plant traits to the overall functional space increased, from 59.85% to 66.64%. These traits included specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf thickness (LT) and leaf nitrogen content (LNC), which played a crucial role in driving functional space. With the increasing species richness (FR), functional entities (p < 0.001) and FR (p < 0.001) increased, while FV (p < 0.01) decreased. The results also demonstrated a higher FR in degraded karst forests (FR > 2). However, over 51% of FEs consisted of a single species, with the majority of species clustered into a few functional entities (FEs), indicating an elevated level of FV in karst forests. Soil nutrient availability significantly influences the ecosystem’s functional stability, explaining 87% of FR variability and 100% of FV variability. Finally, the rich SR of karst forests could provide sufficient insurance effects; soil pH and available potassium (AK) enhance resilience, and exchangeable calcium (Eca), total phosphorus (TP) and total potassium (TK) indicate the resistance of functional stability in degraded karst forests. This study highlights the complex mechanisms of functional stability in extreme habitat conditions, thereby deepening our understanding of ecosystem function maintenance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pattern and Evolution of Biodiversity in Evergreen Broad-Leaved Forests)

11 pages, 11809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Fast Slicing Method for Colored Models Based on Colored Triangular Prism and OpenGL

by Lei Xia and Ran Yan

Micromachines 2025, 16(2), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16020199 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Colored 3D printing, as one of the crucial directions in 3D printing technology, has been widely applied in various fields in recent years. Compared to traditional 3D printing, colored 3D printing introduces color information to achieve multi-material identification of different regions in the [...] Read more.

Colored 3D printing, as one of the crucial directions in 3D printing technology, has been widely applied in various fields in recent years. Compared to traditional 3D printing, colored 3D printing introduces color information to achieve multi-material identification of different regions in the model structure, enabling the fabrication of heterogeneous and complex components. This presents unique advantages in both visual effects and functionality, making it of significant value in fields such as metal manufacturing, bioengineering, and artistic design. However, during the construction of colored models, technical challenges such as low-slicing contour accuracy and poor color reproduction persist. Existing slicing methods for colored models are often accompanied by contour offset, deformation, color distortion, and low rendering efficiency, severely limiting the application scope of colored 3D printing technology. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a “Fast Slicing Method for Colored Models Based on Colored Triangular Prisms and OpenGL”. This method first constructs colored triangular prisms to effectively solve the problems of color contour offset and deformation, achieving uniform thickness offset of the colors. Then, by utilizing OpenGL rendering technology, the method overcomes color abruptness, simplifies bitmap rendering processes, and ensures smooth color transitions while significantly improving rendering efficiency. In summary, the proposed slicing method can effectively enhance the accuracy of slicing contours and color reproduction, significantly expanding the application range of colored 3D printing. Full article

18 pages, 7872 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Selenium-Enriched Bacterial Fertilizer: Biofortification Technology to Boost Pea Sprout Quality and Selenium Content

by Yaqi Wang, Ying Li, Yu Wu, Yang Liu, Yadong Chen, Yanlong Zhang and Xiangqian Jia

Agronomy 2025, 15(2), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15020430 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Selenium-enriched vegetables are a safe way to combat selenium deficiency in humans. Here, a new microbial selenium-enriched bacterial fertilizer (named “HJ”) was prepared and studied by dipping, and then its application strategy was optimized and compared with other commercially available selenium fertilizers. The [...] Read more.

Selenium-enriched vegetables are a safe way to combat selenium deficiency in humans. Here, a new microbial selenium-enriched bacterial fertilizer (named “HJ”) was prepared and studied by dipping, and then its application strategy was optimized and compared with other commercially available selenium fertilizers. The results showed that the application of HJ selenium fertilizer to peas by soaking (Se concentration 10 μg/mL) and foliar application (Se concentration 8 μg/mL) could effectively enhance their growth, selenium enrichment ability, stress tolerance and nutritional quality. In particular, the selenium content of peas in the HJ-treated group exhibited a significant increase of 69.86% in comparison with the control group. Moreover, HJ treated pea sprouts demonstrated enhanced antioxidant activity, as well as elevated levels of vitamin C and protein, amongst other observations. The findings of this study offer novel insights into the development of eco-friendly selenium fertilizers and provide guidance for optimal fertilizer application techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

14 pages, 2379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Normative Data of Supraspinatus Muscle Shear Wave Elastography in Healthy Shoulders: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Irene Pérez-Porta, Ángel Luis Bueno-Horcajadas, Fernando García-Pérez, Diana Cecily Martínez-Ponce, Silvia Corrales-Mantecón, Mariano Tomás Flórez-García and María Velasco-Arribas

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(4), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041121 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: In the shoulder region, shear wave elastography (SWE) has been used to obtain data from multiple muscles. However, there is still a lack of evidence regarding normative values for the supraspinatus muscle. The aim of this study is to estimate the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: In the shoulder region, shear wave elastography (SWE) has been used to obtain data from multiple muscles. However, there is still a lack of evidence regarding normative values for the supraspinatus muscle. The aim of this study is to estimate the range of normative values and to evaluate the relationship between SWE measurements and isometric strength. Methods: A cross-sectional study with 46 healthy subjects was conducted. Data regarding the SWE of supraspinatus muscle at rest and during contraction and isometric elevation strength were collected. Ordinal cumulative probability models were implemented to calculate normative values based on age and sex. Results: There was a significant increase in muscle stiffness from rest to contraction (3.97; 95% CI, 3.52 to 4.43), but there were no differences between males and females. The ordinal regression models showed a relationship between age and SWE at rest (coefficient, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.14), but not during contraction, and there was no significant age–sex interaction. Normative values of the median and 25th and 75th percentiles were provided based on individuals’ age and sex. There was no correlation between SWE measurements and strength values. Conclusions: Normative values for supraspinatus muscle SWE measurements at rest and during contraction were obtained. These data can help clinicians to interpret measurements of their patients with shoulder disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Rehabilitation)

11 pages, 2180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis of a Cholesterol–Doxorubicin Conjugate Using Cholesteryl-4-nitrophenolate as an Activated Ester and Biological Property Analysis

by Pedro Freitas, Dina Maciel, Jolanta Jaśkowska, Kamila Zeńczak-Tomera, Yanbiao Zhou, Guoyin Yin and Ruilong Sheng

Organics 2025, 6(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/org6010006 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Developing new biomolecule–drug conjugates as prodrugs is a promising area for natural products and pharmaceutical chemistry. Herein, a cholesterol–doxorubicin (Chol-DOX) conjugate was synthesized using cholesteryl-4-nitrophenolate as a facile, stable, and controllable activated ester. This approach offers an alternative to the conventional HCl-emitting cholesteryl [...] Read more.

Developing new biomolecule–drug conjugates as prodrugs is a promising area for natural products and pharmaceutical chemistry. Herein, a cholesterol–doxorubicin (Chol-DOX) conjugate was synthesized using cholesteryl-4-nitrophenolate as a facile, stable, and controllable activated ester. This approach offers an alternative to the conventional HCl-emitting cholesteryl chloroformate method. Semi-empirical theoretical calculations showed that cholesteryl-4-nitrophenolate exhibits moderate reactivity, greater thermodynamic stability, a higher dipole moment, and a lower HOMO-LUMO energy gap compared to cholesteryl chloroformate, suggesting that cholesteryl-4-nitrophenolate could be used as a more controllable acylating agent. The structure of the synthesized Chol-DOX conjugate was characterized using NMR, MS, and FT-IR techniques. Biological properties of the Chol-DOX conjugate were analyzed with a comparison of theoretical and experimental data. This work provides a facile and controllable method to synthesize natural lipid–DOX prodrugs and offers an in-depth data analysis of the related biological properties. Full article

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14 pages, 2910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supervised Learning Fuzzy Matrix Based on Input–Output Fuzzy Vectors

by Meili Ye, Nianliang Wang, Xianfeng Yu, Xiao Wang and Wuniu Liu

Axioms 2025, 14(2), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14020126 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Fuzzy matrices play a crucial role in fuzzy logic and fuzzy systems. This paper investigates the problem of supervised learning fuzzy matrices through sample pairs of input–output fuzzy vectors, where the fuzzy matrix inference mechanism is based on the max–min composition method. We [...] Read more.

Fuzzy matrices play a crucial role in fuzzy logic and fuzzy systems. This paper investigates the problem of supervised learning fuzzy matrices through sample pairs of input–output fuzzy vectors, where the fuzzy matrix inference mechanism is based on the max–min composition method. We propose an optimization approach based on stochastic gradient descent (SGD), which defines an objective function by using the mean squared error and incorporates constraints on the matrix elements (ensuring they take values within the interval [0, 1]). To address the non-smoothness of the max–min composition rule, a modified smoothing function for max–min is employed, ensuring stability during optimization. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high learning accuracy and convergence across multiple randomly generated input–output vector samples. Full article

14 pages, 497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Blood Eosinophilia Does Not Predict the Presence of Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients with End-Stage Lung Disease

by Michaela Barnikel, Nikolaus Kneidinger, Michael Gerckens, Carlo Mümmler, Alexandra Lenoir, Pontus Mertsch, Tobias Veit, Gabriela Leuschner, Andrea Waelde, Claus Neurohr, Jürgen Behr and Katrin Milger

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(4), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041120 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the role of blood eosinophils in predicting PH in end-stage lung disease. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of adults with CF, COPD, and ILD who underwent RHC during lung transplant evaluations (2010–2022). Patients were classified by the 2022 ECS/ERS [...] Read more.

Objectives: To investigate the role of blood eosinophils in predicting PH in end-stage lung disease. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of adults with CF, COPD, and ILD who underwent RHC during lung transplant evaluations (2010–2022). Patients were classified by the 2022 ECS/ERS PH guidelines with pulmonary function and laboratory tests, including hemograms. The eosinophil threshold was set at 0.30 G/L. Results: We analyzed 663 patients (n = 89 CF, n = 294 COPD, and n = 280 ILD). Severe PH was more common in ILD (16%) than in CF (4%) and COPD (7%) (p = 0.0002), with higher eosinophil levels in ILD (p = 0.0002). No significant correlation was found between eosinophil levels and hemodynamic parameters (PAPm, PVR, and CI) across CF, COPD, and ILD (PAPm: p = 0.3974, p = 0.4400 and p = 0.2757, respectively; PVR: p = 0.6966, p = 0.1489 and p = 0.1630, respectively; CI: p = 0.9474, p = 0.5705 and p = 0.5945, respectively), nor was a correlation observed in patients not receiving OCS. Linear regression analysis confirmed the lack of association (PAPm: p = 0.3355, p = 0.8552 and p = 0.4146, respectively; PVR: p = 0.6924, p = 0.8935 and p = 0.5459, respectively; CI: p = 0.4260, p = 0.9289 and p = 0.5364, respectively), controlling for 6-MWD, Nt-proBNP, and ICS/OCS dosages. ROC analysis indicated eosinophils were ineffective in distinguishing PH severity levels across these diseases (AUC 0.54, 0.51, and 0.53, respectively). The analysis of eosinophil levels measured 18 ± 6 months prior to baseline found no predictive correlation with the presence of PH either. Eosinophil levels did not differ significantly among PH groups, but eosinophilic COPD was linked to more unclassified PH, higher CO, and greater lung volumes than non-eosinophilic COPD. Conclusions: In our cohort of end-stage CF, COPD, and ILD patients, blood eosinophilia did not predict the presence of PH but was associated with hemodynamic parameters and lung volumes in COPD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pulmonology)

20 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessReview

Infection and Prevention of Rabies Viruses

by Shiu-Jau Chen, Chung-I Rai, Shao-Cheng Wang and Yuan-Chuan Chen

Microorganisms 2025, 13(2), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020380 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease and causes about 59,000 human deaths globally every year. Especially, its mortality is almost 100% in cases where the rabies virus has transmitted to the central nervous system. The special virus life cycle and pathogenic mechanism make [...] Read more.

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease and causes about 59,000 human deaths globally every year. Especially, its mortality is almost 100% in cases where the rabies virus has transmitted to the central nervous system. The special virus life cycle and pathogenic mechanism make it difficult for the host immune system to combat rabies viruses. Vaccination including pre-exposure and post-exposure prophylaxis is an effective strategy for rabies prevention. The pre-exposure vaccination is mainly applied for animals and the post-exposure vaccination is the most application for humans. Although rabies vaccines are widely used and seem to be safe and effective, there are some disadvantages, limitations, or challenges affecting vaccine promotion and distribution. Therefore, more effective, convenient, safer, and cheaper rabies vaccines have been developed or are being developed. The development of novel human rabies vaccine is mainly focusing on vaccines based on a purified Vero cell-cultured freeze-dried rabies vaccine (PVRV). PVRV has been demonstrated to be promising to make the rabies vaccine more effective and secure in animal studies or clinical trials. Moreover, mRNA-based vaccines have been shown to have the potential to enhance the safety and efficacy of rabies vaccines for both animal and human uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rabies Virus: Infections, Reservoirs and Vectors)

24 pages, 8738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Characteristic Identification and Multidimensional Dynamic Evolution of Urban–Rural Fringe in Harbin, China

by Jing Ning, Haozhi Ma, Yu Sun, Ning Wang and Mengqiu Wang

Land 2025, 14(2), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020359 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

The urban–rural fringe, serving as a frontier space and protective barrier for urban–rural factor circulation, is a complex area marked by significant human–land conflicts. Therefore, scientifically identifying and dynamically monitoring the urban–rural fringe is crucial for its integrated development and spatial governance. In [...] Read more.

The urban–rural fringe, serving as a frontier space and protective barrier for urban–rural factor circulation, is a complex area marked by significant human–land conflicts. Therefore, scientifically identifying and dynamically monitoring the urban–rural fringe is crucial for its integrated development and spatial governance. In this context, this paper constructs an information entropy model using land use data, combined with the central gravitational agglomeration method, to accurately identify the evolution of Harbin’s urban–rural fringe over the past 40 years. The research reveals that Harbin’s urban–rural fringe exhibits a distinct circling pattern, with spatial morphology changes characterized as “low-speed spreading—jumping expansion—internal dissimilarity”, allowing for improved identification of its three types: stable, expanding, and degrading. The study also tracks the scale of the urban–rural fringe in Harbin with three types of stable, expanding, and degrading urban–rural fringe. Drawing on previous research, we visualize the fringe area’s functional spatial positioning, showing its dominant function shifting from a production–ecological composite to a production–life–ecological coordinated function. Concurrently, the study’s findings, alongside Harbin’s socioeconomic development, indicate that the urban–rural fringe’s evolution is driven by economic, policy, and environmental factors. Based on the multi-dimensional research outcomes, we conclude that the evolution of Harbin’s urban–rural fringe can be divided into three stages: a slow gestation period (1980–1990), a rapid development period (1990–2010), and a stable reconstruction phase (2010–2020). In the initial phase, urban and rural development is minimal; during the second phase, the trend of urban expansion is significant, and the urban–rural fringe is rapidly shifted to the city; and in the latter stage, urban and rural elements are stabilized and coordinated, and urban and rural areas are realized to be developed and reconstructed as one. This paper provides a scientific basis for understanding the dynamic evolution of the urban–rural fringe in Harbin City and is an important reference for future territorial spatial planning and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions)

21 pages, 13634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuronal Network Activation Induced by Forniceal Deep Brain Stimulation in Mice

by Bin Tang, Zhenyu Wu, Qi Wang and Jianrong Tang

Genes 2025, 16(2), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes16020210 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Background: The fimbria-fornix is a nerve fiber bundle that connects various structures of the limbic system in the brain and plays a key role in cognition. It has become a major target of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat memory impairment in both [...] Read more.

Background: The fimbria-fornix is a nerve fiber bundle that connects various structures of the limbic system in the brain and plays a key role in cognition. It has become a major target of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat memory impairment in both dementia patients and animal models of neurological diseases. Previously, we have reported the beneficial memory effects of chronic forniceal DBS in mouse models of intellectual disability disorders. In Rett syndrome and CDKL5 deficiency disorder models, DBS strengthens hippocampal synaptic plasticity, reduces dentate inhibitory transmission or increases adult hippocampal neurogenesis that aids memory. However, the underlying neuronal circuitry mechanisms remain unknown. This study we explored the neural network circuits involved in forniceal DBS treatment. Methods: We used acute forniceal DBS-induced expression of c-Fos, an activity-dependent neuronal marker, to map the brain structures functionally connected to the fornix. We also evaluated the mouse behavior of locomotion, anxiety, and fear memory after acute forniceal DBS treatment. Results: Acute forniceal DBS induces robust activation of multiple structures in the limbic system. DBS-induced neuronal activation extends beyond hippocampal formation and includes brain structures not directly innervated by the fornix. Conclusions: Acute forniceal DBS activates multiple limbic structures associated with emotion and memory. The neural circuits revealed here help elucidate the neural network effect and pave the way for further research on the mechanism by which forniceal DBS induces benefits on cognitive impairments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Genetic and Epigenetic Basis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders)

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27 pages, 10228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Fields to Pile Material in Pile–Soil System Under Freezing Based on Numerical Analysis

by Dongxue Hao, Yexian Shi, Rong Chen, Zhao Lu, Yue Ji, Zhonghua Lv and Liguo Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(4), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15040534 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

In engineering practice, various types of pile foundations are commonly employed to mitigate the impact of differential frost heave on structures in cold regions. However, the studies on how pile material properties influence the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling fields during the freezing of the pile–soil [...] Read more.

In engineering practice, various types of pile foundations are commonly employed to mitigate the impact of differential frost heave on structures in cold regions. However, the studies on how pile material properties influence the thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling fields during the freezing of the pile–soil system remain limited. To address this, a finite element model was developed to simulate the response of the pile–soil system under unidirectional freezing conditions. The numerical model in simulating ground temperature field and frost heave was first verified by comparison with experimental results. Then, the simulations for piles made of different materials, specifically steel and concrete piles at field scale, were conducted to obtain real-time temperature, moisture, and displacement fields during the freezing process. The results demonstrate that pile–soil systems of the two materials exhibit clearly different freezing patterns. The thermal conductivity of concrete, being similar to that of the surrounding soil, results in a unidirectional freezing pattern of soil around concrete piles, with the frost depth line parallel to the frost heave surface, forming a “一-shaped” freezing zone. In contrast, the high thermal conductivity of steel piles significantly accelerates the freezing rate and increases the frost depth in the surrounding soil, leading to both vertical and horizontal bidirectional freezing around the piles, creating an “inverted L-shaped” freezing zone. This bidirectional freezing generates greater tangential frost heave forces, pile frost jacking, and soil displacement around piles compared to concrete piles under identical freezing conditions. The numerical simulation also identifies the critical hydraulic conductivity at which moisture migration in the frozen soil layer ceases and describes the variation of relative ice content with temperature. These findings offer valuable insights into considering soil frost heave and pile displacement when using steel for foundation construction in cold regions, providing guidance for anti-frost heave measures in such environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

17 pages, 1738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Onion Peel Powder’s Impact on the Leptin Receptors in the Hippocampus of Obese Rats

by Małgorzata Komar, Monika Michalak-Majewska, Radosław Szalak, Agata Wawrzyniak, Waldemar Gustaw, Wojciech Radzki and Marcin B. Arciszewski

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(4), 1768; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15041768 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

The bioactive components present in onion peel powder are a promising factor in preventing/treating obesity. Overweight/obesity causes metabolic changes, which can lead to leptin resistance in the central nervous system (CNS) and, thus, to structural and functional changes in the brain. Objectives: [...] Read more.

The bioactive components present in onion peel powder are a promising factor in preventing/treating obesity. Overweight/obesity causes metabolic changes, which can lead to leptin resistance in the central nervous system (CNS) and, thus, to structural and functional changes in the brain. Objectives: The presented study focused on evaluating the influence of a diet supplemented with onion peel powder on the immunoexpression of leptin receptors (LepRs) in the hippocampus in obese rats and the potential anti-obesity role of the onion in the brain. Methods: To induce obesity, the animals were given a high-energy chow containing lard and sucrose. Onion skin powder was used to modify the standard and high-energy diets (10.5 g per rat/week) of Wistar rats in a 14-week experiment followed by a brain IHC study. Results: The effect of the onion diet on the expression of neuronal LepRs and astrocytes in the hippocampus was analyzed. Obese animals receiving onion in the diet showed significant growth in the average number of immunoreactive LepR (LepR-IR) neurons (p = 0.00108) and their average size (p = 0.00168) in the CA1 field of the hippocampus. Meanwhile, in obese rats not given onion peel powder, a significant increase in the average density of astrocytes was observed (p< 0.0001). Conclusions: The increased density of astrocytes in the hippocampus of obese animals can probably have a beneficial effect on brain changes in overweight individuals. The inclusion of onion in the diet of overweight/obese individuals may lead to increased hippocampal neuroplasticity, manifested by changes in the immunoexpression of LepRs. It can be speculated that the observed changes have a protective effect on the CNS structures during obesity, but this undoubtedly requires further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds for Functional Foods and Sustainability)

18 pages, 460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Anticipated Regret in Farmers’ Land Conversion Decisions

by Mary Doidge and Hongli Feng

Land 2025, 14(2), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14020361 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Conversion of grassland to cropland in the Prairie Pothole Region of North and South Dakota has many environmental consequences, including the loss of important migratory bird breeding grounds, increased agricultural chemical use, and release of sequestered carbon into the atmosphere. While conversion has [...] Read more.

Conversion of grassland to cropland in the Prairie Pothole Region of North and South Dakota has many environmental consequences, including the loss of important migratory bird breeding grounds, increased agricultural chemical use, and release of sequestered carbon into the atmosphere. While conversion has negative ecological consequences, in years of high crop prices, cropland can generate higher returns than grassland, and farmers therefore face economic incentives for conversion in these years. However, recent research suggests that farmers may not convert land despite the economic incentives to do so. In this paper, we used the results of a framed economic experiment to explore the role of anticipated regret in farmers’ land conversion decisions. We used duration analysis to investigate the effect of anticipated regret salience on the risk of grass-to-crop land conversion and examined the regret participants express ex post about their land use decisions. Our results show that conversion risk from grassland to cropland was lower when anticipated regret was made salient than when it was not. Additionally, farmers expressed more regret about decisions to convert their land than when they left their land in grass. These results suggest that anticipated regret may play a role in farmers’ land conversion decisions, and that encouraging farmers to consider how they might feel about their decisions in the future may lead to lower rates of grass-to-crop conversion. We propose operational policy strategies based on our findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Topical Advisory Panel Member Solicited Papers Series: Land Use Changes in Rural Areas)

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10 pages, 2722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stable Isotope Investigations of Icicle Formation and Evolution

by Thomas Brubaker and R. V. Krishnamurthy

Hydrology 2025, 12(2), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12020030 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Icicles are elongated structures formed from water flowing over hangings and crystallizing in sub-freezing conditions. These features are ubiquitous in several parts of the world that experience severe to moderate winter seasons. It has been suggested that they could be a source of [...] Read more.

Icicles are elongated structures formed from water flowing over hangings and crystallizing in sub-freezing conditions. These features are ubiquitous in several parts of the world that experience severe to moderate winter seasons. It has been suggested that they could be a source of recharge to groundwater. Icicles are presumed to affect groundwater quality via incorporation of atmospheric and roof top contaminants. Relatively little attention has been paid to these wintry features, insofar as only a few theoretical models have attempted to describe their formation. Stable isotope measurements (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) of icicles that were melted stepwise into fractions are presented as support for the models that invoke the rapid formation of icicles. Icicles exhibit minimal fraction to fraction isotope variation, suggesting a lack of isotope equilibrium and that kinetic effects dominate the freezing process. Deviations from the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL), which is similar to the Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL), indicate that post-depositional processes, namely sublimation, may occur throughout the freezing process. Isotopic evidence lends support to a “growth-cessation-growth” variation of the already proposed methods of rapid icicle formation, where a cessation period occurs between pulses of rapid freezing during icicle growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Isotope Hydrology in the U.S.)

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24 pages, 5680 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Anthropic Structures on Coastline Morphology: A Case Study from the Málaga Coast (Spain)

by Rosa Molina, Giorgio Manno, Antonio Contreras de Villar, Bismarck Jigena-Antelo, Juan José Muñoz-Pérez, J. Andrew G. Cooper, Enzo Pranzini and Giorgio Anfuso

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(2), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13020319 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

The Málaga coast, in the south of Spain, is a densely populated tourist destination where ports, marinas and coastal protection structures of various typologies (e.g., groins, breakwaters, revetments) and shapes (e.g., “Y”, “L”, etc., shaped groins) have been emplaced. Such structures have modified [...] Read more.

The Málaga coast, in the south of Spain, is a densely populated tourist destination where ports, marinas and coastal protection structures of various typologies (e.g., groins, breakwaters, revetments) and shapes (e.g., “Y”, “L”, etc., shaped groins) have been emplaced. Such structures have modified the long- and cross-shore sediment transport and produced changes in beach morphology and the evolution of nearby areas. To characterize the changes related to shore-normal structures, beach erosion/accretion areas close to coastal anthropic structures were measured using a sequence of aerial orthophotos between 1956 and 2019, and the potential littoral sediment transport for the two main littoral transport directions was determined by means of IT IS CORRECT BECAUSE IS A SPECIFIC NAME CMS (Coastal Modeling System). Available data on wave propagation and coastal sediment transport reflect the complex dynamics of the study area, often characterized by the coexistence of opposing longshore transport directions. Accretion was observed on both sides of ports in all studied periods and on both main coastal orientations. Groins and groups of groins presented mixed results that reflect the heterogeneity of the study area; in certain sectors where the wave regime is bidirectional, changes in shoreline trend were found from one period to another. The study cases described in this paper emphasize the difficulties in finding clear spatial and temporal trends in the artificially induced erosion/accretion patterns recorded along a heavily modified shoreline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

28 pages, 1174 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Seasonality on Mental Health Disorders: A Narrative Review and Extension of the Immunoseasonal Theory

by Stefan Modzelewski, Maciej Naumowicz, Maria Suprunowicz, Aleksandra Julia Oracz and Napoleon Waszkiewicz

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(4), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041119 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

The impact of weather on mental illness is widely debated, but the mechanism of this relationship remains unclear. The immunoseasonal theory suggests that in winter, a T-helper 1 (Th1) response predominates, impairing Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) control, which exacerbates symptoms of depression, while after [...] Read more.

The impact of weather on mental illness is widely debated, but the mechanism of this relationship remains unclear. The immunoseasonal theory suggests that in winter, a T-helper 1 (Th1) response predominates, impairing Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) control, which exacerbates symptoms of depression, while after it, in summer, a Th2 response predominates in immunologically prone individuals, activating cortical and mesolimbic centers, which can exacerbate symptoms of psychosis. In this paper, we aim to describe the validity of this theory through a narrative review of data related to weather and immunology in psychiatry. This review extends existing literature by integrating immunological findings with psychiatric seasonality research, offering a mechanistic perspective that links Th1/Th2 shifts to specific symptom exacerbations. Winter Th1 severity may worsen depression and anxiety, while summer Th2 dominance appears to be associated with exacerbations of schizophrenia, mania, impulsivity, and suicide risk. It is possible that the mechanism of Th1 response potentiation and deterioration of PFC function is common to most psychiatric entities and is nonspecific. This suggests that seasonal immune dysregulation may play a broader role in psychiatric disorders than previously recognized, challenging the idea that seasonality impacts only selected conditions. Characteristic dysfunctions within an individual determine further differences in clinical manifestations. The mechanism of Th2 potentiation may not be limited to mania and psychosis but may also be associated with increased impulsivity and suicide risk. If the immunoseasonal theory is confirmed, selected immunological markers could be used not only in the diagnosis of psychiatric exacerbations but also in predicting symptom fluctuations and tailoring treatment strategies. This could enable more personalized interventions, such as seasonally adjusted medication dosing or targeted anti-inflammatory therapies. While this mechanism seems plausible, further research, especially analyzing markers of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses, is needed to better understand and confirm it. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mental Health)

31 pages, 994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Intelligence and the New Quality Productive Forces of Enterprises: Digital Intelligence Empowerment Paths and Spatial Spillover Effects

by Xiumin Li, Haojian Tang and Zishuo Chen

Systems 2025, 13(2), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/systems13020105 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

The 20th CPC Central Committee stressed that the key to high-quality economic development is to cultivate new quality productive forces, and AI plays a key role in cultivating new quality productive forces. This paper takes A-share listed enterprises in China from 2013 to [...] Read more.

The 20th CPC Central Committee stressed that the key to high-quality economic development is to cultivate new quality productive forces, and AI plays a key role in cultivating new quality productive forces. This paper takes A-share listed enterprises in China from 2013 to 2022 as a sample, constructs comprehensive level indicators of AI from the strategic side, application side, and innovation side of enterprises’ AI, and empirically examines the impact, mechanism, and spatial spillover effect of AI development on enterprises’ new quality productive forces from the perspective of digital intelligence empowerment and the spatial perspective. The results of this study show that AI can significantly promote the development of new productivity, and the development of AI within enterprises can promote the improvement of new productivity levels of neighboring enterprises or regions. At the same time, the role of AI in promoting the development of new quality productive forces is more obvious when the enterprise is a private enterprise, the managers have a digital background, and the enterprise is located in an industry with fierce market competition or a strategic industry. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the mechanism and spatial spillover effect of AI in promoting the new quality productive forces of enterprises and to provide a new theoretical basis and research perspective for enterprises to cultivate new quality productive forces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Business Model Innovation in the Era of Industry 4.0)

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22 pages, 578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Games of Cournot Oligopoly with Consideration of Pollution, Network Structure, and Continuous Updating

by Guennady Ougolnitsky and Alexey Korolev

Games 2025, 16(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/g16010009 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

We have built and investigated analytically and numerically a differential game model of Cournot oligopoly with consideration of pollution, network structure, and continuous updating. Up to this time, games with network structure and continuous updating were considered separately. We analyzed time consistency for [...] Read more.

We have built and investigated analytically and numerically a differential game model of Cournot oligopoly with consideration of pollution, network structure, and continuous updating. Up to this time, games with network structure and continuous updating were considered separately. We analyzed time consistency for a cooperative solution of the game. For a specific example, we built a non-empty subgame perfect subcore. We considered stochastic versions of the proposed model and received results similar to the deterministic case. Full article

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24 pages, 683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MtAD-Net: Multi-Threshold Adaptive Decision Net for Unsupervised Synthetic Aperture Radar Ship Instance Segmentation

by Junfan Xue, Junjun Yin and Jian Yang

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(4), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040593 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, pixel-level Ground Truth (GT) is a scarce resource compared to Bounding Box (BBox) annotations. Therefore, exploring the use of unsupervised instance segmentation methods to convert BBox-level annotations into pixel-level GT holds great significance in the SAR field. [...] Read more.

In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, pixel-level Ground Truth (GT) is a scarce resource compared to Bounding Box (BBox) annotations. Therefore, exploring the use of unsupervised instance segmentation methods to convert BBox-level annotations into pixel-level GT holds great significance in the SAR field. However, previous unsupervised segmentation methods fail to perform well on SAR images due to the presence of speckle noise, low imaging accuracy, and gradual pixel transitions at the boundaries between targets and background, resulting in unclear edges. In this paper, we propose a Multi-threshold Adaptive Decision Network (MtAD-Net), which is capable of segmenting SAR ship images under unsupervised conditions and demonstrates good performance. Specifically, we design a Multiple CFAR Threshold-extraction Module (MCTM) to obtain a threshold vector by a false alarm rate vector. A Local U-shape Feature Extractor (LUFE) is designed to project each pixel of SAR images into a high-dimensional feature space, and a Global Vision Transformer Encoder (GVTE) is designed to obtain global features, and then, we use the global features to obtain a probability vector, which is the probability of each CFAR threshold. We further propose a PLC-Loss to adaptively reduce the feature distance of pixels of the same category and increase the feature distance of pixels of different categories. Moreover, we designed a label smoothing module to denoise the result of MtAD-Net. Experimental results on the dataset show that our MtAD-Net outperforms traditional and existing deep learning-based unsupervised segmentation methods in terms of pixel accuracy, kappa coefficient, mean intersection over union, frequency weighted intersection over union, and F1-Score. Full article

13 pages, 646 KiB

Open AccessReview

Part 1—Cardiac Rehabilitation After an Acute Myocardial Infarction: Four Phases of the Programme—Where Do We Stand?

by Aneta Aleksova, Alessandra Lucia Fluca, Antonio Paolo Beltrami, Elena Dozio, Gianfranco Sinagra, Maria Marketou and Milijana Janjusevic

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(4), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14041117 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Cardiac rehabilitation is a well-established multidisciplinary interventional protocol that plays a pivotal role in the management and prevention of future cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular diseases. This patient-tailored approach includes educating patients about their cardiovascular condition and how to control the associated [...] Read more.

Cardiac rehabilitation is a well-established multidisciplinary interventional protocol that plays a pivotal role in the management and prevention of future cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular diseases. This patient-tailored approach includes educating patients about their cardiovascular condition and how to control the associated risk factors, an expert-designed lifestyle modification plan that may include exercise, proper nutrition, pharmacological treatment, and psychological support at each step. Exercise training represents a fundamental component of cardiac rehabilitation. It facilitates an enhancement of cardiovascular fitness, a reduction in heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac remodeling, an increase in the left ventricular ejection fraction, the optimization of endothelial function, and a reduction in inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, the beneficial physiological changes resulting from cardiac rehabilitation contribute to a reduction in morbidity and mortality in survivors of myocardial infarction (MI). Furthermore, the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines advocate for the initiation of cardiac rehabilitation as early as possible, while the patient who survived MI is still in hospital. This two-part comprehensive review commences with a historical overview of cardiac rehabilitation, followed by a detailed exploration of the four phases of the cardiac rehabilitation programme and its impact on cardiovascular health. In Part 2, the study aims to provide a detailed account of the optimal timing for starting cardiac rehabilitation programs and to examine the factors affecting low engagement in such programs, as well as gender-based differences in adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

17 pages, 4710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying the Uncertainty of Electric Vehicle Charging with Probabilistic Load Forecasting

by Yvenn Amara-Ouali, Bachir Hamrouche, Guillaume Principato and Yannig Goude

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(2), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16020088 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) presents challenges and opportunities for the management of electrical networks. This paper focuses on developing and evaluating probabilistic forecasting algorithms to understand and predict EV charging behaviours, crucial for optimising grid operations and ensuring a balance between [...] Read more.

The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) presents challenges and opportunities for the management of electrical networks. This paper focuses on developing and evaluating probabilistic forecasting algorithms to understand and predict EV charging behaviours, crucial for optimising grid operations and ensuring a balance between electricity demand and generation. Several forecasting approaches tailored to different time horizons are proposed across diverse model classes, including direct, bottom-up, and adaptive approaches. In all approaches, the target variable can be the load curve quantiles from 0.1 to 0.9 with 0.1 increments or prediction sets with a target coverage of 80%. Direct approaches learn from past load curves using GAMLSS or QGAM methods. Bottom-up approaches predict individual charging session characteristics (arrival time, charging duration, and energy demand) with mixture models before reconstructing the load curve. Adaptive approaches correct in real-time the prediction sets issued by direct or bottom-up approaches with conformal predictions. The experiments, conducted on real-world charging session data from Palo Alto, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods with regard to different metrics, including pinball loss, empirical coverage, and RPS. Overall, the results highlight the importance of quantifying uncertainty in load forecasts and the potential of probabilistic forecasting for EV load management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS37—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (Seoul, Republic of Korea))

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24 pages, 18017 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Mechanical Behaviors of Fiber-Laser-Welded QP980-QP1180 Steels

by Hafize Çelik and Onur Saray

Metals 2025, 15(2), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15020174 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Advanced high-strength steels are considered the first choice when manufacturing lighter vehicles. Quench-partitioning (QP) steels are good candidates that fulfill manufacturing and performance requirements with their outstanding strength and formability. Laser welding offers a productive solution to the challenges of liquid metal embrittlement [...] Read more.

Advanced high-strength steels are considered the first choice when manufacturing lighter vehicles. Quench-partitioning (QP) steels are good candidates that fulfill manufacturing and performance requirements with their outstanding strength and formability. Laser welding offers a productive solution to the challenges of liquid metal embrittlement due to a low heat input and higher welding efficiency. This study investigated the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of dissimilar laser-welded joints between QP980 and QP1180 steels. The microstructure of the joint mainly consisted of martensite phase in the fusion zone (FZ) and super-critical heat-affected zone (HAZ). In the mid and sub-critical HAZ, the microstructure consisted of tempered martensite along with ferrite and retained austenite on both sides. Due to these microstructural evolutions, FZ and HAZ are strengthened, and thus, laser welds can be achieved without the formation of a visible soft zone. Fracture of the joints occurred in softer base metal (BM) with ductile characteristics without any considerable strength loss. However, the ductility of the joints was lower than that of BMs because of deformation localization due to microstructure, yield strength, and thickness variations in the tensile and Erichsen test specimens. These results show that laser welding can be considered an effective alternative for joining QP steels. Full article

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30 pages, 2001 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research on Methane-Rich Biogas Production Technology by Anaerobic Digestion Under Carbon Neutrality: A Review

by Shiqing Qian, Luming Chen, Sunqiang Xu, Cai Zeng, Xueqi Lian, Zitong Xia and Jintuo Zou

Sustainability 2025, 17(4), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041425 (registering DOI) - 9 Feb 2025

Abstract

Amid the pressing challenge of global climate change, biogas (marsh gas) has garnered recognition as a clean and renewable energy source with significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support sustainable energy production. Composed primarily of methane (CH₄) and carbon [...] Read more.

Amid the pressing challenge of global climate change, biogas (marsh gas) has garnered recognition as a clean and renewable energy source with significant potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and support sustainable energy production. Composed primarily of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), enhancing the CH₄ content in biogas is essential for improving its quality and expanding its high-value applications. This review examines the mechanisms underlying CH₄ and CO₂ production in anaerobic digestion (AD) processes; investigates the effects of raw material types, process routes, and fermentation conditions on biogas production and CH₄ content; and proposes feasible technical pathways for producing CH₄-rich biogas. Research indicates that CH₄-rich biogas can be produced through various strategies. Raw material pretreatment technologies and co-digestion strategies can enhance substrate performance, stabilize the AD process, and boost CH₄ production. Process optimizations, such as multiphase AD and CH₄ co-production techniques, significantly improve carbon utilization efficiency. Introducing exogenous reinforcement materials, including biochar and zero-valent iron nanoparticles, fosters microbial interactions and facilitates direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). Furthermore, microbial regulation through genetic engineering and microbial community design presents promising prospects. By reviewing the mechanisms of gas production, influencing factors, and feasible pathways, this work aims to provide valuable insights for the technical research of AD to produce CH₄-rich biogas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Energy Technologies and Sustainable Agricultural Waste Utilization)

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