MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

10 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computation of the Multi-Spheres Scattering Coefficient Using the Prime Index Method

by Fangcheng Huang, Carlo Santini, Fabio Mangini and Fabrizio Frezza

Photonics 2024, 11(12), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11121155 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

The analytical-numerical evaluation of the scattering of electromagnetic waves by multiple spheres requires the computation of numerous coefficients. For this purpose, many contributions, available in the literature, have traditionally employed the recursion method. In the present paper, we introduce a novel approach, based [...] Read more.

The analytical-numerical evaluation of the scattering of electromagnetic waves by multiple spheres requires the computation of numerous coefficients. For this purpose, many contributions, available in the literature, have traditionally employed the recursion method. In the present paper, we introduce a novel approach, based on primes and indices, which can be conveniently applied to the computation of the Wigner 3-j symbols, the Wigner D-function, and the Gaunt coefficients. By considering a series-expansion form, our method proves to be easily applicable to a variety of similar problems. We provide examples of coefficient calculations and compare the results with those retrieved from previous publications, demonstrating the advantages of our approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Imaging and Measurements: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Privacy in Set-Valued Data: Comparing Certainty Penalty and Information Gain

by Soonseok Kim

Electronics 2024, 13(23), 4842; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13234842 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

The increase in set-valued data such as transaction records and medical histories has introduced new challenges in data anonymization. Traditional anonymization techniques targeting structured microdata comprising single-attribute- rather than set-valued records are often insufficient to ensure privacy protection in complex datasets, particularly when [...] Read more.

The increase in set-valued data such as transaction records and medical histories has introduced new challenges in data anonymization. Traditional anonymization techniques targeting structured microdata comprising single-attribute- rather than set-valued records are often insufficient to ensure privacy protection in complex datasets, particularly when re-identification attacks leverage partial background knowledge. To address these limitations, this study proposed the Local Generalization and Reallocation (LGR) + algorithm to replace the Normalized Certainty Penalty loss measure (hereafter, NCP) used in traditional LGR algorithms with the Information Gain Heuristic metric (hereafter, IGH). IGH, an entropy-based metric, evaluates information loss based on uncertainty and provides users with the advantage of balancing privacy protection and data utility. For instance, when IGH causes greater information-scale data annotation loss than NCP, it ensures stronger privacy protection for datasets that contain sensitive or high-risk information. Conversely, when IGH induces less information loss, it provides better data utility for less sensitive or low-risk datasets. The experimental results based on using the BMS-WebView-2 and BMS-POS datasets showed that the IGH-based LGR + algorithm caused up to 100 times greater information loss than NCP, indicating significantly improved privacy protection. Although the opposite case also exists, the use of IGH introduces the issue of increased computational complexity. Future research will focus on optimizing efficiency through parallel processing and sampling techniques. Ultimately, LGR+ provides the only viable solution for improving the balance between data utility and privacy protection, particularly in scenarios that prioritize strong privacy or utility guarantees. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 11399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Experiment of Oblique Stubble-Cutting Side-Throwing Anti-Blocking Device for No-Tillage Seeder

by Awei Zhu, Chengtao Xu, Yanfen Liu, Jiasheng Wang and Xiaodong Tan

Agriculture 2024, 14(12), 2250; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122250 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Aiming at the problem of the wheat straw and stubble of the previous crop blocking the opener during the operation of the summer peanut no-tillage seeder under straw incorporation modes, an oblique stubble-cutting and side-throwing anti-blocking device that can simultaneously cut the stubble [...] Read more.

Aiming at the problem of the wheat straw and stubble of the previous crop blocking the opener during the operation of the summer peanut no-tillage seeder under straw incorporation modes, an oblique stubble-cutting and side-throwing anti-blocking device that can simultaneously cut the stubble and throw the straw was designed. The structure and working principle of the device were clarified, and the key structure of the anti-blocking device was designed through theoretical analysis. According to the kinematics analysis of the rotary blade cutting and throwing of the root–soil composite, the key factors affecting the operation quality of the device and the range of values were determined. The quadratic orthogonal rotation combination design test was carried out with the motion inclination angle, bending angle, and advancing velocity as the test factors, and the straw clearance rate, stubble-cutting rate, and operation power consumption as the indexes. The discrete element simulation test was carried out in EDEM. The significance test of the test results was carried out in Design-Expert, and the influence of each factor on the test index and the interaction between the factors were determined. Then the regression model was optimized by multi-objective function, and the optimal parameter combination was obtained as follows: The motion inclination angle was 22°, the bending angle was 58°, and the advance velocity was 7.7 km/h. At this time, the straw clearance rate of the seedling belt was 92.55%, the root stubble-cutting rate was 95%, and the operation power consumption was 1.80 kW. The field test shows that the machine had good passing capacity, the straw clearance rate of the seedling belt was 91.04%, the root stubble-cutting rate was 92.98%, and the operation power consumption of the single group of stubble cutting device was 1.92 kW. The difference between the field test results and the simulation test was less than 6%, which met the local agronomic requirements and proved that the anti-blocking device had good operation quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 7483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Ecological Implication of Microplastic in Crabs from a Tropical Lagoon: Ingested Microplastic in Mud Crab Scylla serrata

by B. C. G. Dias, A. A. D. Amarathunga, D. S. M. De Silva, A. Bakir, A. R. McGoran, A. Athukorala, D. B. Sivyer, C. Reeve and M. D. S. R. Maddumage

Water 2024, 16(23), 3534; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233534 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Large plastic items in the environment are degraded into tiny pieces known as microplastics (MPs). MP contamination in tropical lagoon ecosystems poses a significant pollution threat. The mud crab, Scylla serrata, is an important crustacean in the tropical lagoon, valued as a [...] Read more.

Large plastic items in the environment are degraded into tiny pieces known as microplastics (MPs). MP contamination in tropical lagoon ecosystems poses a significant pollution threat. The mud crab, Scylla serrata, is an important crustacean in the tropical lagoon, valued as a key source of edible seafood in Asia and Europe. The potential MPs of one hundred samples were examined using the stereomicroscope for characterisation, and further analysis was conducted using µ-FTIR. A total of 1157 MPs were found in the gills and gastrointestinal tract. The mean abundance (±SD) of MP in mud crabs was 11.57 ± 6.29 items/individual. MPs were detected in both tissues, displaying a variety of colours. Transparent MPs dominated the gills at 43.9%, while blue microplastics were prevalent in the gastrointestinal tract at 32.8%. The filament (fibre) was the most prominent MP type found in the gills and gastrointestinal tract. The collected MPs from both tissues were categorised into four size ranges: 0.05–0.25 mm and 1.00–5.00 mm were the common size ranges in the gills and gastrointestinal tract, respectively. The prominent polymer type was rayon. These findings provide considerable proof of MP contamination in the mud crab species Scylla serrata and its implications for food security. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3687 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep and Goats: A Systematic Review

by Paola Gobbi, Silvia Pavone, Massimiliano Orso, Fabrizio Passamonti, Cecilia Righi, Maria Serena Beato, Francesco Feliziani and Monica Giammarioli

Animals 2024, 14(23), 3545; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14233545 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are responsible for chronic and progressive multisystemic clinical forms, which significantly reduce flocks’ productivity and have a considerable economic impact on the small ruminant industry. Due to the increase in genetic analysis studies and the potential for misclassification of [...] Read more.

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are responsible for chronic and progressive multisystemic clinical forms, which significantly reduce flocks’ productivity and have a considerable economic impact on the small ruminant industry. Due to the increase in genetic analysis studies and the potential for misclassification of certain strains, owing to the high genetic variability of these viruses, a systematic review was deemed necessary. This review explores the types of matrices used for molecular detection and phylogenetic studies, the genomic regions selected as targets, and the software utilized for phylogenetic analysis, assessing the geographical distribution of identified genotypes and subgenotypes over time. A thorough comparison of the diagnostic approaches highlights the strengths and limitations of each method, identifying gaps that need to be addressed. Additionally, recombination events and compartmentalization are examined to provide an updated, detailed, and comprehensive overview of SRLV phylogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Prevention of Endemic Diseases in Ruminants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 15809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure and Mechanical Properties of a Titanium–8 wt.% Gallium Alloy

by David W. Wheeler

Crystals 2024, 14(12), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121061 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper describes a study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of a titanium–gallium (Ti-8 wt.% Ga) alloy using X-ray diffraction, optical metallography, micro-hardness measurements, compression and tensile testing, nanoindentation and ultrasonic velocity measurements. X-ray diffraction has shown the alloy to be wholly [...] Read more.

This paper describes a study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of a titanium–gallium (Ti-8 wt.% Ga) alloy using X-ray diffraction, optical metallography, micro-hardness measurements, compression and tensile testing, nanoindentation and ultrasonic velocity measurements. X-ray diffraction has shown the alloy to be wholly α Ti with no other phases present. A comparison of the hardness and elastic modulus values of the Ti-8Ga alloy with those of Ti-6Al-4V showed the former to have a significantly higher hardness, although the elastic moduli of the two alloys were broadly comparable. The study also indicated reasonable agreement between the elastic moduli obtained by nanoindentation, ultrasonic velocity measurements and tensile testing. Under compressive loading, the mean 0.2% proof stress values of the Ti-8Ga alloy were between 1066 MPa and 1083 MPa. However, under tensile conditions, the mean tensile strength was found to be only 427 MPa, and the alloy exhibited highly brittle behaviour, with specimens failing before they had undergone any appreciable plasticity. The cause of this was ascribed to high oxygen and nitrogen levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multifunctional Materials and Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Elastic Properties of Deep Rock Composites Under High Pressure

by Linmei Li, Xianren Zeng, Yonghong Tan, Qiyuan Xu and Shihuan Liu

Crystals 2024, 14(12), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121059 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper presents a three-dimensional model of the definitive structure of gypsum, calcite and quartz crystals, which are the primary components of deep rock mass. The optimization of the primary components of deep rock mass material was performed under pressures ranging from 0 [...] Read more.

This paper presents a three-dimensional model of the definitive structure of gypsum, calcite and quartz crystals, which are the primary components of deep rock mass. The optimization of the primary components of deep rock mass material was performed under pressures ranging from 0 to 120 MPa using the first principles method. This led to the determination of the structural constants of the primary component crystals within the deep rock material. Furthermore, the variation rule of mechanical parameters, including elastic constants, for the primary components of deep-seated rock materials under different pressures was also investigated. The findings indicate a clear downward trend in the partial crystal structure parameters of deep-seated rock materials with increasing pressure. The primary components of each rock mass material display disparate compressibility properties in distinct directions when subjected to uniaxial compression. In conclusion, the anisotropic elastic properties of gypsum crystals, calcite crystals and quartz crystals under different pressures were investigated. The anisotropic cloud diagrams of bulk modulus, elastic modulus and shear modulus were presented for the three types of rock material at 0 MPa, 60 MPa and 120 MPa, respectively. In conclusion, we derived the theoretical equations for the elastic tensor matrix of composite materials using the principle of superposition. Furthermore, we studied and obtained the elastic tensor matrix for composite materials within the deep rock mass. These results provide essential theoretical guidance for the development of underground space and the analysis of deep rock dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineralogical Crystallography and Biomineralization)

17 pages, 1007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Recovery and Stability Analysis of Disturbance Observer Under Unmodeled Dynamics

by Youngjun Joo

Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7850; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237850 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Feedback system design is often achieved by neglecting the unmodeled dynamics, such as the actuator and sensor, to reduce design complexity. It is based on an assumption that the unmodeled dynamics are fast enough to be negligible. However, it may cause severe problems [...] Read more.

Feedback system design is often achieved by neglecting the unmodeled dynamics, such as the actuator and sensor, to reduce design complexity. It is based on an assumption that the unmodeled dynamics are fast enough to be negligible. However, it may cause severe problems for the stability or performance of the overall system, especially, when the controller contains the fast dynamics or uses the high-gain feedback term. A disturbance observer has been widely employed in many industrial applications due to its simple structure and powerful ability to reject disturbances and compensate plant uncertainties. However, since the disturbance observer contains fast dynamics in its structure, the analysis of the effect of the unmodeled dynamics on the disturbance observer-based control is mandatory. This paper reveals the robustness and disturbance rejection performance of the disturbance observer based on the singular perturbation theory and proposes its design guideline for robust stability in the presence of unmodeled dynamics. In addition, this paper presents that the disturbance observer recovers a nominal performance designed for a nominal model of the plant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fault Diagnosis & Sensors)

14 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum R2 and Lactobacillus sakei B2 on Low-Salt Sliced Sausages Stored at 5 °C

by Huiting Luo, Mei Xu and Peijun Li

Foods 2024, 13(23), 3960; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233960 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of inoculating Lactobacillus plantarum R2 and Lactobacillus sakei B2 on low-salt sliced chicken sausages during storage at 5 °C. The results demonstrated that L. plantarum R2 inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens (p < [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of inoculating Lactobacillus plantarum R2 and Lactobacillus sakei B2 on low-salt sliced chicken sausages during storage at 5 °C. The results demonstrated that L. plantarum R2 inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens (p < 0.05). The results of the high-throughput sequencing indicated that the chicken sausage inoculated with L. plantarum R2 improved the microbiological quality of the sample. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl content of the sausages treated with L. plantarum R2 and L. sakei B2 were lower than those of the control (p < 0.05). L. plantarum R2 exhibited a higher antioxidant activity compared to that of L. sakei B2. Therefore, L. plantarum R2 was found to have the potential to improve physicochemical properties, organoleptic characteristics, and food safety of low-salt sliced cooked chicken sausages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microorganisms and Meat Quality and Safety: The Exploration of Beneficial Microbes and the Control of Harmful Ones)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gene Cloning, Characterization and Transesterification Reactions of Mgl-C255, a Lipolytic Enzyme from Neobacillus thermocopriae C255 Isolated from ash from Popocatépetl Volcano

by Graciela Espinosa-Luna, Aaron S. Bustos-Baena, Rocio Solis-Palacios, Jonathan Lara-Sanchez, Aurelio Espinosa-Honorato and Rosa María Oliart-Ros

Macromol 2024, 4(4), 871-885; https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol4040051 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Lipases and carboxylesterases are enzymes of biotechnological interest both for their reactions and their specificity. They have wide-ranging applications in the food, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel synthesis, and bioremediation industries. For that reason, the strain Neobacillus thermocopriae C255 was isolated from ash from Popocatepetl volcano [...] Read more.

Lipases and carboxylesterases are enzymes of biotechnological interest both for their reactions and their specificity. They have wide-ranging applications in the food, pharmaceuticals, biodiesel synthesis, and bioremediation industries. For that reason, the strain Neobacillus thermocopriae C255 was isolated from ash from Popocatepetl volcano and studied as a new source of lipolytic enzymes. It was identified using 16S ribosomal RNA and flagellar protein FliF sequence homology, yielding 100% identity. From the sequencing of its genome, an enzyme with lipolytic activity, classified as a monoacylglycerol lipase, and named Mgl-C255, was cloned in E. coli BL21, and then expressed, biochemically characterized, and tested via transesterification reactions with alcohols and monosaccharides. Based on its sequence and structure, it was placed within family V, having a catalytic triad of S90-D207-H237. Biochemical characterization showed its highest activity at 40 °C, pH 7.5 to 8.5, with C-2 length substrate preference. No metal ions or inhibitors influenced lipolytic activity, except for PMSF, SDS, Cu⁻², and Hg⁻². Mgl-C255 retained about 50% of its activity in non-polar solvents and showed synthetic activity in organic solvents, making it a good candidate for studying its catalytic potential and selectivity. Full article

23 pages, 4893 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Enhancing Software Effort Estimation with Pre-Trained Word Embeddings: A Small-Dataset Solution for Accurate Story Point Prediction

by Issa Atoum and Ahmed Ali Otoom

Electronics 2024, 13(23), 4843; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13234843 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Traditional software effort estimation methods, such as term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), are widely used due to their simplicity and interpretability. However, they struggle with limited datasets, fail to capture intricate semantics, and suffer from dimensionality, sparsity, and computational inefficiency. This study used [...] Read more.

Traditional software effort estimation methods, such as term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), are widely used due to their simplicity and interpretability. However, they struggle with limited datasets, fail to capture intricate semantics, and suffer from dimensionality, sparsity, and computational inefficiency. This study used pre-trained word embeddings, including FastText and GPT-2, to improve estimation accuracy in such cases. Seven pre-trained models were evaluated for their ability to effectively represent textual data, addressing the fundamental limitations of TF-IDF through contextualized embeddings. The results show that combining FastText embeddings with support vector machines (SVMs) consistently outperforms traditional approaches, reducing the mean absolute error (MAE) by 5–18% while achieving accuracy comparable to deep learning models like GPT-2. This approach demonstrated the adaptability of pre-trained embeddings for small datasets, balancing semantic richness with computational efficiency. The proposed method optimized project planning and resource allocation while enhancing software development through accurate story point prediction while safeguarding privacy and security through data anonymization. Future research will explore task-specific embeddings tailored to software engineering domains and investigate how dataset characteristics, such as cultural variations, influence model performance, ensuring the development of adaptable, robust, and secure machine learning models for diverse contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Approaches for Solving Software Problems with AI Techniques)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 20673 KiB

Open AccessReview

Beyond Human Touch: Integrating Soft Robotics with Environmental Interaction for Advanced Applications

by Narges Ghobadi, Nariman Sepehri, Witold Kinsner and Tony Szturm

Actuators 2024, 13(12), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/act13120507 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Soft robotics is an emerging field dedicated to the design and development of robots with soft structures. Soft robots offer unique capabilities in terms of flexibility, adaptability, and safety of physical interaction, and therefore provide advanced collaboration between humans and robots. The further [...] Read more.

Soft robotics is an emerging field dedicated to the design and development of robots with soft structures. Soft robots offer unique capabilities in terms of flexibility, adaptability, and safety of physical interaction, and therefore provide advanced collaboration between humans and robots. The further incorporation of soft actuators, advanced sensing technologies, user-friendly control interfaces, and safety considerations enhance the interaction experience. Applications in healthcare, specifically in rehabilitation and assistive devices, as well as manufacturing, show how soft robotics has revolutionized human–robot collaboration and improved quality of life. Soft robotics can create new opportunities to enhance human well-being and increase efficiency in human–robot interactions. Nevertheless, challenges persist, and future work must focus on overcoming technological barriers while increasing reliability, refining control methodologies, and enhancing user experience and acceptance. This paper reviews soft robotics and outlines its advantages in scenarios involving human–robot interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Actuators for Robotics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 9990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polysiloxane-Based Composite Coatings with Bactericidal Additives

by Rukudzo Chihota, Hieronim Szymanowski, Witold Kaczorowski, Jacek Grabarczyk, Aleksandra Jastrzębska, Piotr Niedzielski, Katerina Los and Anna Sobczyk-Guzenda

Coatings 2024, 14(12), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14121540 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper examines the effect of both natural and synthetic additives of different concentrations to a polysiloxane matrix in order to obtain bactericidal composites. Natural additives such as black cumin, cloves, and turmeric were compared with silver, a well-known antiseptic, and with graphene, [...] Read more.

This paper examines the effect of both natural and synthetic additives of different concentrations to a polysiloxane matrix in order to obtain bactericidal composites. Natural additives such as black cumin, cloves, and turmeric were compared with silver, a well-known antiseptic, and with graphene, which has potential bactericidal properties. The first stage of the research included the production of polysiloxane composites with the above-mentioned powders in the form of bulk solid samples, and then a series of tests were carried out on them to not only assess their bactericidal properties but also determine their effect on physicochemical properties such as chemical structure, surface wettability, roughness, hardness, and surface morphology. Based on the obtained results, the most promising composite recipes were selected, and coatings were produced from them on a super-smooth substrate, which had been previously cleaned using a plasma chemical method. The obtained results indicated that all obtained materials were characterized by high bactericidal activity. The conducted studies also showed a significant effect of the introduced additives on the mechanical properties of the polysiloxane matrix, including graphene, which improved the hardness of the composites. Plasma chemical modification of the substrates increased the adhesion of the tested coatings to them. In addition, the effect of the used additive was also visible in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multifunctional Polymer Coatings and Films: Exploring Innovations across Industries)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

24 pages, 6499 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sliding Contact Fatigue Damage of Metallic Implants in a Simulated Body Fluid Environment

by Mihir V. Patel, Edward Cudjoe and Jae Joong Ryu

Lubricants 2024, 12(12), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants12120437 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

At the modular interface of the joint implants, repeated contact stresses in a corrosive synovial environment cause surface degradation that worsens over time. The lubricating mechanisms at the joints are altered by the deteriorated synovial fluid by the wear debris and corrosion products. [...] Read more.

At the modular interface of the joint implants, repeated contact stresses in a corrosive synovial environment cause surface degradation that worsens over time. The lubricating mechanisms at the joints are altered by the deteriorated synovial fluid by the wear debris and corrosion products. As a result, the joint implants’ unsatisfactory performance will be exacerbated by the synergistic combination of wear and corrosion. In this work, reciprocal sliding contact tests in simulated synovial fluid were conducted on the two main metallic implant materials, CoCrMo and Ti6Al4V. The mechanical and electrochemical reactions were described by monitoring the open-circuit potential (OCP) and coefficient of friction (COF). The electrochemical damage that altered the oxidation chemistry on both surfaces was illustrated by the potentiostatic test findings. The surface damage process of CoCrMo under all contact loads presented unstable chemomechanical responses. On the other hand, the Ti6Al4V results revealed a moderate decrease in fretting current and stable changes in the coefficient of friction. Consequently, the experimental investigation determined that, when mechanical loadings and electrochemical stimulus are combined, Ti6Al4V’s biocompatibility would be superior to CoCrMo’s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics and Tribology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristic Muscle Quality Parameters of Male Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Distinguished from Female and Physiological Variations Revealed by Transcriptome Profiling

by Qingchun Wang, Siqi Lu, Yifan Tao, Jixiang Hua, Yan Zhuge, Wenhua Chen and Jun Qiang

Biology 2024, 13(12), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121029 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Male largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) are often overlooked because females grow faster. We explored the value of male largemouth bass by comparing muscle nutrition, texture, and transcriptomes between males and females. Females grew faster than males (p < 0.05) because [...] Read more.

Male largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) are often overlooked because females grow faster. We explored the value of male largemouth bass by comparing muscle nutrition, texture, and transcriptomes between males and females. Females grew faster than males (p < 0.05) because of lipid accumulation. Male fish muscles had higher contents of serine, valine, methionine, arginine, nervonic acid, and α-linolenic acid (p < 0.05), and female fish muscles had higher contents of aspartic acid, glycine, cysteine, leucine, palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (p < 0.05). Male muscles had a higher concentration of collagen fibers and greater shear force, indicative of a chewier texture. Male muscles had a lighter color, suggesting that they were less susceptible to oxidation and deterioration. Transcriptomic analyses revealed upregulation of lpl, sadb, dgat2, bhmt, tecrb, and hsd3b7, encoding components of amino acid and fatty acid metabolism; and upregulation of akt2, src, and kras, encoding crucial regulators of cellular immunity and homeostasis, in male muscles. Immunity-related pathways, including apoptosis, ErbB signaling, and cellular senescence, were enriched in male fish muscles, indicating heightened immune function. The muscles of male fish have a unique profile and distinctive advantages in terms of nutrition, flavor, texture, and transcriptional regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Roles of Phytohormones in Plant Defense Mechanisms Against the Brown Planthopper

by Huiying Wang, Wenjun Zha, An Huang, Yan Wu, Shaojie Shi, Lei Zhou and Aiqing You

Genes 2024, 15(12), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15121579 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

The brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is the most significant insect pest compromising rice production globally. Phytohormones, which are small organic compounds produced by plants, play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development. Nevertheless, extensive research has established that phytohormones [...] Read more.

The brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is the most significant insect pest compromising rice production globally. Phytohormones, which are small organic compounds produced by plants, play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development. Nevertheless, extensive research has established that phytohormones are essential in modulating plant defense against BPH. Plants can achieve equilibrium between growth and defense by utilizing the intricate network of phytohormone signaling pathways to initiate optimal and efficient defensive responses to insects. In this review, we primarily address the roles of phytohormones in conferring resistance against BPH, with a focus on hormone cross-talk. We also discuss the potential value of integrating hormones with other agricultural practices to enhance plant defense and agricultural yield, which highlights the significance of novel approaches for environment-friendly insect pest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Stress Responses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 18077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Maximization of Stand-Alone HRES Based on Tri-Level Economic Predictive Technique

by Ayman Al-Quraan, Ibrahim Athamnah and Ahmad M. A. Malkawi

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10762; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310762 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Renewable energy has been widely used in grid-connected and standalone hybrid renewable energy systems. These systems require a hybrid energy storage system due to the unpredictable climate and the inequality between the produced energy and the consumed energy. In this paper, a tri-level [...] Read more.

Renewable energy has been widely used in grid-connected and standalone hybrid renewable energy systems. These systems require a hybrid energy storage system due to the unpredictable climate and the inequality between the produced energy and the consumed energy. In this paper, a tri-level optimization method is used to optimize the sizing and the energy management of a standalone HRES, simplify the proposed optimization problem, and speed up the convergence process. Horizon prediction and weighting factor strategies are combined with the tri-level technique to find the most appropriate quantity of each element in the project and find the best energy management strategy. The objective function of the proposed methodology aims to minimize the total cost and improve the efficiency of the whole system. The proposed method was investigated on a standalone PV-WT with battery-hydrogen storage in different scenarios. The simulation results from the Matlab toolbox show that the performance indicators (cost and efficiency) are affected by the combination of the weighting factor and the forecasting index. The total productivity was improved by more than 2.5% in some scenarios while the investment cost and the running cost were reduced by values of 49.3% and 28.6%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Control, and Optimization of Hybrid Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 24580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pore Structure and Heterogeneity in the Lacustrine Shale of the Second Member of the Paleogene Funing Formation, Subei Basin, China

by Zhiwei Zhu, Qiang Fu, Zongquan Hu, Hongliang Duan, Baoliang Yang, Lele Xing and Guo Chen

Minerals 2024, 14(12), 1248; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14121248 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Characterization of pore structure and heterogeneity is crucial for exploring and evaluating shale oil and gas resources. Existing methodologies exhibit various limitations, and intuitive, quantitative description techniques are lacking. To address these issues, shales from the second member of the Funing Formation (E [...] Read more.

Characterization of pore structure and heterogeneity is crucial for exploring and evaluating shale oil and gas resources. Existing methodologies exhibit various limitations, and intuitive, quantitative description techniques are lacking. To address these issues, shales from the second member of the Funing Formation (E₁f₂) in the Subei Basin were studied in this study. A comprehensive research methodology was employed that combined petrological analysis, physical structure testing, and SEM images supplemented with multifractal analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR) data processing to achieve nuanced qualitative and quantitative characterization of the heterogeneity in lacustrine shale pore structures. This study revealed that E₁f₂ shale pores predominantly consist of mesopores (2–50 nm) and macropores (>50 nm). A positive correlation was observed between the development of mesopores and calcite content, while a negative correlation exists with orthoclase content. Conversely, a positive correlation with plagioclase content was found in macropore development. The growth in total pore volume is inhibited by the total organic carbon (TOC) content. Employing multifractal methods to analyze pore morphology data extracted from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images facilitated a quantitative characterization of the heterogeneity within the pore structures. The results showed that organic-medium mixed shale (OMMS) has the strongest heterogeneity. The weakest heterogeneity is exhibited by the organic-medium calcareous shale (OMCS). PLSR analysis indicates that the structural heterogeneity of the E₁f₂ shales is positively correlated with TOC content and negatively correlated with orthoclase content. Additionally, the type of pore influences the degree of heterogeneity. Increasing the total and macropore volume reduces the heterogeneity, while increasing the micropore (<2 nm) volume enhances it in the E₁f₂ shales. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Exploration Methods and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 3718 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Simulation and Quantitative Assessment of Sensor Placement in a Hydrogen Bus for Risk Mitigation

by Xintao Deng, Jinwei Sun, Fuyuan Yang and Minggao Ouyang

Hydrogen 2024, 5(4), 976-986; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen5040052 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

The cleanliness of hydrogen energy throughout its life cycle has enabled its applications in transportation and buildings. However, such scenarios often involve the storage and use of hydrogen in enclosed spaces. Ensuring the facility’s safety during hydrogen accidental leakage through rapid detection and [...] Read more.

The cleanliness of hydrogen energy throughout its life cycle has enabled its applications in transportation and buildings. However, such scenarios often involve the storage and use of hydrogen in enclosed spaces. Ensuring the facility’s safety during hydrogen accidental leakage through rapid detection and emergency measures has been a long-standing topic. In this work, we analyze hydrogen leakage in a hydrogen bus through CFD simulation. By extracting the hydrogen diffusion time and combining it with the leakage frequency and ignition probability, we quantitatively evaluate the placement of the sensors and propose an index for detection system assessment named the average detection delay index (ADDI). A near-field detection sensor was introduced to the system, which reduced the lower ADDI limit of the detection system by up to 10 times while reducing the system cost without changing the level of performance. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transport Sector Emissions and Environmental Sustainability: Empirical Evidence from GCC Economies

by Jawaher Binsuwadan

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10760; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310760 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper analyses the asymmetric effects of air transport on CO₂ emissions from transport in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. The analysis utilises CO₂ emissions from transport, which are more relevant and critical for assessing the environmental performance of transport. Moreover, [...] Read more.

This paper analyses the asymmetric effects of air transport on CO₂ emissions from transport in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. The analysis utilises CO₂ emissions from transport, which are more relevant and critical for assessing the environmental performance of transport. Moreover, the current paper has examined this relationship with further macroeconomic variables within the Gulf Cooperation Council context. This paper uses a significant sample of six nations and spans an extensive period from 1990 to 2020. The second-generation Auto Regressive Distributed Lag model was applied to enable the examination of regional heterogeneity and the assessment of transport’s effect on CO₂ emissions across several countries. The intensity of environmental degradation may differ among the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, hence, environmental policies should include trends in transport emissions. Long-term estimates based on the ARDL technique suggest that energy consumption, economic growth, and air travel exacerbate the ratio of CO₂ emissions from transport and pollution levels. The results can be utilised to develop a transport-related environmental strategy that aligns with the sustainable development goals. The paper proposes strategies for achieving a sustainable environment and energy future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Transport on Global Warming and Environmental Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 9365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluations of Microstructure in Ultra-Fine-Grained Matrix with Sintering-Assisted ECAP Process in Aluminum–Nickel Powders

by Ahmet Güral and Ümit Demir

Crystals 2024, 14(12), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst14121060 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

The aim of this study was the synthesis of intermetallic crystal dispersion in an ultra-fine-grained (UFG) aluminum matrix by the equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) process, which provides severe plastic deformation (SPD) of aluminum-5 and 10% wt. nickel powders. The ECAP process of up [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was the synthesis of intermetallic crystal dispersion in an ultra-fine-grained (UFG) aluminum matrix by the equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) process, which provides severe plastic deformation (SPD) of aluminum-5 and 10% wt. nickel powders. The ECAP process of up to 20 passes was carried out at 200 °C. Intermetallic crystal particles in the UFG Al matrix were obtained in sintered samples at 500 °C for 1 and 5 h, interrupting the ECAP process. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were received for the microstructural evaluations. According to the SEM images, it was understood according to the quantitative observation and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis results that the Ni powders added to Al mostly remained in the block state in the matrix structure after the ECAP processes but started to dissolve in the matrix by increasing the ECAP pass number and sintering temperature. DSC and XRD analyses were carried out to investigate intermetallic crystal evaluation in the material. According to DSC analyses, the melting degrees of the alloys increase with the amount of Ni added. Melting enthalpies and melting degrees showed small changes in the number of ECAP passes. Also, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) images were obtained for the samples’ grain size and grain boundary angle measurements. It has been understood that the number of passes and the process temperature are effective parameters for the solid-state synthesis of Al₃Ni intermetallic crystals in UFG by the ECAP process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Intermetallics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6326 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Function-Oriented Applicability Evaluation of Technical Folding Based on Expert Knowledge

by Franziska Wieja, Georg Jacobs, Stefan Stürmer, Kathrin Boelsen, Christian Konrad, Judith Merz, Kevin Moreno Gata and Alex Seiter

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11417; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311417 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Technical folding systems are rigid, three-dimensional surface structures that can be folded at their joints. Due to their foldable structure, technical folding systems can produce lightweight structures that have a high load-bearing capacity and can also flexibly change their shape. In order to [...] Read more.

Technical folding systems are rigid, three-dimensional surface structures that can be folded at their joints. Due to their foldable structure, technical folding systems can produce lightweight structures that have a high load-bearing capacity and can also flexibly change their shape. In order to develop products with technical folding in a function-oriented product development process, a folding principle must be defined that realises the individual functions. Since there is hardly any expert knowledge on technical folding, in general, and on the use of the technical folding principle in particular, technical folding is not very widespread despite its promising properties. Therefore, there is a need for a software-supported evaluation of whether functions can be realised by the principle of technical folding. The software-supported applicability evaluation (EvalTech) developed here is based on case-based reasoning methods, as these can artificially simulate evaluations based on expert knowledge. The expert knowledge used for the evaluation includes functions, function structures and properties of known technical folding systems, which are compared with functions and function structures of the development task. EvalTech was successfully used in the development and realisation of a large-scale foldable cover for industrial robots. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 11341 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Water Depth of Different Waterbodies Using Deep Learning Super Resolution from HJ-2 Satellite Hyperspectral Images

by Shuangyin Zhang, Kailong Hu, Xinsheng Wang, Baocheng Zhao, Ming Liu, Changjun Gu, Jian Xu and Xuejun Cheng

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(23), 4607; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234607 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

Hyperspectral remote sensing images offer a unique opportunity to quickly monitor water depth, but how to utilize the enriched spectral information and improve its spatial resolution remains a challenge. We proposed a water depth estimation framework to improve spatial resolution using deep learning [...] Read more.

Hyperspectral remote sensing images offer a unique opportunity to quickly monitor water depth, but how to utilize the enriched spectral information and improve its spatial resolution remains a challenge. We proposed a water depth estimation framework to improve spatial resolution using deep learning and four inversion methods and verified the effectiveness of different super resolution and inversion methods in three waterbodies based on HJ-2 hyperspectral images. Results indicated that it was feasible to use HJ-2 hyperspectral images with a higher spatial resolution via super resolution methods to estimate water depth. Deep learning improves the spatial resolution of hyperspectral images from 48 m to 24 m and shows less information loss with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), and spectral angle mapper (SAM) values of approximately 37, 0.92, and 2.42, respectively. Among four inversion methods, the multilayer perceptron demonstrates superior performance for the water reservoir, achieving the mean absolute error (MAE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 1.292 m and 22.188%, respectively. For two rivers, the random forest model proves to be the best model, with an MAE of 0.750 m and an MAPE of 10.806%. The proposed method can be used for water depth estimation of different water bodies and can improve the spatial resolution of water depth mapping, providing refined technical support for water environment management and protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Spatial Information Science and Cartography in the Big Remotely Sensed Data Era)

22 pages, 7862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison Between Thermal-Image-Based and Model-Based Indices to Detect the Impact of Soil Drought on Tree Canopy Temperature in Urban Environments

by Takashi Asawa, Haruki Oshio and Yumiko Yoshino

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(23), 4606; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16234606 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to determine whether canopy and air temperature difference (ΔT) as an existing simple normalizing index can be used to detect an increase in canopy temperature induced by soil drought in urban parks, regardless of the unique energy balance and three-dimensional [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine whether canopy and air temperature difference (ΔT) as an existing simple normalizing index can be used to detect an increase in canopy temperature induced by soil drought in urban parks, regardless of the unique energy balance and three-dimensional (3D) structure of urban trees. Specifically, we used a thermal infrared camera to measure the canopy temperature of Zelkova serrata trees and compared the temporal variation of ΔT to that of environmental factors, including solar radiation, wind speed, vapor pressure deficit, and soil water content. Normalization based on a 3D energy-balance model was also performed and used for comparison with ΔT. To represent the 3D structure, a terrestrial light detection and ranging-derived 3D tree model was used as the input spatial data. The temporal variation in ΔT was similar to that of the index derived using the energy-balance model, which considered the 3D structure of trees and 3D radiative transfer, with a correlation coefficient of 0.85. In conclusion, the thermal-image-based ΔT performed comparably to an index based on the 3D energy-balance model and detected the increase in canopy temperature because of the reduction in soil water content for Z. serrata trees in an urban environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensing in Agriculture and Vegetation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 8400 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Potential Effects of 6PPDQ on Prostate Cancer Through Network Toxicology and Molecular Docking

by Yuanzhi Song, Wuhong Weng and Shengde Wu

Toxics 2024, 12(12), 891; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12120891 (registering DOI) - 8 Dec 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPDQ), as a newly discovered environmental toxin, has been found more frequently in our living conditions. The literature reports that damage to the reproductive and cardiovascular system is associated with exposure to 6PPDQ. However, the relationship between 6PPDQ and cancer [...] Read more.

(1) Background: N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone (6PPDQ), as a newly discovered environmental toxin, has been found more frequently in our living conditions. The literature reports that damage to the reproductive and cardiovascular system is associated with exposure to 6PPDQ. However, the relationship between 6PPDQ and cancer still requires more investigation. This research aims to investigate the association between 6PPDQ and prostate cancer. (2) Methods and Results: Based on the data retrieved from the Pharmmapper, CTD, SEA, SwissTargetPrediction, GeneCard, and OMIM databases, we summarized 239 potential targets utilizing the Venn tool. Through the STRING network database and Cytoscape software, we constructed a PPI network and confirmed ten core targets, including IGF1R, PIK3R1, PTPN11, EGFR, SRC, GRB2, JAK2, SOS1, KDR, and IRS1. We identified the potential pathways through which 6PPDQ acts on these core targets using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses. Ultimately, through molecular docking methods, 6PPDQ binds closely with these ten core targets. These findings indicate that 6PPDQ may influence the proteins related to prostate cancer and may be linked to prostate cancer via several known signaling pathways. (3) Conclusions: This article employs innovative network toxicology to elucidate the prostate carcinogenic effects of 6PPDQ through its modulation of specific vital genes and signaling pathways, thereby establishing a foundational platform for future investigations into the impact of 6PPDQ on prostate cancer and potentially other tumors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI