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14 pages, 363 KiB  
Review
Domestication and Human/Wildlife Mutualism
by Raymond Pierotti
Humans 2024, 4(4), 371-384; https://doi.org/10.3390/humans4040024 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
In this study, I discuss recent studies of human/wildlife mutualisms and suggest that several cases considered to represent domestication that has arisen through commensalism would be better considered as examples of mutualism between humans and various wild species. Species discussed include the only [...] Read more.
In this study, I discuss recent studies of human/wildlife mutualisms and suggest that several cases considered to represent domestication that has arisen through commensalism would be better considered as examples of mutualism between humans and various wild species. Species discussed include the only domesticated carnivores: cats (Felis sylvestris) and wolves (Canis lupus and C. dingo). I also discuss species over which there is considerable debate about whether they are domesticated or not: African (Loxodonta) and Asiatic elephants (Elphas). All of these species’ interactions include niche construction on the part of both species and influence human evolution at least a cultural level. I further argue that most contemporary domestic species currently exist in mutualistic relationships with humans because even though all of these species have been selected to benefit humans, all domestica species have also benefitted in terms of increased global and local population sizes and from more secure living conditions than can be found in their wild ancestors. Full article
11 pages, 920 KiB  
Article
Population Pharmacokinetics of Tamibarotene in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients with Recurrent or Refractory Solid Tumors
by Takuya Azechi, Yutaka Fukaya, Chika Nitani, Junichi Hara, Hiroshi Kawamoto, Tomoaki Taguchi, Kenichi Yoshimura, Akihiro Sato, Naoko Hattori, Toshikazu Ushijima and Toshimi Kimura
Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(11), 7155-7165; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31110527 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Tamibarotene is a synthetic retinoid that inhibits tumor cell proliferation and promotes differentiation. We previously reported on the safety and tolerability of tamibarotene in patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of [...] Read more.
Tamibarotene is a synthetic retinoid that inhibits tumor cell proliferation and promotes differentiation. We previously reported on the safety and tolerability of tamibarotene in patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of tamibarotene and construct a precise pharmacokinetic model. We also conducted a non-compartmental analysis and population pharmacokinetic (popPK) analysis based on the results of a phase I study. Targeted pediatric and young adult patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors were administered tamibarotene at doses of 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 g/m2/day. Serum tamibarotene concentrations were evaluated after administration, and a popPK model was constructed for tamibarotene using Phoenix NLME. During model construction, we considered the influence of various parameters (weight, height, body surface area, and age) as covariates. Notably, 22 participants were included in this study, and 109 samples were analyzed. A two-compartment model incorporating lag time was selected as the base model. In the final model, the body surface area was included as a covariate for apparent total body clearance, the central compartment volume of distribution, and the peripheral compartment volume of distribution. Visual prediction checks and bootstrap analysis confirmed the validity and predictive accuracy of the final model as satisfactory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on Diagnosis and Treatment for Pediatric Solid Tumors)
9 pages, 215 KiB  
Article
The Academic Scientist’s Commitment to Epistemic Responsibility
by Bor Luen Tang
Philosophies 2024, 9(6), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies9060174 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Questionable research practices (QRPs) and research misconduct (RM) involving university scientists waste resources and erode public trust in science and academia. Theories put forth for the occurrence of these transgressions have ranged conceptually from that of errant individuals (“bad apple”) to an environment/culture [...] Read more.
Questionable research practices (QRPs) and research misconduct (RM) involving university scientists waste resources and erode public trust in science and academia. Theories put forth for the occurrence of these transgressions have ranged conceptually from that of errant individuals (“bad apple”) to an environment/culture which is conducive for, if not promotive of, QRP/RM (“bad barrel”), or a combination of both. These ideas appear to provide explanations for lapses in epistemic responsibility and offer reasons for instances of transgression. Some have even argued that scientific conclusions need not be accurate, justified, or believed by their authors. I take the opposite view and instead argue that academic research should be carried out such that a scientist’s fundamental commitment to their epistemic responsibility triumphs over all reasons and incentives to err. In other words, carrying out and publishing research in which the results are authentic and veracious to the best of the scientist’s knowledge and ability should be a default state of mind, a preferred path of action, or a moral axiom. This is a notion that should permeate any courses on research ethics and integrity. Full article
12 pages, 807 KiB  
Article
Anatomical Characteristics of Cervicomedullary Compression on MRI Scans in Children with Achondroplasia
by Isabella Trautwein, Daniel Behme, Philip Kunkel, Jasper Gerdes and Klaus Mohnike
J. Imaging 2024, 10(11), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10110291 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
This retrospective study assessed anatomical characteristics of cervicomedullary compression in children with achondroplasia. Twelve anatomical parameters were analyzed (foramen magnum diameter and area; myelon area; clivus length; tentorium and occipital angles; brainstem volume outside the posterior fossa; and posterior fossa, cerebellum, supratentorial ventricular [...] Read more.
This retrospective study assessed anatomical characteristics of cervicomedullary compression in children with achondroplasia. Twelve anatomical parameters were analyzed (foramen magnum diameter and area; myelon area; clivus length; tentorium and occipital angles; brainstem volume outside the posterior fossa; and posterior fossa, cerebellum, supratentorial ventricular system, intracranial cerebrospinal fluid, and fourth ventricle volumes) from sagittal and transversal T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 37 children with achondroplasia aged ≤ 4 years (median [range] 0.8 [0.1–3.6] years) and compared with scans from 37 children without achondroplasia (median age 1.5 [0–3.9] years). Mann–Whitney U testing was used for between-group comparisons. Foramen magnum diameter and area were significantly smaller in children with achondroplasia compared with the reference group (mean 10.0 vs. 16.1 mm [p < 0.001] and 109.0 vs. 160.8 mm2 [p = 0.005], respectively). The tentorial angle was also steeper in children with achondroplasia (mean 47.6 vs. 38.1 degrees; p < 0.001), while the clivus was significantly shorter (mean 23.5 vs. 30.3 mm; p < 0.001). Significant differences were also observed in myelon area, occipital angle, fourth ventricle, intracranial cerebrospinal fluid and supratentorial ventricular volumes, and the volume of brainstem protruding beyond the posterior fossa (all p < 0.05). MRI analysis of brain structures may provide a standardized value to indicate decompression surgery in children with achondroplasia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning in Computer Vision)
22 pages, 1079 KiB  
Article
Radioactivity Levels and Heavy Metal Concentration in Mining Areas in Zacatecas, Mexico
by Edmundo Escareño-Juarez, Rocío Fernández-Saavedra, M. Belén Gómez-Mancebo, Ana I. Barrado, Ana I. Cardona and Isabel Rucandio
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110818 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
The state of Zacatecas (Mexico) is one of the places most affected by pollution from the mining industry. A total of 21 samples from two areas were collected (6 samples from zone A and 15 samples from zone B) to evaluate the level [...] Read more.
The state of Zacatecas (Mexico) is one of the places most affected by pollution from the mining industry. A total of 21 samples from two areas were collected (6 samples from zone A and 15 samples from zone B) to evaluate the level of radioactivity and the degree of contamination with heavy metals. The activity concentration for 238U and 232Th was within typical values but that of 226Ra exceeded the value of 60 Bq kg−1 in both areas. In some places, the concentration of 40K was higher than the world average according to UNSCEAR. The radium equivalent activity Raeq and outdoor gamma exposure dose (D) indicated that some sites presented a radiological risk for the population. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) presented a higher risk than the world average in both sampled areas. Other parameters, such as the radiation index Ri, the external risk index Hex, and the internal risk index Hin, also indicated that there was a greater risk due to radiation exposure in these areas. In the case of heavy metals, some parameters, such as the EF, the Igeo, and the CF, showed that some places in zone A and zone B were contaminated with As and Pb. However, the concentration of selenium obtained by ICP-MS in the sampled soil was higher than the average in the Earth’s crust, both in mine waste dumps and in unaltered soil, which indicated that the background concentration for selenium in these places is higher than the world average. Full article
14 pages, 1224 KiB  
Article
Associations Between Urinary Phthalate Metabolites and Decreased Serum α-Klotho Level: A Cross-Sectional Study Among US Adults in Middle and Old Age
by Yuyan Liu, Xiaoyu Zhao, Shuxian Ma and Yongfang Li
Toxics 2024, 12(11), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12110817 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Phthalates are widely used chemicals with ubiquitous human exposure. Evidence indicated that phthalate exposure was associated with an increased risk of aging-related diseases. Klotho is a transmembrane protein with anti-aging functions, and its association with phthalates remains unknown. To find the association between [...] Read more.
Phthalates are widely used chemicals with ubiquitous human exposure. Evidence indicated that phthalate exposure was associated with an increased risk of aging-related diseases. Klotho is a transmembrane protein with anti-aging functions, and its association with phthalates remains unknown. To find the association between phthalate exposure and serum α-Klotho, a cross-sectional study was performed in 4482 adults (40–79 years old) who completed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2007–2016). As shown in the results of multivariable linear regression analyses, mono(carboxynonyl) phthalate (MCNP) and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) were inversely associated with α-Klotho, and the regression coefficients of MCNP and MBP were −1.14 (95% confidence interval (CI): −2.00, −0.27) and −0.08 (95% CI: −0.14, −0.02). Subgroup analyses based on the quartiles of each phthalate metabolite showed that both MCNP and MBP were only inversely associated with α-Klotho in the subgroups of the highest levels. For mono-isobutyl phthalate (MIBP), the inverse association with α-Klotho was only statistically significant in the subgroup of the lowest level, and the regression coefficient was −26.87 (95% CI: −52.53, −1.21). Our findings suggest that α-Klotho might be involved in the association of phthalate exposure with aging-related diseases. Future research investigating the causality between phthalates and α-Klotho and its underlying mechanisms is encouraged. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)
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15 pages, 445 KiB  
Article
Is There an Association Between Cesarean Section Delivery with Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) or/and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)? A Cross-Sectional Study in Greek Population
by Maria A. Makri, Dimitrios Chaniotis, Victoria G. Vivilaki and Effie G. Papageorgiou
Children 2024, 11(11), 1386; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111386 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background/Objective: Learning difficulties (LDs) are lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders with multifactorial causes, including perinatal factors like mode of delivery. This study aims to explore whether cesarean section (CS) delivery is linked to the occurrence of specific learning disabilities (SLDs), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or their [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Learning difficulties (LDs) are lifelong neurodevelopmental disorders with multifactorial causes, including perinatal factors like mode of delivery. This study aims to explore whether cesarean section (CS) delivery is linked to the occurrence of specific learning disabilities (SLDs), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or their comorbidity. Methods: An online questionnaire was distributed via Google Forms to Greek mothers and parents of children with and without diagnoses, shared through school-related groups and various Greek pages focused on child development, special education, and learning difficulties. Conducted over eight months (October 2023–May 2024), this cross-sectional study involved 256 children, 137 with LDs diagnoses, and 119 controls. Results: In total, 59.9% of CS-born children had a diagnosis, compared to 40.1% of those born vaginally (X²(1) = 4.19, p = 0.045). CS delivery was associated with a 68% increased likelihood of LDs (OR = 1.68, 95% CI [1.02, 2.76]), with higher risks for ADHD (OR = 2.25, 95% CI [1.06, 4.79]) and comorbid SLD/ADHD diagnoses (OR = 2.75, 95% CI [1.17, 6.46]). Stratified analyses showed birthweight and gestational age as effect modifiers rather than confounders. Key postnatal risk factors identified were family history (OR = 4.65, 95% CI [2.41, 8.94]) and language acquisition difficulties (OR = 5.28, 95% CI [1.36, 20.47]). Conclusions: The findings suggest a possible association between CS and LDs, along with a novel link between CS and increased comorbidities. These results underscore the need for further research and provide valuable insights into how CS delivery may influence the risk of LDs, depending on the type of diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neurology & Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
10 pages, 1253 KiB  
Article
Burst-Mode 355 nm UV Laser Based on a QCW LD-Side-Pumped Electro-Optical Q-Switched Nd: YAG Laser
by Haowen Guo, Chunyan Jia, Shuai Ye, Yongping Yao, Tiejun Ma, Jiayu Zhang, Meng Bai, Jinbao Xia, Hongkun Nie, Bo Yao, Jingliang He and Baitao Zhang
Photonics 2024, 11(11), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11111071 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
In this paper, a high-repetition-rate, high-peak-power burst-mode nanosecond 355 nm UV laser was demonstrated. A quasi-continuous wave (QCW) laser diode (LD) side-pumped electro-optical (EO) Q-switched burst-mode Nd: YAG laser was performed as the fundamental laser source. Under the pumping duration of 250 μs [...] Read more.
In this paper, a high-repetition-rate, high-peak-power burst-mode nanosecond 355 nm UV laser was demonstrated. A quasi-continuous wave (QCW) laser diode (LD) side-pumped electro-optical (EO) Q-switched burst-mode Nd: YAG laser was performed as the fundamental laser source. Under the pumping duration of 250 μs and a burst repetition rate of 100 Hz, the pulse energy of 20 kHz burst-mode UV laser reached 5.3 mJ with a single pulse energy of 1.325 mJ, pulse width of 68 ns, resulting in a peak power of 19.49 kW. The as-generated millijoule burst-mode UV laser has great potential for high-end processing of laser lift-off, annealing and slicing in display semiconductor fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Ultraviolet Laser: Generation, Properties and Applications)
9 pages, 403 KiB  
Article
Risk Factors for Postoperative Intra-Abdominal Abscess in Pediatric Perforated Appendicitis Following Laparoscopic Appendectomy: A Multicenter Analysis
by Joonhyuk Son, Ji-Won Han and Chaeyoun Oh
Children 2024, 11(11), 1385; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111385 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: Perforated appendicitis in children is a frequently encountered and significant surgical condition. The treatment of choice is laparoscopic appendectomy, but this carries a risk of postoperative intra-abdominal abscess (IAA). The purpose of this study was to determine risk factors linked to the [...] Read more.
Background: Perforated appendicitis in children is a frequently encountered and significant surgical condition. The treatment of choice is laparoscopic appendectomy, but this carries a risk of postoperative intra-abdominal abscess (IAA). The purpose of this study was to determine risk factors linked to the occurrence of IAA following laparoscopic surgery in pediatric perforated appendicitis. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed 137 children with perforated appendicitis who received laparoscopic appendectomy at four tertiary hospitals between March 2018 and December 2022. Data on patient demographics, preoperative clinical characteristics, and surgical details were collected. Independent risk factors for IAA formation were determined using logistic regression analysis. Results: The overall incidence of postoperative IAA was 10.9%. Prolonged symptom duration and elevated CRP levels were associated with higher IAA rates. Patients who developed IAAs experienced prolonged postoperative fevers and longer hospital stays. Significant risk factors for IAA identified through multivariable analysis included a higher severity grade of appendicitis (≥Grade IV, OR 5.9, p = 0.034) and the presence of a free appendicolith during surgery (OR 5.549, p = 0.01). Of the patients who developed IAAs, nine (60%) improved with conservative treatment, while six (40%) required invasive procedures. Conclusions: A higher severity grade of appendicitis (≥Grade IV) and the presence of a free appendicolith are significant predictors of postoperative IAAs in pediatric perforated appendicitis. Recognizing these factors can help guide clinical management and postoperative care, potentially reducing the incidence of this complication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery in Children)
13 pages, 3002 KiB  
Article
Alterations in the Levels of Urinary Exosomal MicroRNA-183-5p and MicroRNA-125a-5p in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
by Yixuan Fang, Shiyi Sun, Jing Wu, Guanjian Liu, Qinqin Wu and Xingwu Ran
Biomedicines 2024, 12(11), 2608; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12112608 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder, and urinary exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) were utilized as potential disease prediction or diagnostic biomarkers in numerous studies. This study investigated the differential expression of urinary exosomal miRNAs between non-diabetes mellitus (NDM) individuals and [...] Read more.
Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder, and urinary exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) were utilized as potential disease prediction or diagnostic biomarkers in numerous studies. This study investigated the differential expression of urinary exosomal miRNAs between non-diabetes mellitus (NDM) individuals and those with T2DM. Aim: To elucidate the association between urinary exosomal miRNAs and T2DM. Methods: We recruited patients diagnosed with T2DM and NDM individuals in West China Hospital, Sichuan University, from November 2023 to February 2024. Subsequently, we performed sequencing of urinary exosomal microRNAs in both groups. The obtained sequencing results were further validated using RT-qPCR in both the training set and the validation set. Additionally, we conducted logistic regression analysis and Spearman correlation analysis on miRNAs with significant differential expression, as well as analysis of their biological functions. Results: A total of 118 urine samples were collected, 59 from individuals diagnosed with T2DM and 59 from NDM. There were differentially expressed miR-183-5p (p = 0.034) and miR-125a-5p (p = 0.008) between the two groups. Furthermore, multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that higher miR-125a-5p levels were negatively associated with the risk of T2DM (p = 0.044; OR: 0.046; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.922). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the target genes of miR-183-5p were predominantly involved in insulin signaling and glucose transport processes, while those target genes of miR-125a-5p primarily mediated autophagy. Conclusions: miR-183-5p and miR-125a-5p might be involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM, while higher urinary exosomal miR-125a-5p was negatively associated with the risk of T2DM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology and Metabolism Research)
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15 pages, 291 KiB  
Article
On Convergence of Toeplitz Quantization of the Sphere
by Yanlin Li, Mohamed Lemine H. Bouleryah and Akram Ali
Mathematics 2024, 12(22), 3565; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12223565 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
In this paper, we give an explicit expression of the Toeplitz quantization of a C smooth function on the sphere and show that the sequence of spectra of Toeplitz quantization of the function determines its decreasing rearrangement. We also use Toeplitz quantization [...] Read more.
In this paper, we give an explicit expression of the Toeplitz quantization of a C smooth function on the sphere and show that the sequence of spectra of Toeplitz quantization of the function determines its decreasing rearrangement. We also use Toeplitz quantization to prove a version of Szegö’s Theorem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Differential Geometry and Its Applications, 2nd Edition)
12 pages, 318 KiB  
Article
Calibration of the Ueno’s Shadow Rate Model of Interest Rates
by Lenka Košútová and Beáta Stehlíková
Mathematics 2024, 12(22), 3564; https://doi.org/10.3390/math12223564 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Shadow rate models of interest rates are based on the assumption that the interest rates are determined by an unobservable shadow rate. This idea dates back to Fischer Black, who understood the interest rate as an option that cannot become negative. Its possible [...] Read more.
Shadow rate models of interest rates are based on the assumption that the interest rates are determined by an unobservable shadow rate. This idea dates back to Fischer Black, who understood the interest rate as an option that cannot become negative. Its possible zero values are consequences of negative values of the shadow rate. In recent years, however, the negative interest rates have become a reality. To capture this behavior, shadow rate models need to be adjusted. In this paper, we study Ueno’s model, which uses the Vasicek process for the shadow rate and adjusts its negative values when constructing the short rate. We derive the probability properties of the short rate in this model and apply the maximum likelihood estimation method to obtain the parameters from the real data. The other interest rates are—after a specification of the market price of risk—solutions to a parabolic partial differential equation. We solve the equation numerically and use the long-term rates to fit the market price of risk. Full article
11 pages, 898 KiB  
Article
Mitochondrial Genome Instability in W303-SK1 Yeast Cytoplasmic Hybrids
by Khoren K. Epremyan, Arteom A. Burlaka, Olga V. Markova, Kseniia V. Galkina and Dmitry A. Knorre
Biology 2024, 13(11), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13110927 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Unlike most animals, some fungi, including baker’s yeast, inherit mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from both parents. When haploid yeast cells fuse, they form a heteroplasmic zygote, whose offspring retain one or the other variant of mtDNA. Meanwhile, some mutant mtDNA (rho), [...] Read more.
Unlike most animals, some fungi, including baker’s yeast, inherit mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from both parents. When haploid yeast cells fuse, they form a heteroplasmic zygote, whose offspring retain one or the other variant of mtDNA. Meanwhile, some mutant mtDNA (rho), with large deletions in the nucleotide sequence, can displace wild-type (rho+) mtDNA. Consequently, offspring of zygotes with such rho mtDNA predominantly carry the mutant variant. This phenomenon is called suppressivity. In this study, we investigated how the suppressivity of rho mtDNA depends on the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes of the rho+ strain during crossing. Comparing two diverged laboratory strains, SK1 and W303, we measured suppressivity in crosses with four rho strains. One rho strain showed significantly higher suppressivity when crossed with SK1 than with W303. We then created cytoplasmic hybrids by swapping mtDNAs between these strains. Surprisingly, we found that the mtDNA of the rho+ strain, rather than its nuclear DNA, determines high suppressivity in crosses of SK1 rho+ with the rho strain. Additionally, mtDNA replacement reduced respiration rate and growth rate on non-fermentable substrates while increasing the likelihood of functional mtDNA loss. Our data demonstrate that a mutant mtDNA variant’s ability to displace another mitochondrial DNA variant in a heteroplasmic cell depends more on mtDNA sequences than on the biochemical and structural context created by the nuclear genome background. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology)
12 pages, 2585 KiB  
Article
Design Analysis Using Evaluation of Surf-Riding and Broaching by the IMO Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria for a Small Fishing Boat
by Dongmin Shin and Byungyoung Moon
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(11), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12112066 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
An evaluation was conducted to assess the surf-riding/broaching vulnerability of a 9.77-ton fishing boat by applying the regulations for stability assessment proposed by IMO (International Maritime Organization). Both Level 1 and 2 assessments were conducted and included a range of parameters along with [...] Read more.
An evaluation was conducted to assess the surf-riding/broaching vulnerability of a 9.77-ton fishing boat by applying the regulations for stability assessment proposed by IMO (International Maritime Organization). Both Level 1 and 2 assessments were conducted and included a range of parameters along with the IMO second-generation intact stability criteria. In particular, it is considered three cases of wave forces acting on the hull for the surf-riding/broaching vulnerability Level 2 assessment calculations: (a) Froude-Krylov force (fFK) + 0.1M, (b) Froude-Krylov force (fFK) + added mass of the ship (Ma), and (c) Froude-Krylov force (fFK) + diffraction force (fD) + added mass of the ship (Ma). Previous results provided by IMO correspond to (b), and accurate calculation of wave forces helps to obtain more design margins. The design margins are high in the order (a) < (b) < (c), as described in the classification criteria. However, in certain cases, the assessment results may not differ significantly, so the hydrodynamic approximation assumption may be useful. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)
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16 pages, 2979 KiB  
Article
Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of N, S Co-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for Fluorescent Sensing of Fe(III) and Hydroquinone in Water and Cell Imaging
by Zhaochuan Yu, Chao Deng, Wenhui Ma, Yuqian Liu, Chao Liu, Tingwei Zhang and Huining Xiao
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(22), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14221827 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
The detection of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants from water sources remains critical challenges due to their detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Herein, a nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dot (NS-CQDs) fluorescent sensor was developed using a microwave-assisted [...] Read more.
The detection of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants from water sources remains critical challenges due to their detrimental effects on human health and the environment. Herein, a nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dot (NS-CQDs) fluorescent sensor was developed using a microwave-assisted carbonization method for the detection of Fe3+ ions and hydroquinone (HQ) in aqueous solutions. NS-CQDs exhibit excellent optical properties, enabling sensitive detection of Fe3+ and HQ, with detection limits as low as 3.40 and 0.96 μM. Notably, with the alternating introduction of Fe3+ and HQ, NS-CQDs exhibit significant fluorescence (FL) quenching and recovery properties. Based on this property, a reliable “on-off-on” detection mechanism was established, enabling continuous and reversible detection of Fe3+ and HQ. Furthermore, the low cytotoxicity of NS-CQDs was confirmed through successful imaging of HeLa cells, indicating their potential for real-time intracellular detection of Fe3+ and HQ. This work not only provides a green and rapid synthesis strategy for CQDs but also highlights their versatility as fluorescent probes for environmental monitoring and bioimaging applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Electrochemical Electrode and Electrochemical Sensor)
26 pages, 1192 KiB  
Article
Vulnerability and Attack Repository for IoT: Addressing Challenges and Opportunities in Internet of Things Vulnerability Databases
by Anna Felkner, Jan Adamski, Jakub Koman, Marcin Rytel, Marek Janiszewski, Piotr Lewandowski, Rafał Pachnia and Wojciech Nowakowski
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10513; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210513 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
The article’s primary purpose is to highlight the importance of cybersecurity for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Due to the widespread use of such devices in everyone’s daily and professional lives, taking care of their security is essential. This security can be strengthened [...] Read more.
The article’s primary purpose is to highlight the importance of cybersecurity for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Due to the widespread use of such devices in everyone’s daily and professional lives, taking care of their security is essential. This security can be strengthened by raising awareness about the vulnerabilities and risks of these devices among their manufacturers and users. Therefore, this paper shows the results of several years of work regarding building vulnerabilities and exploiting databases, with a particular focus on IoT devices. We highlight multiple unique features of our solution, such as aggregation, correlation, and enrichment of known vulnerabilities and exploits collected from 12 different sources, presentation of a timeline of threats, and combining vulnerability information with exploits. Our databases have more than 300,000 entries, which are the result of aggregating and correlating more than 1,300,000 entries from 12 different databases simultaneously, enriched with information from unstructured sources. We cover the innovative utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to support data enrichment, examining the usage of the Light Gradient-Boosting Machine (LGBM) model to automatically predict vulnerability severity and Mistral7B to categorize vulnerable products, which, especially in the case of IoT devices, is critical due to the diversity of nomenclature. Social media and various unstructured sources are prominent places for gathering information. Retrieving data from them is much more complex than from structured databases, but the information there is normally supplied at a faster rate. Thus, we added Mastodon monitoring to enhance our threat timelines. Full article
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14 pages, 2442 KiB  
Article
Effects of CO2 Aeration and Light Supply on the Growth and Lipid Production of a Locally Isolated Microalga, Chlorella variabilis RSM09
by Aiya Chantarasiri and Sunisa Ungwiwatkul
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10512; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210512 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
The Chlorophyceae algae, specifically Chlorella spp., have been extensively researched for biodiesel production. This study focused on the alga Chlorella variabilis RSM09, which was isolated from a brackish-water environment at Raksamae Bridge in Klaeng District, Rayong Province, Thailand. The effects of the carbon [...] Read more.
The Chlorophyceae algae, specifically Chlorella spp., have been extensively researched for biodiesel production. This study focused on the alga Chlorella variabilis RSM09, which was isolated from a brackish-water environment at Raksamae Bridge in Klaeng District, Rayong Province, Thailand. The effects of the carbon dioxide gas (CO2) concentration (0.03%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% v/v), light intensity (3000, 5000, and 7000 Lux), and photoperiod (12:12, 18:6, and 24:0 h L/D) on algal growth and lipid production were investigated. The results indicated that C. variabilis RSM09 achieved optimal growth under 20% v/v CO2 aeration, with an optical density of approximately 2.91 ± 0.27, a biomass concentration of 1.32 ± 0.14 g/L, and a lipid content of 21.96 ± 0.29% (wt.). Among the three different light intensities, higher optical density (4.20 ± 0.14), biomass (1.79 ± 0.25 g/L), and lipid content (20.75 ± 2.0% wt.) were at the 5000 Lux of light intensity. Additionally, the photoperiod of 24:0 h (L/D) produced the highest biomass at 1.86 ± 0.21 g/L, followed by the 18:6 h light/dark photoperiod with a biomass of 1.65 ± 0.17 g/L, and the 12:12 h light/dark photoperiod with 1.35 ± 0.43 g/L. In contrast, the 18:6 h L/D photoperiod yielded a higher lipid concentration of 25.22 ± 2.06% (wt.) compared to the others. All cultured microalgae showed significant effects on fatty acid composition. Palmitic (16:0), linoleic (C18:2), and linolenic (C18:3) acids were predominant in C. variabilis RSM09 under all photoperiods. This study exhibited that the microalga C. variabilis RSM09 has great potential as a feedstock for biodiesel production. Full article
27 pages, 3743 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis and Improvement of Machine Learning with Various Feature Selection Methods for EEG-Based Emotion Classification
by Sherzod Abdumalikov, Jingeun Kim and Yourim Yoon
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10511; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210511 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Emotion classification is a challenge in affective computing, with applications ranging from human–computer interaction to mental health monitoring. In this study, the classification of emotional states using electroencephalography (EEG) data were investigated. Specifically, the efficacy of the combination of various feature selection methods [...] Read more.
Emotion classification is a challenge in affective computing, with applications ranging from human–computer interaction to mental health monitoring. In this study, the classification of emotional states using electroencephalography (EEG) data were investigated. Specifically, the efficacy of the combination of various feature selection methods and hyperparameter tuning of machine learning algorithms for accurate and robust emotion recognition was studied. The following feature selection methods were explored: filter (SelectKBest with analysis of variance (ANOVA) F-test), embedded (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) tuned using Bayesian optimization (BO)), and wrapper (genetic algorithm (GA)) methods. We also executed hyperparameter tuning of machine learning algorithms using BO. The performance of each method was assessed. Two different EEG datasets, EEG Emotion and DEAP Dataset, containing 2548 and 160 features, respectively, were evaluated using random forest (RF), logistic regression, XGBoost, and support vector machine (SVM). For both datasets, the experimented three feature selection methods consistently improved the accuracy of the models. For EEG Emotion dataset, RF with LASSO achieved the best result among all the experimented methods increasing the accuracy from 98.78% to 99.39%. In the DEAP dataset experiment, XGBoost with GA showed the best result, increasing the accuracy by 1.59% and 2.84% for valence and arousal. We also show that these results are superior to those by the previous other methods in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosignal Processing)
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34 pages, 9113 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Debonding Effect in Internal Replacement Pipe System Under Lateral Loading
by Tri C. M. Tien, Allan Manalo, Patrick Dixon, Warna Karunasena, Hamid Ahmadi, Shanika Kiriella, Ahmad Salah and Brad P. Wham
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(22), 10509; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142210509 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
The aging pipeline infrastructure around the world necessitates immediate rehabilitation. Internal replacement pipe (IRP) is a trenchless system offering a versatile and cost-effective solution across a variety of industries, including oil, natural gas, water, and wastewater. As a structural pipeline repair system, IRPs [...] Read more.
The aging pipeline infrastructure around the world necessitates immediate rehabilitation. Internal replacement pipe (IRP) is a trenchless system offering a versatile and cost-effective solution across a variety of industries, including oil, natural gas, water, and wastewater. As a structural pipeline repair system, IRPs are subject to lateral deformation because of surface traffic loading. The present study evaluates the impact of adhesion between the host pipe and the IRP, with a focus on assessing the debonding effect on the behavior of the repair system under lateral deformation and bending. This was achieved using a comprehensive approach, including experimental, numerical, and analytical techniques. Varying levels of adhesive strength resulting from different methods of surface preparation were considered. The effectiveness of the IRP system on both discontinuous host pipes with various crack widths and continuous host pipes was also investigated. The results demonstrate that adhesive strength exerts a significant influence on the repair system, especially in the case of narrow circumferential cracks, while its impact on the continuous system is minimal. For optimal performance, it is essential to choose adhesives that possess sufficient shear strength while also accounting for the required debonding length. This approach ensures that minor discontinuities are effectively controlled, thereby enhancing the system′s fatigue life. The reliable determination of the maximum allowable shear strength for the adhesive or the debonding length can ensure that it does not negatively affect fatigue life. The findings presented in this study offer new insights into the development of trenchless repair techniques that can enhance system performance and extend service life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)
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23 pages, 2082 KiB  
Article
Improved Mobilized Strength Design Method for Multi-Support Excavation Deformation Analysis
by Bingxiong Tu, Meng Han, Jinqing Jia, Zhaoyun Xiao and Lulu Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3630; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113630 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
The safe and reliable design of underground spaces ensures the safety of a structure itself and its surroundings. The traditional Mobilized Strength Design (MSD) method for a multi-support excavation deformation analysis ignores the effects of soil parameters and excavation boundary conditions. Therefore, to [...] Read more.
The safe and reliable design of underground spaces ensures the safety of a structure itself and its surroundings. The traditional Mobilized Strength Design (MSD) method for a multi-support excavation deformation analysis ignores the effects of soil parameters and excavation boundary conditions. Therefore, to compensate for the shortcomings of the existing MSD method, this paper proposes an improved mobilized strength design (IMSD) method for a multi-support excavation deformation analysis. The improved incremental deformation mechanism further considers the effect of the soil friction angle, and the effect of excavation depth and the first support on deformation energy are also considered. Further, the excavation calculation process based on the IMSD method is given, and the effects of different calculation parameters on the IMSD solution of excavation deformation are discussed. The results show that the IMSD method can effectively consider the effect of boundary conditions and the excavated process on the excavation deformation. The traditional MSD method underestimates the excavation deformation and surface settlement by an average of 15–23%, while the IMSD solution is more consistent with the measured values. The study results can provide a theoretical reference for the design of multi-support excavation. Full article
12 pages, 417 KiB  
Article
The Toxic Masculinity Scale: Development and Initial Validation
by Steven Michael Sanders, Claudia Garcia-Aguilera, Nicholas C. Borgogna, John Richmond T. Sy, Gianna Comoglio, Olivia A. M. Schultz and Jacqueline Goldman
Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(11), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14111096 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
The present study sought to develop and validate the Toxic Masculinity Scale (TMS). Following scale development best practices, a thorough review of the literature and existing measures was conducted. Next, a qualitative inquiry using a grounded theory approach was employed to develop a [...] Read more.
The present study sought to develop and validate the Toxic Masculinity Scale (TMS). Following scale development best practices, a thorough review of the literature and existing measures was conducted. Next, a qualitative inquiry using a grounded theory approach was employed to develop a data-driven definition of toxic masculinity and 165 proposed instrument items. These items were reviewed and modified with input from content experts (N = 6). The initial 108 items were administered to a preliminary sample (N = 683) of U.S. White undergraduate men. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a five-factor structure (i.e., Masculine Superiority, Gender Rigidity, Emotional Restriction, Repressed Suffering, Domination and Desire). Item analysis yielded a 35-item five factor survey that was administered to a second novel sample (N = 408) of White undergraduate men. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated inadequate fit for the 35-item scale; however, fit was improved by reducing scale length to 28 items loading onto 4 factors (removal of the Domination and Desire factor). Internal consistency reliability, construct validity, and discriminant validity were explored with this sample. The TMS28 demonstrated strong positive correlations with related measures (e.g., CMNI, MRNI) and a strong negative correlation with a diametrically opposed measure (i.e., LFAIS). Additionally, the TMS28 demonstrated strong adequate internal consistency for the scale overall (α = 0.93) and for the four subscales (i.e., α = 0.87–0.94). Future directions and implications for the instrument are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
15 pages, 2673 KiB  
Article
Effect of Natural Weathering on the Mechanical Strength of Bamboo Bio-Concrete
by Vanessa Maria Andreola, Nicole Pagan Hasparyk and Romildo Dias Toledo Filho
Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3629; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113629 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
The search for solutions that reduce the environmental impact of construction has driven the development of new materials. Bio-concrete represents a significant advance, presenting itself as an alternative to traditional concrete. Recent studies point to durability in outdoor conditions as one of the [...] Read more.
The search for solutions that reduce the environmental impact of construction has driven the development of new materials. Bio-concrete represents a significant advance, presenting itself as an alternative to traditional concrete. Recent studies point to durability in outdoor conditions as one of the main challenges in its application. This paper presents natural durability studies performed on bamboo bio-concrete, produced with a bamboo particle volume of 50%. A surface treatment of applying resin externally was tested to reduce water ingress during weathering. The bio-concretes were exposed to natural and outdoor weather conditions for twelve months, and meteorological records were collected during the study period. The effect and influence of the external resin was investigated using visual surface analysis, uniaxial compression, modulus of elasticity and scanning electron microscopy. In terms of visual aspects, the resin was not effective in preventing loss of gloss, while in terms of microstructure, these samples showed better adhesion between the bamboo particles in the matrix. The compressive strength showed significant reductions of 60% (stress) and 73% (Young’s modulus) after twelve months of weathering. External resin could improve microstructures from surfaces to internal portions and more effectively preserve the mechanical strength of bio-concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
23 pages, 3048 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on the Bearing Capacity of Axially Compressive Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Columns with Local Corrosion
by Wei Fang, Mengcheng Chen, Qingqing Wen, Hong Huang, Kaicheng Xu and Rui Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(11), 3628; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113628 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
This study aims to examine the effects of local corrosion on the axial compression performance of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) members. Nineteen CFST short columns with local corrosion were designed and fabricated to undergo axial compression mechanical property tests, with the radial corrosion [...] Read more.
This study aims to examine the effects of local corrosion on the axial compression performance of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) members. Nineteen CFST short columns with local corrosion were designed and fabricated to undergo axial compression mechanical property tests, with the radial corrosion depth of the local corrosion area as the key test parameter. The failure mechanism and mechanical property change laws of CFST axial compression short columns with circumferential full corrosion at the ends and middle were studied. Combined with finite element modeling, the influence laws of the three-dimensional geometrical characteristics of the local corrosion zone, i.e., the axial length, the annular width and the radial depth, on the structural bearing performance were thoroughly explored and discussed. The results revealed that the main reason for the reduction in load-carrying capacity of circular CFST axial columns due to local corrosion is attributed to the reduction of the effective cross-sectional area of the steel tube in the corrosion area. When local corrosion occurs at different axial positions, the variation range of the bearing capacity of CFST columns is within 10%. Regarding the impact of the three dimensions of local corrosion on the axial load-carrying capacity of CFST, the radial corrosion depth was identified as the most influential factor, followed by the annular corrosion width, and finally by the axial corrosion length. When the axial corrosion length exceeds 20% of the specimen length, its further influence on the load-carrying capacity is considered limited. Finally, a practical calculation formula for the bearing capacity of locally corroded CFST columns is proposed. The predicted results of this formula fit well with the test results and can quickly estimate the remaining bearing capacity of the structure by measuring the geometric parameters of the local corrosion area, providing a reference for the assessment and maintenance of CFST structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Seismic Resistance of Structures)
14 pages, 806 KiB  
Article
Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz Exhibits Antihypertensive Effects by Inhibiting the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme/Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Pathway in Human Endothelial Cells
by Nur Syakirah Othman, Nur Syahidah Nor Hisam, Amanina Athirah Mad Azli, Nur Izzati Mansor, Adila A. Hamid, Amilia Aminuddin, Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar, Mohd Faizal Ahmad and Azizah Ugusman
Life 2024, 14(11), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111486 - 14 Nov 2024
Abstract
Overactivation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) pathway leads to vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure. Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz is an herbal plant known for its antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties, with bioactive compounds that exhibit antihypertensive effects. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Overactivation of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) pathway leads to vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure. Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz is an herbal plant known for its antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-atherosclerotic properties, with bioactive compounds that exhibit antihypertensive effects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antihypertensive effects of the standardized aqueous extract of P. minor leaf (AEPM) through the ACE/AT1R pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). HUVECs were stimulated with PMA to induce ACE, with or without AEPM or captopril treatment, for 24 h. Subsequently, ACE mRNA expression, ACE protein levels, ACE activity, angiotensin II levels, and AT1R expression were measured. The results demonstrated that AEPM treatment significantly reduced ACE mRNA expression, ACE protein levels, ACE activity, angiotensin II levels, and AT1R expression in PMA-induced HUVECs. The modulatory effects of AEPM on the ACE/AT1R pathway were comparable to those of captopril. Ex vivo experiments further confirmed that AEPM reduced the contraction responses of rat aortic rings to PMA. In conclusion, P. minor effectively inhibits the ACE/AT1R pathway in PMA-induced HUVECs, suggesting its potential as a natural antihypertensive agent. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implications of Bioactive Compounds in Lifelong Disorders)

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