Atmosphere

26 pages, 13141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating MPAS-A Performance for Mesoscale Simulation in a Tropical Region: A Case Study of Extreme Heat in Jakarta, Indonesia

by Faiz Rohman Fajary, Han Soo Lee, Vinayak Bhanage, Radyan Putra Pradana, Tetsu Kubota and Hideyo Nimiya

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101202 - 8 Oct 2024

Abstract

The Model for Prediction Across Scales–Atmosphere (MPAS-A) has been widely used for larger scale simulations, but its performance in mesoscale, particularly in tropical regions, is less evaluated. This study aimed to assess MPAS-A in simulating extreme surface air temperature in Jakarta during the [...] Read more.

The Model for Prediction Across Scales–Atmosphere (MPAS-A) has been widely used for larger scale simulations, but its performance in mesoscale, particularly in tropical regions, is less evaluated. This study aimed to assess MPAS-A in simulating extreme surface air temperature in Jakarta during the hot spells of October 2023 with eight different simulation setups. Several validation metrics were applied to near-surface meteorological variables, land surface temperature (LST), and vertical atmospheric profile. From the eight simulations, MPAS-A captured diurnal patterns of the near-surface variables well, except for wind direction. The model also performed well in LST simulations. Moreover, the biases in the vertical profiles varied with height and were sensitive to the initial/boundary conditions used. Simulations with modified terrestrial datasets showed higher LST and air temperatures over the sprawling urban areas. MPAS-A successfully simulated the extreme event, showing higher air temperatures in southern Jakarta (over 36 °C) compared to the northern part. Negative temperature advection by sea breeze helped lower air temperature in the northern area. This study highlights the role of sea breezes as natural cooling mechanisms in coastal cities. Additionally, MPAS-A is feasible for several applications for urban climate studies and climate projection, although further development is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)

14 pages, 26809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Radar-Based Methodology for Aerosol Plume Identification and Characterisation on the South African Highveld

by Gerhardt Botha, Roelof Petrus Burger and Henno Havenga

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101201 - 8 Oct 2024

Abstract

Biomass burning on the South African Highveld annually injects substantial amounts of aerosols and trace gases into the atmosphere, impacting the global radiative balance, cloud microphysics, and regional air quality. These aerosols are transported as plumes over long distances, posing challenges to existing [...] Read more.

Biomass burning on the South African Highveld annually injects substantial amounts of aerosols and trace gases into the atmosphere, impacting the global radiative balance, cloud microphysics, and regional air quality. These aerosols are transported as plumes over long distances, posing challenges to existing in situ and satellite-based monitoring techniques because of their limited spatial and temporal resolution, particularly in environments with low-level sources. This study aims to develop and validate a novel radar-based methodology to detect, track, and characterise aerosol plumes, addressing the limitations of existing in situ and satellite monitoring techniques. Using high-resolution volumetric reflectivity data from an S-band radar in Pretoria, South Africa, a traditional storm tracking algorithm is adapted to improve plume identification. Case studies of plume events in June and August 2013 demonstrate the radar’s effectiveness in distinguishing lower vertical profiles and reduced reflectivity of plumes compared with storm echoes. The adapted algorithm successfully tracked the spatial and temporal evolution of the plumes, revealing their short-lived nature. Results indicate that radar-derived geospatial characteristics have the potential to contribute significantly to understanding the impacts of plumes on local air quality. These findings underscore the critical need for high spatio-temporal resolution data to support effective air quality management and inform policy development in regions affected by biomass burning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Meteorological Radars in the Atmosphere)

15 pages, 6006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Configurational Relationships between Urban Heat Island Patterns and the Built Environment: A Case Study of Beijing

by Jing Xu, Yihui Liu and Jianfei Cao

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101200 - 8 Oct 2024

Abstract

The spatial heterogeneity of land surface temperature (LST) within cities is profoundly influenced by the built environment. Although significant progress has been made in the study of the urban thermal environment, there is still a lack of research on how the pattern and [...] Read more.

The spatial heterogeneity of land surface temperature (LST) within cities is profoundly influenced by the built environment. Although significant progress has been made in the study of the urban thermal environment, there is still a lack of research on how the pattern and structural layout of the built environment affects the thermal environment. In this study, we take the Fifth Ring Road of Beijing as an example, invert the urban LST on the basis of multisource spatial data, characterize the built environment, and use k-means cluster analysis to investigate the main influencing factors of the LST in different functional areas and building patterns within the city, as well as the spatial relationship between the built environment and the urban LST. The results show the following: (1) The urban heat island (UHI) effect occurs to varying degrees over a large part of the study area, and these UHI areas are mainly concentrated in the southwestern part of the city, forming a large contiguous area between the second and fifth ring roads. (2) Class 1 is dominated by transport blocks, Class 3 is dominated by commercial blocks, and Class 5 is dominated by green space blocks, with a clustering index of 0.38. (3) The high-density, high-height class (HH-Class 2) has a greater number of blocks distributed in a ring shape around the periphery of the second ring road. The high-density, low-height class (HL-Class 2) has a relatively small number of blocks but a relatively large area, and the largest blocks are located in the western part of the study area. (4) In the HH and HL building patterns, extreme heat scenarios often occur; from the perspective of functional areas, the probability of extreme heat in the transport block is much higher than that of other functional areas, and except for the HH scenario, the green space functional area plays a very important role in reducing the temperature. This study explores the characteristics of the built environment that influence the urban LST from the perspective of different urban functional zones in cities to provide decision support for quantitative territorial spatial planning, optimization, and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of the Built Environment in Climate-Related Challenges (2nd Edition))

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18 pages, 11141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inter-Model Spread in Representing the Impacts of ENSO on the South China Spring Rainfall in CMIP6 Models

by Xin Yin, Xiaofei Wu, Hailin Niu, Kaiqing Yang and Linglong Yu

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101199 - 8 Oct 2024

Abstract

A major challenge for climate system models in simulating the impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the interannual variations of East Asian rainfall anomalies is the wide inter-model spread of outputs, which causes considerable uncertainty in physical mechanism understanding and short-term climate [...] Read more.

A major challenge for climate system models in simulating the impacts of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the interannual variations of East Asian rainfall anomalies is the wide inter-model spread of outputs, which causes considerable uncertainty in physical mechanism understanding and short-term climate prediction. This study investigates the fidelity of 40 models from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in representing the impacts of ENSO on South China Spring Rainfall (SCSR) during the ENSO decaying spring. The response of SCSR to ENSO, as well as the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) over the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO), is quite different among the models; some models even simulate opposite SCSR anomalies compared to the observations. However, the models capturing the ENSO-related warm SSTAs over TIO tend to simulate a better SCSR-ENSO relationship, which is much closer to observation. Therefore, models are grouped based on the simulated TIO SSTAs to explore the modulating processes of the TIO SSTAs in ENSO affecting SCSR anomalies. Comparing analysis suggests that the warm TIO SSTA can force the equatorial north–south antisymmetric circulation in the lower troposphere, which is conducive to the westward extension and maintenance of the western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC). In addition, the TIO SSTA enhances the upper tropospheric East Asian subtropical westerly jet, leading to anomalous divergence over South China. Thus, the westward extension and strengthening of WNPAC can transport sufficient water vapor for South China, which is associated with the ascending motion caused by the upper tropospheric divergence, leading to the abnormal SCSR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precipitation Observations and Prediction (2nd Edition))

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15 pages, 5254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Grass Pollen Dynamics in Urban and Rural Ireland: Identifying Key Sources and Optimizing Prediction Models

by Moisés Martínez-Bracero, Andrés M. Pélez-Vereira, Emma Markey, Jerry Hourihane Clancy, Roland Sarda-Estève and David J. O’Connor

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101198 - 8 Oct 2024

Abstract

The Poaceae family, one of the most diverse and widespread angiosperms, is prevalent in various natural and urban environments and is a major cause of allergies, affecting over 20% of the population in Europe, specifically in Ireland. With extensive grasslands, Ireland supports numerous [...] Read more.

The Poaceae family, one of the most diverse and widespread angiosperms, is prevalent in various natural and urban environments and is a major cause of allergies, affecting over 20% of the population in Europe, specifically in Ireland. With extensive grasslands, Ireland supports numerous grass species, though pollen release varies due to the family’s complexity. The Hirst spore-trap is commonly used to sample airborne pollen, but the area of influence is debated and may differ by pollen type. This study compares grass pollen seasons between rural Carlow and urban Dublin, aiming to create forecast models for airborne pollen and identify key grass areas influencing the main pollen season (MPS). Two Hirst samplers were analyzed, using data up to 2020, and two threshold models (based on Swedish and Danish studies) were tested to find the best fit for Ireland. Airmass footprints were calculated using Hysplit and combined with grassland data to pinpoint major pollen sources. The results showed that Carlow had higher pollen concentrations but shorter seasons than Dublin. The Swedish threshold method was the most accurate for Ireland, with the Wicklow Mountains identified as a significant pollen source. These findings improve the understanding of pollen dynamics and support better public health and allergy management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Bioaerosols: Detection, Characterization and Modelling)

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Graphical abstract

16 pages, 2712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Population-Level Exposure to PM_2.5, NO₂, Greenness (NDVI), Accessible Greenspace, Road Noise, and Rail Noise in England

by Sophia Garkov, Lorraine Dearden and Ai Milojevic

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101197 - 8 Oct 2024

Abstract

Air pollution, greenspace and noise are interrelated environmental factors with the potential to influence human health outcomes. Research has measured these exposures in diverse ways across the globe, but no study has yet performed a country-wide analysis of air pollution, greenspace, and noise [...] Read more.

Air pollution, greenspace and noise are interrelated environmental factors with the potential to influence human health outcomes. Research has measured these exposures in diverse ways across the globe, but no study has yet performed a country-wide analysis of air pollution, greenspace, and noise in England. This study examined cross-sectional PM_2.5, NO₂, greenness, accessible greenspace, road noise, and rail noise exposure data at all residential postcodes in England (n = 1,227,681). Restricted cubic spline models were fitted between each environmental exposure and a measure of socioeconomic status, the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) rank. Population-weighted exposures by IMD deciles, urbanicity, and region were subsequently estimated. Restricted cubic spline models were also fitted between greenness and each other environmental exposure in the study. The results show some evidence of inequalities in exposure to air pollutants, greenspace, and noise across England. Notably, there is a socioeconomic gradient in greenness, NO₂, PM_2.5, and road noise in London. In addition, NO₂, PM_2.5, and road noise exposure decrease as greenness increases in urban areas. Concerningly, almost all air pollution estimates in our study exceed international health guidelines. Further research is needed to elucidate the socioeconomic patterns and health impacts of air pollution, greenspace, and noise over time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Air Pollution and Human Exposures)

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19 pages, 9441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics and Driving Factors of Energy Balance over Different Underlying Surfaces in the Qinghai Plateau

by Xiaoyang Liu, Lele Zhang, Liming Gao and Ziyi Duan

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101196 - 6 Oct 2024

Abstract

The study of the surface energy balance characteristics of different ecosystems in the Qinghai Plateau is of great significance for a deeper understanding of land surface processes, the water cycle, and global climate change. This study aims to compare the seasonal variations in [...] Read more.

The study of the surface energy balance characteristics of different ecosystems in the Qinghai Plateau is of great significance for a deeper understanding of land surface processes, the water cycle, and global climate change. This study aims to compare the seasonal variations in energy balance and partitioning of four typical ecosystems on the Qinghai Plateau—swamp meadows, subalpine mountain meadows, alpine shrublands, and alpine deserts. Mantel analysis and path analysis were used to explore the regulatory mechanisms of meteorological elements on energy fluxes and the Bowen ratio (β). The results showed the following: (1) Net radiation (R_n), sensible heat flux (H), and latent heat flux (LE) all exhibited a single-peak pattern of change, and the energy partitioning was closely related to the hydrothermal conditions. Swamp meadows and subalpine mountain meadows were dominated by LE throughout the year and the growing season, while H dominated in the non-growing season. Meanwhile, alpine shrublands and alpine deserts were dominated by H throughout the year. (2) β reflected the characteristics of turbulent fluxes variations and the moisture level of the underlying surface. Swamp meadows and subalpine mountain meadows were relatively moist, with the value of β all being less than 1. Alpine shrublands and deserts were comparatively arid, with the values of β all exceeding 1. The energy closure rate ranged from 48% to 90%, with better energy closure conditions observed during the growing season compared to the non-growing season. (3) Meteorological factors collectively regulated the variations in energy fluxes and its partitioning, with H and LE being primarily influenced by R_n, relative humidity (RH), and soil moisture (Ms). β was significantly affected by RH, Ms, and the saturated vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The sensitivity of the ecosystems to changes in fluxes increased with decreasing moisture, especially in alpine deserts, with Ms, VPD and RH being the most affected. Swamp meadows were significantly associated with air temperature (Ta), soil temperature (Ts), and wind speed; subalpine mountain meadows with Ta and Ts; and alpine shrublands with Ta. These results provided a basis for further analyses of the energy balance characteristics and partitioning differences of different ecosystems on the Qinghai Plateau. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions)

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13 pages, 1413 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodological Approach to Improving Extreme Precipitation Reanalysis Data Using the Clausius-Clapeyron Relationship: A Case Study in a Mediterranean City

by Alexandros Papadopoulos-Zachos and Christina Anagnostopoulou

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101195 - 6 Oct 2024

Abstract

Climate change is a crucial issue of the 21st century, leading to more frequent and severe extreme precipitation events globally. These events result in significant social and economic disruptions, including flooding, loss of life, and damage to infrastructure. Projections suggest that extreme rainfall [...] Read more.

Climate change is a crucial issue of the 21st century, leading to more frequent and severe extreme precipitation events globally. These events result in significant social and economic disruptions, including flooding, loss of life, and damage to infrastructure. Projections suggest that extreme rainfall will intensify in the latter half of the century, underscoring the need for accurate and timely forecasting. Despite advancements in meteorological and climate models that offer high accuracy for various weather parameters, these models still struggle to detect extreme values, particularly for precipitation. This research examines the sensitivity of extreme precipitation events to temperature, based on the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship, focusing on Thessaloniki, Greece. It also evaluates the effectiveness of reanalysis data in identifying extreme precipitation and explores how rainfall-temperature relationships can enhance prediction accuracy. The findings are vital for improving the estimation of extreme rainfall events and informing the design of flood-resilient infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precipitation Monitoring and Databases)

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21 pages, 10590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examine the Role of Indo-Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures in Recent Meteorological Drought in Sudan

by Awad Hussien Ahmed Mohammed, Xiaolin Zhang and Mohamed Abdallah Ahmed Alriah

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101194 - 6 Oct 2024

Abstract

Drought poses a serious threat to Sudan, causing water shortages, crop failures, hunger, and conflict. The relationships between Indo-Pacific teleconnections and drought events in Sudan are examined based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), anomalies, Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), correlation, composite analysis, sequential [...] Read more.

Drought poses a serious threat to Sudan, causing water shortages, crop failures, hunger, and conflict. The relationships between Indo-Pacific teleconnections and drought events in Sudan are examined based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), anomalies, Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF), correlation, composite analysis, sequential Mann–Kendall test, and MK-trend test during the period of 1993–2022. The results of the SPI-1 values indicate that the extreme drought in Sudan in 2004 was an exceptional case that affected the entire region, with an SPI-1 value of −2 indicating extremely dry conditions. In addition, Sudan experienced moderate to severe drought conditions for several years (1993, 2002, 2008, 2009 and 2015). The Empirical Orthogonal Function showed that the first EOF mode (42.2%) was the dominant variability mode and had positive loading over most of the country, indicating consistent rainfall variation in the central, eastern, and western regions. Correlation analysis showed a strong significant relationship between June–September rainfall and Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) (r ≤ 0.5). Furthermore, a weak positive influence of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on JJAS precipitation was observed (r ≤ 0.14). Various time lags in the range of ±12 months were examined, with the highest correlation (0.6) found at 9 month among the time lags of ±12 months. This study contributes to a better understanding of drought dynamics and provides essential information for effective drought management in Sudan. Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanisms driving these interactions and to develop tailored strategies to mitigate the impacts of drought events in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biosphere/Hydrosphere/Land–Atmosphere Interactions)

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26 pages, 8566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Modeling Framework of Atmospheric CO₂ in the Mediterranean Marseille Coastal City Area, France

by Brian Nathan, Irène Xueref-Remy, Thomas Lauvaux, Christophe Yohia, Damien Piga, Jacques Piazzola, Tomohiro Oda, Mélissa Milne, Maria Herrmann, Cathy Wimart-Rousseau and Alexandre Armengaud

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101193 - 5 Oct 2024

Abstract

As atmospheric CO₂ emissions and the trend of urbanization both increase, the ability to accurately assess the CO₂ budget from urban environments becomes more important for effective CO₂ mitigation efforts. This task can be difficult for complex areas such as [...] Read more.

As atmospheric CO₂ emissions and the trend of urbanization both increase, the ability to accurately assess the CO₂ budget from urban environments becomes more important for effective CO₂ mitigation efforts. This task can be difficult for complex areas such as the urban–coastal Mediterranean region near Marseille, France, which contains the second most populous city in France as well as a broad coastline and nearby mountainous terrain. In this study, we establish a CO₂ modeling framework for this region for the first time using WRF-Chem and demonstrate its efficacy through comparisons against cavity-ringdown spectrometer measurements recorded at three sites: one 75 km north of the city in a forested area, one in the city center, and one at the urban/coastal border. A seasonal CO₂ analysis compares Summertime 2016 and Wintertime 2017, to which Springtime 2017 is also added due to its noticeably larger vegetation uptake values compared to Summertime. We find that there is a large biogenic signal, even in and around Marseille itself, though this may be a consequence of having limited fine-scale information on vegetation parameterization in the region. We further find that simulations without the urban heat island module had total CO₂ values 0.46 ppm closer to the measured enhancement value at the coastal Endoume site during the Summertime 2016 period than with the module turned on. This may indicate that the boundary layer on the coast is less sensitive to urban influences than it is to sea-breeze interactions, which is consistent with previous studies of the region. A back-trajectory analysis with the Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Model found 99.83% of emissions above 100 mol km⁻² month⁻¹ captured in Summer 2016 by the three measurement towers, providing evidence of the receptors’ ability to constrain the domain. Finally, a case study showcases the model’s ability to capture the rapid change in CO₂ when transitioning between land-breeze and sea-breeze conditions as well as the recirculation of air from the industrial Fos region towards the Marseille metroplex. In total, the presented modeling framework should open the door to future CO₂ investigations in the region, which can inform policymakers carrying out CO₂ mitigation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)

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13 pages, 2911 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of City-Wide Diesel Generator Use on Air Quality in Quito, Ecuador, during a Nationwide Electricity Crisis

by Rasa Zalakeviciute, Valeria Diaz and Yves Rybarczyk

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101192 - 5 Oct 2024

Abstract

As climate change intensifies and 2023 sets the record for the hottest year, the Amazonian region faces severe drought, leading to a hydroelectricity crisis. This study examines the effects of using environmentally harmful backup power solutions, which are all too common in developing [...] Read more.

As climate change intensifies and 2023 sets the record for the hottest year, the Amazonian region faces severe drought, leading to a hydroelectricity crisis. This study examines the effects of using environmentally harmful backup power solutions, which are all too common in developing countries—specifically, diesel-powered generators—on urban air quality in Quito, Ecuador, during the hydroelectric crisis of 2023/2024. The impact of the blackouts on air pollution is assessed by comparing it to a reference period before the crisis and to an earlier year with similar weather conditions. The findings indicate that extended blackouts (up to 8 h per day) considerably increased concentrations of SO₂ (180%), CO (43%), NO₂ (39%), and PM_2.5 (20%) compared to ‘normal’ conditions. Conversely, O₃ pollution levels decreased (−6%). Our findings suggest potential respiratory and cardiovascular health risks for the urban population, highlighting the urgent need for improved energy infrastructure and cleaner backup power solutions in the developing world. Addressing these challenges is critical for ensuring a healthier and more sustainable urban future amidst climate change projections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality)

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15 pages, 3730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Moss Biomonitoring in the Evaluation of Air Pollution in the Tver Region, Russia

by Konstantin Vergel, Inga Zinicovscaia, Nikita Yushin, Omari Chaligava, Liliana Cepoi and Alexandra Kravtsova

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101191 - 4 Oct 2024

Abstract

In the Tver region (Russia), the moss biomonitoring technique was applied to investigate the atmospheric deposition of potentially harmful elements. Using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy and a direct mercury analyzer, a total of 15 elements were identified in 144 moss samples collected [...] Read more.

In the Tver region (Russia), the moss biomonitoring technique was applied to investigate the atmospheric deposition of potentially harmful elements. Using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy and a direct mercury analyzer, a total of 15 elements were identified in 144 moss samples collected in the region. To assess the degree of environmental pollution, ecological indices (pollution load index, enrichment factor, geochemical index, and contamination factor) were computed. The sources of the identified elements were characterized across the territory under investigation using multivariate statistical analysis. The results obtained were compared with the information from other Central Russian regions. GIS technologies were used to create distribution maps for the surveyed territory. Transport and power plants are the primary sources of air pollution in the region, while the influence of industry is suggested to be negligible. Compared to other Russian regions, the area under investigation can be considered relatively clean. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomonitoring—an Effective Tool for Air Pollution Assessment (2nd Edition))

20 pages, 324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change Mitigation Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa: The Technical Pathways to Deep Decarbonization at the City Level

by Bayode Akomolafe, Amelia Clarke and Raphael Ayambire

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101190 - 4 Oct 2024

Abstract

The complex and multidimensional effect of climate change, coupled with low socioeconomic development, in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) makes the region vulnerable to the changing climate and threatens its inhabitants’ survival, livelihood, and health. Subnational actions have been widely acclaimed as effective in combatting [...] Read more.

The complex and multidimensional effect of climate change, coupled with low socioeconomic development, in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) makes the region vulnerable to the changing climate and threatens its inhabitants’ survival, livelihood, and health. Subnational actions have been widely acclaimed as effective in combatting climate change. Local governments in SSA have been developing and implementing climate action plans to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this article, we qualitatively assessed climate change mitigation technical pathways at the city level by studying four major African megacities’ climate plans and actions. The cities studied are Accra, Ghana; Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Lagos, Nigeria; and Nairobi, Kenya. This study provides insight into the novel and innovative policy design and instrumentation options to sustainably address climate change mitigation in SSA. With the past literature focusing on climate adaptation for the Global South, this study shows leading context-specific efforts in climate change mitigation that simultaneously address local sustainable development needs. Our assessment identified the prioritized technical pathways for climate change mitigation in the selected cities, as well as innovative techniques and areas for improvement. Given that it also identifies emerging best practices, this study’s findings can be helpful to local governments and practitioners pursuing local deep decarbonization and international organizations supporting these programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greenhouse Gas Emission: Sources, Monitoring and Control (2nd Edition))

20 pages, 5783 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bibliometric Analysis of Aerosol-Radiation Research from 1999 to 2023

by Shuai Wang and Bingqi Yi

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101189 - 4 Oct 2024

Abstract

Aerosol and aerosol-cloud radiation interactions significantly influence Earth’s radiative balance, hydrological cycle, global monsoons, atmospheric circulation, and climate, attracting substantial scientific attention. This study employs bibliometric and quantitative trend analyses to evaluate the development, knowledge structure, and research trends in aerosol and aerosol-cloud [...] Read more.

Aerosol and aerosol-cloud radiation interactions significantly influence Earth’s radiative balance, hydrological cycle, global monsoons, atmospheric circulation, and climate, attracting substantial scientific attention. This study employs bibliometric and quantitative trend analyses to evaluate the development, knowledge structure, and research trends in aerosol and aerosol-cloud radiation interactions from 1999 to 2023 using Web of Science Core Collection data. Results reveal a consistent increase in publications and citations, indicating sustained attention in this field. The USA and China are identified as the most prolific countries, with significant contributions from institutions like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. However, while the USA shows a recent decline in growth, China has demonstrated a significant upward trend in research contributions. Productive journals include Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics and the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, with prolific authors such as Babu S. Suresh and Li Zhanqing. A co-occurrence analysis of keywords identifies research topics focused on aerosol optical properties, aerosol types, aerosol radiation interactions, and aerosol-cloud interactions. Emerging trends emphasize advanced methodologies such as remote sensing, model simulation, and artificial intelligence, with growing attention to regions like the Southern Ocean and the Arctic. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights for researchers, identifying knowledge gaps and guiding future research directions in aerosol and aerosol-cloud radiation interactions, which are crucial for understanding their climatic and atmospheric impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aerosols)

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20 pages, 4691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Effect of Climate Change on Evapotranspiration in the Thrace Region

by Huzur Deveci and Fatih Konukcu

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101188 - 3 Oct 2024

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of climate change on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and sunflower and wheat evapotranspiration (ETs and ETw, respectively) in the Trakya Region of Türkiye. ETo Calculator (version 3.2) and CROPWAT 8.0 were used to compute [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of climate change on reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and sunflower and wheat evapotranspiration (ETs and ETw, respectively) in the Trakya Region of Türkiye. ETo Calculator (version 3.2) and CROPWAT 8.0 were used to compute ETo and ET in the reference period (1970–1990), short- (2016–2025), mid- (2046–2055), and long- (2076–2085) terms. Additionally, ETo was tested in 2012 and ETo was simulated for every 1 °C temperature increase up to 5 °C in the reference period. Calculated ETo and ET values for the future were compared with the reference period. For the future, climate data estimated by RegCM3 Regional Climate Model, A2 scenario were used. While the average ETo value of the reference period was 3.3 mm day⁻¹, it was 3.0 mm day⁻¹ in 2012. Compared to the reference period, ETo values change by −3% (3.2 mm day⁻¹), 9% (3.6 mm day⁻¹), and 21% (4.0 mm day⁻¹) in the short-, mid-, and long-term, respectively. The 575 mm ET deficit calculated during the vegetation period of sunflower in the model reference period was forecasted to change by −11% (514 mm), +15% (660 mm), and +25% (721 mm) in the short-, mid-, and long-term, respectively. For wheat, while 59 mm of excess water was calculated in the reference period, it became 193 mm (+227%) in the short-term and a water deficit of 8 mm (−113%) and 6 mm (−110%) in the mid- and long-term, respectively. In addition, it is estimated that there will be an increase of 0.1 mm day⁻¹ (4%) in ETo values for each 1 °C temperature increase compared to the reference period (1970–1990). It was concluded that climate change in the Trakya Region will not significantly affect wheat farming; however, it will cause a serious water deficit in sunflower production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regional Climate Predictions and Impacts)

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31 pages, 7104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Nitrogen Dioxide in the Highveld Troposphere: Pandora Insights and TROPOMI Sentinel-5P Evaluation

by Refilwe F. Kai-Sikhakhane, Mary C. Scholes, Stuart J. Piketh, Jos van Geffen, Rebecca M. Garland, Henno Havenga and Robert J. Scholes

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101187 - 3 Oct 2024

Abstract

Nitrogen oxides, particularly NO₂, are emitted through a variety of industrial and transport processes globally. The world’s continuous economic development, including in developing countries, results in an increasing concentration of those gases in the atmosphere. Yet, there is scant information on [...] Read more.

Nitrogen oxides, particularly NO₂, are emitted through a variety of industrial and transport processes globally. The world’s continuous economic development, including in developing countries, results in an increasing concentration of those gases in the atmosphere. Yet, there is scant information on the current state and recent evolution of these atmospheric pollutants over a range of spatial and temporal scales, especially in Africa. This, in turn, hinders the assessment of the emissions and the evaluation of potential risks or impacts on societies and their economies, as well as on the environment. This study attempts to fill the gap by leveraging data from a Pandora-2S ground-based, column-integrating instrument located in Wakkerstroom in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa and space-based remote sensing data obtained from the TROPOMI instrument onboard the ESA Sentinel-5P satellite. We compare these two spatially (horizontal) representative data sets using statistical tools to investigate the concentrations of emitted and transported NO₂ at this particular location, expecting that a significant positive correlation between the NO₂ tropospheric vertical column (TVC) data might justify using the TROPOMI data, available globally, as a proxy for tropospheric and boundary layer NO₂ concentrations over the Highveld of South Africa more generally. The data from the two instruments showed no significant difference between the interannual mean TVC-NO₂ in 2020 and 2021. The seasonal patterns for both instruments were different in 2020, but in 2021, both measured peak TVC-NO₂ concentrations in late winter (week 34). The instruments both detected higher TVC-NO₂ concentrations during transitions between seasons, particularly from winter to spring. The TVC-NO₂ concentrations measured in Wakkerstroom Mpumalanga are mostly contributed to by the emission sources in the low troposphere, such as biomass burning and emissions from local power stations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)

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20 pages, 2516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid PM_2.5-Induced Health Impact Assessment: A Novel Approach Using Conditional U-Net CMAQ Surrogate Model

by Yohan Lee, Junghyun Park, Jinseok Kim, Jung-Hun Woo and Jong-Hyeon Lee

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101186 - 2 Oct 2024

Abstract

There is a pressing need for tools that can rapidly predict

{PM}_{2.5}

concentrations and assess health impacts under various emission scenarios, aiding in the selection of optimal mitigation strategies. Traditional chemical transport models (CTMs) like CMAQ are accurate but computationally intensive, limiting [...] Read more.

There is a pressing need for tools that can rapidly predict

{PM}_{2.5}

concentrations and assess health impacts under various emission scenarios, aiding in the selection of optimal mitigation strategies. Traditional chemical transport models (CTMs) like CMAQ are accurate but computationally intensive, limiting practical scenario analysis. To address this, we propose a novel method integrating a conditional U-Net surrogate model with health impact assessments, enabling swift estimation of

{PM}_{2.5}

concentrations and related health effects. The U-Net model was trained with 2019 South Korean

{PM}_{2.5}

data, including precursor emissions and boundary conditions. Our model showed high accuracy and significant efficiency, reducing processing times while maintaining reliability. By combining this surrogate model with the EPA’s BenMAP-CE tool, we estimated potential premature deaths under various emission reduction scenarios in South Korea, extending projections to 2050 to account for demographic changes. Additionally, we assessed the required

{PM}_{2.5}

emission reductions needed to counteract the increase in premature deaths due to an aging population. This integrated framework offers an efficient, user-friendly tool that bridges complex air quality modeling with practical policy evaluation, supporting the development of effective strategies to reduce

{PM}_{2.5}

-related health risks and estimate economic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution: Health Risks and Mitigation Strategies)

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19 pages, 11061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Climate Change on the Future Attractiveness of Tourist Destinations in Greece

by Ioannis Lemesios, Konstantinos V. Varotsos, Elena Georgopoulou, Yannis Sarafidis, Dimitrios Kapetanakis, Sebastian Mirasgedis, Nikos Gakis and Christos Giannakopoulos

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101185 - 2 Oct 2024

Abstract

Climate change is a major challenge for the global tourism sector, affecting destinations worldwide. Greece, known for its scenery and abundant cultural history, is particularly vulnerable to these impacts. Tourism is a key driver of Greece’s economy, yet climate change threatens both natural [...] Read more.

Climate change is a major challenge for the global tourism sector, affecting destinations worldwide. Greece, known for its scenery and abundant cultural history, is particularly vulnerable to these impacts. Tourism is a key driver of Greece’s economy, yet climate change threatens both natural environments and cultural sites. To evaluate the impacts of climate change on different types of Greek tourism (beach, sightseeing, winter tourism in mountainous areas), the widely used Holiday Climate Index (beach and urban versions) alongside three additional climatic indices customized for Greek climatic conditions, namely the Urban Climate Comfort Index, the Beach Utility Index, and the Mountainous Winter Climate Index were utilized for top tourist destinations of Greece. The results indicate that urban tourism may face challenges during peak summer months due to rising temperatures, but the shoulder seasons (April–May and September–October) will offer improved conditions, potentially extending the tourist season. For beach tourism, favorable conditions are expected to increase from April to October, with significant gains in June and September. Winter tourism in mountainous areas, especially snow-dependent activities like skiing, is at risk due to the declining snow availability. Overall, the study highlights both the challenges and opportunities posed by climate change for Greece’s tourism sector. It emphasizes the importance of adaptation strategies, including infrastructural improvements and promoting alternative activities, to minimize negative impacts and enhance the future attractiveness of Greek tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Drivers and Impacts of Climate Change Over the Eastern Mediterranean)

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20 pages, 15709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microclimatic Variability and Thermal Comfort of Spectators in an Outdoor Stadium Venue

by Andrew Collins, Michael Brown, Barrett Gutter and Christopher Fuhrmann

Atmosphere 2024, 15(10), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15101184 - 30 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study examines heat exposure and its impact on the thermal comfort and health of spectators within a semi-outdoor American college football stadium in the southeastern United States. Over 50 sensors were deployed during the 2016 season from late August to late November [...] Read more.

This study examines heat exposure and its impact on the thermal comfort and health of spectators within a semi-outdoor American college football stadium in the southeastern United States. Over 50 sensors were deployed during the 2016 season from late August to late November to measure temperature and humidity across various stadium locations. Significant variations in temperature, heat index, and a modified version of the physiological equivalent temperature (mPET) were found within the stadium, with some areas exceeding National Weather Service heat alert thresholds during certain games. Moreover, mean temperatures in the stadium were higher than those measured at a nearby weather station, while the mean heat index was higher in the seating areas than in other stadium locations and at the nearby weather station. Reductions in modeled wind speed resulted in significant decreases in thermal comfort and greater physical stress among spectators, particularly when the wind was calm. Heat-related illness comprised up to two-thirds of all cases treated by first aid and emergency medical services during particularly hot games. Most of these occurred in the most thermally oppressive parts of the stadium. These results highlight the need for greater monitoring of heat exposure inside stadiums, earlier implementation of heat action plans to raise awareness and educate spectators on heat mitigation strategies, and incorporation of stadium design modifications that improve circulation, increase shade, and reduce crowding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biometeorology and Bioclimatology)

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