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Diabetes: Comorbidities, Therapeutics and Insights (3rd Edition)

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Dear Colleagues,

Diabetes, one of the most challenging health problems of the 21st century, is projected to affect 700 million people by 2045. In the last 15 years, the number of people diagnosed with type 1 diabetes has increased by 45%, and the number diagnosed with type 2 diabetes by 95%. The most devastating effects of diabetes are its chronic complications, which confer a high risk of morbidity and mortality and represent an increased cost burden on health systems. Despite the increased awareness of and new therapeutic options for the treatment of diabetes, it is still the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults, kidney failure and dialysis, and nontraumatic lower-limb amputations. People with diabetes have a two- to four-times higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease, which remains the most common cause of death in people with this disease. Diabetes is a heterogenous and complex disease, and in addition to the traditional risk factors, such as hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, multiple cellular pathways and potential molecular mechanisms are also implicated in diabetes-induced complications.

Considering this context, we welcome submissions to this Special Issue focusing on diabetes it terms of its comorbidities and therapeutics, as well as contributions providing insights into this disease. Improving our knowledge of diabetes will aid in the prevention of chronic complications and cardiovascular disease/death and in optimizing patients’ quality of life.

Dr. Tomislav Bulum
Guest Editor

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22 pages, 1022 KB

Open AccessArticle

Correlations Between Coffee Intake, Glycemic Control, Cardiovascular Risk, and Sleep in Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension: A 12-Month Observational Study

by Tatiana Palotta Minari, José Fernando Vilela-Martin, Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo and Luciana Pellegrini Pisani

Biomedicines 2025, 13(8), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13081875 - 1 Aug 2025

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Abstract

Background: The consumption of coffee has been widely debated regarding its effects on health. This study aims to analyze the correlations between daily coffee intake and sleep, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical markers in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension over a 12-month period. Methods: An observational study was conducted with 40 participants with T2D and hypertension, comprising 20 females and 20 males. Participants were monitored for their daily coffee consumption over a 12-month period, being assessed every 3 months. Linear regression was utilized to assess interactions and relationships between variables, providing insights into potential predictive associations. Additionally, correlation analysis was performed using Pearson’s and Spearman’s tests to evaluate the strength and direction of linear and non-linear relationships. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Significant changes were observed in fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, body mass index, sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and waist-to-hip ratio (p < 0.05) over the 12-month study in both sexes. No significant differences were noted in the remaining parameters (p > 0.05). The coffee consumed by the participants was of the “traditional type” and contained sugar (2 g per cup) for 100% of the participants. An intake of 4.17 ± 0.360 cups per day was found at baseline and 5.41 ± 0.316 cups at 12 months (p > 0.05). Regarding correlation analysis, a higher coffee intake was significantly associated with shorter sleep duration in women (r = −0.731; p = 0.037). Conversely, greater coffee consumption correlated with lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in women (r = −0.820; p = 0.044). Additionally, a longer sleep duration was linked to lower FBG (r = −0.841; p = 0.031), HbA1c (r = −0.831; p = 0.037), and LDL-C levels in women (r = −0.713; p = 0.050). No significant correlations were observed for the other parameters in both sexes (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In women, coffee consumption may negatively affect sleep duration while potentially offering beneficial effects on LDL-C levels, even when sweetened with sugar. Additionally, a longer sleep duration in women appears to be associated with improvements in FBG, HbA1c, and LDL-C. These correlations emphasize the importance of a balanced approach to coffee consumption, weighing both its potential health benefits and drawbacks in postmenopausal women. However, since this study does not establish causality, further randomized clinical trials are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms and long-term implications—particularly in the context of T2D and hypertension. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes: Comorbidities, Therapeutics and Insights (3rd Edition))

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