International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

17 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testing a Family Conflict Intervention for Parents and Typically Developing Adolescent Siblings of Individuals with Intellectual and/or Developmental Disabilities

by Vevette J. H. Yang, Kathleen N. Bergman and E. Mark Cummings

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121666 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Parents and typically developing (TD) youth siblings of individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD) often experience greater caregiving burden, stress, and hardships in family functioning. They are at increased risk of family conflict and youth adjustment problems when TD siblings are adolescents [...] Read more.

Parents and typically developing (TD) youth siblings of individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD) often experience greater caregiving burden, stress, and hardships in family functioning. They are at increased risk of family conflict and youth adjustment problems when TD siblings are adolescents since they need to balance caregiving responsibilities and various changes that naturally occur during adolescence. However, there is a lack of intervention research on parents and TD adolescent siblings that focuses on family conflict and family-wide participation. This study analyzed whether participating in a brief family intervention could improve families’ knowledge of marital and family-wide conflict and TD adolescents’ adjustment problems. We found that mothers and fathers significantly improved their knowledge of marital conflict and that TD adolescents significantly improved their knowledge of family-wide conflict. We also found that fathers reported significant reductions in internalizing and externalizing problems in TD adolescents. The findings support the impact of even brief evidence-based interventions targeting family-level improvements for families with both TD adolescent siblings and individuals with IDD. The findings also accentuate the significance of involving both mothers and fathers in family intervention research, suggesting that different caregivers may experience both shared and unique benefits from participating. Full article

10 pages, 1142 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Awareness and Knowledge of Lead Poisoning: A Street Survey in Three Municipalities of Georgia

by Dali Kekelidze, Mari Malazonia, David Tsereteli and Iagor Kalandadze

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121665 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Lead poisoning is a serious public health problem, especially for children. Despite screening programs to reduce lead exposure, there is still a lack of knowledge about its harmful impact. The study aimed to analyze how aware people in Georgia are about lead poisoning [...] Read more.

Lead poisoning is a serious public health problem, especially for children. Despite screening programs to reduce lead exposure, there is still a lack of knowledge about its harmful impact. The study aimed to analyze how aware people in Georgia are about lead poisoning and its health effects. In this street survey, 384 adults from three municipalities, Batumi, Ozurgeti, and Zugdidi, were interviewed from March to June 2024. We used descriptive statistics and Pearson’s chi-square test for data analysis. The majority of respondents noted that children are at high risk of lead poisoning. In all selected municipalities, people know that lead can be found in toys, but they do not know it can be found in jewelry and cosmetics, especially in Ozurgeti. Many respondents are not aware that lead poisoning can cause cardiovascular disease, anemia, and kidney failure. More educational campaigns are needed to highlight lead poisoning sources and their effects on health to protect the population. Full article

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17 pages, 1254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Early Family Conflict and Behavioral Outcomes in Children from Low-Income Families: The Indirect Effects of Parental Depression and Parenting Practices

by Rong Huang, Rachel Chazan-Cohen and Delaina Carlson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121664 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Family conflict has been demonstrated as a risk factor impacting children’s mental health and behaviors; however, the mechanisms underlying these connections are unclear. Focusing on 1622 children from low-income families (51.4% boys, 38.3% White, 35.5% Hispanic/Latino, 22.1% African American, 4.1% other), the current [...] Read more.

Family conflict has been demonstrated as a risk factor impacting children’s mental health and behaviors; however, the mechanisms underlying these connections are unclear. Focusing on 1622 children from low-income families (51.4% boys, 38.3% White, 35.5% Hispanic/Latino, 22.1% African American, 4.1% other), the current study examines the role that maternal depression and parenting behaviors play in the associations between family conflict in early childhood and children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors in early adolescence. Family conflict was positively associated with maternal depression at age 3 and detached parenting at age 5; however, maternal depression was linked to increased child internalizing and externalizing behaviors, and detached parenting was associated with decreased behavioral outcomes. Maternal depression at age 3 and intrusive parenting at age 5 successively mediated the association between family conflict and child externalizing. Multi-group analysis indicated different indirect paths of parenting behaviors in boys and girls. Specifically, in boys, the indirect effect of detached parenting on the links between family conflict and externalizing and internalizing behaviors was sustained. In girls, maternal depression and intrusive parenting sequentially explained the link between family conflict and externalizing behaviors. The findings highlighted the importance of addressing family well-being and parenting support, especially for children from low-income families. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Parenting Styles on Children's Mental Health)

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16 pages, 574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Air Pollution’s Hidden Toll: Links Between Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Adolescent Depression

by Megan Waxman and Erika M. Manczak

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121663 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Rising rates of depression among youth present a growing mental health crisis. Despite growing concerns regarding the risks of air pollution exposure on youth mental and physical health, associations between ambient air pollutants and depression have been largely overlooked in youth. In this [...] Read more.

Rising rates of depression among youth present a growing mental health crisis. Despite growing concerns regarding the risks of air pollution exposure on youth mental and physical health, associations between ambient air pollutants and depression have been largely overlooked in youth. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated associations between ozone, particulate matter, and depressive symptoms in adolescents across 224 Colorado census tracts (average age of 14.45 years, 48.8% female, 48.9% of minority race/ethnicity). Students in participating schools reported depressive symptoms and demographic information, and school addresses were used to compute ozone and particulate matter levels per census tract. Possible confounding variables, including sociodemographic and geographic characteristics, were also addressed. Exploratory analyses examined demographic moderators of these associations. Census tracts with higher ozone concentrations had a higher percentage of adolescents experiencing depressive symptoms. Particulate matter did not emerge as a significant predictor of adolescent depressive symptoms. Secondary analyses demonstrated that associations with ozone were moderated by racial/ethnic and gender compositions of census tracts, with stronger effects in census tracts with higher percentages of individuals with marginalized racial/ethnic and gender identities. Ultimately, this project strengthens our understanding of the interplay between air pollution exposures and mental health during adolescence. Full article

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14 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adherence to Pulmonary Tuberculosis Medication and Associated Factors Among Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Metinaro and Becora Sub-Districts, Dili, Timor-Leste

by Amentinho Fernandes, Sawanya Laohaprapanon, Truong Thanh Nam, Ercia Maria Da Conceicao Sequeira and Cua Ngoc Le

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121662 - 13 Dec 2024

Abstract

Timor Leste is one of the top countries in Asia with a high incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The success of TB treatment necessitated a more profound comprehension of adherence as a multifaceted behavioral issue, along with identifying the barriers that hinder [...] Read more.

Timor Leste is one of the top countries in Asia with a high incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). The success of TB treatment necessitated a more profound comprehension of adherence as a multifaceted behavioral issue, along with identifying the barriers that hinder and the factors that promote patient adherence. This study aimed to assess the rate of pulmonary TB medication adherence and identify its predictors among adults in Metinaro and Becora, Dili, Timor-Leste. A descriptive analytical cross-sectional study was conducted, and new patients with pulmonary TB aged 18 years and above were selected using a proportional sampling method. Quantitative data were collected from 398 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. The medication adherence results were as follows: 73.6% low adherence, 18.3% moderate adherence, and only 8.1% high adherence. The study identified significant predictors of medication adherence, such as health service factors (OR = 14.024, 95% CI: 5.42–35.54, p = 0.001). Patients who perceived a high quality in the health service were 14 times more likely to exhibit higher medication adherence. Regarding individual behaviors, patients who consumed alcohol or occasionally engaged in physical exercise were significantly less likely to exhibit higher medication adherence (OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.091–0.312, p = 0.001). Similarly, patients experiencing high levels of stigma were less likely to achieve strong adherence (OR = 0.146, 95% CI: 0.058–0.326, p = 0.001).Both health service quality and individual factors, such as lifestyle behaviors and social stigma, were statistically significant predictors ofTB medication adherence. Enhancing the healthcare infrastructure, implementing multisectoral strategies for behavior change, and reducing stigma are crucial. Additionally, mobile health technologies, like SMS reminders and telehealth, might support real-time adherence improvements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Promotion and Development of Community Health for Personal Health: Theories and Applications)

12 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Educational Impact of Worldwide Webinar on Management of Myopia Progression in Children

by Meghal Gagrani, Jonathan Heston, Daisy Godts, David Granet, Dominique Bremond-Gignac, Ramesh Kekunnaya, Richard W. Hertle, Seo Wei Leo and Ken K. Nischal

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121661 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objective: To assess the educational impact of a worldwide webinar approach to myopia progression management in children <8 years and 8–12 years old. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A self-administered survey was conducted for attendees of a 3 h worldwide webinar held in two [...] Read more.

Objective: To assess the educational impact of a worldwide webinar approach to myopia progression management in children <8 years and 8–12 years old. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A self-administered survey was conducted for attendees of a 3 h worldwide webinar held in two parts on consecutive days on the management of myopia progression in children. The survey was administered before, immediately after completion of the webinar, and 8 weeks later; responses were recorded on a Likert scale. Questions were posed to assess (a) the confidence of attendees in managing myopia in children <12 years old, (b) attendees’ understanding of latest treatment options, (c) any improvement in attendees’ knowledge after the webinar, and (d) any changes made to practice 8 weeks after the webinar. Pre- and post-responses were analyzed using an unpaired two-tailed t-test. Results: The webinar had 701 and 606 global attendees on the first and second days, respectively. Based on a comparison of contact information, 372 attendees participated on days 1 and 2, meaning 288 and 233 participants attended only day 1 and day 2, respectively. There was a significant increase in the percentage of attendees who were “very confident” in managing myopia after the webinar (p < 0.05). Ninety-nine attendees completed the survey at 8 weeks. Of these, 76% believed that the webinar had “very significantly” or significantly” improved their ability to manage pediatric myopia and 91% had implemented or intended to implement a change in their practice. The respondents who did not implement a change identified cost and patient compliance as the common barriers. Conclusion: There is a tsunami of research and management options in the field of myopia management at present. We demonstrate that an effective way of disseminating information and education about myopia management is a pre-designed comprehensive webinar held over two consecutive days. There is evidence that such a webinar may also influence a change in clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Epidemiology and Global Health)

19 pages, 537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization, Satisfaction, and Clinical Outcomes of People of Color and White Adults Using an Employer-Sponsored Digital Mental Health Platform

by Sara J. Sagui Henson, Camille E. Welcome Chamberlain, Brooke J. Smith, Jessica L. Jackson, Sharon L. Adusei and Cynthia M. Castro Sweet

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121660 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Evaluating digital mental health services across racial and ethnic identities is crucial to ensuring health equity. We examined how People of Color (POC) and White adults were using and benefiting from an employer-sponsored digital mental health platform. A sample of 947 adults (42% [...] Read more.

Evaluating digital mental health services across racial and ethnic identities is crucial to ensuring health equity. We examined how People of Color (POC) and White adults were using and benefiting from an employer-sponsored digital mental health platform. A sample of 947 adults (42% POC) consented to an observational study and completed surveys on their identities and mental health outcomes at baseline and three-month follow-up. We examined care preferences, utilization, therapeutic alliance with mental health providers, and changes in outcomes among POC and White adults. At baseline, there were no race or ethnicity differences in preferred topics of focus (p = 0.36), rates of depression, anxiety, or loneliness (ps > 0.35), or self-reported well-being or stress (ps > 0.07). POC adults were more likely to prefer one-on-one care than White adults (p = 0.02). After 3 months of care utilization, there were no differences in therapeutic alliance (p = 0.52), use of therapy, coaching, or self-guided digital resources (ps > 0.47), or in the likelihood of improving, recovering, or maintaining clinical symptoms or psychosocial factors (ps > 0.07). Utilization, satisfaction, and clinical effectiveness were similar between POC and White adults, indicating the platform may offer comparable experiences. Evaluating utilization and outcomes among POC communities is necessary to inform consumers and help developers assess if innovations are fostering health equity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Mental Health: Changes, Challenges and Success Strategies)

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15 pages, 2119 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Barriers and Facilitators for the Use of Patient Lifts by Healthcare Workers: A Scoping Review

by Ghassan M. Khairallah, Hani Mowafi, Samar Al-Hajj, Alexandria Brackett and Carine J. Sakr

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121659 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Patient lifts are evidence-based engineering controls used in Safe Patient Handling Programs to assist healthcare workers in moving patients. They have been shown to be beneficial for both healthcare workers and patients. However, these devices are not consistently used. This review [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Patient lifts are evidence-based engineering controls used in Safe Patient Handling Programs to assist healthcare workers in moving patients. They have been shown to be beneficial for both healthcare workers and patients. However, these devices are not consistently used. This review aims to determine the scope of the literature and examine the barriers and facilitators for the use of patient lifts by healthcare workers, on a global level. (2) Methods: Electronic databases, including MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), Global Health (Ovid), CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science—Core Collection, Cochrane CENTRAL, Trials Register of Promoting Health Interventions, PAIS Index (Proquest), and the gray literature were reviewed. Duplicates were removed, titles and abstracts were screened, full texts were assessed, and the quality of the studies were checked. The analysis was carried out qualitatively using thematic analysis. (3) Results: A total of 57 articles were included in this review. Most studies (71.9%) originated in the US alone, and none originated in low- and middle-income countries. The majority were quantitative studies and were conducted in acute care hospitals. The main identified barriers were equipment-related (e.g., time constraints, device unavailability, and inconvenient storage), followed by cultural and behavioral factors (peer pressure, resistance to change, and occupational socialization), followed by organizational factors (staff shortage and workload). The main identified facilitators were mostly organizational factors (leadership support, minimal lift policy, standardized protocols), followed by cultural and behavioral factors (safety culture and worker’s empowerment), then equipment-related factors (device availability and accessibility). Patient- and worker-related factors were the least mentioned. (4) Conclusion: There is a complex interplay of organizational, equipment-related, and cultural factors shaping the use of lifts by healthcare workers. A multifaceted approach that focuses on enhancing organizational support, fostering a robust safety culture, and ensuring equipment availability is warranted. Full article

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18 pages, 612 KiB

Open AccessReview

Risk Factors for Attempted Suicide and Suicide Death Among South-East Asian Women: A Scoping Review

by Anil Fastenau, Matthew Willis, Srilekha Penna, Lahari Yaddanapudi, Madhumitha Balaji, Rahul Shidhaye and Eva Pilot

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121658 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Worldwide, attempted suicide and suicide death are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Women in South-East Asia are especially vulnerable, as almost 50% of all global female suicides occur in the 11 countries of the WHO South-East Asia Region. This [...] Read more.

Worldwide, attempted suicide and suicide death are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Women in South-East Asia are especially vulnerable, as almost 50% of all global female suicides occur in the 11 countries of the WHO South-East Asia Region. This scoping literature analysis aimed to identify and analyze the predictors or risk factors for attempted suicide and suicide death among South-East Asian women. A scoping literature review was conducted. Five databases—PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCOhost, PsycINFO, and EMBASE—were searched. Forty studies and twelve literature reviews were eligible for inclusion. Women in South-East Asia, particularly those who are young and married, living in poverty, with low or no education, living in rural areas, with no employment outside the home, with lower socioeconomic position, and living within joint families are highly vulnerable to suicidality. This review identified gender disadvantage, infertility, domestic abuse, intimate partner violence, family conflicts, husband’s alcohol misuse, child marriage, forced marriages, and dowry disputes as the most significant predictors of attempted suicide and suicide death among South-East Asian women. A better understanding of the phenomenon is essential to develop effective gender-specific and culturally appropriate suicide prevention strategies or interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral and Mental Health)

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9 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fear of Childbirth Among Pregnant People Facing Anti-Fat Bias

by Lee Roosevelt, Sarah Maguire, Akshay Sharma and Ruth Zielinski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121657 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Explicit and implicit anti-fat biases are widespread among healthcare providers, leading to significant negative consequences for pregnant people, including poorer health outcomes. Fear of childbirth (FOC) can affect the length of labor, increase the risk of cesarean delivery, and negatively influence a new [...] Read more.

Explicit and implicit anti-fat biases are widespread among healthcare providers, leading to significant negative consequences for pregnant people, including poorer health outcomes. Fear of childbirth (FOC) can affect the length of labor, increase the risk of cesarean delivery, and negatively influence a new parent’s perception of infant bonding. This study investigated the impact of perceived anti-fat bias on FOC among pregnant people. Data were gathered from 329 pregnant people recruited from three large academic prenatal centers in the United States and via social media. Participants completed a survey that included validated instruments measuring perceptions of anti-fat bias and FOC. Participants perceiving anti-fat bias reported higher FOC. Black participants perceiving anti-fat bias reported higher FOC. These findings suggest that perceived anti-fat bias from providers is associated with FOC for pregnant people, particularly those who identify as Black. Interventions to educate providers on these important concepts could help improve pregnant people’s experience within the healthcare system. Full article

25 pages, 7197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Malaria Prevention for Pregnant Women and Under-Five Children in 10 Sub-Saharan Africa Countries: Socioeconomic and Temporal Inequality Analysis

by Denis Okova, Akim Tafadzwa Lukwa, Robinson Oyando, Paidamoyo Bodzo, Plaxcedes Chiwire and Olufunke A. Alaba

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121656 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Malaria remains a public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite gains from strategies like Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) and Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy (IPTp), significant socioeconomic inequalities persist, particularly among pregnant women and children under five. This study analyzed [...] Read more.

Background: Malaria remains a public health challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite gains from strategies like Insecticide-Treated Nets (ITNs) and Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy (IPTp), significant socioeconomic inequalities persist, particularly among pregnant women and children under five. This study analyzed temporal and socioeconomic inequalities in malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods: Nationally representative Demographic Health Surveys from 10 SSA countries (Mozambique, Burkina Faso, Tanzania, Côte d’Ivoire, Madagascar Kenya, Rwanda, Nigeria, Uganda, and Cameroon) were used, comparing two time periods. Changes in ITN use by pregnant women and children under five, as well as IPTp coverage, were assessed. Inequalities based on socioeconomic status (SES) and residence were analyzed using the Erreygers Normalized Concentration Index and Theil index. Results: The results revealed significant variability in ITN use and IPTp coverage within countries. Eight countries showed improvements in ITN use during pregnancy, with Nigeria seeing a 173.9% increase over five years. Burkina Faso and Tanzania consistently reported high ITN use (~87%) in children under five. IPTp coverage increased in all countries except Kenya. Decomposition using the Theil index indicated that within-group inequalities, particularly based on SES and residence, were the primary drivers of disparities. Conclusions: To ensure progress toward universal health coverage, malaria prevention programs must prioritize vulnerable populations and be continuously evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Socio-Economic Inequalities in Child Health)

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16 pages, 1167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workers’ Injury Risks Focusing on Body Parts in Reinforced Concrete Construction Projects

by Jiseon Lim, Jaehong Cho, Jeonghwan Kim and Sanghyeok Kang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121655 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study addresses occupational safety in reinforced concrete construction, an area marked by high accident rates and significant worker injury risks. By focusing on activity–body part (A–BP) combinations, this research introduces a novel framework for quantifying injury risks across construction activities. Reinforced concrete [...] Read more.

This study addresses occupational safety in reinforced concrete construction, an area marked by high accident rates and significant worker injury risks. By focusing on activity–body part (A–BP) combinations, this research introduces a novel framework for quantifying injury risks across construction activities. Reinforced concrete construction tasks are categorized into ten specific activities within three major work types: rebar work, formwork, and concrete placement. These are further analyzed concerning six critical body parts frequently injured on-site: head/face, arm/shoulder, wrist/hand, torso, leg/pelvis, and foot/ankle. Using data from 2283 construction accident reports and expert surveys, the probability and severity of injuries for each A–BP element were calculated. Probability scores were derived from actual incident data, while severity scores were determined via expert evaluations, considering injury impact and the required recovery time. To ensure precision and comparability, scores were standardized across scales, enabling a final risk assessment for each A–BP. Results identified that wrist and hand injuries during rebar work activities, particularly cutting and shaping, exhibited the highest risk, underscoring the need for focused protective measures. This study contributes to construction safety management by providing detailed insights into injury risk based on activity–body part interactions, offering safety managers data-driven recommendations for tailored protective equipment, enhanced training, and preventive protocols. This research framework not only helps optimize safety interventions on conventional construction sites but also establishes a basis for future studies aimed at adapting these strategies to evolving construction methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health, Safety, and Wellbeing in the Engineering and Construction Industry)

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21 pages, 2161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Body, Mind, and Social Characteristics in a Sample of a Training Program for Developing Social and Personal Resources: A Network Analysis

by Christoph Janka, Maike Höcker and Thomas E. Dorner

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1654; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121654 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

In this cross-sectional study, the interactions between demographic characteristics and the body, mind, and social dimensions among participants of a holistic training program for social and personal development were examined and compared to a control group. The sample involved 223 adults from Austria, [...] Read more.

In this cross-sectional study, the interactions between demographic characteristics and the body, mind, and social dimensions among participants of a holistic training program for social and personal development were examined and compared to a control group. The sample involved 223 adults from Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, with 80 (37.2%) participants in the training group already having finished the training. To explore the variable relationships and compare group structures, advanced network analyses and a network comparison test were applied. The network analysis identified the training as a central variable, being linked to aspirations for societal impact and personal growth (0.31), aspirations for the pursuit of fame and wealth (0.29), transcendence (0.19), the desire to improve the quality of relationships (0.19), aspirations for personal wellbeing and relationships (0.15), and the presence of social resources (0.13). The group comparison revealed that the control group primarily connected through the “Sense of Coherence—Meaning in Life” axis, whereas the training group showed more complex linkages involving wellbeing, life satisfaction, meaning in life, and transcendence, underlining the training program’s positive effect on personal growth, societal impact aspirations, and transcendence. Overall, the network comparison test revealed significant differences in network structure and overall connectivity between the training and the control group. Full article

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10 pages, 436 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heart Rate Variability in Relation to Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Among Patients at an Urban Hospital in Kazakhstan

by Nazira Bekenova, Tamara Vochshenkova, Alisher Aitkaliyev, Balkenzhe Imankulova, Zhanatgul Turgumbayeva, Balzhan Kassiyeva and Valeriy Benberin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121653 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

In clinical practice, heart rate variability (HRV) has not been considered an indicator for the preventive assessment of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). The paper studies HRV in a large, randomly selected group. A cross-sectional study included a representative sample of 5707 Kazakhs aged [...] Read more.

In clinical practice, heart rate variability (HRV) has not been considered an indicator for the preventive assessment of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). The paper studies HRV in a large, randomly selected group. A cross-sectional study included a representative sample of 5707 Kazakhs aged 20 years and older from a total population of 25,454 attached to an urban clinic in the capital of Kazakhstan. The sample was drawn from individuals who visited the clinic for a preventive examination. CAN diagnosis was confirmed using data from questionnaires, electronic medical records, HRV, and heart rate measurements. Mean values of the standard deviation of normal sinus RR intervals (SDNN) and the root mean square of successive RR interval differences (RMSSDs) from a 24 h electrocardiogram recording were assessed. CAN was identified in 17.19% of the study participants, with a ratio of the subclinical to clinical phase of 1:0.24. Diabetes mellitus was present in 30.99% of patients with CAN. The prevalence of CAN varied by sex and age, aligning with the prevalence trajectory of diabetes. It was concluded that the SDNN and RMSSD parameters in electrocardiographic studies can be used for preventive measures in the context of limited healthcare resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventive Medicine and Community Health)

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17 pages, 520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ideological Consistency and News Sharing as Predictors of Masking Among College Students

by Adrienne Holz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121652 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the use of well-fitting face masks or respirators as a strategy to reduce respiratory transmission; however, acceptance and utilization of face masks quickly became a contentious, politically charged [...] Read more.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the use of well-fitting face masks or respirators as a strategy to reduce respiratory transmission; however, acceptance and utilization of face masks quickly became a contentious, politically charged matter. Given the effectiveness of masking against respiratory viruses, it is critical to understand the various normative factors and personal values associated with mask wearing. To this end, this study reports the findings of an online, cross-sectional survey (n = 1231) of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings show that ideological consistency, sharing news to create awareness, and sharing unverified news significantly predict masking behaviors, though ideological consistency most substantially explained variance in self-reported masking behaviors. Participants with more liberal political ideologies reported greater adherence to masking policies while those with more conservative ideologies reported less mask-wearing behavior. A better understanding of the predictors of masking behaviors, particularly how political ideologies continue to shape public health responses, is essential for designing more effective communication strategies to control disease spread and help inform strategies for future outbreaks. Study implications and limitations are discussed. Full article

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22 pages, 1917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consensus in Action: Context-Specific Physical Activity Guidelines for Undergraduate Students at a South African University

by Chanté Johannes, Nicolette V. Roman, Sunday O. Onagbiye, Simone Titus and Lloyd L. Leach

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121651 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

Physical inactivity among undergraduate university students has been considered a public health concern. To address this, researchers have utilized consensus workshop approaches to develop effective physical activity (PA) recommendations. However, the existing research has limitations: it is outdated, not context-specific to young adults, [...] Read more.

Physical inactivity among undergraduate university students has been considered a public health concern. To address this, researchers have utilized consensus workshop approaches to develop effective physical activity (PA) recommendations. However, the existing research has limitations: it is outdated, not context-specific to young adults, and does not account for psychosocial factors (such as mental health, motivation, and social support) that hinder or promote PA behavior, particularly in South Africa. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to engage with stakeholders to achieve a consensus on a set of context-specific guidelines to enhance the physical activities of undergraduate university students. Utilizing the Social Ecological Model, this study employed two online consensus workshops with 25 purposively selected stakeholders (Round 1 = 8 and Round 2 = 17). Stakeholders were divided into breakout rooms via the Google Meets feature, to discuss and brainstorm the guidelines, expressing their agreement or disagreement with the proposed names and descriptions. The consensus was considered achieved when the majority of stakeholder responses fell into the ‘Agree with the guideline’ category. An inductive thematic analysis approach was used to generate common themes, which were then coded via Atlas Ti. V8. Stakeholders reached a consensus on four categories and 32 guidelines, namely, PA (9 guidelines), mental health (7 guidelines), motivation (9 guidelines), and social support (7 guidelines). Each category, along with its respective set of guidelines, provides insights into the type of information undergraduate students require to enhance their PA participation. Using a consensus workshop facilitated the co-creation of context-specific guidelines to enhance the physical activities of undergraduate university students. This approach proved to be a valuable tool for fostering collaboration between academic staff and students. Full article

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9 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Intersection of Personality Dimensions with Stress Relief Strategies in Adolescence: An Experimental Study

by Jeroen Pronk, Iris Eekhout, Katharina Preuhs, Olmo van der Mast, Renate van Zoonen and Symone B. Detmar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121650 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

Stress is becoming more prevalent among adolescents and negatively impacts their health and development. It is, therefore, pivotal to increase our knowledge about potential (personalized) healthy stress relief strategies for adolescents. This study investigated individual personality differences (i.e., behavioral inhibition versus behavioral activation) [...] Read more.

Stress is becoming more prevalent among adolescents and negatively impacts their health and development. It is, therefore, pivotal to increase our knowledge about potential (personalized) healthy stress relief strategies for adolescents. This study investigated individual personality differences (i.e., behavioral inhibition versus behavioral activation) in adolescents’ preference for, and the effectiveness of, physical or mental exercise to relieve stress. A sample of 208 adolescents (12 to 18 years) were recruited during a science and education student festival in the Netherlands. For ethical reasons, no personally identifiable information could be collected. Surveys were used to assess personality and preferences at baseline and subjective stress at baseline, after stress induction with the Sing-a-Song Stress Test, and after stress relief through physical or mental exercise. The results from multivariate regression analyses indicate that personality did not significantly influence adolescents’ preference for, or benefit from, physical or mental exercise for stress relief. Both types of exercise significantly reduced experienced stress, but the effect was stronger when adolescents performed their activity of choice. The findings suggest that pre- and intervention efforts for adolescents’ stress-related health problems are better directed at offering a range of effective free-choice stress relief activities than on personalized stress-relief methods. Full article

23 pages, 6734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Battery Recycling Process and Risk Estimation

by Taeho Kim, Cheolhee Yoon and Seungho Jung

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121649 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

The demand for the use of secondary batteries is increasing rapidly worldwide in order to solve global warming and achieve carbon neutrality. Major minerals used to produce cathode materials, which are key raw materials for secondary batteries, are treated as conflict minerals due [...] Read more.

The demand for the use of secondary batteries is increasing rapidly worldwide in order to solve global warming and achieve carbon neutrality. Major minerals used to produce cathode materials, which are key raw materials for secondary batteries, are treated as conflict minerals due to their limited reserves, and accordingly, research on the battery recycling industry is urgent for the sustainable secondary battery industry. There is a significant risk of accidents because there is a lack of prior research data on the battery recycling process and various chemicals are used in the entire recycling process. Therefore, for the safety management of related industries, it is necessary to clearly grasp the battery recycling process and to estimate the risk accordingly. In this study, the process was generalized using the information on the battery recycling process suggested in the preceding literature. And to estimate the relative risk of each battery recycling process, the RAC (Risk Assessment Code) matrix described in the US Department of Defense’s “MIL-STD-882E” was used. Severity was derived by using “NFPA 704”, and probability was derived by combining generalized event analysis for each process and the WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) report. The results confirmed that the process using H₂SO₄ had the highest risk when extracting Li during the leaching process, and that dismantling and heat treatment had the lowest risk. Using the probability factor for each process calculated through the research, it is expected to be used in future battery recycling process research as basic data for quantitative risk assessment of the battery recycling process. Full article

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11 pages, 474 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variations in Cycling Distances by Trip Purpose and Socio-Demographic Attributes: Implications for Spatial Scales to Assess Environmental Correlates of Cycling

by Firas Mohamed, Manoj Chandrabose, Abdur Rahim Mohammad Forkan, Neville Owen and Takemi Sugiyama

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(12), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121648 - 10 Dec 2024

Abstract

To better understand environmental attributes associated with cycling, it is necessary to identify an area within which such attributes are measured. Various sizes of a “buffer” drawn from home have been used for this purpose. The distances adults cycle to/from their homes may [...] Read more.

To better understand environmental attributes associated with cycling, it is necessary to identify an area within which such attributes are measured. Various sizes of a “buffer” drawn from home have been used for this purpose. The distances adults cycle to/from their homes may inform the determination of empirically supported buffer sizes. We examined the distribution of cycling distances using Australian travel survey data collected between 2012 and 2020. We used a Random Forest model to identify the relative importance of factors influencing participant’s cycling distance and then reported variations in cycling distances by the most important factors. Of the 73,142 survey participants who were aged between 20 and 74 and reported at least one trip on the survey day, 1676 (67% men) reported 3446 home-based cycling trips, with a median distance of 3.5 km. The most important factor was trip purpose, followed by gender. The median distances were 1.8 km for utilitarian, 5.3 km for commuting and 3.7 km for recreational cycling trips. Men cycled longer distances than women, particularly for commuting and recreational cycling. The significant variation in cycling distance by trip purpose implies the need for having purpose-specific spatial scales in identifying environmental attributes associated with cycling more accurately. Full article

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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

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