International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

20 pages, 817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Occupational Injuries Among Nurses in Oshakati District, Namibia

by Maliwa Lichaha Sanjobo, Mpinane Flory Senekane and Kgomotso Lebelo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 912; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060912 (registering DOI) - 8 Jun 2025

Abstract

Occupational injuries among nurses impact their well-being and health service delivery. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occupational injuries and their contributing factors among nurses in selected public health facilities. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 295 randomly selected nurses. [...] Read more.

Occupational injuries among nurses impact their well-being and health service delivery. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of occupational injuries and their contributing factors among nurses in selected public health facilities. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 295 randomly selected nurses. Primary data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, while secondary data were abstracted from the occupational injuries register. Data were analysed using statistical software. The 12-month prevalence of occupational injuries was 28.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 24.3–33.3%), with needlestick injuries being the most common (63.5%). Significant associations were observed between occupational injuries and education level (p = 0.027), employment status (p = 0.012), and years of experience (p = 0.029). Nurses with a bachelor’s degree had 3.30 times higher odds of injury (Adjusted OR [AOR] = 3.30, 95% CI = 1.11–9.81, p = 0.03), while the lack of proper training increased the odds by 3.27 times (AOR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.62–6.61, p < 0.001). Being a registered nurse reduced the odds by 70% (AOR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12–0.74, p = 0.01). Addressing these factors is essential for reducing occupational injuries and improving healthcare outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Care Sciences)

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13 pages, 327 KiB

Open AccessReview

Family Support Experiences of Adult Persons with Intellectual Disability and Challenging Behaviour: A Scoping Review of Qualitative Studies

by Alice Nga Lai Kwong, Lisa Pau Le Low and Maggie Yat Cheung Wong

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060911 (registering DOI) - 7 Jun 2025

Abstract

There has been scant research on the experiences of families caring for adults with intellectual disability who use challenging behaviour as a way of making their needs known. The aim of this scoping review was to synthesize the qualitative research data on the [...] Read more.

There has been scant research on the experiences of families caring for adults with intellectual disability who use challenging behaviour as a way of making their needs known. The aim of this scoping review was to synthesize the qualitative research data on the family support experiences of adult family members with intellectual disability who use challenging behaviour in this way. A systematic search was undertaken from five databases during December 2024 and updated in April 2025. A total of 20 studies were included in the review. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis method. The number of study participants in these studies ranged from 4 to 30. Most of them were parents and predominantly mothers. The results show that caring for adults with intellectual disability and challenging behaviour reflects a dual reality. The negative experiences refer to caregiving difficulties and inadequate formal support, while the positive experiences are associated with support from informal sources and caregivers’ fulfilment and gains. The available research did not offer sufficient data for a synthesis of how families might be affected by challenging behaviour. Future research should investigate how the negative and positive aspects of their families can be shaped to make a positive impact on caring for people with intellectual disability and co-existing challenging behaviour. Full article

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18 pages, 2448 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Type 2 Diabetes on Bone Quality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies

by Omorogieva Ojo, Yemi Onilude, Joanne Brooke, Victoria Apau, Ivy Kazangarare and Osarhumwese Ojo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 910; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060910 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: There is a significant knowledge gap and limited studies have been carried out to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on bone quality and skeletal fragility. Previous reviews have tended to focus primarily on bone mineral density (BMD) as a [...] Read more.

Background: There is a significant knowledge gap and limited studies have been carried out to evaluate the effect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) on bone quality and skeletal fragility. Previous reviews have tended to focus primarily on bone mineral density (BMD) as a measure of bone quality. However, BMD does not fully reflect the risk of fracture, cannot distinguish between cortical and trabecular bone, and bone fragility in patients with T2D results not only from alterations in bone mineralisation, but also due to changes in bone microarchitecture. In this regard, assessment tools such as trabecular bone score (TBS) and trabecular microarchitectural parameters could be useful and practical tools for examining bone status in people with T2D. Aim: This review aims to examine the effect of type 2 diabetes on bone quality based on a variety of assessment tools. Method: The PRISMA checklist and PICOS framework were relied on for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Two researchers conducted the searches from database inception until 24/02/25. Databases including Academic Search Premier, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, MEDLINE, and the Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection were searched for relevant articles. The reference lists of articles were also searched. The Review Manager 5.4.1 software was used to carry out the meta-analysis. Results: Ten studies were included in the systematic review, while nine studies were included in the meta-analysis. Based on the narrative synthesis and meta-analysis, four distinct themes were established: bone mineral density, TBS and trabecular microarchitectural parameters, fracture risk, and body mass index (BMI). The meta-analysis of the effect of T2D on BMD showed that T2D significantly (p < 0.05) increased lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, and narrow neck BMD compared with controls. The mean differences (MDs) for the respective parameters were 0.04 (95% CI, 0.03, 0.05, p < 0.0001); 0.05 (95% CI, 0.02, 0.08, p = 0.002); 0.07 (95% CI, 0.04, 0.10, p < 0.0001); and 0.03 (95% CI, 0.01, 0.05, p = 0.0005). While there was a significant reduction (p < 0.0001) in the patients with T2D with respect to volumetric BMD, involving two studies and 1037 participants, with an MD of −12.36 (95% CI,−18.15, −6.57, p < 0.0001), T2D did not appear to have a significant effect (p > 0.05) on total BMD and area BMD compared to controls. In relation to TBS and trabecular microarchitectural parameters, the effect of T2D was not significant (p > 0.05) compared with controls. Furthermore, T2D did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05) on the incidence of hip fracture and non-spine fracture compared to controls. Following meta-analysis, it was found that the T2D significantly (p < 0.05) increased BMI compared to controls with an MD of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.74, 1.14, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes significantly increased (p < 0.05) lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, narrow neck BMD, and body mass index compared with controls. However, type 2 diabetes did not appear to have a significant effect (p > 0.05) on TBS, trabecular microarchitectural parameters, and the incidence of hip and non-spine fracture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Health Care and Diabetes)

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32 pages, 1120 KiB

Open AccessReview

Urban Microclimates and Their Relationship with Social Isolation: A Review

by David B. Olawade, Melissa McLaughlin, Yinka Julianah Adeniji, Gabriel Osasumwen Egbon, Arghavan Rahimi and Stergios Boussios

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060909 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Urban microclimates, which include phenomena such as urban heat islands (UHIs) as well as cooler environments created by shaded areas and green spaces, significantly affect social behavior and contribute to varying levels of social isolation in cities. UHIs, driven by heat-absorbing materials like [...] Read more.

Urban microclimates, which include phenomena such as urban heat islands (UHIs) as well as cooler environments created by shaded areas and green spaces, significantly affect social behavior and contribute to varying levels of social isolation in cities. UHIs, driven by heat-absorbing materials like concrete and asphalt, can increase urban temperatures by up to 12 °C, discouraging outdoor activities, especially among vulnerable populations like the elderly and those with chronic health conditions. In contrast, shaded areas and green spaces, where temperatures can be 2–5 °C cooler, encourage outdoor engagement and foster social interaction. This narrative review aims to synthesize current literature on the relationship between urban microclimates and social isolation, focusing on how UHIs and shaded areas influence social engagement. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, selecting sources based on their relevance to the effects of localized climate variations on social behavior, access to green spaces, and the impact of urban design interventions. A total of 142 articles were initially identified, with 103 included in the final review after applying inclusion/exclusion criteria. Key studies from diverse geographical and cultural contexts were analyzed to understand the interplay between environmental conditions and social cohesion. The review found that UHIs exacerbate social isolation by reducing outdoor activities, particularly for vulnerable groups such as the elderly and individuals with chronic health issues. In contrast, shaded areas and green spaces significantly mitigate isolation, with evidence showing that in specific study locations such as urban parks in Copenhagen and Melbourne, such areas increase outdoor social interactions by up to 25%, reduce stress, and enhance community cohesion. Urban planners and policymakers should prioritize integrating shaded areas and green spaces in city designs to mitigate the negative effects of UHIs. These interventions are critical for promoting social resilience, reducing isolation, and fostering connected, climate-adaptive communities. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies and the application of smart technologies such as IoT sensors and urban monitoring systems to track the social benefits of microclimate interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction among Environmental, Climatic, and Socioeconomic Aspects and Their Effects on Society)

22 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Longitudinal Relationship Between Physical Functions and Cognitive Functions Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in Primary Care

by Nan Hu, Wupeng Yin, Rabeya Illyas Noon and Noof Alabdullatif

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060908 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Gait speed (GS) and handgrip strength (HGS) have been identified as factors in cognitive impairment, depression, sleep problems, and quality of life. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the longitudinal relationship between physical functions (gait speed and handgrip strength) and cognitive [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Gait speed (GS) and handgrip strength (HGS) have been identified as factors in cognitive impairment, depression, sleep problems, and quality of life. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the longitudinal relationship between physical functions (gait speed and handgrip strength) and cognitive functions, as well as cognitive decline, in middle-aged and older adults in China. (2) Methods: Using longitudinal data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we analyzed 1903 subjects aged 60 and above with repeated measurements of GS, and 4218 subjects aged 45 and above with repeated measurements of HGS. The cognitive functions we considered included drawing ability, word recall, TICS-10, and an overall cognitive score (OCS). Mixed-effect logistic and linear regression were used to analyze the association between GS/HGS and cognitive functions in middle-aged and older adults with repeated measurements. (3) Results: A faster GS is associated with better drawing ability (OR = 1.33, p = 0.045) and TICS-10 (OR = 1.60, p = 0.024). A stronger HGS is associated with higher odds of drawing ability (OR = 1.36, p = 0.012) and better TICS-10 (OR = 1.41, p = 0.018). Both weak HGS and slow GS are significantly associated with a higher decline in cognitive function, while HGS is more predictive of the decline for women and GS is more predictive for men. (4) Conclusions: Both GS and HG are positively associated with cognitive functions cross-sectionally and longitudinally in middle-aged and older adults. Health interventions targeting HGS and GS may help improve cognitive functions. Future research is warranted to establish the causal relationship between these interventions and improvements in cognitive functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scaling Up Physical Activity Interventions in the Prevention of Chronic Diseases)

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27 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Uptake of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) B701:17 (R2021) Carer-Inclusive and Accommodating Organizations Standard Across Canada

by Brooke Chmiel and Allison Williams

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060907 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

In Canada, 67% of unpaid caregivers are simultaneously balancing paid employment with unpaid care, equating to over 5.2 million Canadian Carer-Employees (CEs). This balancing act often incurs negative impacts on CEs’ health and well-being, including burnout, resulting in adverse effects on their labour [...] Read more.

In Canada, 67% of unpaid caregivers are simultaneously balancing paid employment with unpaid care, equating to over 5.2 million Canadian Carer-Employees (CEs). This balancing act often incurs negative impacts on CEs’ health and well-being, including burnout, resulting in adverse effects on their labour force participation. To mitigate these social and economic impacts, McMaster University partnered with the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) to develop the CSA B701:17 (R2021) Carer-inclusive and accommodating organizations standard and accompanying handbook B701-18HB Helping worker-carers in your organization. Since publication in 2017, there has been minimal uptake of the Standard across Canadian workplaces, with just 1062 complimentary downloads total. To determine the level of uptake across workplaces in Canada, the present mixed-methods study used purposive sampling to collect survey (n = 71) and semi-structured interview data (n = 11). The survey data was analyzed for descriptive statistics and logistic regression modelling. The interview data were thematically analyzed for common CFWPs and barriers to Standard uptake. It was found that only 24% of workplaces have implemented the Standard into their workplace practices, with full implementation and current supports as strong predictors of formal uptake. Prominent themes around barriers to uptake and existing organizational policies highlight the critical importance of workplace culture in facilitating CFWPs. Full article

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13 pages, 545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Fall-Related Factors in Community-Dwelling Older Women Through Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

by Riskah Nur’amalia, Mayumi Kato, Masami Yokogawa, Yoshimi Taniguchi and Andi Masyitha Irwan

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060906 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Falls are more prevalent in older women than in older men; however, few structural equation analysis studies have focused on the factors contributing to falls in this population, particularly in Asian regions such as Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate the direct and [...] Read more.

Falls are more prevalent in older women than in older men; however, few structural equation analysis studies have focused on the factors contributing to falls in this population, particularly in Asian regions such as Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate the direct and indirect associations among fall-related factors in community-dwelling older women. This cross-sectional study enrolled 90 community-dwelling older women aged ≥ 60 years from August to September 2023. Data collection included structured questionnaires on fall incidence as a sociodemographic variable, fear of falling, and gait efficacy, as well as physical measurements of physical function and the amount of physical activity. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesized pathways among the variables. The results showed that physical function (β = 0.233, p = 0.02), gait efficacy (β = −0.318, p = 0.001), and amount of physical activity (β = −0.243, p = 0.009) were directly associated with fall incidence. Physical function (β = 0.152) and fear of falling (β = 0.183) were indirectly associated with fall incidence through the mediation of gait efficacy and the amount of physical activity. Furthermore, the amount of physical activity was directly associated with high physical function (β = −0.236, p = 0.038). These findings suggest that, in addition to improving physical function and activity levels, older women require psychometric interventions to prevent falls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Physical Activity in Falls and Injury Prevention Among Older Adults)

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9 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Traumatic Sequelae and Their Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam

by Nguyen The Diep and Tran The Hien

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 905; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060905 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Post-traumatic sequelae have many negative impacts on the health and quality of life of patients, especially for those groups at a high risk of exposure to injuries. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify some factors related to post-traumatic sequelae in people [...] Read more.

Background: Post-traumatic sequelae have many negative impacts on the health and quality of life of patients, especially for those groups at a high risk of exposure to injuries. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify some factors related to post-traumatic sequelae in people in a mountainous province in Northern Vietnam. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 228 residents from two communes (Pom Lot and Thanh Minh) in Dien Bien province. The participants had all experienced an injury from any cause within the year preceding the study. The post-traumatic sequelae and potential associated factors were assessed. Result: The rate of post-traumatic sequelae among the study participants was 62.3%. An older age (>40), belonging to an ethnic minority group, a short treatment duration, and a lack of family and social support were factors associated with an increased risk of post-traumatic sequelae. Conclusions: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a significant health burden for people in the mountainous regions of Northern Vietnam. This study identified vulnerable groups, particularly the elderly, ethnic minorities, and those with inadequate treatment or social support. The results highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions and focused support policies to reduce the consequences of post-traumatic stress disorder for this high-risk group. Full article

21 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Statistical and Machine Learning Modeling of Psychological, Sociodemographic, and Physical Activity Factors Associated with Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery

by Nélio Barreto Vieira, Paulo Felipe Ribeiro Bandeira, Danilo Ferreira de Sousa, Gyllyandeson de Araújo Delmondes, Jucier Gonçalves Júnior and Victor Zaia

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 904; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060904 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the associations between weight regain and psychological, sociodemographic, and physical activity factors in post-bariatric surgery patients using statistical modeling. Methods: A cross-sectional, single-center quantitative study was conducted in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the associations between weight regain and psychological, sociodemographic, and physical activity factors in post-bariatric surgery patients using statistical modeling. Methods: A cross-sectional, single-center quantitative study was conducted in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) and Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES) guidelines. A total of 124 patients who underwent bariatric surgery at least 18 months prior were included. Psychological variables were assessed using validated instruments. Results: In the adjusted Poisson regression model, the most significant predictors of weight regain were binge eating severity (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.75–3.26; p < 0.001), stress levels (PR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.45–2.79; p = 0.002), negative affectivity (PR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.29–2.24; p = 0.004), and physical inactivity (PR = 1.58; 95% CI: 1.21–2.41; p = 0.005). In contrast, anxiety (PR = 1.19; 95% CI: 0.87–1.63; p = 0.214) and psychoticism (PR = 1.12; 95% CI: 0.83–1.57; p = 0.278) showed no statistically significant associations. Conclusion: The results highlight the importance of binge eating severity, stress, negative affectivity, and physical inactivity as major contributors to weight regain after bariatric surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition-, Overweight- and Obesity-Related Health Issues)

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Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1000 KiB

Open AccessReview

Climate Change and the Rise of Emerging and Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases in Africa: A Literature Review

by Robert Kwame D. Agyarko, Dennis Kithinji and Kizito Bishikwabo Nsarhaza

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060903 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Climate change is among the most significant challenges of the 21st century, with global warming, heat stress, floods, and drought occurring in various parts of the globe, including Africa. The impact of climate change on health is becoming increasingly substantial on the African [...] Read more.

Climate change is among the most significant challenges of the 21st century, with global warming, heat stress, floods, and drought occurring in various parts of the globe, including Africa. The impact of climate change on health is becoming increasingly substantial on the African continent due to weaknesses in economies, infrastructure, and healthcare systems. This review explores the relationship between climate change and emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in Africa and highlights possible solutions. It was conducted by summarizing and synthesizing related information from relevant scientific publications. This review reveals that climate change significantly contributes to Africa’s emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, including Ebola, Marburg, Lassa fever, dengue fever, malaria, and cholera. The impact of climate change on infectious diseases is variable across the continent, with countries in West and Central Africa experiencing more significant climate change-instigated disease burdens. Multisectoral cooperation between climate change actors, environmental health researchers, policy makers, and political leaders centered in the One Health approach is necessary to develop and implement resilient interventions for climate change-induced emerging and re-emerging infections and related health hazards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Extreme Weather and Climate on Human Health)

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13 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Enriched Motor Program [EMP]: Adaptation of a Physical Activity Intervention for Enhancing Executive Functions in Children with ASD

by Gabriele Gullo, Ambra Gentile and Marianna Alesi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 902; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060902 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Recent studies indicate that physical activity (PA) may improve executive functions (EFs) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The Enriched Motor Program (EMP), which combines aerobic and cognitive exercises, shows potential for enhancing EFs in these children. The EMP was originally [...] Read more.

Background: Recent studies indicate that physical activity (PA) may improve executive functions (EFs) in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The Enriched Motor Program (EMP), which combines aerobic and cognitive exercises, shows potential for enhancing EFs in these children. The EMP was originally created for typically developing preschoolers and includes locomotor and fine motor activities enriched by cognitive stimuli to help the development of EFs in children with ASD. The current study aims to adapt a shorter version of EMP for these children’s needs. Methods: The research will use a cross-sectional, quasi-experimental design with a forecasted sample of 40 children, with the age ranging from six to eight, with a diagnosis of ASD. The children’s working memory and inhibitory control will be measured before and after the intervention. Results: According to the literature, the experimental group should obtain higher scores, especially in working memory tasks. Discussion: This is the first implementation of EMP, which merges physical activities with cognitive stimuli to enhance EFs in children with ASD. It could be used by specialized centers and clinicians to support EFs through engaging activities, and it could be potentially recommended as a best practice for EF treatments in children with ASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Benefits of Physical Activity in Developmental Age: Improve Psychological Wellbeing and Reduce Diseases Risk in Life Span)

31 pages, 7669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voices in Motion: Using I-Poems to Uncover Undergraduate University Students’ Psychosocial Journey and Physical Activity Behaviours

by Chanté Johannes, James Reid and Nicolette Roman

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060901 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

Physical inactivity is a pervasive global public health concern, yet there is limited qualitative research exploring the psychosocial dimensions of physical activity (PA) among undergraduate students at a South African university. Therefore, this study aimed to explore students’ PA participation, by providing insights [...] Read more.

Physical inactivity is a pervasive global public health concern, yet there is limited qualitative research exploring the psychosocial dimensions of physical activity (PA) among undergraduate students at a South African university. Therefore, this study aimed to explore students’ PA participation, by providing insights into the psychosocial factors that shape their experiences. Interviews were conducted with 18 undergraduate university students between July and August 2023. I-poems, a creative qualitative method, were created from interview transcripts by isolating sentences featuring the pronoun “I” and arranging them into poetic stanzas without altering their sequence. This approach amplifies the participants’ voices, offering an authentic window into their lived experiences. Data was coded using the Atlas Ti v.8 software and thematically analysed to generate common themes. The I-poems revealed rich, layered insights from students regarding the psychosocial aspects of PA, highlighting themes such as mental health, motivation and social support. By centring the participants’ “I” narratives, the method foregrounded their voices, enabling a deeper exploration of their embodied PA experiences. This study highlights the potential of I-poems as a creative qualitative method to explore the intricacies of students’ PA journeys. The findings highlight the importance of considering psychosocial factors in understanding PA engagement, offering valuable subjective perspectives for designing contextually relevant and university student-tailored interventions that are suitable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Behaviors and Mental Health Among College Students)

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16 pages, 301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective but Costly: The Impact of Behavioral Immune System Reactivity on Mental Health

by Ivana Hromatko, Una Mikac, Anita Lauri Korajlija, Nataša Jokić-Begić, Tanja Jurin and Meri Tadinac

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 900; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060900 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

The behavioral immune system (BIS) refers to a set of evolved psychological mechanisms designed to detect cues of potential pathogen threat and trigger self-protective, avoidant behaviors. However, like all adaptations, the BIS carries potential costs alongside its benefits. This study aimed to examine [...] Read more.

The behavioral immune system (BIS) refers to a set of evolved psychological mechanisms designed to detect cues of potential pathogen threat and trigger self-protective, avoidant behaviors. However, like all adaptations, the BIS carries potential costs alongside its benefits. This study aimed to examine the impact of BIS-related processes on mental health outcomes—including depression, anxiety, stress, and obsessive–compulsive symptomatology—during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected online at two time points: the onset of the pandemic (May 2020; n = 990; 86% women) and at the end of its first year (November/December 2020; a subsample of the original participants, n = 182). Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted, entering socioeconomic variables and general quality of life in the first block, followed by BIS-related variables (germ aversion and perceived infectability) in the second block. Results showed that socioeconomic status and general quality of life were significant predictors of mental health difficulties at both time points, consistent with prior findings on the harmful effects of environmental and social stressors. Importantly, BIS variables also emerged as significant and independent predictors of mental health outcomes—including the development of obsessive–compulsive symptoms—highlighting the potential psychological costs of pathogen-avoidant motivations governed by the BIS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Behavioral Ecology and Health Outcomes)

16 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Influencing Factors on Help-Seeking Behaviors for Intimate Partner Violence: Insights from Ethnic Women Survivors in Myanmar

by Aye Myat Myat Win

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060899 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

Although the help-seeking behaviors of intimate partner violence survivors have been imperative, less evidence has been shown on ethnic women’s help-seeking behaviors. As such, this study aims to explore women survivors’ help-seeking behaviors in Kachin State, an ethnic area of Myanmar with an [...] Read more.

Although the help-seeking behaviors of intimate partner violence survivors have been imperative, less evidence has been shown on ethnic women’s help-seeking behaviors. As such, this study aims to explore women survivors’ help-seeking behaviors in Kachin State, an ethnic area of Myanmar with an online in-depth interview approach. Twelve women survivors who were recruited by social workers, camp leaders, and volunteers participated in the study. Findings were analyzed by using the intimate partner violence help-seeking theory. In contrast to the extant literature, this study found an equal number of women survivors reached out to both formal and informal sources. Their help-seeking behaviors were influenced by their violence perception, cultural norms, lack of information on support services availability, the violence severity, and social support. Exposure to parental violence and women’s unique personal attributes had a negative impact on their decision to seek formal help. Results underscored the importance of sociocultural norms in an ethnic patriarchal society. As such, addressing deep-rooted patriarchal sociocultural norms, effective awareness raising, women’s empowerment, establishment of anti-domestic violence law, and multi-sectoral collaboration with men’s engagement and inclusion of cultural and religious leaders are urgently needed in ethnic communities to enhance formal help-seeking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gender Inequality and Women's Health)

1 pages, 195 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Prina et al. Relationship Between Environmental Conditions and Utilisation of Community-Based Mental Health Care: A Comparative Study Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 661

by Eleonora Prina, Federico Tedeschi, Antonio Lasalvia, Damiano Salazzari, Sara Latini, Laura Rabbi, Federica Marando, Elaine van Rijn, Jan Wollgast, Enrico Pisoni, Bertrand Bessagnet, Maxime Beauchamp and Francesco Amaddeo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 898; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060898 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

19 pages, 1237 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Food Consumption in the Global Syndemic: A Scoping Review and Conceptual Model

by Giovanna Garrido, Fernanda Costa Severo, Samantha Marques Vasconcelos Bonfim, Laís Ferreira Dias, Ana Luiza Gomes Domingos, Andrew D. Jones, Antonio Mauro Saraiva, Dirce Maria Lobo Marchioni, Eliseu Verly Junior, Evandro Marcos Saidel Ribeiro, Olivier Jolliet, Flavia Mori Sarti and Aline Martins de Carvalho

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060897 - 5 Jun 2025

Abstract

The increase in chronic diseases and climate change in recent decades has been driven by food systems that affect both human health and the environment. This study investigated the interrelation between food consumption, obesity, undernutrition, and climate change, aiming to understand how these [...] Read more.

The increase in chronic diseases and climate change in recent decades has been driven by food systems that affect both human health and the environment. This study investigated the interrelation between food consumption, obesity, undernutrition, and climate change, aiming to understand how these factors connect within the global syndemic. The methodology used was a scoping review, in which 12 articles were analyzed after an initial search that resulted in 11,208 references. The references were screened using the Rayyan software (Rayyan Systems Inc. (Doha, Qatar), version 1.6.1 and web-based version), removing duplicates and assessing the studies based on eligibility criteria. The articles addressed different aspects, such as the relationship between food consumption, obesity, undernutrition, and climate change, providing data on how food insecurity and socioeconomic conditions influence these conditions. In sequence, we developed a conceptual model to offer a detailed view of the factors affecting the global syndemic, considering the availability of food, its accessibility, stability in supply, and its use in the diet. The model recognizes that climate change affects food consumption both directly and indirectly. Direct effects include the impact of extreme weather events—such as floods and droughts—on the availability, access, quantity, and quality of food. Indirectly, climate change exacerbates socioeconomic vulnerabilities and disrupts food systems in more structural ways, contributing to increased food insecurity. The findings revealed that food insecurity, in turn, can lead to both obesity and undernutrition, particularly among vulnerable populations. There was a scarcity of studies that integrated the relationship between undernutrition, climate change, and food consumption, especially in certain regional contexts such as Latin America. The evidence gathered in the literature and the conceptual model provide a foundation for future research and the development of more effective public policies that integrate food issues, public health, and climate change in a more holistic and interconnected approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food Consumption in the Global Syndemic)

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23 pages, 1868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Community Co-Creation in Tree Planting and Heat-Related Health Interventions: A Qualitative Study

by Olivia J. Keenan, Aalayna R. Green, Alexander R. Young, Sarah R. Young, Daniel S. W. Katz, David L. Miller, Wenna Xi, Fiona Lo, Evelyn Ortiz, Glenn McMillan, Curtis L. Archer and Arnab K. Ghosh

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060896 - 4 Jun 2025

Abstract

Climate-amplified extreme heat events are particularly dangerous for city dwellers. Nature-based solutions such as urban greening may serve as an effective preventative strategy against extreme heat. Driven by historical injustices such as redlining, disadvantaged communities often face limited green space and a heightened [...] Read more.

Climate-amplified extreme heat events are particularly dangerous for city dwellers. Nature-based solutions such as urban greening may serve as an effective preventative strategy against extreme heat. Driven by historical injustices such as redlining, disadvantaged communities often face limited green space and a heightened risk of vulnerability to extreme heat in urban environments. This paper investigates community engagement strategies for heat-vulnerable community participation in urban greening research as a part of a broader transdisciplinary environmental research praxis focused on multistakeholder co-creation. We conducted semi-structured interviews with community leaders in heat-vulnerable neighborhoods in New York City to explore community co-creation in the design and implementation of tree planting, and compared these themes with interviews with urban tree professionals and other community groups. Overall, the participants agreed on broad themes of environmental justice, intergenerational engagement, community building, and socioecological relationships, although community leaders differed in both a greater emphasis of experiential knowledge and reduced focus on volunteer community stewardship. The findings inform our research process and associated community engagement, including building online resources and addressing community-specific concerns during the research process. We conclude by recommending future steps for facilitating multistakeholder conversations to build inclusive and equitable urban greening heat-adaptive strategies. Full article

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14 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rural–Urban Disparities in Perinatal Smoking in the United States: Trends and Determinants

by Patricia Da Rosa and Matthias Richter

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060895 - 4 Jun 2025

Abstract

Objective: To examine trends in perinatal smoking across rural and urban areas and investigate whether structural and intermediary health factors explain rural-urban disparities. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) collected between 2009 and 2021 in [...] Read more.

Objective: To examine trends in perinatal smoking across rural and urban areas and investigate whether structural and intermediary health factors explain rural-urban disparities. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) collected between 2009 and 2021 in the United States. Perinatal smoking patterns were based on self-reported smoking before, during, and after pregnancy. Weighted prevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for persistent smoking and cessation, stratified by rural–urban residence. Temporal trends were analyzed using logistic regression. Multivariable weighted logistic regression was performed on Phase 8 data (2016–2021) to examine associations between rural–urban status and perinatal smoking patterns, adjusting for maternal age, year of delivery, region, and structural (e.g., education, Tobacco 21 policy) and intermediary (e.g., perinatal stressors) health determinants. All analyses accounted for the complex survey design. Results: Although perinatal smoking declined over time, prevalence remained consistently higher among rural mothers. From 2009 to 2021, persistent smoking decreased significantly in both rural and urban areas (p < 0.001). Smoking cessation rates remained stable (p = 0.087), with no significant difference by rural–urban status (p = 0.475). After adjustment, rural women were 45% more likely to smoke persistently than urban women (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.35–1.56) and 26% less likely to quit smoking. Conclusions: While perinatal smoking declined overall, rural mothers remained more likely to smoke throughout pregnancy. Structural and intermediary determinants partially explained this persistent rural–urban disparity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Health Behaviors, Risk Factors, NCDs and Health Promotion)

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13 pages, 238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partnering with Family Organizations in Research: Experiences from the Field

by Jessica Holmes, Tennyson Dahlman, Eric J. Bruns, Misty Woody, Melissa Hendricks, Millie Sweeney and Bruno J. Anthony

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(6), 894; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22060894 - 3 Jun 2025

Abstract

Parent Peer Support (PPS) provided by other caregivers who have lived experience raising a child with mental health conditions (e.g., such as anxiety, depression, attention, and/or behavior disorders) holds promise as a service that can improve outcomes by helping young people and their [...] Read more.

Parent Peer Support (PPS) provided by other caregivers who have lived experience raising a child with mental health conditions (e.g., such as anxiety, depression, attention, and/or behavior disorders) holds promise as a service that can improve outcomes by helping young people and their families overcome system- and individual-level barriers to receiving care. Here, we describe the development of a collaboration of researchers and Family-Run Organizations (FROs) to provide research support for PPS through three phases (1) developing a research agenda and study aims through a Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) “Pipeline to Proposal” grant; (2) designing a pilot study, including refining the measurement framework for a successful grant application to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); and (3) implementing the study through the incorporation of research methodology into FRO operations without disrupting the organizations’ missions. This paper summarizes the participatory action research (PAR) strategies employed by this interdisciplinary research team throughout the three phases, covering the benefits and challenges of these unique partnership activities. We focus on how this project was able to increase the relevance of the research to the FROs and the communities they serve and improve dissemination and utilization of the results to support other PPS projects. Full article

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