Journal Description
Religions
Religions
is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal on religions and theology, published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, AHCI (Web of Science), ATLA Religion Database, Religious and Theological Abstracts, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Religious Studies)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 25.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
0.6 (2024)
Latest Articles
Narrative Parallelism and Interpretive Narrative
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1550; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121550 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
The primary goal of my paper is to elaborate a methodology for literary interpretation that points out how a literary narrative prose text interprets its own characters, plots, and existential problems. In this context, one of the main premises of my remarks is
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The primary goal of my paper is to elaborate a methodology for literary interpretation that points out how a literary narrative prose text interprets its own characters, plots, and existential problems. In this context, one of the main premises of my remarks is that interpretation, is not the privilege of the act of reading. Misreading, or the “sins” of ideological interpretation can only be avoided if it is recognized that reading and interpretation are problems of the text itself. Beyond the formalist, structuralist, and poststructuralist methodologies of literary analysis, I found in Paul Ricœur’s Biblical hermeneutics the interpretive process and conceptual system that are able to reveal the self-interpretive functions of literary narrative works. According to him, there is a special type of text: the interpretive narrative. The interpretive narrative as a special genre designation refers to the Gospels’ narrative presentation of the passion. In a nutshell: the essence of interpretive narrative is that there is a text interpreting process, which is achieved by the narrative discourse itself (“before” any act of reading). In accordance with the results of Biblical hermeneutics but focusing on literary interpretation, I would like to elaborate on the notion of narrative parallelism in order to reveal those poetic conditions of literary narrative by which misreading or the “sins” of ideological reading can be eliminated. Narrative parallelism is a special type of metaphorical process in which a personal story is interpreted by the story of an object. Literary narrative prose has a specific and unique “virtue” compared to other literary genres or non-literary narratives: using descriptive discourse prose language recognizes, reveals, and narrativizes the significance of details. The second premise of my remarks is that the seemingly secondary narrativized details, or the seemingly insignificant stories of the objects, serve as the interpretation of the literary narrative’s central aspects, namely characters, plots, and existential problems. The interpretation of the presentation of the main character’s story is prefigured in a semantic way by the text itself. I would like to explore the main processes of narrative parallelism as an interpretive narrative by the explanation of a short story’s (A. Moravia: Friendship) twofold emplotment.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Peccata Lectionis)
Open AccessArticle
Religious Diversity and Non-Religion Examined Within the Analytical Framework of a European History of Religion—Portugal as a Case Study
by
Steffen Dix
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121549 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
A large part of current sociological studies implicitly or explicitly assumes that religious diversity, non-religion, and secularisation are predominantly a question of European modernity. In a certain sense this assumption is correct, as these phenomena are growing in quantity, at least in Europe,
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A large part of current sociological studies implicitly or explicitly assumes that religious diversity, non-religion, and secularisation are predominantly a question of European modernity. In a certain sense this assumption is correct, as these phenomena are growing in quantity, at least in Europe, and have become much more visible since the early 20th century. However, scholarly categories or models are always dependent on a particular discourse. If we refer to an interpretive–comparative method (Jonathan Z. Smith) and specifically to the epistemological model of a European History of Religion (Burkhard Gladigow), then we could assume that religious diversity and early forms of non-religion are almost a regular occurrence in European history, but hidden generally by a Christian discourse. The first part of the article, therefore, concerns the presentation of an analytical framework that can make religious diversity and early forms of non-religion more tangible historically and culturally. In the second part, Portuguese religious history should be re-examined based on this framework. Even if we cannot answer all questions on this complex topic, it may help us to better understand some contradictions in modern Portuguese religious history, such as the discrepancy between the population’s consistently high self-declaration as Catholic and a relatively low level of religious practice.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Europe, Religion and Secularization: Trends, Paradoxes and Dilemmas)
Open AccessArticle
Cheng 竀 or Kui 窺: A Study of Master Cheng Emerging from the Shadow of the Renowned Yogācāra Master Kuiji 窺基 (632–682)
by
Zhengning Liu
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1548; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121548 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
The name “Kuiji 窺基”, usually attributed to the famous monk Master Ci’en慈恩法師 in the Tang Dynasty, has long been a subject of scholarly debate. Textual and manuscript evidence, however, reveals that “Kuiji” is not a single figure but a conflation of two distinct
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The name “Kuiji 窺基”, usually attributed to the famous monk Master Ci’en慈恩法師 in the Tang Dynasty, has long been a subject of scholarly debate. Textual and manuscript evidence, however, reveals that “Kuiji” is not a single figure but a conflation of two distinct disciples of Xuanzang 玄奘: Master Cheng 竀 and Master Ji 基. During 661–664 CE, the monk Cheng, affiliated with Great Ci’en Monastery 大慈恩寺, served as a core member of Xuanzang’s translation workshop, as well as a trusted assistant who submitted memorials on Xuanzang’s behalf. Early records state that Xuanzang instructed his disciple(s) “Cheng” or “Cheng and Ji” to present memorials to the throne. However, because the character “Cheng 竀” was uncommon and visually similar to “Kui 窺”, “Cheng and Ji” was misidentified as a composite name “Kuiji” roughly since the late Tang period. This study not only traces the origin of the name “Kuiji” but also recovers the important yet overlooked figure of Master Cheng 竀法師, thereby making a crucial correction to our understanding of Xuanzang’s disciples.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Microcosm Holds Mountains and Seas: The Sinicization of Buddhism in ‘Multi-Layered Contextualization’ from Local to Global History)
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Open AccessArticle
Considerations on the Experience of Learning and Performing Plainchant Among Non-Professional Choral Singers in a Contemporary Irish Context
by
Rhoda Dullea, Giovanna Feeley and Ann Buckley
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1547; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121547 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
Plainchant has formed a core sacred vocal repertory for Western Christianity for over a millennium, and following a surge of interest in chant as an early music repertory over the twentieth century and beyond, it has accrued particular significance for amateur choral singers
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Plainchant has formed a core sacred vocal repertory for Western Christianity for over a millennium, and following a surge of interest in chant as an early music repertory over the twentieth century and beyond, it has accrued particular significance for amateur choral singers involved in church music. This paper is based upon an exploratory qualitative study carried out in 2024, which examined attitudes to learning and performing chant among Irish community and church choirs, and sought to establish levels of interest in performing chant, awareness of resource availability, and perceived barriers to learning. Methods used for the study include an online questionnaire for choral practitioners, with an option for participation in focus group discussions to explore themes raised in questionnaire responses. Thematic analysis was used to explore opinions and experiences of participants as offered in open-ended questionnaire responses and focus group discussions, triangulated by quantitative data provided by closed-ended questionnaire responses. One of the major challenges iterated by choral practitioners in our study was the issue with reading square notation, a version of French thirteenth-century notation developed by the monks of Solesmes Abbey and standardised as liturgical chant notation by the beginning of the twentieth century. This issue is explored in detail in the present paper.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sacred Music: Creation, Interpretation, Experience)
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Open AccessArticle
The Making of “Taoïsme” in 18th–19th Century French Scholarship
by
Yu Zhang, Xiaolan Zhou and Jingyi Liu
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1546; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121546 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
This study examines how eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French scholarship constructed the concept of “Taoïsme” and shaped the modern understanding of Daoism. Early European representations, influenced by missionaries and Enlightenment thinkers, emphasized Confucian rationalism while portraying Taoist thought as mystical or superstitious. In the
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This study examines how eighteenth- and nineteenth-century French scholarship constructed the concept of “Taoïsme” and shaped the modern understanding of Daoism. Early European representations, influenced by missionaries and Enlightenment thinkers, emphasized Confucian rationalism while portraying Taoist thought as mystical or superstitious. In the nineteenth century, the rise in philological methods and historical contextualization allowed Taoist texts to be studied systematically, leading to clearer distinctions between philosophical Daojia and religious Daojiao. By the early twentieth century, ethnographic and textual approaches further grounded the study of Taoism in historical and cultural reality. The shift from Taoism to Daoism reflects both a terminological refinement and a broader epistemological transformation toward more rigorous, context-sensitive, and historically informed scholarship.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Modern Reception and Interpretation of Daoism in East Asia and the West: A Comparative Perspective (19th–21st Centuries))
Open AccessArticle
Revisiting the Rocks of Ages: The Ontology of Human Development as a Sample Case of Meaningful Collaborations Between the Magisteriums of Science and Religion
by
Richard M. Lerner, Pamela Ebstyne King, Elizabeth M. Dowling and Edmond P. Bowers
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1545; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121545 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2025
Abstract
We argue for the possibility of creating a mutually-meaningful and mutually-consequential collaboration between the Magisteriums of Religion and Science by providing a sample case about how fundamental issues in understanding the ontology of being human within developmental science align with corresponding ontological issues
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We argue for the possibility of creating a mutually-meaningful and mutually-consequential collaboration between the Magisteriums of Religion and Science by providing a sample case about how fundamental issues in understanding the ontology of being human within developmental science align with corresponding ontological issues within instances of Judeo-Christian theology. We illustrate how two specific areas of collaboration—palliative care that sustains meaning, mattering, and dignity within individuals in the end-of-life period, and promoting earth stewardship that addresses challenges to sustaining a habitable planet for human life—are instances of opportunities for meaningful integrations of the two Magisteriums. We hope that our sample case may be persuasive enough to motivate scientists and theologians with knowledge of other areas within their respective Magisteriums to generate additional sample cases. We call for collaborative actions to demonstrate that mutually beneficial exchanges between the two Magisteriums can result in new spiritual knowledge of mutual significance to the teaching authorities of both science and religion.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
The Evolution of the “Three Dots of the Character Yi” in Mahāyāna Buddhism: With a Focus on Fang Yizhi’s “Perfect ∴” Theory
by
Yu Liu and Christoph Anderl
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121544 - 8 Dec 2025
Abstract
Fang Yizhi was a prominent Confucian Buddhist philosopher of the late Ming Dynasty, whose thought centered on the theory of “Perfect ∴.” This paper traces the evolution of the meaning of the “three dots of the character Yi” in texts of the Tiantai,
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Fang Yizhi was a prominent Confucian Buddhist philosopher of the late Ming Dynasty, whose thought centered on the theory of “Perfect ∴.” This paper traces the evolution of the meaning of the “three dots of the character Yi” in texts of the Tiantai, Huayan, and Chan schools of Chinese Mahāyāna Buddhism. Building on this foundation, and by integrating the specific texts and ideas of Fang Yizhi, this paper analyzes how his theory of the Perfect ∴ synthesizes the philosophy of the Zhouyi, reformulates the conceptual content of the Buddhist symbol ∴, and thereby offers a new potential pathway for understanding the intellectual trend of the synthesis of the Three Teachings in the late Ming Dynasty.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chinese Religious Cultures: Historical Traditions and Modern Interpretations)
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Open AccessArticle
Superstition or Culture: Protestant Discourses on Halloween Following the 10.29 Itaewon Disaster
by
Minah Kim
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121543 - 8 Dec 2025
Abstract
The 10.29 Itaewon Disaster in Seoul, which claimed 159 lives during a Halloween celebration in 2022, has divided Korean Protestant discourse on Halloween into two opposing theological positions: one that interprets Halloween as inherently superstitious and satanic based on its historical origins, and
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The 10.29 Itaewon Disaster in Seoul, which claimed 159 lives during a Halloween celebration in 2022, has divided Korean Protestant discourse on Halloween into two opposing theological positions: one that interprets Halloween as inherently superstitious and satanic based on its historical origins, and another that embraces it as a contemporary youth cultural phenomenon worthy of protection under principles of cultural diversity. These theological frameworks are intertwined with questions of disaster accountability within the political–historical context of Korean Protestantism’s social engagement, with the former—corresponding to the conservative stream of Korean Protestantism—implicitly attributing responsibility to festival participants while absolving the government, whereas the latter—corresponding to the progressive stream—emphasizes institutional failures in crowd management and public safety protocols. Through comparative analysis with established American Protestant discourse on Halloween, this study examines how Korean Protestant theological interpretations of Halloween intersect with both the specific context of the 10.29 Itaewon disaster and political orientations within Korean Protestantism. The research draws on diverse primary sources, including articles, commentaries, official statements, social media discourse, and sermonic materials, to analyze the emergent Protestant narratives following the disaster.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Religious Conflict and Coexistence in Korea)
Open AccessArticle
Examining the Brief Religious Coping (B-RCOPE) Instrument in a Sample of Emerging Latinx Adult Immigrants
by
Camila A. Pulgar, Tatiana Villarreal-Otálora, Maria Isidro Necahual Hernandez, Katie E. Duckworth, Paige Bentley, Marcia H. McCall, David J. Johnson and Stephanie Daniel
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121542 - 8 Dec 2025
Abstract
The Brief Religious Coping Scale (B-RCOPE) is a widely recognized instrument for assessing how individuals draw upon religious coping strategies in response to life stressors. Religious coping is particularly salient among many in the Latinx community; however, shifting settlement patterns and increasing sociodemographic
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The Brief Religious Coping Scale (B-RCOPE) is a widely recognized instrument for assessing how individuals draw upon religious coping strategies in response to life stressors. Religious coping is particularly salient among many in the Latinx community; however, shifting settlement patterns and increasing sociodemographic diversity among Latinx immigrants in the United States (U.S.) necessitate a more nuanced approach to its measurement; (2) Methods: This cross-sectional study examined the religious coping of a growing but understudied population—Latinx emerging adults (ages 18–29; N = 150)—and conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the English-language B-RCOPE within this group; (3) Results: Findings revealed that participants in our sample made only modest use of religious coping to manage life challenges. Analyses supported the original two-dimensional factor structure (i.e., positive and negative religious coping) of the English B-RCOPE, while also indicating that a more parsimonious 12-item version performs comparably to the full 14 items; (4) Conclusions: This study documents the usability and appropriateness of the abbreviated version and offers practitioners a culturally relevant and efficient tool for examining religious coping practices and trends among Latinx emerging adults.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
The Reception and Reconstruction of Daoism in the Chinese Diaspora of Singapore (1880s–1930s)
by
Qi Zhu and Minzhi Zhu
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1541; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121541 - 8 Dec 2025
Abstract
This article investigates how Daoism evolved into a source of moral order and cultural continuity in Singapore from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. Drawing on inscriptions, canonical texts, and Chinese-language newspapers, it traces the transformation of Daoism from an official
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This article investigates how Daoism evolved into a source of moral order and cultural continuity in Singapore from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. Drawing on inscriptions, canonical texts, and Chinese-language newspapers, it traces the transformation of Daoism from an official cult into a social ethic amid the decline of the imperial ritual system and the emergence of new communal spaces among overseas Chinese. Confronted with the modern distinction between “civilization” and “superstition,” Chinese residents in Singapore reinterpreted Daoist teachings and reshaped ritual practices to meet changing social conditions. These reinterpretations found expression in education, philanthropy, and public ceremonies, linking religious practice with civic responsibility. Rather than fading under modern influences, Daoism acquired new forms of vitality through everyday practice and local cooperation. The Singapore case demonstrates that Southeast Asian Chinese communities were not peripheral to Daoism’s modern transformation but decisive arenas in which its discourse and ritual were recast into civic institutions of education, moral regulation, and communal order, thereby shaping one of the key trajectories through which Daoism entered modern public life.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Modern Reception and Interpretation of Daoism in East Asia and the West: A Comparative Perspective (19th–21st Centuries))
Open AccessArticle
Entrepreneurial Steward: Re-Examining Paul’s Missionary Work as a Steward Through the Lens of Entrepreneurial Scholarship
by
Min-Dong Paul Lee and Dave Pederson
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1540; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121540 - 6 Dec 2025
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This study examines Apostle Paul’s missionary work through the lens of modern behavioral and organizational scholarship. Paul was highly intentional in both his words and actions. What would we learn if we used the conceptual frameworks from the social sciences to analyze his
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This study examines Apostle Paul’s missionary work through the lens of modern behavioral and organizational scholarship. Paul was highly intentional in both his words and actions. What would we learn if we used the conceptual frameworks from the social sciences to analyze his actions and decisions? In this study, we use entrepreneurial and identity theories to re-examine Paul’s life. Paul was an extraordinary entrepreneur who possessed all the core features of an entrepreneur, but with a distinct motivation and mindset grounded in his stewardship identity. We introduce the term “entrepreneurial steward” to characterize his unique identity, which combines the two paradoxical qualities of entrepreneurship and stewardship.
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Open AccessArticle
The “New Evangelization” in Post-Communist Romania: Conflict, Common Witness and Dialogue Between Orthodox and Evangelicals
by
Doru Marcu
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121539 - 6 Dec 2025
Abstract
In post-December Romania of 1989, after the fall of the communist regime, the presence of Christian Churches or groups in the public space became possible again. As a majority Church, the Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC) considered itself entitled to initiate new evangelization activities.
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In post-December Romania of 1989, after the fall of the communist regime, the presence of Christian Churches or groups in the public space became possible again. As a majority Church, the Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC) considered itself entitled to initiate new evangelization activities. At the same time, from the perspective of Western missionary groups, Romania was a terra missionis, which triggered a new wave of hetero-Orthodox missionary projects. Over the course of the last three decades, inter-Christian relations in Romania have gone through conflict, common witness and even dialogue. The primary objective of this research is to offer a revised understanding of the “new evangelization” paradigm in Romania in the late 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, from a missiological perspective, considering the Romanian Orthodox–Evangelical relations. This research will also critically present the most important moments of the Christian dialogue, which moved from conflict to common witness and even to official and unofficial dialogue.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Religious Phenomena in Romania in the 20th and Early 21st Centuries)
Open AccessArticle
Ideological Weapon and Sacralizing Narrative: On the Jesuit Drama Pietas Victrix and the Construction of Habsburg Legitimacy
by
Jue Wang
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1538; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121538 - 6 Dec 2025
Abstract
In the context of early modern Catholic global missions, the Jesuit strategies for proselytizing Protestant heretics within Europe exhibited operational mechanisms distinct from those employed in overseas non-Christian populations. Focusing on the seventeenth-century Jesuit drama Pietas Victrix, this article examines the process
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In the context of early modern Catholic global missions, the Jesuit strategies for proselytizing Protestant heretics within Europe exhibited operational mechanisms distinct from those employed in overseas non-Christian populations. Focusing on the seventeenth-century Jesuit drama Pietas Victrix, this article examines the process by which drama was forged into an ideological weapon serving the project of constructing legitimacy during the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Research demonstrates that Jesuit drama transcended the purely esthetic sphere of literature and art, becoming a propaganda tool that integrated Tridentine dogma, anti-Protestant polemics, and the sacralizing narratives of the Habsburg dynasty. In the play, the Jesuit Nicolaus von Avancini (1611–1686) converts abstract politico-theological ideas into tangible political loyalty through narrative strategies and the coordinated use of multiple art forms, mobilizing sensory spectacle and the affective force of total work of art within the Habsburg court—the empire’s core political arena—to reconfigure confessional identity, contest ideological leadership, and accumulate crucial social legitimacy for both the Habsburgs and the Society of Jesus. This paper contends that Jesuit drama, exemplified by Pietas Victrix, represents a missionary form rooted in Thomistic theology yet highly politicized. By situating the play within the context of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, it demonstrates how drama was forged into a potent ideological weapon for legitimacy contestation. This study provides a case for interpreting how the Jesuits utilized cultural media to participate in power construction and self-representation, thereby refining our understanding of the mechanisms of cultural politics in early modern Europe.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catholic Propaganda on the Frontiers: Evangelizing Pagans, Protestants, and Non-Believers in the 16th and 17th Centuries)
Open AccessArticle
The Crisis and Turning Point of Cultivation Deviations in Daoist Neidan: A Study on the Phenomenon of Zouhuo Rumo (走火入魔) and Its Contemporary Therapeutic Implications
by
Ruoyi Wang and Changchun Ding
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121537 - 6 Dec 2025
Abstract
Current research on Daoist neidan (內丹, Internal Alchemy) has primarily focused on its philosophical frameworks, practical methods, and therapeutic benefits; however, systematic inquiry into the mechanisms of failure during practice remains limited. This study investigates the long-neglected yet pivotal phenomenon of zouhuo rumo
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Current research on Daoist neidan (內丹, Internal Alchemy) has primarily focused on its philosophical frameworks, practical methods, and therapeutic benefits; however, systematic inquiry into the mechanisms of failure during practice remains limited. This study investigates the long-neglected yet pivotal phenomenon of zouhuo rumo (走火入魔, fire deviation and entry into demonic states) within Daoist cultivation, especially as it emerges in the context of dual cultivation of xing and ming (性命雙修). Through textual and hermeneutical analysis, this study traces the historical evolution, semantic transformation, and causal structure of the term, revealing its dual function as both a technical deviation and a religious warning. Findings indicate that zouhuo rumo arises from the interplay of impure self-refinement, loss of mental focus, improper fire phases (火候), and illusory disturbances, reflecting a profound psychosomatic imbalance rooted in the practitioner’s mind-nature (心性). Daoism interprets this state as mokao (魔考, demonic trials in Daoist cultivation), a transformative mechanism designed to refine inner alignment. On this basis, this study proposes a three-stage healing pathway—Spirit Preservation and Breath Stabilization (存神定息), Inner Vision and Self-Reflection (內觀返照), and Transformation of Form and Refinement of Essence (化形改質)—and constructs a Daoist cultural healing model that integrates moral cultivation, breath regulation, and introspection. This model provides a non-pathologizing cultural framework for enhancing psychological resilience, reconstructing meaning, and addressing contemporary spiritual and psychological crises.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Daoist Inner Alchemy Atlas: Practice and Related Medicine, Thunder Rites and Iconology)
Open AccessArticle
Rethinking New Testament Exegesis Through a Dis/Ability-Informed Lens: Conceptual Insights, Research Trajectories, and Interpretive Examples
by
Susanne Luther
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1536; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121536 - 5 Dec 2025
Abstract
The hermeneutical engagement with biblical texts informed by Dis/ability Studies expands the framework of historical-critical exegesis by introducing a perspective that seeks to deconstruct those conceptualizations and power structures which contribute to the stigmatization and discrimination of individuals who do not conform to
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The hermeneutical engagement with biblical texts informed by Dis/ability Studies expands the framework of historical-critical exegesis by introducing a perspective that seeks to deconstruct those conceptualizations and power structures which contribute to the stigmatization and discrimination of individuals who do not conform to the socioculturally constructed ideals of normalcy and autonomy. This article offers an overview of current scholarship on the subject and highlights the opportunities and possibilities for new interpretive directions opened up by a dis/ability-critical hermeneutic.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Testament Studies—Current Trends and Criticisms—2nd Edition)
Open AccessEditorial
Engaging Religious Plurality Within Australian and New Zealand Catholic Schools: Particularity in Dialogue with Diversity
by
William Sultmann, Peta Goldburg and David Hall
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121535 - 5 Dec 2025
Abstract
Catholic schools in Australia and New Zealand educate young people within a context of unprecedented social, cultural, and religious diversity [...]
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Engaging Religious Plurality within Australian and New Zealand Catholic Schools: Particularity in Dialogue with Diversity)
Open AccessArticle
The Animation of Nature and the Nature of Animation—The Life of Made Objects from the “Record of Tool Specters” to the “Night Parade of Hundred Demons”
by
Fabio Gygi
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121534 - 5 Dec 2025
Abstract
This article argues that animism in the Japanese context is more fruitfully understood as animation, a technique that imbues man-made things with life. Two forms of animation are at work in so-called animist beliefs: one is the docile animation of instruments when skillfully
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This article argues that animism in the Japanese context is more fruitfully understood as animation, a technique that imbues man-made things with life. Two forms of animation are at work in so-called animist beliefs: one is the docile animation of instruments when skillfully used by humans, in which case the instrument becomes part of the human body; the other is the sense of aliveness that one experiences when an object resists human use and intention. This latter sense is crucial for the narrative of the 14th century illustrated scroll “The Record of Tool Specters” and the painted genre of “Night Parade of Hundred Demons”, in which everyday objects, vessels and instruments appear as demons and threaten human life. These images show how the instruments come alive through animation strategies intrinsic to the illustrated scroll as a medium, activated by the performances of professional storytellers and shaped by the artists’ anthropomorphizing imagination. The tool specters, on the cusp of breaking free from human bondage, are recaptured in a different network of meaning, allusion and fecund cultural production. What animates the inanimate objects is a media infrastructure, a network of media platforms that stretches back in time and that allows these apparitions to be conjured in different forms and contexts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Religions and Humanities/Philosophies)
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From Authority to Symbol: The Channels, Conditions and Reception of the Post-Memorial Transmission of John Paul II’s Heritage
by
Stanisław Fel, Jarosław Kozak and Adelaide di Maggio
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1533; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121533 - 5 Dec 2025
Abstract
The heritage of John Paul II (JP2), a widely recognised religious and political leader, remains an important part of Polish heritage. However, the values and teachings he embodied appear to be increasingly disconnected from the younger generation. This study aims to assess whether
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The heritage of John Paul II (JP2), a widely recognised religious and political leader, remains an important part of Polish heritage. However, the values and teachings he embodied appear to be increasingly disconnected from the younger generation. This study aims to assess whether the memory of JP2 today functions as an internalised heritage among young adults in Poland (aged 29–35) or whether it serves primarily as a symbolic point of reference. Drawing on Marianne Hirsch’s concept of post-memory, the study conducted a representative survey (n = 500) of young adults in Poland. The study constructed an empirical post-memory indicator of JP2’s heritage, incorporating information on the pope and own religiosity. Findings show that the memory of JP2 is primarily transmitted through family, school and traditional media. Other institutional and non-institutional channels of communication play a lesser role. JP2’s legacy exists as a form of cultural memory present within social structures, but it is becoming less and less relevant to the personal identity of young people. This study demonstrates the applicability of Hirsch’s concept of post-memory to quantitative analysis of religious heritage in a post-confessional context.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Religious Transmission Across Generations: Challenges, Continuities, and Changes)
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The Transformation and Cultural Adaptation of Jātaka Elements in Classic Malay Literature
by
Siaw Hung Ng
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1532; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121532 - 5 Dec 2025
Abstract
The literature of the Malay world, profoundly influenced by Indian traditions, frequently adheres to the narrative patterns found in Indian literature. With the rise of Islam, literary works in the Parrot Story collection were used to propagate Islamic teachings, while subsequent adaptations and
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The literature of the Malay world, profoundly influenced by Indian traditions, frequently adheres to the narrative patterns found in Indian literature. With the rise of Islam, literary works in the Parrot Story collection were used to propagate Islamic teachings, while subsequent adaptations and reinterpretations have led to relatively independent content. Within the framework of Sanskrit culture, the Jātaka Tales have also exerted a significant influence. Before the widespread adoption of written texts, these tales were transmitted orally and gradually evolved into written literature as local languages developed. Traveling along maritime trade routes, these tales were adapted through the use of indigenous vocabulary, reinterpretation of plots, and structural imitation in the Malay world. While grounded in Buddhist thought, these tales also reflect the social and cultural realities of the Malay world. The dissemination of Jātaka Tales across Southeast Asia underscores the broader religious and cultural diffusion patterns facilitated by maritime networks. This paper situates Jātaka literature within a broader context of religious and cultural exchange throughout the Asian maritime realm, examining the intersection of Jātaka Tales with early Malay regional narrative traditions and Indian literature. Specifically, it compares several parallel Jātaka stories in parrot stories such as the Persian version Tūtī Nāmah and its Malay translation Hikayat Bayan Budiman, demonstrating their transformation across various languages and cultures, revealing a complex process of cultural negotiation. In addition to Indic influences, the Malay literary tradition was shaped through interactions with Sinitic religious and artistic currents, fostering a syncretic environment where Hindu, Buddhist, and later, Islamic elements coexisted and merged, illuminating the dynamic interplay of Indic and Sinitic influences on the development of Malay literary traditions.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Buddhist Literature and Art across Eurasia)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Natural Metaphors: Expressions of Mystical Experience in John of the Cross, Etty Hillesum, and Björk
by
Anderson Fabián Santos Meza
Religions 2025, 16(12), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16121531 - 4 Dec 2025
Abstract
In the twenty-first century, academic approaches to mysticism often risk reducing the Mystery to an object of erudition and historical distance, as if mystical experience belonged solely to a pre-modern past. Yet, when one encounters the “natural metaphors” that emerge within mystical writings—images
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In the twenty-first century, academic approaches to mysticism often risk reducing the Mystery to an object of erudition and historical distance, as if mystical experience belonged solely to a pre-modern past. Yet, when one encounters the “natural metaphors” that emerge within mystical writings—images of rivers, gardens, fire, and wind—it becomes almost impossible to silence the invitation to perceive the sacred as still unfolding in the present. This article proposes an embodied and associative reflection that brings into conversation the poetry of John of the Cross (1542–1591), the intimate diaries of Etty Hillesum (1914–1943), and the musical and visual work of the contemporary artist Björk Guðmundsdóttir (b. 1965). Through this triadic encounter, I argue that natural metaphors are not mere literary ornaments but symbolic languages that articulate the ineffable through the elemental languages of the earth. They sustain a theology of embodiment, relationality, and transformation that traverses epochs and artistic media. The study also seeks to fracture rigid and hegemonic readings that have confined mystical texts within colonial geographies of interpretation—readings that domesticate spiritual experience through rigid doctrinal frameworks. In contrast, this essay advocates for a decolonial hermeneutics of the mystical imagination, one that recognizes how the natural, the esthetic, and the spiritual interweave in the polyphony of the world. By reading John of the Cross, Hillesum, and Björk together, I suggest that mystical experience continues to unfold today through poetry, diary, and sound—where theology becomes not only a matter of thought but of vibration, beauty, and embodied openness to the Mystery.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mysticism and Nature)
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