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Broken Bar Fault Detection Using Taylor–Fourier Filters and Statistical Analysis
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Matter-Aggregating Low-Dimensional Nanostructures at the Edge of the Classical vs. Quantum Realm
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Multi-Qubit Bose–Einstein Condensate Trap for Atomic Boson Sampling
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Information and Agreement in the Reputation Game Simulation
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VeVaPy, a Python Platform for Efficient Verification and Validation of Systems Biology Models with Demonstrations Using Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Models
Journal Description
Entropy
Entropy
is an international and interdisciplinary peer-reviewed open access journal of entropy and information studies, published monthly online by MDPI. The International Society for the Study of Information (IS4SI) and Spanish Society of Biomedical Engineering (SEIB) are affiliated with Entropy and their members receive a discount on the article processing charge.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), MathSciNet, Inspec, PubMed, PMC, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Physics, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q1 (Mathematical Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2022).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Entropy.
- Companion journals for Entropy include: Foundations, Thermo and MAKE.
Impact Factor:
2.738 (2021);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.642 (2021)
Latest Articles
Robust Variable Selection with Exponential Squared Loss for the Spatial Single-Index Varying-Coefficient Model
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020230 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2023
Abstract
As spatial correlation and heterogeneity often coincide in the data, we propose a spatial single-index varying-coefficient model. For the model, in this paper, a robust variable selection method based on spline estimation and exponential squared loss is offered to estimate parameters and identify
[...] Read more.
As spatial correlation and heterogeneity often coincide in the data, we propose a spatial single-index varying-coefficient model. For the model, in this paper, a robust variable selection method based on spline estimation and exponential squared loss is offered to estimate parameters and identify significant variables. We establish the theoretical properties under some regularity conditions. A block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm with the concave–convex process (CCCP) is composed uniquely for solving algorithms. Simulations show that our methods perform well even though observations are noisy or the estimated spatial mass matrix is inaccurate.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spatial–Temporal Data Analysis and Its Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Dissipation + Utilization = Self-Organization
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020229 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2023
Abstract
This article applies the thermocontextual interpretation (TCI) to open dissipative systems. TCI is a generalization of the conceptual frameworks underlying mechanics and thermodynamics. It defines exergy with respect to the positive-temperature surroundings as a property of state, and it defines the dissipation and
[...] Read more.
This article applies the thermocontextual interpretation (TCI) to open dissipative systems. TCI is a generalization of the conceptual frameworks underlying mechanics and thermodynamics. It defines exergy with respect to the positive-temperature surroundings as a property of state, and it defines the dissipation and utilization of exergy as functional properties of process. The Second Law of thermodynamics states that an isolated system maximizes its entropy (by dissipating and minimizing its exergy). TCI’s Postulate Four generalizes the Second Law for non-isolated systems. A non-isolated system minimizes its exergy, but it can do so either by dissipating exergy or utilizing it. A non-isolated dissipator can utilize exergy either by performing external work on the surroundings or by carrying out the internal work of sustaining other dissipators within a dissipative network. TCI defines a dissipative system’s efficiency by the ratio of exergy utilization to exergy input. TCI’s Postulate Five (MaxEff), introduced here, states that a system maximizes its efficiency to the extent allowed by the system’s kinetics and thermocontextual boundary constraints. Two paths of increasing efficiency lead to higher rates of growth and to higher functional complexity for dissipative networks. These are key features for the origin and evolution of life.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dissipative Structuring in Life)
Open AccessArticle
Improved Transformer-Based Dual-Path Network with Amplitude and Complex Domain Feature Fusion for Speech Enhancement
by
and
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020228 (registering DOI) - 26 Jan 2023
Abstract
Most previous speech enhancement methods only predict amplitude features, but more and more studies have proved that phase information is crucial for speech quality. Recently, there have also been some methods to choose complex features, but complex masks are difficult to estimate. Removing
[...] Read more.
Most previous speech enhancement methods only predict amplitude features, but more and more studies have proved that phase information is crucial for speech quality. Recently, there have also been some methods to choose complex features, but complex masks are difficult to estimate. Removing noise while maintaining good speech quality at low signal-to-noise ratios is still a problem. This study proposes a dual-path network structure for speech enhancement that can model complex spectra and amplitudes simultaneously, and introduces an attention-aware feature fusion module to fuse the two features to facilitate overall spectrum recovery. In addition, we improve a transformer-based feature extraction module that can efficiently extract local and global features. The proposed network achieves better performance than the baseline models in experiments on the Voice Bank + DEMAND dataset. We also conducted ablation experiments to verify the effectiveness of the dual-path structure, the improved transformer, and the fusion module, and investigated the effect of the input-mask multiplication strategy on the results.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information-Theoretic Approaches in Speech Processing and Recognition)
Open AccessArticle
Thermodynamic Assessment of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Fatty Liver Disease Diets on Longevity
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020227 - 25 Jan 2023
Abstract
Organisms uptake energy from their diet and maintain a highly organized structure by importing energy and exporting entropy. A fraction of the generated entropy is accumulated in their bodies, thus causing ageing. Hayflick’s entropic age concept suggests that the lifespan of organisms is
[...] Read more.
Organisms uptake energy from their diet and maintain a highly organized structure by importing energy and exporting entropy. A fraction of the generated entropy is accumulated in their bodies, thus causing ageing. Hayflick’s entropic age concept suggests that the lifespan of organisms is determined by the amount of entropy they generate. Organisms die after reaching their lifespan entropy generation limit. On the basis of the lifespan entropy generation concept, this study suggests that an intermittent fasting diet, which means skipping some meals without increasing the calories uptake in the other courses, may increase longevity. More than 1.32 million people died in 2017 because of chronic liver diseases, and a quarter of the world’s population has non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There are no specific dietary guidelines available for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases but shifting to a healthier diet is recommended as the primary treatment. A healthy obese person may generate 119.9 kJ/kg K per year of entropy and generate a total of 4796 kJ/kg K entropy in the first 40 years of life. If obese persons continue to consume the same diet, they may have 94 years of life expectancy. After age 40, Child–Pugh Score A, B, and C NAFLD patients may generate 126.2, 149.9, and 272.5 kJ/kg K year of entropy and have 92, 84, and 64 years of life expectancy, respectively. If they were to make a major recommended shift in their diet, the life expectancy of Child–Pugh Score A, B, and C patients may increase by 29, 32, and 43 years, respectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Special Applications of the Second Law of Thermodynamics: From a Cell to Society)
Open AccessArticle
On the Security of Offloading Post-Processing for Quantum Key Distribution
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020226 - 24 Jan 2023
Abstract
Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been researched for almost four decades and is currently making its way to commercial applications. However, deployment of the technology at scale is challenging because of the very particular nature of QKD and its physical limitations. Among other
[...] Read more.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been researched for almost four decades and is currently making its way to commercial applications. However, deployment of the technology at scale is challenging because of the very particular nature of QKD and its physical limitations. Among other issues, QKD is computationally intensive in the post-processing phase, and devices are therefore complex and power hungry, which leads to problems in certain application scenarios. In this work, we study the possibility to offload computationally intensive parts in the QKD post-processing stack in a secure way to untrusted hardware. We show how error correction can be securely offloaded for discrete-variable QKD to a single untrusted server and that the same method cannot be used for long-distance continuous-variable QKD. Furthermore, we analyze possibilities for multi-server protocols to be used for error correction and privacy amplification. Even in cases where it is not possible to offload to an external server, being able to delegate computation to untrusted hardware components on the device itself could improve the cost and certification effort for device manufacturers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technology in Quantum Cryptography)
Open AccessArticle
Rank-Adaptive Tensor Completion Based on Tucker Decomposition
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020225 - 24 Jan 2023
Abstract
Tensor completion is a fundamental tool to estimate unknown information from observed data, which is widely used in many areas, including image and video recovery, traffic data completion and the multi-input multi-output problems in information theory. Based on Tucker decomposition, this paper proposes
[...] Read more.
Tensor completion is a fundamental tool to estimate unknown information from observed data, which is widely used in many areas, including image and video recovery, traffic data completion and the multi-input multi-output problems in information theory. Based on Tucker decomposition, this paper proposes a new algorithm to complete tensors with missing data. In decomposition-based tensor completion methods, underestimation or overestimation of tensor ranks can lead to inaccurate results. To tackle this problem, we design an alternative iterating method that breaks the original problem into several matrix completion subproblems and adaptively adjusts the multilinear rank of the model during optimization procedures. Through numerical experiments on synthetic data and authentic images, we show that the proposed method can effectively estimate the tensor ranks and predict the missing entries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multiuser Information Theory)
Open AccessArticle
Wealth Redistribution and Mutual Aid: Comparison Using Equivalent/Non-Equivalent Exchange Models of Econophysics
by
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020224 - 24 Jan 2023
Abstract
Given wealth inequality worldwide, there is an urgent need to identify the mode of wealth exchange through which it arises. To address the research gap regarding models that combine equivalent exchange and redistribution, this study compares an equivalent market exchange with redistribution based
[...] Read more.
Given wealth inequality worldwide, there is an urgent need to identify the mode of wealth exchange through which it arises. To address the research gap regarding models that combine equivalent exchange and redistribution, this study compares an equivalent market exchange with redistribution based on power centers and a non-equivalent exchange with mutual aid using the Polanyi, Graeber, and Karatani modes of exchange. Two new exchange models based on multi-agent interactions are reconstructed following an econophysics-based approach for evaluating the Gini index (inequality) and total exchange (economic flow). Exchange simulations indicate that the evaluation parameter of the total exchange divided by the Gini index can be expressed by the same saturated curvilinear approximate equation using the wealth transfer rate and time period of redistribution, the surplus contribution rate of the wealthy, and the saving rate. However, considering the coercion of taxes and its associated costs and independence based on the morality of mutual aid, a non-equivalent exchange without return obligation is preferred. This is oriented toward Graeber's baseline communism and Karatani's mode of exchange D, with implications for alternatives to the capitalist economy.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Physics and Its Applications in Economics and Social Sciences)
Open AccessArticle
Limiting Performance of the Ejector Refrigeration Cycle with Pure Working Fluids
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020223 - 24 Jan 2023
Abstract
An ejector refrigeration system is a promising heat-driven refrigeration technology for energy consumption. The ideal cycle of an ejector refrigeration cycle (ERC) is a compound cycle with an inverse Carnot cycle driven by a Carnot cycle. The coefficient of performance (COP)
[...] Read more.
An ejector refrigeration system is a promising heat-driven refrigeration technology for energy consumption. The ideal cycle of an ejector refrigeration cycle (ERC) is a compound cycle with an inverse Carnot cycle driven by a Carnot cycle. The coefficient of performance (COP) of this ideal cycle represents the theoretical upper bound of ERC, and it does not contain any information about the properties of working fluids, which is a key cause of the large energy efficiency gap between the actual cycle and the ideal cycle. In this paper, the limiting COP and thermodynamics perfection of subcritical ERC is derived to evaluate the ERC efficiency limit under the constraint of pure working fluids. 15 pure fluids are employed to demonstrate the effects of working fluids on limiting COP and limiting thermodynamics perfection. The limiting COP is expressed as the function of the working fluid thermophysical parameters and the operating temperatures. The thermophysical parameters are the specific entropy increase in the generating process and the slope of the saturated liquid, and the limiting COP increases with these two parameters. The result shows R152a, R141b, and R123 have the best performance, and the limiting thermodynamic perfections at the referenced state are 86.8%, 84.90%, and 83.67%, respectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Entropy and Exergy Analysis in Ejector-Based Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
High-Degree Collisional Moments of Inelastic Maxwell Mixtures—Application to the Homogeneous Cooling and Uniform Shear Flow States
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020222 - 24 Jan 2023
Abstract
The Boltzmann equation for d-dimensional inelastic Maxwell models is considered to determine the collisional moments of the second, third and fourth degree in a granular binary mixture. These collisional moments are exactly evaluated in terms of the velocity moments of the distribution
[...] Read more.
The Boltzmann equation for d-dimensional inelastic Maxwell models is considered to determine the collisional moments of the second, third and fourth degree in a granular binary mixture. These collisional moments are exactly evaluated in terms of the velocity moments of the distribution function of each species when diffusion is absent (mass flux of each species vanishes). The corresponding associated eigenvalues as well as cross coefficients are obtained as functions of the coefficients of normal restitution and the parameters of the mixture (masses, diameters and composition). The results are applied to the analysis of the time evolution of the moments (scaled with a thermal speed) in two different nonequilibrium situations: the homogeneous cooling state (HCS) and the uniform (or simple) shear flow (USF) state. In the case of the HCS, in contrast to what happens for simple granular gases, it is demonstrated that the third and fourth degree moments could diverge in time for given values of the parameters of the system. An exhaustive study on the influence of the parameter space of the mixture on the time behavior of these moments is carried out. Then, the time evolution of the second- and third-degree velocity moments in the USF is studied in the tracer limit (namely, when the concentration of one of the species is negligible). As expected, while the second-degree moments are always convergent, the third-degree moments of the tracer species can be also divergent in the long time limit.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Applied Statistical Mechanics)
Open AccessArticle
Integral Reinforcement-Learning-Based Optimal Containment Control for Partially Unknown Nonlinear Multiagent Systems
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020221 - 23 Jan 2023
Abstract
This paper focuses on the optimal containment control problem for the nonlinear multiagent systems with partially unknown dynamics via an integral reinforcement learning algorithm. By employing integral reinforcement learning, the requirement of the drift dynamics is relaxed. The integral reinforcement learning method is
[...] Read more.
This paper focuses on the optimal containment control problem for the nonlinear multiagent systems with partially unknown dynamics via an integral reinforcement learning algorithm. By employing integral reinforcement learning, the requirement of the drift dynamics is relaxed. The integral reinforcement learning method is proved to be equivalent to the model-based policy iteration, which guarantees the convergence of the proposed control algorithm. For each follower, the Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation is solved by a single critic neural network with a modified updating law which guarantees the weight error dynamic to be asymptotically stable. Through using input–output data, the approximate optimal containment control protocol of each follower is obtained by applying the critic neural network. The closed-loop containment error system is guaranteed to be stable under the proposed optimal containment control scheme. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented control scheme.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Complex Systems and Artificial Intelligence)
Open AccessArticle
A Textual Backdoor Defense Method Based on Deep Feature Classification
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020220 - 23 Jan 2023
Abstract
Natural language processing (NLP) models based on deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing backdoor defense methods have limited effectiveness and coverage scenarios. We propose a textual backdoor defense method based on deep feature classification. The method includes deep feature
[...] Read more.
Natural language processing (NLP) models based on deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to backdoor attacks. Existing backdoor defense methods have limited effectiveness and coverage scenarios. We propose a textual backdoor defense method based on deep feature classification. The method includes deep feature extraction and classifier construction. The method exploits the distinguishability of deep features of poisoned data and benign data. Backdoor defense is implemented in both offline and online scenarios. We conducted defense experiments on two datasets and two models for a variety of backdoor attacks. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this defense approach and outperform the baseline defense method.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Information Security and Privacy: From IoT to IoV)
Open AccessArticle
Investigating Deep Stock Market Forecasting with Sentiment Analysis
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020219 - 23 Jan 2023
Abstract
When forecasting financial time series, incorporating relevant sentiment analysis data into the feature space is a common assumption to increase the capacities of the model. In addition, deep learning architectures and state-of-the-art schemes are increasingly used due to their efficiency. This work compares
[...] Read more.
When forecasting financial time series, incorporating relevant sentiment analysis data into the feature space is a common assumption to increase the capacities of the model. In addition, deep learning architectures and state-of-the-art schemes are increasingly used due to their efficiency. This work compares state-of-the-art methods in financial time series forecasting incorporating sentiment analysis. Through an extensive experimental process, 67 different feature setups consisting of stock closing prices and sentiment scores were tested on a variety of different datasets and metrics. In total, 30 state-of-the-art algorithmic schemes were used over two case studies: one comparing methods and one comparing input feature setups. The aggregated results indicate, on the one hand, the prevalence of a proposed method and, on the other, a conditional improvement in model efficiency after the incorporation of sentiment setups in certain forecast time frames.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Developments in Econophysics)
Open AccessArticle
Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.11p MAC with Considering Capture Effect under Nakagami-m Fading Channel in VANETs
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020218 - 22 Jan 2023
Abstract
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have recently drawn a large amount of attention because of their enormous potential in road safety improvement and traffic management as well as infotainment service support. As the standard of medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers
[...] Read more.
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have recently drawn a large amount of attention because of their enormous potential in road safety improvement and traffic management as well as infotainment service support. As the standard of medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers for VANETs, IEEE 802.11p has been proposed for more than a decade. Though performance analyses of IEEE 802.11p MAC have been performed, the existing analytical methods still need to be improved. In this paper, to assess the saturated throughput and the average packet delay of IEEE 802.11p MAC in VANETs, a two-dimensional (2-D) Markov model is introduced by considering the capture effect under Nakagami-m fading channel. Moreover, the closed-form expressions of successful transmission, collided transmission, saturated throughput, and average packet delay are carefully derived. Finally, the simulation results are demonstrated to verify the accuracy of the proposed analytical model, which also proves that this analytical model is more precise than the existing ones in terms of saturated throughput and average packet delay.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Sensor Networks and Their Applications)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Inverted Oscillator Quantum States in the Probability Representation
by
and
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020217 - 22 Jan 2023
Abstract
The quantizer–dequantizer formalism is used to construct the probability representation of quantum system states. Comparison with the probability representation of classical system states is discussed. Examples of probability distributions describing the system of parametric oscillators and inverted oscillators are presented.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Mechanics and Its Foundations III)
Open AccessArticle
On the Thermodynamics of Particles Obeying Monotone Statistics
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020216 - 22 Jan 2023
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to provide a preliminary investigation of the thermodynamics of particles obeying monotone statistics. To render the potential physical applications realistic, we propose a modified scheme called block-monotone, based on a partial order arising from the
[...] Read more.
The aim of the present paper is to provide a preliminary investigation of the thermodynamics of particles obeying monotone statistics. To render the potential physical applications realistic, we propose a modified scheme called block-monotone, based on a partial order arising from the natural one on the spectrum of a positive Hamiltonian with compact resolvent. The block-monotone scheme is never comparable with the weak monotone one and is reduced to the usual monotone scheme whenever all the eigenvalues of the involved Hamiltonian are non-degenerate. Through a detailed analysis of a model based on the quantum harmonic oscillator, we can see that: (a) the computation of the grand-partition function does not require the Gibbs correction factor (connected with the indistinguishability of particles) in the various terms of its expansion with respect to the activity; and (b) the decimation of terms contributing to the grand-partition function leads to a kind of “exclusion principle” analogous to the Pauli exclusion principle enjoined by Fermi particles, which is more relevant in the high-density regime and becomes negligible in the low-density regime, as expected.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Statistical Physics)
Open AccessArticle
ELAA: An Ensemble-Learning-Based Adversarial Attack Targeting Image-Classification Model
by
and
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020215 - 22 Jan 2023
Abstract
The research on image-classification-adversarial attacks is crucial in the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) security. Most of the image-classification-adversarial attack methods are for white-box settings, demanding target model gradients and network architectures, which is less practical when facing real-world cases. However, black-box adversarial
[...] Read more.
The research on image-classification-adversarial attacks is crucial in the realm of artificial intelligence (AI) security. Most of the image-classification-adversarial attack methods are for white-box settings, demanding target model gradients and network architectures, which is less practical when facing real-world cases. However, black-box adversarial attacks immune to the above limitations and reinforcement learning (RL) seem to be a feasible solution to explore an optimized evasion policy. Unfortunately, existing RL-based works perform worse than expected in the attack success rate. In light of these challenges, we propose an ensemble-learning-based adversarial attack (ELAA) targeting image-classification models which aggregate and optimize multiple reinforcement learning (RL) base learners, which further reveals the vulnerabilities of learning-based image-classification models. Experimental results show that the attack success rate for the ensemble model is about 35% higher than for a single model. The attack success rate of ELAA is 15% higher than those of the baseline methods.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Investigating Dynamical Complexity and Fractal Characteristics of Bitcoin/US Dollar and Euro/US Dollar Exchange Rates around the COVID-19 Outbreak
by
, , , , and
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020214 - 22 Jan 2023
Abstract
This article investigates the dynamical complexity and fractal characteristics changes of the Bitcoin/US dollar (BTC/USD) and Euro/US dollar (EUR/USD) returns in the period before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. More specifically, we applied the asymmetric multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (A-MF-DFA)
[...] Read more.
This article investigates the dynamical complexity and fractal characteristics changes of the Bitcoin/US dollar (BTC/USD) and Euro/US dollar (EUR/USD) returns in the period before and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. More specifically, we applied the asymmetric multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (A-MF-DFA) method to investigate the temporal evolution of the asymmetric multifractal spectrum parameters. In addition, we examined the temporal evolution of Fuzzy entropy, non-extensive Tsallis entropy, Shannon entropy, and Fisher information. Our research was motivated to contribute to the comprehension of the pandemic’s impact and the possible changes it caused in two currencies that play a key role in the modern financial system. Our results revealed that for the overall trend both before and after the outbreak of the pandemic, the BTC/USD returns exhibited persistent behavior while the EUR/USD returns exhibited anti-persistent behavior. Additionally, after the outbreak of COVID-19, there was an increase in the degree of multifractality, a dominance of large fluctuations, as well as a sharp decrease of the complexity (i.e., increase of the order and information content and decrease of randomness) of both BTC/USD and EUR/USD returns. The World Health Organization (WHO) announcement, in which COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic, appears to have had a significant impact on the sudden change in complexity. Our findings can help both investors and risk managers, as well as policymakers, to formulate a comprehensive response to the occurrence of such external events.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Signatures of Maturity in Cryptocurrency Market)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Quantum Oscillator at Temperature T and the Evolution of a Charged-Particle State in the Electric Field in the Probability Representation of Quantum Mechanics
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020213 - 22 Jan 2023
Abstract
A short review constructing the probability representation of quantum mechanics is given, and examples of the probability distributions describing the states of quantum oscillator at temperature T and the evolution of quantum states of a charged particle moving in the electric field of
[...] Read more.
A short review constructing the probability representation of quantum mechanics is given, and examples of the probability distributions describing the states of quantum oscillator at temperature T and the evolution of quantum states of a charged particle moving in the electric field of an electrical capacitor are considered. Explicit forms of time-dependent integrals of motion, linear in the position and momentum, are used to obtain varying probability distributions describing the evolving states of the charged particle. Entropies corresponding to the probability distributions of initial coherent states of the charged particle are discussed. The relation of the Feynman path integral to the probability representation of quantum mechanics is established.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Nonstationary Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Quantum Control by Few-Cycles Pulses: The Two-Level Problem
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020212 - 22 Jan 2023
Abstract
We investigate the problem of population transfer in a two-states system driven by an external electromagnetic field featuring a few cycles, until the extreme limit of two or one cycle. Taking the physical constraint of zero-area total field into account, we determine strategies
[...] Read more.
We investigate the problem of population transfer in a two-states system driven by an external electromagnetic field featuring a few cycles, until the extreme limit of two or one cycle. Taking the physical constraint of zero-area total field into account, we determine strategies leading to ultrahigh-fidelity population transfer despite the failure of the rotating wave approximation. We specifically implement adiabatic passage based on adiabatic Floquet theory for a number of cycles as low as 2.5 cycles, finding and making the dynamics follow an adiabatic trajectory connecting the initial and targeted states. Nonadiabatic strategies with shaped or chirped pulses, extending the -pulse regime to two- or single-cycle pulses, are also derived.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Control and Quantum Computing)
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Open AccessArticle
Seeing the Error in My “Bayes”: A Quantified Degree of Belief Change Correlates with Children’s Pupillary Surprise Responses Following Explicit Predictions
Entropy 2023, 25(2), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/e25020211 - 21 Jan 2023
Abstract
Bayesian models allow us to investigate children’s belief revision alongside physiological states, such as “surprise”. Recent work finds that pupil dilation (or the “pupillary surprise response”) following expectancy violations is predictive of belief revision. How can probabilistic models inform the interpretations of “surprise”?
[...] Read more.
Bayesian models allow us to investigate children’s belief revision alongside physiological states, such as “surprise”. Recent work finds that pupil dilation (or the “pupillary surprise response”) following expectancy violations is predictive of belief revision. How can probabilistic models inform the interpretations of “surprise”? Shannon Information considers the likelihood of an observed event, given prior beliefs, and suggests stronger surprise occurs following unlikely events. In contrast, Kullback–Leibler divergence considers the dissimilarity between prior beliefs and updated beliefs following observations—with greater surprise indicating more change between belief states to accommodate information. To assess these accounts under different learning contexts, we use Bayesian models that compare these computational measures of “surprise” to contexts where children are asked to either predict or evaluate the same evidence during a water displacement task. We find correlations between the computed Kullback–Leibler divergence and the children’s pupillometric responses only when the children actively make predictions, and no correlation between Shannon Information and pupillometry. This suggests that when children attend to their beliefs and make predictions, pupillary responses may signal the degree of divergence between a child’s current beliefs and the updated, more accommodating beliefs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probabilistic Models in Machine and Human Learning)
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Recent Trends in Image Processing and Pattern Recognition
Topic Editors: KC Santosh, Ayush Goyal, Djamila Aouada, Aaisha Makkar, Yao-Yi Chiang, Satish Kumar Singh, Alejandro Rodríguez-GonzálezDeadline: 22 April 2023

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Entropy
Complex Systems Approach to Social Dynamics
Guest Editors: Yerali Gandica, Floriana GargiuloDeadline: 31 January 2023
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Statistical Physics of Collective Behavior
Guest Editor: Bryan DanielsDeadline: 15 February 2023
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Advances in Information Sciences and Applications
Guest Editor: Jaesung LeeDeadline: 28 February 2023
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Lectures on Recent Experimental Achievements in Quantum-Enhanced Technologies
Guest Editors: Valentina Parigi, Fabio Sciarrino, Rosario Lo FrancoDeadline: 20 March 2023
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Algorithmic Information Dynamics: A Computational Approach to Causality from Cells to Networks
Collection Editors: Hector Zenil, Felipe Abrahão
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Wavelets, Fractals and Information Theory
Collection Editor: Carlo Cattani
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Entropy in Image Analysis
Collection Editor: Amelia Carolina Sparavigna