Life

10 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Increase in Functional Visual Loss: Another Side-Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic?

by Andrea Lembo, Ilia Bresesti, Sofia Ginelli, Irene Schiavetti and Paolo Nucci

Life 2025, 15(5), 699; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050699 - 25 Apr 2025

Background: Functional visual loss (FVL), also known as Non-Organic Visual Loss (NOVL), is a condition characterized by visual impairment without an identifiable organic cause. FVL has been associated with psychological distress and psychiatric disorders, factors that were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 [...] Read more.

Background: Functional visual loss (FVL), also known as Non-Organic Visual Loss (NOVL), is a condition characterized by visual impairment without an identifiable organic cause. FVL has been associated with psychological distress and psychiatric disorders, factors that were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the incidence of FVL before and after the COVID-19 pandemic and to explore potential underlying psychosocial factors contributing to its increase. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study at the University Eye Clinic, Milan, analyzing patient records from two six-month periods: pre-pandemic (January–June 2019) and post-pandemic (January–June 2023). We included patients aged 3–80 years old and collected their demographic, clinical, and ophthalmological data. Statistical analyses compared the FVL incidence rates and symptom prevalence across both periods. Results: The incidence of FVL significantly increased from 4.0% pre-pandemic to 9.1% post-pandemic (p < 0.001). Certain symptoms, such as eye irritation and luminous scotoma, showed significant changes post-pandemic. Pediatric patients demonstrated an increased tendency towards emulation behavior. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have influenced the prevalence and characteristics of FVL, likely due to heightened psychological distress. Further research is needed to explore the long-term trends and intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

13 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological and Occupational Pattern of Patch-Test Reactions to p-Tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde Resin in North-Eastern Italy, 1997–2021

by Luca Cegolon, Alessandro Badalini and Francesca Larese Filon

Life 2025, 15(5), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050698 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background. Skin contact with items containing p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTBP-FR) may induce sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methods. This multi-centric cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of sensitization to PTBP-FR in 30,629 consecutive outpatients patch-tested during 1997–2021 in four research centers from [...] Read more.

Background. Skin contact with items containing p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTBP-FR) may induce sensitization and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Methods. This multi-centric cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of sensitization to PTBP-FR in 30,629 consecutive outpatients patch-tested during 1997–2021 in four research centers from Northern Italy: Padua; Pordenone; Trieste; and Trento/Bolzano/Rovigo. Patch tests were applied on the upper back of patients with suspected ACD. All patches were removed after 48 h and read at 72 or 96 h. Results. The overall prevalence of PTBP-FR sensitization was 1.11% (=341/30,629) of cases, with lower prevalence occurring in the Province of Trento/Bolzano/Rovigo (0.36%). The body area most frequently affected were the hands (36.32%), followed by face (19.52%) and legs (8.09%). During 1997–2004, the prevalence of PTBP-FR positivity was significantly lower in Trento/Bolzano/Rovigo (aOR = 0.19; 95%CI: 0.11; 0.35), whereas it was higher among restaurant workers (aOR = 2.44; 95%CI: 1.44; 4.13). During the entire study period (1997–2021), excluding Trento/Bolzano/Rovigo, PTBP-FR positivity significantly decreased in the period 2011–2021 (aOR = 052; 95%CI: 0.39; 0.69) compared to 1997–2010 in males (OR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.52; 0.91). Conclusions. Females were likely to react to PTBP-FR at patch tests. Prevalence of PTBP-FR sensitization significantly decreased over time, possibly reflecting reduced occupational and non-occupational exposure due to replacement of the resin with other adhesive products (acrylates or epoxy agents). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dermatology: Inflammatory Disorders and Future Perspectives)

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17 pages, 5765 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNAs and mRNAs Reveals Key Trans-Target Genes Associated with Heat Stress Response in Rhododendron delavayi

by Changming Liu, Yang Liu, Xinyue Zhang, Lujie An and Zhiguo Tian

Life 2025, 15(5), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050697 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been defined as non-coding transcripts exceeding 200 nucleotides, which play essential roles during transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in multiple biological processes. Understanding R. delavayi lncRNAs is of great significance as it is profoundly influenced by heat stress. In [...] Read more.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been defined as non-coding transcripts exceeding 200 nucleotides, which play essential roles during transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in multiple biological processes. Understanding R. delavayi lncRNAs is of great significance as it is profoundly influenced by heat stress. In this research, a total of 1145 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) and 9447 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (log₂|FC| > 1, p < 0.05) were characterized between heat-stress-treated groups and control groups. Further analysis showed that 229 DE-lncRNAs (144 upregulated and 85 downregulated) were commonly distributed in two comparisons (CK_vs._H3 and CK_vs._H6). We further investigated the cis- and trans-acting genes of the upregulated DE-lncRNAs, and found that 142 upregulated DE-lncRNAs corresponded to 1565 cis-acting DEGs, and 143 upregulated DE-lncRNAs corresponded to 3417 trans-acting DEGs. KEGG enrichment analysis of these target genes revealed that cis- and trans-acting DEGs of upregulated DE-lncRNA were primarily enriched in five and twelve KEGG pathways, respectively. Co-expression network analysis of upregulated DE-lncRNAs and DEGs enriched in the common KEGG pathways revealed 57 co-expression relationships between 28 DE-lncRNAs and 43 cis-acting DEGs and 554 co-expression relationships between 26 DE-lncRNAs and 90 trans-acting DEGs. Six DE-lncRNAs and six of their target DEGs were used as candidate genes to verify the RNA-seq data using qRT-PCR. Further analysis revealed three target genes (TrxG, PEPC, and CCR) out of six candidate DEGs that were selected as candidate genes for subsequent research. This study examined the relationship between DE-lncRNAs and DEGs and further screened out candidate DE-lncRNAs that can potentially provide an important theoretical basis and experimental data for the genetic improvement of heat tolerance in R. delavayi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 2024)

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19 pages, 1229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Liver Steatosis and Fibrosis, Serum FGF-21 and Autophagy Markers in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Tugce Ozlu Karahan, Elvan Yilmaz Akyuz, Demet Yilmaz Karadag, Yusuf Yilmaz and Fatih Eren

Life 2025, 15(5), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050696 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: This randomized controlled study sought to determine the effect of intermittent fasting on anthropometric measurements, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, and autophagy markers, as well as on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis levels in overweight or obese patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease [...] Read more.

Background: This randomized controlled study sought to determine the effect of intermittent fasting on anthropometric measurements, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, and autophagy markers, as well as on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis levels in overweight or obese patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Methods: Patients were randomly assigned into two groups: received a dietary treatment involving 22–25 kcal/kg/day of energy for 8 weeks and followed the same dietary intervention and a 16:8 pattern. The extent of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis was determined using transient elastography on a FibroScan^® device. The controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM), determined by transient elastography, reflect hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, respectively. In duplicate, serum levels of FGF-21, Beclin-1, and ATG-5 were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The study included 48 patients with a mean age of 48.2 ± 1.4 years (27 female and 21 male). Improvements in anthropometric measurement and CAP and LSM levels and a decrease in serum FGF-21 levels were found in both groups (p < 0.05). Changes in the CAP and FGF-21 levels were higher in the energy + time-restricted diet group (p < 0.05). Autophagy-related protein (ATG)-5 levels increased only in the energy + time-restricted diet group [(0.74 (0.46–1.29) ng/mL vs. 0.95 (0.73–1.32) ng/mL, p = 0.03]. Conclusions: Intermittent fasting was potentially practical in the management of MAFLD. In particular, changes in FGF-21 and ATG-5 levels indicate the potential of intermittent fasting to regulate metabolic processes and autophagy. However, methodological limitations should be taken into consideration when interpreting the study results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapies)

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34 pages, 1996 KiB

Open AccessReview

Non-Invasive Prenatal Screening for Down Syndrome: A Review of Mass-Spectrometry-Based Approaches

by Răzvan Lucian Jurca, Ioana-Ecaterina Pralea, Maria Iacobescu, Iulia Rus, Cristina-Adela Iuga and Florin Stamatian

Life 2025, 15(5), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050695 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21 (T21) is a complex genetic disease characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, which leads to multiple clinical features and manifestations that severely affect the patient’s quality of life. Various methods of prenatal screening have been [...] Read more.

Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21 (T21) is a complex genetic disease characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome 21, which leads to multiple clinical features and manifestations that severely affect the patient’s quality of life. Various methods of prenatal screening have been developed over time, allowing informed decision-making. However, a common drawback of the current methods for detecting T21 is their invasive nature. Over the past years, mass-spectrometry-based omics technologies have become a key tool for discovering biomarkers for the prenatal screening of T21, particularly focusing on proteins, peptide sequences, or metabolites in samples, like amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, and others. Recently, there has been a noticeable shift towards using less invasive biological sample types (e.g., maternal serum, plasma, and urine) reflecting a growing interest in non-invasive methods for prenatal screening. These advances aim to improve the sensitivity and accuracy for T21 detection while reducing the risks associated with more invasive procedures. The first section of this paper offers an in-depth review of studies utilizing mass-spectrometry-based omics for the prenatal screening of T21. This part provides an overview of the methodologies employed and their key findings. Instead, the subsequent section offers a comprehensive examination of the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and metabolites (DEMs) reported in the literature in T21 prenatal screening. Additionally, pathway analysis is carried out to explore the biological pathways that these molecules are involved in and how they relate to the clinical features of the syndrome. These findings aim to guide future research in the field and foster the development of more advanced, less invasive prenatal screening techniques for T21. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Biology)

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11 pages, 1370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlation Between Fixed-Luminance Flicker Full-Field Electroretinogram Response and Macular Cone Density in Healthy Individuals

by S. Saeed Mohammadi, Woong-Sun Yoo, Negin Yavari, Hassan Khojasteh Jafari, Christopher Or, Azadeh Mobasserian, Vahid Bazojoo, Amir Akhavanrezayat, Dalia El Feky, Osama Elaraby, Jia-Horung Hung, Cigdem Yasar, Ankur Gupta, Tanya Jain, Battuya Ganbold, Trung Ba Nguyen, Anadi Khatri, Zheng Xian Thng, Diana Do and Quan Dong Nguyen

Life 2025, 15(5), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050694 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

This is the studyto investigate the correlation between macular cone density (MCD) and flicker electroretinogram (ERG) response in healthy eyes. In this exploratory study, 23 eyes from 12 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. The fixed-luminance flicker full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) responses of [...] Read more.

This is the studyto investigate the correlation between macular cone density (MCD) and flicker electroretinogram (ERG) response in healthy eyes. In this exploratory study, 23 eyes from 12 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. The fixed-luminance flicker full-field electroretinogram (ffERG) responses of the retina and MCDs at 24 locations were measured using the Diopsys^® NOVA™ system and the rtx1 adaptive optics retinal camera, respectively. Regression analysis was employed to evaluate the correlations. The mean age of the subjects was 30 ± 3 years. The average magnitudes of the flicker response and phase response were 13.44 ± 4.88 μV and 332.63 ± 22.12°, respectively. The MCDs for all 24 locations were 15,043 ± 3511 cones/mm². Among all locations, regression analysis revealed a significant correlation only at one specific location (0, −4°) between cone density and both the mean magnitude and phase of the flicker response, with p-values of 0.005 and 0.004, respectively.In conclusion, we identified a significant correlation between MCD and ffERG responses at a specific retinal locus (0, −4°). This finding may be attributed to the distribution of different cone types throughout the retina and the possibility that various cone types may contribute differently to ERG. Further studies are required to investigate this finding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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11 pages, 1188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Body Morphometry to Classify Two Colombian Creole Pigs Using Statistical and Machine Learning Methods

by Arcesio Salamanca-Carreño, Mauricio Vélez-Terranova, Pere M. Parés-Casanova, Paula A. Toalombo-Vargas, David E. Rangel-Pachón and Andrés F. Castillo-Pérez

Life 2025, 15(5), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050693 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Creole pigs (Sus scrofa domestica), descendants of Iberian breeds, possess significant genetic and cultural importance but are under-researched and at risk due to the dominance of improved breeds for commercial production. The aim of this study was to identify the most [...] Read more.

Creole pigs (Sus scrofa domestica), descendants of Iberian breeds, possess significant genetic and cultural importance but are under-researched and at risk due to the dominance of improved breeds for commercial production. The aim of this study was to identify the most representative body morphometric measurements for the differentiation of two Creole pig breeds, using statistical and machine learning methods. A sample of “Casco de Mula” (n = 54) and San Pedreño (n = 30) Creole pigs, aged between 2 and 6 months, belonging to seven traditional farms located in the department of Meta (Colombia), was studied. A total of 14 morphometric variables were recorded, as well as the animal’s sex. Four algorithms—linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, logistic regression, and classification trees—were used to classify the breeds. The results indicated that head width, height at the withers, and right ear length measurements could be used to differentiate the “Casco de Mula” and San Pedreño Creole pigs. The decision tree was the most accurate algorithm (accuracy = 92%, sensitivity = 96%, specificity = 83%, and Matthews correlation coefficient = 0.82), and its performance can be improved by increasing the number of animals. Non-parametric supervised learning methods like decision trees can be used to morphometrically differentiate Creole pigs raised in the same or different environments in order to characterize animal genetic resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Animal Science: 4th Edition)

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17 pages, 3686 KiB

Open AccessHypothesis

On an RNA-Membrane Protogenome

by Michael Yarus

Life 2025, 15(5), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050692 - 24 Apr 2025

Abstract

Efficient evolution exists before DNA, else the DNA genome itself could not evolve. Current data suggest RNA-membranes for this role. Selected RNAs bind well to phospholipid bilayers; randomized sequences do not. No repeated sequences are evident in selected binding RNAs. This implies small [...] Read more.

Efficient evolution exists before DNA, else the DNA genome itself could not evolve. Current data suggest RNA-membranes for this role. Selected RNAs bind well to phospholipid bilayers; randomized sequences do not. No repeated sequences are evident in selected binding RNAs. This implies small and varied membrane-affinity motifs. Such binding sequences are partially defined. Phospholipid-bound RNAs require divalents like Mg²⁺ and/or Ca²⁺, preferring more ordered bilayers: gel, ripple, or rafted membranes, in that order. RNAs also bind and stabilize bent or sharply deformed bilayers. RNA binding without divalents extends to negatively charged membranes formed from simpler anionic phospholipids and to plausibly prebiotic fatty acid bilayers. RNA-membranes frequently retain RNA solution functions: base pairing, passive transport of tryptophan, specific affinity for arginine side chains, and ribozymic ligase catalysis. Membrane-bound RNAs with several biochemical functions, linked by specific base-pairing, are readily constructed. Given these data, genetic roles seem feasible. RNA activities often require few nucleotides, easily joined in a small RNA. Base-paired groups of such RNAs can also be purposeful, joining related functions. Complex functions can therefore require only replication of short RNAs. RNA-membranes potentially segregate accurately during cell division and quickly evolve through new base pairings. Accordingly, ancient RNA-membranes could act as a protogenome, supporting encoded RNA expression, inheritance, and evolution before the DNA genome: for example, supporting organized biochemistry, coded translation, and a Standard Genetic Code. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Origin of Life)

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10 pages, 1090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Cut-Off Value for the Triglyceride–Glucose Index (TyG) Discriminating Insulin Resistance Based on the SHBG Level and HOMA-IR Values in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

by Tahar Ben Rhaiem, Aleksander Jerzy Owczarek, Mariusz Wójtowicz, Dariusz Ciura, Paweł Madej, Jerzy Chudek and Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz

Life 2025, 15(5), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050691 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index was recently suggested as a surrogate marker of liver steatosis and insulin resistance. However, the TyG index cut-off value may be affected by age, sex, and race. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the cut-off value for the TyG [...] Read more.

The triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index was recently suggested as a surrogate marker of liver steatosis and insulin resistance. However, the TyG index cut-off value may be affected by age, sex, and race. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the cut-off value for the TyG index discriminating insulin resistance based on the previously established cut-offs for HOMA-IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) and serum level of SHBG (sex hormone-binding globulin) in Caucasian women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The medical records of 311 unselected Caucasian women diagnosed with PCOS were included. Finally, due to the exclusion of patients with diabetes and hypertension, a cohort of 264 (84.9%) women with PCOS were analyzed. The following data were retrieved from the medical history: age, body weight, waist circumference, height, serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, insulin, and SHBG. HOMA-IR was calculated with a standard formula. The TyG index was calculated according to the formula TyG = ln(triglycerides[mg/dL] × glucose [mg/dL]/2). The cut-off value for the TyG index was calculated using ROC analysis. The empirical optimal of the TyG index cut-off, corresponding to HOMA-IR ≥ 2.1, was >8.31 (AUC 0.77, accuracy 0.70, sensitivity 61.2%, specificity 75.3%, PPV—positive predictive value 59.4%, NPV—negative predictive value 76.7%). The corresponding TyG index cut-off values for a SHBG level < 41.5 nmol/L was >8.31 (AUC 0.67, accuracy 0.65, sensitivity 54.9%, specificity 73.9%, PPV 64.4%, NPV 65.6%). Our study suggests that the cut-off point for the TyG index in young Caucasian women with PCOS, which discriminates against insulin resistance, is 8.31 (based on both HOMA-IR and SHBG values). In addition, our data confirm the usefulness of the TyG index as an initial assessment of insulin resistance, which should be confirmed by assessing the HOMA-IR value or SHBG concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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16 pages, 535 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pain Medication in Chronic Low Back Pain

by Ali Jerjir, Frederik Nietvelt, Iris Smet, Nina D’hondt and Jean-Pierre Van Buyten

Life 2025, 15(5), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050690 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) significantly impacts individuals’ quality of life and functional abilities. In non-oncological settings, CLBP is often treated for long periods using pharmacotherapy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of pharmacological treatments for CLBP, detailing their mechanisms of action, adverse [...] Read more.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) significantly impacts individuals’ quality of life and functional abilities. In non-oncological settings, CLBP is often treated for long periods using pharmacotherapy. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of pharmacological treatments for CLBP, detailing their mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and evidence supporting their use. We discuss various medication classes, including NSAIDs, acetaminophen, antidepressants, gabapentinoids, tramadol, major opioids, corticosteroids, antispasticity drugs, benzodiazepines, and antibiotics. Special emphasis is given to the opioid crisis, examining its history, the pathophysiology of opioid tolerance and dependence, the need for cautious opioid use, the key challenges in treatment and emerging medications for CLBP. We also share insights from our experiences with polypharmacy, commonly seen in CLBP patients, at a specialized pain centre in Belgium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chronic Low Back Pain: Symptoms, Pain Mechanisms and Treatment)

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13 pages, 419 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lipid Metabolism and Breast Cancer: A Narrative Review of the Prognostic Implications and Chemotherapy-Induced Dyslipidemia

by Ionut Flaviu Faur, Amadeus Dobrescu, Ioana Adelina Clim, Paul Pasca, Cosmin Burta, Marco Marian, Dan Brebu, Andreea-Adriana Neamtu, Vlad Braicu, Talpai Tamas, Ciprian Duta and Bogdan Totolici

Life 2025, 15(5), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050689 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in breast cancer’s progression, treatment response, and prognosis. Alterations in triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been implicated in tumor aggressiveness and chemotherapy outcomes. This review examines the relationship between [...] Read more.

Introduction: Lipid metabolism plays a crucial role in breast cancer’s progression, treatment response, and prognosis. Alterations in triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been implicated in tumor aggressiveness and chemotherapy outcomes. This review examines the relationship between dyslipidemia and breast cancer, with a focus on chemotherapy-induced lipid alterations and their prognostic significance. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PUBMED, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, identifying 108 unique studies. After applying the inclusion criteria, 21 studies were selected for analysis, covering lipid profile changes before, during, and after chemotherapy, as well as their impact on treatment response and clinical outcomes. Results: Breast cancer patients exhibited lower baseline TC, TG, and LDL-C levels compared to healthy controls; however, chemotherapy significantly increased these markers while decreasing HDL-C from 1.1 to 0.9 mmol/L. The incidence of dyslipidemia rose from 42.98% pre-treatment to 58.28% post-treatment. Chemotherapy-induced lipid alterations were most pronounced in anthracycline- and taxane-based regimens, leading to a 38% increase in TGs and a 23% reduction in HDL-C. While some studies reported that lipid levels normalized post-treatment, others indicated persistent dyslipidemia up to 12 months later. High baseline HDL-C was associated with a better chemotherapy response, whereas elevated TGs and LDL-C correlated with increased tumor aggressiveness, lower pathological complete response rates, and a higher relapse risk. Patients with persistently high post-treatment TGs had significantly worse disease-free survival, with a 30% relapse rate compared to 18% in those with normal TG. Preliminary evidence suggests that lipid-lowering therapies, such as statins, may offer therapeutic benefits in breast cancer by targeting the cholesterol synthesis pathways involved in tumor growth, though further clinical trials are required. Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is a key metabolic factor influencing breast cancer’s progression, treatment response, and long-term prognosis. Chemotherapy-induced lipid alterations may persist, increasing cardiovascular risk and potentially affecting therapeutic efficacy. Routine lipid monitoring and metabolic interventions could enhance treatment outcomes and survivorship. Future research should focus on developing lipid-targeted strategies to optimize breast cancer management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid Metabolism Pathways: From Life to Disease)

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29 pages, 2228 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Resistance Training on Sarcopenia Risk Among Healthy Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Physiological Mechanisms

by Karuppasamy Govindasamy, Chythra R. Rao, Baskaran Chandrasekaran, Koulla Parpa and Urs Granacher

Life 2025, 15(5), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050688 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Sarcopenia, characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, significantly increases health risks in healthy older adults. Resistance training (RT) is believed to counteract sarcopenia through a variety of physiological mechanisms, many of which remain underexplored by public health and physiotherapy professionals. [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia, characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass and strength, significantly increases health risks in healthy older adults. Resistance training (RT) is believed to counteract sarcopenia through a variety of physiological mechanisms, many of which remain underexplored by public health and physiotherapy professionals. This scoping review aims to consolidate studies that have explored RT programs in mitigating sarcopenia among healthy older adults. A systematic search in four knowledge databases (Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Sciences Complete) was conducted on 30 April 2024 to consolidate the evidence of RT programs to mitigate sarcopenia risk among healthy older adults. Two reviewers independently screened, consolidated, and synthesized the results based on the Arksey and O’Malley framework. We included 36 studies supporting the RT program for reducing sarcopenia risk among healthy older people. Current evidence, predominantly derived from studies with high selection bias and non-randomized designs, indicates that RT programs may enhance muscle strength in healthy older adults. However, their impact on muscle morphology and mobility appears less pronounced. The dosage and intensity of RT are critical factors influencing these health outcomes. To substantiate the health benefits of RT in healthy older adults and facilitate the translation of research findings into policy-level recommendations, further high-quality, randomized controlled trials are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resistance Training Is Medicine)

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16 pages, 1329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Postoperative Analgesic Profiles Between Transversus Abdominis Plane Block and Local Wound Infiltration in Living Donor Kidney Transplantation Recipients: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis

by Min Suk Chae, Kyung Kwan Lee, Jin-Oh Jeong, Wonwoo Jeong, Young Wook Moon and Ji Young Min

Life 2025, 15(5), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050687 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

Effective postoperative pain management is crucial for optimizing recovery and clinical outcomes in living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT). This retrospective study compared the efficacy and safety of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and local wound infiltration (LWI) for postoperative analgesia. A total of [...] Read more.

Effective postoperative pain management is crucial for optimizing recovery and clinical outcomes in living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT). This retrospective study compared the efficacy and safety of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block and local wound infiltration (LWI) for postoperative analgesia. A total of 524 LDKT recipients, matched through propensity scoring, were analyzed (262 per group). Pain intensity was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS) at multiple postoperative time points, while opioid consumption was evaluated based on intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) usage and rescue fentanyl doses. The TAP block group had significantly lower VAS pain scores at 1, 4, and 8 h postoperatively (p < 0.001) and required fewer opioids, as evidenced by reduced IV-PCA usage (55.9 ± 10.2 mL vs. 69.7 ± 18.2 mL; p < 0.001) and lower rescue fentanyl doses (67.7 ± 30.6 µg vs. 119.1 ± 71.8 µg; p < 0.001). Despite these differences in analgesic efficacy, no significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of postoperative nausea and vomiting or complications such as systemic toxicity and nerve injury. These findings suggest that the TAP block provides more effective early postoperative pain relief and reduces opioid requirements without increasing adverse events. Given its favorable safety profile and effectiveness, the TAP block is a valuable component of multimodal analgesia in LDKT recipients, supporting enhanced recovery while minimizing opioid-related complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Medical Research: 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 7469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autofluorescence-Guided Surgery in the Management of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: Correlation Between Bone Autofluorescence and Histopathological Findings in 56 Samples

by Ilaria Giovannacci, Aurora Andrea Venuti, Luigi Corcione, Samir Nammour and Paolo Vescovi

Life 2025, 15(5), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050686 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) remains a challenging condition without a universally accepted treatment protocol. Surgical therapy, particularly Er:YAG laser-assisted surgery, has shown more predictable long-term results compared with non-surgical options. However, the identification of resection margins in ONJ surgery is [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) remains a challenging condition without a universally accepted treatment protocol. Surgical therapy, particularly Er:YAG laser-assisted surgery, has shown more predictable long-term results compared with non-surgical options. However, the identification of resection margins in ONJ surgery is complex and currently relies on the surgeon’s intraoperative assessment, without standardization. Bone autofluorescence (AF) has been proposed as an intraoperative diagnostic tool for visualizing necrotic bone; under VELscope (LED Medical Diagnostics Inc., Barnaby, BC, Canada) illumination, healthy bone exhibits hyperfluorescence, while pathological bone appears dark brown/black (loss of autofluorescence, LAF). (2) Methods: 22 patients with ONJ requiring surgical therapy were included. After bone exposure, VELscope system was used to induce and visualize bone AF. Areas exhibiting absent or pale AF were identified as necrotic and removed; additional samples were collected from adjacent hyperfluorescent regions. (3) Results: Histopathologic evaluation of 56 specimens were conducted; 35 hypofluorescent samples were found to be necrotic bone tissue; in the 21 hyperfluorescent samples, 86% demonstrated normal, vital bone. The correlation between fluorescence and bone vitality was highly significant (p < 0.0000001). (4) Conclusions: Our data show that AF-guided surgical resection, combined with Er:YAG laser-assisted surgery, may improve clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Restorative Technologies in the Management and Characterization Techniques of the Hard and Soft Tissues of Oral Cavity)

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10 pages, 1077 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Sleeping Spermatozoa: The Symbolism of Gamete Cryopreservation in the Context of Cancer in AYAs

by Isabelle Koscinski, Céline Mazzoleni, France Verhaeghe, Jean-Philippe Klein and Célia Ravel

Life 2025, 15(5), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050685 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

For adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer, fertility preservation is recommended before starting gonadotoxic treatments. This is an important aspect of psychological support in the treatment of the disease. However, the enormous psychological impact of this procedure on adolescents and young adults [...] Read more.

For adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer, fertility preservation is recommended before starting gonadotoxic treatments. This is an important aspect of psychological support in the treatment of the disease. However, the enormous psychological impact of this procedure on adolescents and young adults with cancer needs to be addressed by professionals. The traumatic nature of cancer diagnosis disrupts the psychosocial development of AYAs. A young adolescent’s perception of reproduction, and in particular of sperm freezing, is greatly altered by the disease. For a teenager, the success of sperm banking results from a positive balance between facilitators and barriers, which are mentioned here. Moreover, this article proposes a symbolic interpretation of sperm banking, referring to landmarks integrated during childhood, especially in fairytales. Furthermore, it offers an original video documentary that can be used as an information support to help AYAs adhere to the process of preserving their fertility through sperm freezing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research in Male Reproduction)

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18 pages, 1299 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Comprehensive Overview of Cytokine Interplay in Vitiligo: A Decade of Meta-Analyses Systematically Reviewed

by Alessia Paganelli, Cristina Cristofoletti, Francesco Moro, Alessandra Corrente, Laura Colonna, Emanuele Scala and Mauro Picardo

Life 2025, 15(5), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050684 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disorder characterized by melanocyte destruction. Despite metabolic disturbances and oxidative stress also playing a key role in its pathogenesis, accumulating evidence highlights a prominent role for cytokine dysregulation. (2) Methods: A systematic search was conducted to [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disorder characterized by melanocyte destruction. Despite metabolic disturbances and oxidative stress also playing a key role in its pathogenesis, accumulating evidence highlights a prominent role for cytokine dysregulation. (2) Methods: A systematic search was conducted to identify meta-analyses published in the last decade that investigated cytokine involvement in vitiligo. (3) Results: Based on predefined inclusion criteria, nine meta-analyses were retrieved and reviewed. The findings confirm a central role for interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in vitiligo pathogenesis, although recent meta-analyses suggest that IFN-γ gene polymorphisms are more broadly associated with autoimmunity rather than being vitiligo-specific. Elevated interleukin-17 (IL-17) levels have been consistently reported in vitiligo patients, supporting its contribution to immune-mediated melanocyte destruction. Regulatory T cell dysfunction appears to play a crucial role in disease progression. Additionally, TNF-α-308 G/A polymorphism has been linked to a genetic susceptibility to vitiligo, particularly in specific populations, reinforcing the role of TNF-α in immune dysregulation. Lastly, chemokines involved in immune cell recruitment to melanocytes further illustrate the complex inflammatory network underlying the disease. (4) Conclusions: This systematic review consolidates evidence from a decade of meta-analyses, underscoring the significance of cytokine dysregulation in vitiligo and highlighting potential therapeutic targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Evidence Supporting the Role of miRNA as a Biomarker for Lung Cancer Diagnosis Through Exhaled Breath Condensate Collection: A Narrative Review

by Paolo Albino Ferrari, Cosimo Bruno Salis and Antonio Macciò

Life 2025, 15(5), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050683 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, has brought exhaled breath condensate (EBC) into focus as a promising non-invasive sample for detecting molecular biomarkers, particularly microRNAs, which regulate gene expression and contribute to tumorigenesis. Ten key studies encompassing approximately 866 subjects consistently [...] Read more.

Lung cancer, the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, has brought exhaled breath condensate (EBC) into focus as a promising non-invasive sample for detecting molecular biomarkers, particularly microRNAs, which regulate gene expression and contribute to tumorigenesis. Ten key studies encompassing approximately 866 subjects consistently demonstrated distinct patterns of miRNA dysregulation in lung cancer. Notably, several reported panels achieved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity exceeding 75% through the identification of distinct miRNA signatures in EBC, with oncogenic miRNAs (e.g., miR-21) upregulated and tumor-suppressor miRNAs (e.g., miR-486) downregulated in lung cancer patients. Analytical advancements, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), have improved miRNA detection sensitivity and specificity, addressing prior limitations of low yield and variability. NGS enabled the identification of novel miRNAs and proved especially effective in overcoming the low RNA yield associated with EBC samples. However, challenges persist regarding standardization of collection, sample dilution, and potential contamination. Moreover, the reproducibility of miRNA signatures across diverse patient populations remains a critical issue. Large-scale, multicenter validation studies are needed to establish robust diagnostic algorithms integrating EBC-derived miRNAs with existing clinical tools. The potential of EBC miRNA profiling to support current screening strategies could significantly improve early lung cancer detection and patient outcomes. Nevertheless, its clinical transition requires further methodological optimization and biomarker validation. This review critically evaluates current evidence on miRNA detection in EBC for lung cancer diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancements in Screening Pathways for Early Detection of Lung Cancer)

18 pages, 14619 KiB

Open AccessReview

Severe Rectal Stenosis as the First Clinical Appearance of a Metastasis Originating from the Bladder: A Case Report and Literature Review

by Claudiu Daha, Eugen Brătucu, Ioan Burlănescu, Virgiliu-Mihail Prunoiu, Hortensia-Alina Moisă, Ștefania Ariana Neicu and Laurențiu Simion

Life 2025, 15(5), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050682 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

While locally advanced rectal cancer is the first clinical suspicion for severe rectal stenosis, in extremely unusual cases a lower bowel obstruction may be related to bladder metastasis. We present the case of a 64-year-old male who was admitted for occlusive rectal tumor [...] Read more.

While locally advanced rectal cancer is the first clinical suspicion for severe rectal stenosis, in extremely unusual cases a lower bowel obstruction may be related to bladder metastasis. We present the case of a 64-year-old male who was admitted for occlusive rectal tumor (4 cm from the anal verge), for which an emergency loop-colostomy was performed. After two inconclusive endoscopic biopsies, a transanal rectal tru-cut biopsy allowed for the detection of high-grade urothelial carcinoma with signet ring cells. Furthermore, primary origin was detected in a small bladder tumor. In imaging reassessment after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, regression of the lesions both from the bladder and rectum was observed. Radical surgery with total pelvic exenteration was considered in the absence of other secondary tumors, but the patient declined and continued with radiotherapy. Subsequently he developed malignant chylous ascites and unfortunately died three months later. Reviewing the literature, we found twenty-five cases of urothelial metastasis to the rectum, originating from the bladder, including this newly present case. Rectal metastasis of urothelial origin poses a two-fold challenge in terms of both diagnosis and treatment. Determining the specific features of this uncommon manifestation of a common disease will improve future approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatments of Intestinal Diseases)

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26 pages, 850 KiB

Open AccessReview

Omalizumab in Food Allergy in Children: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives

by Cristiana Indolfi, Alessandra Perrotta, Giulio Dinardo, Angela Klain, Carolina Grella, Paola Palumbo and Michele Miraglia del Giudice

Life 2025, 15(5), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15050681 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Omalizumab (OMA) is gaining recognition as a promising therapeutic approach for IgE-mediated food allergies in pediatric patients. We conducted a review analyzing 22 studies, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case reports, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of OMA in food [...] Read more.

Omalizumab (OMA) is gaining recognition as a promising therapeutic approach for IgE-mediated food allergies in pediatric patients. We conducted a review analyzing 22 studies, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and case reports, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of OMA in food allergy management in children and adolescents. The results indicate that OMA, whether used as monotherapy or in combination with oral immunotherapy (OIT), significantly increases allergen tolerance, reduces the severity of allergic reactions, and improves patients’ quality of life. When used alongside OIT, OMA reduced adverse reactions during dose escalation and maintenance phases, facilitating safer and more effective desensitization. Additionally, OMA demonstrated benefits beyond food allergy management, including improved asthma control and a reduction in food allergy-related anxiety. However, challenges remain, including high costs, the need for standardized treatment protocols, and limitations related to total IgE thresholds for eligibility. While OMA has been FDA-approved for food allergy treatment in the United States, further research is needed to establish long-term efficacy, optimal dosing strategies, and its role in sustained tolerance development. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols and identifying which patients will benefit the most. Integrating omalizumab into food allergy management could revolutionize pediatric care, offering hope for a safer, more effective approach to desensitization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

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