Life

15 pages, 526 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in Clinical Utilization of Recombinant Human Collagen: An Extensive Review

by Isaac Wong Kai Jie, Kar Wai Alvin Lee, Song Eun Yoon, Jong Keun Song, Lisa Kwin Wah Chan, Cheuk Hung Lee, Eunji Jeong, Jin-Hyun Kim and Kyu-Ho Yi

Life 2025, 15(4), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040582 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Recombinant human collagen, developed through advanced recombinant DNA technology, has emerged as a cutting-edge biomaterial with diverse applications in medicine. It addresses significant limitations of animal-derived collagens, such as immunogenicity and the risk of zoonotic diseases. Objective: This review evaluates the clinical [...] Read more.

Introduction: Recombinant human collagen, developed through advanced recombinant DNA technology, has emerged as a cutting-edge biomaterial with diverse applications in medicine. It addresses significant limitations of animal-derived collagens, such as immunogenicity and the risk of zoonotic diseases. Objective: This review evaluates the clinical applications, benefits, and challenges associated with recombinant human collagen, focusing on its potential to transform medical and surgical practices. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, and Ovid databases using keywords such as “Recombinant Human Collagen”, “Collagen-Based Biomaterials”, “Clinical Applications”, “Tissue Repair”, and “Wound Healing”. Relevant studies, including clinical trials and diagnostic applications, were analyzed and classified according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine evidence hierarchy. Findings: Recombinant human collagen demonstrates superior mechanical properties and controlled degradation rates compared to traditional collagen sources. Clinical studies highlight its effectiveness in accelerating wound closure, promoting dermal regeneration, and minimizing scarring, making it particularly valuable in chronic wound management and surgical interventions. In tissue engineering, recombinant human collagen scaffolds have shown potential for regenerating cartilage, bone, and cardiovascular tissues by supporting cell proliferation, differentiation, and matrix deposition. Additionally, its adaptability for forming hydrogels and matrices enhances its suitability for drug delivery systems, enabling controlled and sustained release of therapeutic agents. Conclusion: Recombinant human collagen represents a transformative advancement in clinical practice, providing a safer and more effective alternative to traditional collagen sources. Its demonstrated success in wound healing, tissue engineering, and drug delivery highlights its potential to significantly improve patient outcomes. However, challenges such as high production costs, regulatory complexities, and long-term biocompatibility remain barriers to widespread clinical adoption. Further research and collaboration between biotechnology developers and regulatory authorities are essential to fully realize its clinical potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bioprinting, Tissue Engineering, and Regenerative Medicine)

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16 pages, 2175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Class of BRCA1 Mimetics for ERα-Positive Breast Cancer Therapy: Design, Synthesis, In Silico Screening, In Vitro Assay, and Gene Expression Analysis

by Pottabathula Shyam Sundar, Jubie Selvaraj, Veerachamy Alagarsamy, Viswas Raja Solomon and Jawahar Natarajan

Life 2025, 15(4), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040581 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Breast Cancer Gene 1 (BRCA1) offers a potential approach for ERα repression by blocking cyclin D1’s interaction with ERα, which prevents cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or uncontrollably. When BRCA1 levels are low, BRCA1 mimetics fit into the BRCA1-binding pocket within [...] Read more.

Breast Cancer Gene 1 (BRCA1) offers a potential approach for ERα repression by blocking cyclin D1’s interaction with ERα, which prevents cells from growing and dividing too rapidly or uncontrollably. When BRCA1 levels are low, BRCA1 mimetics fit into the BRCA1-binding pocket within ERα, mimicking the ability of BRCA1 to inhibit ERα activity. This study aims to identify a novel class of lead molecules for BRCA1 mimetics for ER-positive breast cancer, distinct from conventional antiestrogen therapies in their mechanism of action. In this article, coumarin thiosemicarbazone hybrids were synthesized from 7-hydroxy 4-methyl coumarin/4-hydroxy coumarin and thiosemicarbazide with different aldehydes and evaluated for their ERα repression activity. The most active compounds in the series, 9b, 9l, and 9m, exhibited significant potency with an IC₅₀ value of 14.49 µM, 35.08 µM and 42.12 µM, respectively, compared to raloxifene (reported) as the positive control with an IC₅₀ value of 13.7 µM. The gene expression study confirmed the downregulation of the cyclin D1 gene for the compounds 9l (−0.217) and 9m (−0.214). Similarly, the downregulation of the BCL2 gene for the compounds 9b (−0.373), 9l (−0.320), and 9m (−0.376). Also, molecular docking studies and MMGBSA were performed to determine key interactions between compounds and ERα at the BRCA1 binding pocket (AA 338–387). In silico, ADMET properties were executed to illustrate the druggability and safety of the novel derivatives. In silico, in vitro, and gene expression studies revealed that among all the compounds, 9b, 9l, and 9m are promising candidates for the development of lead molecules targeting ERα inhibitors for breast cancer treatment. Moreover, the concept of ERα repression with small molecules as BRCA1 mimetics is novel. In general, it can be concluded that these compounds can serve as promising leads to the design of potential BRCA1 mimetics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Agents)

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15 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Processed Food Consumption and Periodontal Disease: Sex Disparities in the Majorcan Adolescent Population

by Irene Coll, Daniela Vallejos, Pablo Estebala and Nora López-Safont

Life 2025, 15(4), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040580 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: The diet of young people in Spain has changed significantly, with a departure from a balanced dietary pattern and a greater intake of processed foods. Such food generates an acidic environment in the mouth, which promotes the multiplication of bacteria capable of [...] Read more.

Background: The diet of young people in Spain has changed significantly, with a departure from a balanced dietary pattern and a greater intake of processed foods. Such food generates an acidic environment in the mouth, which promotes the multiplication of bacteria capable of causing inflammation and damage to the gums. Aim: This study aimed to determine the association between the frequency of consuming processed foods and periodontal disease, as well as sex differences, in an adolescent population. Methods: A study was conducted on 233 students aged 15 to examine the frequency of food consumption and its correlation with periodontal disease. Differences were determined via a Student’s t-test to compare the means. A chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. The 95% confidence interval estimate was used in all cases (p < 0.05). Results: It was observed that girls have a higher mean number of healthy sextants than boys (3.26

\pm

0.20 vs. 2.70 ± 0.21; p = 0.029). A statistically significant difference was noted between healthy and affected subjects in the frequency of consumption of packaged milkshakes (p = 0.003), industrial juices (p = 0.009), industrial pastries (p = 0.018), and fruits in syrup (p = 0.022). When segmented by sex, a statistically significant difference was noted in boys between healthy and affected subjects in the frequency of consumption of packaged milkshakes (p = 0.044), salty snacks (p = 0.032), and cold cuts (p = 0.033); in girls, the difference was detected in industrial juices (0.024). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that adolescent boys are more affected periodontally than girls. In both sexes, the level of consumption of processed foods affects the presence of periodontal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

16 pages, 1026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Multicomponent Balance Training and Sensorimotor Foot Mobilization on Postural Stability in Patients Following Brain Tumor Surgery

by Natasa Kos, Marusa Brcar, Marko Brcar and Tomaz Velnar

Life 2025, 15(4), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040579 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Our study investigated the impact of multicomponent balance exercises (MBE) and sensorimotor mobilization with foot muscle strengthening (SMFE) on postural stability in patients with balance disorders, assessed using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) while standing still. Methods: Twenty postoperative patients were [...] Read more.

Background: Our study investigated the impact of multicomponent balance exercises (MBE) and sensorimotor mobilization with foot muscle strengthening (SMFE) on postural stability in patients with balance disorders, assessed using the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) while standing still. Methods: Twenty postoperative patients were included in a randomized clinical study and divided into an MBE group (six women and four men with an average age of 30.2 years) and the SMFE group (six women and four men aged 34.5 years). Balance was assessed with the BESS on the third postoperative day and before discharge. The hospitalization lasted 10 days. Results: All patients in both groups showed significant clinical and statistical improvements (p < 0.05) in maintaining an upright posture after the BESS test. In the MBE group, 80% of patients achieved a minimum clinically significant change of 10 points in postural stability, whereas 100% of patients in the SMFE group did the same. The SMFE group exhibited a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05) in specific balance tasks conducted on hard and soft surfaces. Conclusions: Our patient sample results suggest that SMFE is more effective than MBE. We recommend its use in early rehabilitation, although further research is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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15 pages, 984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neonatal Health Following IVF: Own Versus Donor Material in Singleton and Multiple Pregnancies

by Lucia Elena Niculae, Raluca Tocariu, Evelyn-Denise Archir, Alexandru-Ștefan Niculae, Anca-Magdalena Coricovac, Diana-Elena Comandașu, Aida Petca and Elvira Brătilă

Life 2025, 15(4), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040578 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigates neonatal outcomes in singleton and multiple pregnancies following in vitro fertilization (IVF) using donor (IVF-D) versus autologous (IVF-A) material. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted with 988 neonates born between 2017 and 2024 across three tertiary neonatal units in Romania. [...] Read more.

This study investigates neonatal outcomes in singleton and multiple pregnancies following in vitro fertilization (IVF) using donor (IVF-D) versus autologous (IVF-A) material. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted with 988 neonates born between 2017 and 2024 across three tertiary neonatal units in Romania. The primary outcomes included preterm birth, low birthweight, neonatal asphyxia, and congenital malformations. IVF-D pregnancies were associated with a higher prevalence of adverse neonatal outcomes, particularly in multiple gestations. Preterm birth and low birthweight were more frequent in the IVF-D group, with donor-conceived neonates exhibiting increased rates of neonatal ventilation and prolonged hospitalization. Additionally, congenital anomalies, particularly cardiac malformations, were more prevalent in IVF-D pregnancies, suggesting possible immunological and epigenetic influences. Despite these differences, overall neonatal survival was comparable between groups. These findings contribute to the existing literature on assisted reproductive technologies, emphasizing the need for further research to clarify the biological mechanisms influencing neonatal outcomes and to optimize the clinical management of IVF pregnancies using donor gametes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine: From Bench to Bedside—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 2757 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Defenses in Huntington’s Disease: Roles of NRF2 and PGC-1α, and Therapeutic Strategies

by Francesco D’Egidio, Elvira Qosja, Fabrizio Ammannito, Skender Topi, Michele d’Angelo, Annamaria Cimini and Vanessa Castelli

Life 2025, 15(4), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040577 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a detrimental neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG triplet in the HTT gene. This mutation leads to the production of mutant Huntingtin (Htt) protein with toxic gain-of-function. The mHtt is responsible in several ways for the [...] Read more.

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a detrimental neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG triplet in the HTT gene. This mutation leads to the production of mutant Huntingtin (Htt) protein with toxic gain-of-function. The mHtt is responsible in several ways for the establishment of an intricate pathogenetic scenario in affected cells, particularly in HD neurons. Among the features of HD, oxidative stress plays a relevant role in the progression of the disease at the cellular level. Mitochondrial dysfunction, bioenergetic deficits, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, neuroinflammation, and general reduction of antioxidant levels are all involved in the promotion of a toxic oxidative environment, eventually causing cell death. Nonetheless, neuronal cells exert antioxidant molecules to build up defense mechanisms. Key components of these defensive mechanisms are the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α). Thus, this review aims to describe the involvement of oxidative stress in HD by exploring the roles of NRF2 and PGC-1α, crucial actors in this play. Finally, antioxidant therapeutic strategies targeting such markers are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroinflammation in Huntington’s Disease: Detrimental Crosstalk)

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19 pages, 914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of a Four Week Interdisciplinary Multimodal Pain Therapy on Chronic Pain Patients—A Comprehensive Approach

by Henrike Maria Paulokat, Annett Klinder, Wolfram Mittelmeier, Jörn Bajorat and Katrin Osmanski-Zenk

Life 2025, 15(4), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040576 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Chronic pain syndrome poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems worldwide, affecting millions of individuals and resulting in reduced quality of life and substantial socio-economic costs. This prospective, non-interventional, single-center study evaluated the effectiveness of a four-week interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy (IMPT) program [...] Read more.

Chronic pain syndrome poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems worldwide, affecting millions of individuals and resulting in reduced quality of life and substantial socio-economic costs. This prospective, non-interventional, single-center study evaluated the effectiveness of a four-week interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy (IMPT) program incorporating neuromuscular training with the HUBER^® 360 evolution device. The study included 66 patients diagnosed with chronic pain disorder, divided into an intervention group (n = 49) that completed weekly supervised HUBER^® 360 sessions and a control group (n = 17). Measurements were taken at four time points: day of admission (t1), during therapy (t2), at discharge (t3), and three months post-discharge (t4). The study assessed changes in psychological factors, pain intensity, postural control, and quality of life. The results show that this four-week therapy led to significant improvements in psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, and stress, and significantly reduced the subjects’ pain. The intervention group showed more pronounced improvements compared to the control group. These findings highlight the potential benefits of IMPT in managing chronic pain and improving both physical and psychological health outcomes. This study contributes to the ongoing development of chronic pain management strategies, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary, patient-centered approach. Future research should explore the scalability of IMPT, stratify results based on demographic factors, and evaluate the long-term efficacy of adjunctive tools like the HUBER^® 360 device. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift in Airway and Pain Management—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 3041 KiB

Open AccessReview

Optimizing Revascularization in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Comparative Evidence on the Benefits and Indications of CABG and PCI

by Dan M. Prunea, Calin Homorodean, Maria Olinic, Alexandru Achim and Dan-Mircea Olinic

Life 2025, 15(4), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040575 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Ischemic cardiomyopathy remains a leading cause of heart failure, yet the optimal revascularization approach for patients with reduced left ventricular function remains uncertain. This review synthesizes current evidence on coronary revascularization strategies, emphasizing real-world applicability and individualized treatment. It critically evaluates the benefits [...] Read more.

Ischemic cardiomyopathy remains a leading cause of heart failure, yet the optimal revascularization approach for patients with reduced left ventricular function remains uncertain. This review synthesizes current evidence on coronary revascularization strategies, emphasizing real-world applicability and individualized treatment. It critically evaluates the benefits and limitations of coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] and percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI], highlighting key knowledge gaps. Findings from the STICH trial demonstrate that CABG improves long-term survival despite an elevated early procedural risk, particularly in patients with extensive multivessel disease. In contrast, the REVIVED-BCIS2 trial suggests that PCI enhances quality of life but does not significantly reduce mortality compared to optimal medical therapy, making it a viable alternative for high-risk patients ineligible for surgery. This review underscores the role of advanced imaging techniques in myocardial viability assessment and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive risk stratification in guiding revascularization decisions. Special attention is given to managing high-risk patients unsuitable for CABG and the potential benefits of PCI in symptom relief despite uncertain survival benefits. A stepwise algorithm is proposed to assist clinicians in tailoring revascularization strategies, reinforcing the need for a multidisciplinary Heart Team approach to optimize outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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12 pages, 1823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dura Closure Tactics to Prevent CSF Leakage in Microvascular Decompression Surgery

by Hyun Seok Lee and Kwan Park

Life 2025, 15(4), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040574 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Achieving a complete and secure dural closure to prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a critical concern in microvascular decompression (MVD). Proper dural closure minimizes complications, such as infections caused by CSF leakage. This study introduces a novel three-step dural suturing [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Achieving a complete and secure dural closure to prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is a critical concern in microvascular decompression (MVD). Proper dural closure minimizes complications, such as infections caused by CSF leakage. This study introduces a novel three-step dural suturing method, termed the “triple-layer closing technique”. (2) Methods: From September 2020 to March 2023, a total of 475 patients underwent MVD surgery at our institution, all of whom received dural closure using the triple-layer closing technique. This technique incorporates three layers: Duragen^® (synthetic dura, Integra Lifesciences), TachoSil^® (collagen matrix, Nycomed), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMC) bone cement. Postoperative complications, including CSF leakage and infections, were retrospectively analyzed. (3) Results: CSF leakage was observed in five patients (1.1%), all of whom presented with CSF rhinorrhea and radiological evidence of effusion within the mastoid air cells. These patients were successfully treated with lumbar drainage, and none required reoperation. No other postoperative infections or complications were reported. (4) Conclusions: The triple-layer closing technique, utilizing Duragen^®, TachoSil^®, and PMMC bone cement, is an effective and reliable method for dural closure. This technique significantly reduces the risk of CSF leakage and surgical site infections, enhancing postoperative outcomes in MVD procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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35 pages, 1310 KiB

Open AccessReview

Health Impacts of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): A Comprehensive Review

by Csilla Mišľanová and Martina Valachovičová

Life 2025, 15(4), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040573 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are among the persistent organic pollutants characterized by their persistence in the environment, high mobility, and adverse impact not only on the ecosystem but also on human health. The biggest challenges in human biomonitoring are the low concentrations [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are among the persistent organic pollutants characterized by their persistence in the environment, high mobility, and adverse impact not only on the ecosystem but also on human health. The biggest challenges in human biomonitoring are the low concentrations of PFASs in biological matrices and the presence of matrix interferents in samples. The combination of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) as a sample preparation technique appears to be the most suitable solution for achieving the desired selectivity and sensitivity in PFAS determination. The aim of this review is to describe possible sources of PFASs, their presence in various human matrices, analytical methods for determining PFASs in different biological matrices using various pretreatment techniques for complex samples, as well as adverse health risks associated with PFAS exposure. The most studied PFASs include PFOA and PFOS, which are most frequently detected in matrices such as plasma, serum, and breast milk. The average concentrations of PFOA range from 1.0 to 2.6 ng.mL⁻¹ in plasma, 1.9 to 2.4 ng.mL⁻¹ in serum, and 0.4 to 3.1 ng.mL⁻¹ in breast milk. For PFOS, the average concentrations were 2.0–4.0 ng.mL⁻¹, 3.7–4.6 ng.mL⁻¹, and 3.6–4.8 ng.mL⁻¹ for plasma, serum, and breast milk, respectively. The most significant health effects associated with exposure to long-chain PFASs (such as PFOA and PFOS) include lipid disorders, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, infertility, cancer, obesity, autism, neurodevelopmental issues, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney and liver disorders. It is of utmost importance to monitor PFAS exposure, predict their toxicity, and develop effective strategies to mitigate their potential effects on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Science)

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17 pages, 9172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climatic Changes and Vegetation Responses During Holocene Characteristic Period in the Northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

by Huayong Zhang, Hao Chen, Yihe Zhang, Zhongyu Wang and Zhao Liu

Life 2025, 15(4), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040572 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau represents a highly sensitive region to global climate change. Understanding Holocene climate variations and vegetation responses in this area holds significant value for predicting future climate patterns, vegetation distribution changes, and biodiversity loss. Here, we aim to reconstruct Holocene climate [...] Read more.

The Qinghai–Tibet Plateau represents a highly sensitive region to global climate change. Understanding Holocene climate variations and vegetation responses in this area holds significant value for predicting future climate patterns, vegetation distribution changes, and biodiversity loss. Here, we aim to reconstruct Holocene climate conditions in the northeastern Qinghai–Tibet Plateau using modern and Holocene pollen records through weighted averaging–partial least squares (WA-PLS) analysis, and to examine the spatial–temporal relationship between vegetation dynamics and climate change during different characteristic periods. The results indicate that: (1) During the Holocene, the climate generally tended toward warmth and humidity with increased extremity. Based on temperature variations, it can be divided into ten characteristic periods. (2) The Holocene saw an increase in maximum temperature, average temperature, and precipitation, while minimum temperature decreased. (3) Forest decreased, undergoing three stages: expansion, contraction, and continuous contraction leading to stabilization. Grassland increased, following the stages of full expansion, localized expansion, and contraction with stabilization. (4) Under climatic influence, forest areas slightly expanded, while grassland areas slightly contracted. Meanwhile, land salinization intensified. We aim to enhance the understanding of climate change and vegetation evolution, providing a theoretical basis for addressing future climate change and biodiversity loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Palaeogeographic and Palaeoclimatic Changes Recorded by Microfossils)

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15 pages, 2075 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease in Cancer Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Konstantinos C. Siaravas, Michail I. Papafaklis, Amalia I. Moula, Lampros K. Michalis, Chrissa Sioka and Christos S. Katsouras

Life 2025, 15(4), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040571 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cancer patients have a higher propensity for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, primarily due to the toxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the proportion of multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) in cancer [...] Read more.

Cancer patients have a higher propensity for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, primarily due to the toxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the proportion of multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD) in cancer compared to non-cancer patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We systematically screened the literature for studies providing data on MVD in patients with and without cancer who underwent PCI. Seventeen observational studies (5200 patients with active cancer/history of cancer and 55,146 control patients without cancer) were included in the analysis. Most studies did not show statistically significant differences in the incidence of MVD. Overall, there was no significant difference in MVD occurrence in the cancer group (risk ratio [RR]: 1.03; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.99–1.08; p = 0.19). A high degree of heterogeneity was observed among the studies (I² = 57.32%). Further sub-analysis using only the six studies with matched control populations did not show significant differences in MVD between those groups (RR; 0.99, 95% CI: 0.94–1.05, p = 0.79). In addition, a subgroup analysis with patients who had acute coronary syndrome, who received radiation treatment, and in studies with cancer patients with active cancer did not change the statistical results. Our report highlights that there was no significant difference in the incidence of MVD between patients with and without cancer. Further research is needed to clarify the detailed characteristics of coronary artery disease in cancer patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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19 pages, 3338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Functional Characteristics of Soil Microbial Communities in Forest–Wetland Ecotones: A Case Study of the Lesser Khingan Mountains

by Junnan Ding and Shaopeng Yu

Life 2025, 15(4), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040570 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Soil microorganisms play an essential role in vegetation succession, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem restoration. This study investigates the responses of soil microbial communities to ecological transitions from forest to wetland in the Lesser Khingan Mountains, including mixed forest, conifer forest, wetland edge, and [...] Read more.

Soil microorganisms play an essential role in vegetation succession, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem restoration. This study investigates the responses of soil microbial communities to ecological transitions from forest to wetland in the Lesser Khingan Mountains, including mixed forest, conifer forest, wetland edge, and natural wetland. The results indicated that natural wetland soils were weakly acidic and contained significantly higher organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus compared to other soils. Soil bulk density increased with depth. Actinobacteria, Acidobacteriota, and Proteobacteria dominated in mixed forest, wetland edge, and natural wetland soils, respectively, showing minimal variation between depths. Principal component analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling demonstrated distinct bacterial communities between natural wetlands and wetland edges. Redundancy analysis revealed that soil bacterial communities differed significantly between 15 cm and 30 cm layers, influenced by potassium, bulk density, organic carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota abundances correlated positively with nutrients, while Acidobacteriota and Verrucomicrobiota correlated negatively with available potassium. Chemotrophic and aerobic bacteria dominated in forest soils, whereas fermentation-related and anaerobic bacteria were prevalent in wetland soils. The study highlights how ecological transitions and soil properties shape soil microbial communities and their functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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13 pages, 537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Specific Treadmill Protocol on Aerobic Performance Parameters in Flat-Terrain-Trained Athletes

by Ming-Chang Tsai, Edward Lin and Scott Thomas

Life 2025, 15(4), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040569 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study examined the differences in physiological, metabolic and running dynamics responses between level and inclined treadmill protocols and their implications for accurately determining training intensities. Twenty-three healthy, active adults (18 male and 5 female) from 25 to 59 years old (age: 42.7 [...] Read more.

This study examined the differences in physiological, metabolic and running dynamics responses between level and inclined treadmill protocols and their implications for accurately determining training intensities. Twenty-three healthy, active adults (18 male and 5 female) from 25 to 59 years old (age: 42.7 years, height: 1.77 m, body mass: 71.9 kg,

V O_{2 m a x}

: 54.3 mL·

{kg}^{- 1}

·

\min^{- 1}

) completed both protocols. Physiological markers (gas exchange threshold (GET), respiratory compensation point (RCP),

V O_{2 m a x}

), metabolic variables (HR,

V O_{2}

,

V C O_{2}

, RER, VE, speed) and running dynamic variables (running economy (RE), stride length (SL), ground contact time (GCT), cadence) were measured and matched for the external work rate at each stage. The data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc procedure. No significant differences were observed in the physiological markers for the inclined and flat protocols across all the intensities. However, the metabolic variables showed significant differences (p = 0.0333 to <0.0001) between the inclined and flat protocols at higher intensities. The RE was consistently improved in the flat protocol compared with the inclined protocol, with significant differences observed at the high-intensity stages (p = 0.0232 to <0.0001). While the physiological markers remained unaffected, metabolic responses and running kinematics differed significantly between the protocols. These results highlight that training intensity zones derived from inclined protocols may not be appropriate for flat terrain training, underlining the importance of testing specificity in athlete preparation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 2476 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Efficacy of Different Irrigation Solutions on Bacterial Biofilm in Periprosthetic Joint Infections: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis

by Marcos González-Alonso, Adrián Guerra-González, Vega Villar-Suárez, Belén Fernández-Castilla and Jaime A. Sánchez-Lázaro

Life 2025, 15(4), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040568 (registering DOI) - 1 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: Chemical debridement with an irrigating solution associated with surgical debridement has proven to be useful in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The aim of the study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature regarding [...] Read more.

Background: Chemical debridement with an irrigating solution associated with surgical debridement has proven to be useful in the treatment of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The aim of the study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature regarding the efficacy of different irrigation solutions on bacterial biofilm. Methods: This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Network Meta-Analysis (PRISMA-NM) checklist. A Network Meta-Analysis was performed to analyze which irrigation solution achieved a greater reduction in colony-forming units (CFU) after specific exposure times in vitro. Effect size was measured using the log ratio of means (logRoM) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The rank probability for each treatment was calculated using P-values. Results: After discarding duplicates, screening, and reviewing the full texts, four studies with 10 irrigation solutions for different exposure durations were included. The solutions were studied on mature biofilms of the most frequent bacteria. The greatest effect was achieved with 10% povidone–iodine for 5 min (est.: −12.02; 95% CI: −14.04, −9.99). The best-ranked solutions were 10% povidone–iodine for 5, 3, and 1 min (respective p-values: 0.977, 0.932, 0.887), and its combination with hydrogen peroxide for 3 min (p-score: 0.836). Povidone–iodine 0.3% for 5 min completed the top five ranked solutions in this study (p-score: 0.761). Conclusions: Our results show that 10% povidone–iodine is the best antiseptic solution when studied in vitro in the context of prosthetic joint infection. Further research in these areas is necessary to determine whether these results are reproducible with in vivo situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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15 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessReview

Backwash Ileitis—From Pathogenesis to Clinical Significance: Literature Review

by Alina-Ecaterina Jucan, Otilia Nedelciuc, Vasile-Claudiu Mihai, Mihaela Dranga, Mihaela-Cristiana Andronic, Simona-Stefania Juncu, Georgiana-Elena Sarbu, Ioana-Ruxandra Mihai, Andrei Andronic, Irina Ciortescu, Vasile Drug, Cristina Cijevschi Prelipcean and Catalina Mihai

Life 2025, 15(4), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040567 (registering DOI) - 31 Mar 2025

Abstract

Backwash ileitis (BWI) refers to inflammation in the distal ileum in patients with extensive ulcerative colitis (UC) that is thought to be caused by a “reflux” or “backwash” of colonic contents. In the absence of well-defined diagnostic criteria for BWI, more recently, the [...] Read more.

Backwash ileitis (BWI) refers to inflammation in the distal ileum in patients with extensive ulcerative colitis (UC) that is thought to be caused by a “reflux” or “backwash” of colonic contents. In the absence of well-defined diagnostic criteria for BWI, more recently, the term UC-associated ileitis was proposed in favor of the backwash theory, which questions the existence of backwash ileitis as a distinct disease-specific subset of patients. Moreover, distinguishing UC-associated BWI from terminal ileitis of Crohn’s disease or other conditions could be a diagnostic challenge and significantly affect treatment management. Therefore, clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and imagistic diagnostic features may aid in making this distinction. This literature review related to BWI outlines the hypothesis that the ileum may also become involved in UC as a primary manifestation of UC based on recent findings. This study also highlights the possibility that associated ileitis in UC patients may represent a potential risk factor for neoplasia, a positive association with primary sclerosing cholangitis, and a higher risk for the subsequent development of pouchitis after restorative proctocolectomy. It synthesizes recent key findings and highlights areas for further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Health: Clinical Research and Therapeutic Innovations)

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18 pages, 4575 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Impact of Exercise Training in a Hypobaric/Normobaric Hypoxic Environment on Cardiometabolic Health in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Peng Liu, Hao Chen, Yidi Deng and Xin Jiang

Life 2025, 15(4), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040566 (registering DOI) - 31 Mar 2025

Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the effects of hypoxic training (HT) versus normoxic training (NT) on cardiometabolic health parameters in overweight or obese adults. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. A [...] Read more.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to comprehensively evaluate the effects of hypoxic training (HT) versus normoxic training (NT) on cardiometabolic health parameters in overweight or obese adults. Searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. A meta-analysis was performed using Stata 18 and RevMan 5.4 software. Seventeen randomized controlled studies involving 517 participants were included. HT significantly improved cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Compared with NT, HT demonstrated a significant difference in CRF, but no significant differences were observed in SBP and DBP. The subgroup analysis of CRF revealed that HT significantly outperformed NT in six aspects: participants aged < 45 years (Hedges’ g = 0.50), an intervention duration of 8 weeks (Hedges’ g = 0.43), three sessions per week (Hedges’ g = 0.40), each session lasting < 45 min (Hedges’ g = 0.23), FiO₂ levels > 15% (Hedges’ g = 0.69), and high-load-intensity exercise (Hedges’ g = 0.57). HT demonstrated favorable effects in improving cardiometabolic health among overweight or obese adults. Compared with NT, this advantage was primarily reflected in CRF while the impacts on SBP and DBP were similar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Propolis Extracts on OxLDL and LOX-1 Levels in ApoE Knockout Mice Fed a High Fat Diet

by Katip Korkmaz, Orhan Deger, Ertugrul Yigit, Hüseyin Avni Uydu, Tolga Mercantepe and Selim Demir

Life 2025, 15(4), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040565 (registering DOI) - 31 Mar 2025

Abstract

Atherosclerosis, which has important effects on the development of cardiovascular diseases, is a widespread health problem with the highest mortality rate globally. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of water and ethanolic extracts of propolis on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis, which has important effects on the development of cardiovascular diseases, is a widespread health problem with the highest mortality rate globally. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of water and ethanolic extracts of propolis on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in the progression of the atherosclerotic process, which is characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. In our study, apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE^−/−) and C57BL/6J mice were used as study groups. Water (WEP) and ethanolic extracts (EEP) of propolis were administered intraperitoneally to ApoE^−/− and C57BL/6J mice modeled with a high-fat diet. Under anesthesia, the animals were euthanized by decapitation, and serum, along with aortic tissues, was collected. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), OxLDL and LOX-1 levels, OxLDL levels in aortic tissue homogenate, and subendothelial lipid accumulation levels by histological staining were determined in mice and statistical analyses were performed. WEP and EEP supplementation significantly decreased serum TC, TG, OxLDL, LOX-1, and tissue OxLDL levels and reduced plaque burden in the aortic root, with statistically significant differences observed. Those results suggest that propolis extracts have a potential treatment option for atherosclerosis, as a food supplement or a complementary medical/functional food. However, further research is needed to elucidate their molecular mechanisms, evaluate clinical efficacy and safety, and explore possible synergistic effects with existing atherosclerosis treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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19 pages, 13758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pathological Investigation of the Effect of Bovine Colostrum Against 5-FU-Induced Liver, Kidney, and Heart Toxicity in Rats

by Muhammet Bahaeddin Dörtbudak, Muhammed Demircioğlu, İsmail Demircioğlu, Mario Nicotra and Alessandro Di Cerbo

Life 2025, 15(4), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15040564 (registering DOI) - 31 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the possible histopathological and immunohistochemical effects of bovine colostrum (BC) against the toxic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the liver, kidney, and heart of Wistar Albino rats. Animals were divided into three groups: control, 5-FU, and 5-FU+BC. The [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the possible histopathological and immunohistochemical effects of bovine colostrum (BC) against the toxic effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) on the liver, kidney, and heart of Wistar Albino rats. Animals were divided into three groups: control, 5-FU, and 5-FU+BC. The control group received 2 mL/kg i.p. saline, the 5-FU group 100 mg/kg i.p. 5-FU, and the 5-FU+BC group received 100 mg/kg i.p. saline on the first day of the study. The 5-FU and 5-FU+BC groups received 100 mg/kg i.p. of 5-FU and 1000 mg/kg BC orally each day of the study. Liver, kidney, and heart tissues were examined histopathologically for lesions and the expression of TNF-α, HSP-27, CASP-3, and 8-OHdG. No pathologic lesions were observed in the control group, whereas severe pathologic lesions were observed in the 5-FU group. In the 5-FU+BC group, the lesions were less severe than in the 5-FU group. In immunohistochemical examination, biomarker expression was not observed in the control group, whereas it was severe in the 5-FU group and less severe in the 5-FU+BC group. At the end of the study, it was observed that 5-FU-induced pathological findings in liver, kidney, and heart tissues decreased with the use of bovine colostrum. The difference between the control group and the 5-FU and 5-FU+BC groups was significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Although the BC addition did not show any statistical significance in the pathological scores of 5-FU in liver, kidney, and heart tissues, it was observed that it improved the lesions of these tissues. Nevertheless, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses showed visible improvements in the 5-FU+BC group. Although more studies are needed, it is hoped that BC will improve prognosis by both reducing the side effects of 5-FU, a good chemotherapeutic agent, and its antineoplastic properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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