Life

15 pages, 857 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interaction Between Frailty and Renal Function in Patients with Heart Failure

by Ángela Rodríguez-Eguren, José Jesús Broseta, Lydia Izquierdo, Joan Llevadot-Sesmilo, Eduard Solé Gonzalez, María Ángeles Castel, Juan José Rodriguez, Elena Cuadrado-Payán, Diana Rodriguez-Espinosa, Elena Sandoval, Aleix Cases, Francisco Maduell, Ana García-Álvarez, Marta Farrero and Pedro Caravaca-Pérez

Life 2026, 16(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010045 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background. Frailty is highly prevalent among patients with heart failure (HF) and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently coexists with HF and may further increase risk. However, the clinical profile linking frailty and CKD remains insufficiently characterized. This [...] Read more.

Background. Frailty is highly prevalent among patients with heart failure (HF) and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently coexists with HF and may further increase risk. However, the clinical profile linking frailty and CKD remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical correlates of frailty in outpatients with HF and to assess whether its prognostic significance varies across CKD severity. Methods. A prospective, observational cohort of HF outpatients was enrolled. Frailty was defined according to Fried’s phenotype (≥3 criteria). Factors associated with frailty were identified using logistic regression. The primary endpoint was a composite of all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization over one year. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations between frailty and outcomes and to test its interaction with CKD. Results. A total of 459 HF outpatients (median age 75 [IQR 68–82] years; 72% men) were included. Frailty was present in 39.9% of patients and increased progressively with worsening renal function—from 14% in those with eGFR >60 to 38% in eGFR 30–60 and 48% in eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m² (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, older age, prior stroke, higher CA125 levels, and lower eGFR were independently associated with frailty. Frail patients had a higher risk of all-cause death or HF hospitalization (adjusted HR 2.09; 95% CI 1.22–3.58; p = 0.007), with an amplified effect among those with advanced CKD (HR 5.02; 95% CI 2.46–10.22; p < 0.001). Conclusions. In HF outpatients, frailty is common and closely linked to renal dysfunction. Its coexistence with advanced CKD identifies a subgroup at the highest risk of adverse outcomes. Combined assessment of frailty and renal function may enhance prognostic precision and guide more individualized therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiorenal Disease: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatments)

20 pages, 4838 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Intensity Interval Training Attenuates Inflammation in Cardiorenal Syndrome Induced by Renal Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Rats

by Po-Chien Tsao, Chang-Chi Lai, Szu-Kai Fu, Chia-Hsien Yu, Jing-Hsuan Chen and Chia-Yu Tang

Life 2026, 16(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010044 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI), a common complication of renal and cardiovascular procedures, induces systemic inflammation that can lead to secondary cardiac injury. This study examined whether prior high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could modulate biochemical and histological markers of cardiac injury following renal ischemia–reperfusion [...] Read more.

Acute kidney injury (AKI), a common complication of renal and cardiovascular procedures, induces systemic inflammation that can lead to secondary cardiac injury. This study examined whether prior high-intensity interval training (HIIT) could modulate biochemical and histological markers of cardiac injury following renal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R). Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to Sham, Renal I/R, and HIIT groups; one rat in the I/R group and two in the HIIT group did not survive. Serum analyses included creatinine, CK, troponin I, LDH, and inflammatory cytokines. Renal injury was assessed using tubular and glomerular injury scores, and cardiac injury was evaluated by myocardial injury scoring, TUNEL staining, and expression of caspase-3, TNF-α, and Bax. Renal I/R induced renal dysfunction, systemic inflammation, and myocardial damage. Prior HIIT significantly reduced creatinine, CK, troponin I, LDH, inflammatory cytokines, and cardiac caspase-3 and TNF-α expression. Overall, HIIT provided partial protection against renal I/R-induced systemic and cardiac alterations, primarily by attenuating inflammation, and should be considered a potential—rather than definitive—preconditioning strategy requiring further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

21 pages, 347 KB

Open AccessReview

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Never-Smokers—A Distinct Entity Within the COPD Spectrum

by Andreea-Nicoleta Mălăescu, Florin-Dumitru Mihălțan and Ancuța-Alina Constantin

Life 2026, 16(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010043 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Although smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), about one-third of patients have never smoked. This phenomenon supports the idea of a distinct phenotype of the disease in never-smokers, influenced by genetic, infectious, socioeconomic, environmental, and occupational factors. [...] Read more.

Although smoking is the main risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), about one-third of patients have never smoked. This phenomenon supports the idea of a distinct phenotype of the disease in never-smokers, influenced by genetic, infectious, socioeconomic, environmental, and occupational factors. The paper is based on a narrative review of recent literature on the etiology, clinical features, evolution, and therapeutic strategies of COPD in never-smokers, mainly through the analysis of published studies over the last 3 years. COPD in never-smokers occurs predominantly in women, the elderly, and individuals from rural areas or with poor socioeconomic status. Key risk factors include exposure to occupational or environmental pollutants, air pollution, previous respiratory infections, particularly due to pulmonary tuberculosis, and genetic predisposition, mainly through alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD). Clinically, COPD in never-smokers is characterized by chronic cough and dyspnea, with less severe pulmonary functional impairment, slow progression, and lower prevalence of emphysema compared to smokers. Imaging often highlights bronchiectasis or post-infectious sequelae, and biological markers indicate a significant eosinophilic component. Thus, COPD in never-smokers is a distinct clinical entity with multifactorial pathogenesis and distinct clinical-functional characteristics. Prompt recognition of this form of disease is essential for prevention and adaptation of therapeutic strategies. A personalized multidisciplinary approach can improve disease prognosis and the quality of life for these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pulmonology: Transforming Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Diseases)

14 pages, 392 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relaxed Stiffness of Lower Extremity Muscles and Step Width Variability as Key Differences Between Sarcopenia and Dynapenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Jiseul Park and Youngsook Bae

Life 2026, 16(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010042 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Sarcopenia and muscle wasting contribute significantly to functional decline in older adults, but differences in lower extremity muscle stiffness and gait variability between these groups are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to compare gait variability, and lower [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Sarcopenia and muscle wasting contribute significantly to functional decline in older adults, but differences in lower extremity muscle stiffness and gait variability between these groups are not yet fully understood. This study aimed to compare gait variability, and lower extremity muscle stiffness during contraction and relaxation in community-dwelling older adults classified as non-diseased, sarcopenic, and dynapenic. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 164 community-dwelling older adults classified as non-diseased, dynapenic, or sarcopenic, based on handgrip strength, 5-time sit-to-stand test, and skeletal muscle index. Spatiotemporal gait variability was measured at the participants’ preferred speed. Moreover, muscle thickness, as well as the contractile and relaxed stiffness, were measured for the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius medialis (GAmed), and lateralis (GAlat). Results: In dynapenic and sarcopenic groups, gait variability increased across most parameters, but only the step width coefficient of variation differed significantly between the dynapenic and sarcopenic groups. Contractile stiffness of the RF, BF, and GAlat was lower in both groups, with additional GAmed stiffness reduction in the sarcopenic group. Relaxed stiffness of the BF and GAmed was significantly higher in the sarcopenic group than in the dynapenic group. Conclusions: This study identified differences in muscle thickness, stiffness, and gait variability among non-diseased, dynapenic, and sarcopenic older adults. Step width variability, GAmed contractile stiffness, and BF and GAmed relaxed stiffness emerged as potential early indicators for distinguishing dynapenia from sarcopenia. These findings highlight the importance of assessing muscle quality—including both mass and stiffness characteristics—to better characterize early stages of age-related muscle decline and to inform targeted intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Rehabilitation for Musculoskeletal Disorders: 2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 731 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effectiveness of Balance- and Strength-Based Exercise Interventions for Fall Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Prashant Kumar Choudhary, Suchishrava Choudhary, Sohom Saha, Borko Katanić, İsmail İlbak and Gusztáv József Tornóczky

Life 2026, 16(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010041 (registering DOI) - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Falls are a leading cause of injury, disability, and loss of independence among community-dwelling older adults. Although exercise-based interventions are widely recommended for fall prevention, the comparative effectiveness of different exercise modalities remains insufficiently synthesized. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in [...] Read more.

Background: Falls are a leading cause of injury, disability, and loss of independence among community-dwelling older adults. Although exercise-based interventions are widely recommended for fall prevention, the comparative effectiveness of different exercise modalities remains insufficiently synthesized. Methods: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Randomized and controlled trials were identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL, including studies involving adults aged ≥60 years who participated in balance-based, strength-based, multimodal, Tai Ji Quan, Otago Exercise Program, or perturbation-based reactive balance training interventions. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (ROB-2) tool. Due to substantial clinical and methodological heterogeneity across interventions and outcome measures, a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Results: Twenty-seven trials met the inclusion criteria. Exercise interventions consistently reduced fall incidence across studies. Tai Ji Quan interventions were associated with approximately 31–58% reductions in falls, the Otago Exercise Program with 23–40% reductions, and multimodal strength–balance training with 20–45% reductions. Perturbation-based reactive balance training demonstrated particularly strong effects on laboratory-induced falls, with reductions ranging from 50–75%. Functional outcomes also improved across intervention types, including faster Timed Up and Go performance, increased gait speed, improvements of approximately 1.2–2.5 points in Short Physical Performance Battery scores, 15–35% gains in lower-limb strength, and enhanced reactive balance responses. Longer-duration interventions (12–24 months) generally demonstrated sustained reductions in fall risk. Conclusions: Evidence from randomized and controlled trials indicates that structured exercise interventions, particularly Tai Ji Quan, the Otago Exercise Program, multimodal strength–balance training, and perturbation-based reactive balance training, are effective in reducing falls and improving balance, mobility, and strength in community-dwelling older adults. These findings support the use of targeted, evidence-based exercise programs as central components of fall-prevention strategies in older populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exercise and Functional Interventions on Musculoskeletal Health)

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14 pages, 287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical and Performance Characteristics of Elite Youth Male Basketball Players Characterized by Maturity Status

by Denis Čaušević, Monica Delia Bîcă, Amila Hodžić, Alina Elena Albină, Blake Densley, Dan Iulian Alexe, Milan Zelenović, Marta Bichowska-Pawęska, Mirza Ibrahimović and Cătălin Vasile Savu

Life 2026, 16(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010040 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the influence of biological maturity status on anthropometric, body composition, and physical performance characteristics in elite youth male basketball players. A total of 140 players (15.12 ± 0.78 years) competing in national elite programs were categorized as early, on-time, or [...] Read more.

This study investigated the influence of biological maturity status on anthropometric, body composition, and physical performance characteristics in elite youth male basketball players. A total of 140 players (15.12 ± 0.78 years) competing in national elite programs were categorized as early, on-time, or late maturers according to years from peak height velocity (PHV). Each participant completed a standardized testing battery including anthropometric assessments, body composition analysis (InBody 720), countermovement jump (CMJ) with and without arm swing, drop jump from 40 cm (DJ40), linear sprints over 5–20 m, and agility tests (t-test and Lane Agility). Between-group differences were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests, while partial eta squared (ηp²) and magnitude-based inference (MBI) were applied to assess effect size and practical significance. Significant differences were observed across maturity groups (p < 0.05), with early maturers being taller, heavier, and more muscular than their on-time and late-maturing peers. Large effects were found for height (ηp² = 0.667) and body mass (ηp² = 0.455), and moderate-to-large effects for jump, sprint, and agility performance (ηp² = 0.051–0.166). MBI results indicated that most differences between early and late maturers were “very likely” or “almost certain,” highlighting their practical relevance. These findings confirm that biological maturity substantially affects physical and performance profiles in adolescent basketball players and underscore the importance of maturity-informed approaches such as bio-banding and individualized training to ensure fair evaluation and equitable talent development in youth sport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Athlete Physiology)

14 pages, 722 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Light Quality and Photoperiod on Mycelium and Fruiting Body Growth of Tricholoma giganteum

by Qingqing Luo, Meirong Zhan, Shengze Yan, Ting Xie, Xianxin Huang, Ruijuan Wang, Huan Lu, Shengyou Wang and Juanjuan Lin

Life 2026, 16(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010039 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

Light is a crucial environmental regulator for Tricholoma giganteum (T. giganteum). This study investigated the effects of light quality and photoperiod on its growth, physiology, and nutritional composition. During the mycelial stage, blue light (BL) exposure for 5 d promoted the [...] Read more.

Light is a crucial environmental regulator for Tricholoma giganteum (T. giganteum). This study investigated the effects of light quality and photoperiod on its growth, physiology, and nutritional composition. During the mycelial stage, blue light (BL) exposure for 5 d promoted the highest growth rate (0.74 mm d⁻¹, 45% higher than dark control, p < 0.05). Red light (RL) enhanced antioxidant capacity, elevating superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity to 240.20 U·mL⁻¹ (after 5 d) and DPPH radical-scavenging activity to 276.11% (after 3 d). Ultraviolet (UV) suppressed polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity. BL also increased mycelial polysaccharide content (6.45 g·100 g⁻¹). In the fruiting stage, green light (GL) improved agronomic traits and first-grade yield (3.75 kg), while also promoting the accumulation of glutamate (4.39 g·100 g⁻¹), a key umami compound. Further photoperiod optimization revealed that 4 h of daily GL exposure shortened the fruiting cycle, achieved the highest biological efficiency (98.4%), and maximized both polysaccharide (38.17 g·100 g⁻¹) and glutamate contents (5.70 g·100 g⁻¹). These results recommend a two-stage lighting protocol: BL for mycelial growth and a 4 h daily GL for fruiting, providing a scientific basis for the industrial cultivation of T. giganteum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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18 pages, 2417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced AI-Powered System for Comprehensive Thyroid Cancer Detection and Malignancy Risk Assessment

by Noemi Lorenzovici, Horatiu Silaghi, Eva-H. Dulf, Cornelia Braicu and Cristina Alina Silaghi

Life 2026, 16(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010038 - 26 Dec 2025

Abstract

The thyroid cancer incidence has been continuously rising over the last decades. Recently, intelligent cancer detection software are gaining popularity, due to their high diagnostic accuracy and subsequent direct benefits in avoiding unnecessary surgical interventions. This study introduces a novel hybrid computer-aided diagnosis [...] Read more.

The thyroid cancer incidence has been continuously rising over the last decades. Recently, intelligent cancer detection software are gaining popularity, due to their high diagnostic accuracy and subsequent direct benefits in avoiding unnecessary surgical interventions. This study introduces a novel hybrid computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system that combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and molecular data analysis to achieve comprehensive and reliable thyroid cancer diagnostics. The system consists of two key modules: The first is a CNN-based model leveraging transfer learning, processes ultrasound images to classify patients as either “healthy” or “with a thyroid nodule.” In cases where a nodule is detected, the second module utilizes molecular data to predict the malignancy risk, providing a probability score for clinical decision support. Different image augmentation techniques (traditional ones as well as novels) were carried out to enhance the robustness of the system. The combination of two independent modules makes it possible to use them decoupled, while used together they provide a powerful, in-depth diagnosis of thyroid cancer. The proposed system demonstrates strong performance: the ultrasound-based CNN module achieves an accuracy of 93.65%, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 69.23%. For the gene analysis component, the model achieves a training mean squared error (MSE) of 4.24 × 10⁻⁵ and a testing MSE 6.31 × 10⁻³. These results underscore the system’s competitive performance with existing thyroid cancer detection CAD systems in both diagnostic performance and the depth of insights provided, supporting clinicians in making informed, reliable decisions in thyroid cancer management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multimodal AI for Genomic-Clinicopathologic Integration: From Preventive Screening to Precision Diagnosis)

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21 pages, 1066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on the Protective Effect of Thiamine and Thiamine Pyrophosphate Against Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Rats

by Izzet Emir, Bulent Yavuzer, Bahadir Suleyman, Cengiz Sarigul, Ali Sefa Mendil, Esra Tuba Sezgin, Durdu Altuner, Cebrail Gursul and Halis Suleyman

Life 2026, 16(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010037 (registering DOI) - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), widely used in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, has been associated with cardiotoxicity driven by oxidative, mitochondrial, and metabolic disturbances. However, no comparative evidence exists regarding whether thiamine, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), or their combination (TTPC) can mitigate HCQ-induced myocardial injury. Objective: [...] Read more.

Background: Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), widely used in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, has been associated with cardiotoxicity driven by oxidative, mitochondrial, and metabolic disturbances. However, no comparative evidence exists regarding whether thiamine, thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), or their combination (TTPC) can mitigate HCQ-induced myocardial injury. Objective: This study examined the biochemical and histopathological effects of thiamine, TPP, and their combination in a rat model of HCQ-induced cardiomyopathy. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups: healthy control, HCQ, thiamine+HCQ, TPP+HCQ, and TTPC+HCQ. Thiamine (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), TPP (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), or TTPC (20 mg/kg each, intraperitoneal) was administered once daily, followed by HCQ (120 mg/kg, oral, twice daily). After seven days, cardiac tissue was analyzed for MDA, tGSH, SOD, and CAT, while serum TnI, lactate, and LDH were measured from tail-vein blood samples. Cardiac samples underwent histopathological examination. Results: HCQ exposure markedly increased MDA, TnI, LDH, and lactate levels while reducing tGSH, SOD, and CAT, indicating severe oxidative and metabolic insult. Thiamine co-treatment failed to ameliorate these disturbances. Conversely, TPP restored redox balance, attenuated biomarker elevations, and improved cardiac biochemical profiles. TTPC produced comparable improvements but did not exceed those of TPP alone. Histopathologically, HCQ caused pronounced myocyte degeneration and mononuclear infiltration, whereas TPP and TTPC groups showed only mild inflammatory changes with preserved myocardial architecture. Conclusions: HCQ induces a marked redox imbalance accompanied by well-defined histopathological myocardial degeneration. TPP afforded robust cardio-protection, whereas thiamine offered no meaningful benefit. Collectively, these findings position TPP as a biologically plausible, clinically relevant candidate for mitigating HCQ-induced cardiomyopathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application—3rd Edition)

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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on 30-Day Mortality and Ventilation Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPD): A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Josef Yayan and Kurt Rasche

Life 2026, 16(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010036 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are a major cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and are associated with substantial short-term mortality. Diabetes mellitus is a frequent comorbidity in patients with COPD, yet its impact on short-term outcomes in [...] Read more.

Background: Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) are a major cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and are associated with substantial short-term mortality. Diabetes mellitus is a frequent comorbidity in patients with COPD, yet its impact on short-term outcomes in critically ill AECOPD patients remains uncertain. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether diabetes mellitus is independently associated with 30-day mortality in critically ill adult patients admitted to the ICU with AECOPD. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult ICU patients with AECOPD using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. All eligible adult patients with a documented diagnosis of AECOPD during the study period were included. Patients were categorized according to the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus was identified based on documented diagnostic codes and clinical records at the time of ICU admission. Demographic variables, laboratory parameters obtained within the first 24 h of ICU admission, and mechanical ventilation requirements were assessed. Mechanical ventilation was initiated according to standard clinical indications, including acute respiratory failure, hypoxemia, or hypercapnia. The primary outcome was 30-day all-cause mortality. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, multivariable logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazards models were applied to identify independent predictors of mortality. Results: A total of 5874 ICU patients were included, of whom 2489 (42.3%) had diabetes. Patients with diabetes were slightly younger, more frequently male, and more often received mechanical ventilation than non-diabetic patients. Unadjusted 30-day mortality was lower among diabetic patients (15.3% vs. 17.5%; p = 0.032). However, after adjustment for relevant covariates, diabetes was not an independent predictor of 30-day mortality (HR = 0.80; p = 0.46). Age, male sex, and elevated lactate levels were associated with increased mortality, while early mechanical ventilation showed an association with improved short-term survival. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus was not independently associated with 30-day mortality in critically ill patients with AECOPD. Short-term outcomes were primarily influenced by age, markers of metabolic stress, and timely ventilatory support. Due to limitations of the database, reliable differentiation between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and detailed assessment of COPD severity or phenotype were not consistently feasible. Further prospective studies are warranted to clarify the long-term implications of diabetes in this patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Thoracic Medicine: Advancements and Challenges—2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 807 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determining the Presence of a Polymorphism in the Calpastatin (CAST) Gene Locus and Its Influence on Some Fattening Traits in Danube White Pigs

by Katya Eneva, Radostina Stoykova-Grigorova, Gergana Yordanova, Mariyana Petrova, Radka Nedeva, Ivan Penchev and Toncho Penev

Life 2026, 16(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010035 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

A total of 57 replacement gilts of the Danube White breed was used in a study carried out in the Agricultural Institute of Shumen. During the test period, for the trait “age at reaching 90 kg live weight” as well as the following [...] Read more.

A total of 57 replacement gilts of the Danube White breed was used in a study carried out in the Agricultural Institute of Shumen. During the test period, for the trait “age at reaching 90 kg live weight” as well as the following traits, they were analyzed using a Piglog 105 device (portable ultrasound scanner, Frontmatec, Denmark): back fat thickness at points X₁ and X₂, growth intensity, back fat of m. Longissimus thoracis (LT), and lean meat percentage. DNA analysis was performed using the polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment-length polymorphism method (PCR-RFLP), with restriction endonuclease MspI. In the genotyped herd at the calpastatin gene locus, two alleles were identified with frequencies of 60% for allele D and 40% for allele C, and three genotypes DD, CC, and CD, with frequencies of 40%, 21%, and 39%, respectively. The percentage of animals with the DD genotype was the highest. They also had a lesser thickness of the back fat at point X₂, a larger back fat of LT, and a higher percentage of lean meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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10 pages, 1724 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Ruptured Posterior Cerebral Artery Dissecting Aneurysm After Trauma: A Case Report and Literature Review

by Chun-Han Chang, Yuan-Yun Tseng and Tao-Chieh Yang

Life 2026, 16(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010034 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysms are rare, accounting for less than 2% of intracranial aneurysms. Among them, dissecting aneurysms frequently occur in the P2 segment. Traumatic PCA aneurysms are extremely uncommon and usually reported in pediatric or young adults following high-energy injuries. We [...] Read more.

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysms are rare, accounting for less than 2% of intracranial aneurysms. Among them, dissecting aneurysms frequently occur in the P2 segment. Traumatic PCA aneurysms are extremely uncommon and usually reported in pediatric or young adults following high-energy injuries. We report the case of a 43-year-old woman who sustained a ruptured left PCA P2 dissecting aneurysm with subarachnoid hemorrhage, accompanied by an L2 unstable burst fracture after a high-speed motor vehicle collision. Initial neuroimaging revealed diffuse basal cistern hemorrhage with more predominance at the left side ambient cistern and a fusiform aneurysm with a superimposed saccular component along its anterior portion of left PCA P2 segment. The patient underwent endovascular treatment with a flow-diverting stent and stent-assisted coiling, achieving complete obliteration, followed by lumbar minimally invasive spinal surgery (MISS). The patient recovered without neurological deficits and remained fully independence at a one-year follow-up. Traumatic PCA dissecting aneurysms pose a diagnostic challenge due to their rarity and potential for delayed clinical manifestation, yet they carry a substantial risk of morbidity and rebleeding if untreated. Early recognition through detailed vascular imaging and timely reconstructive endovascular intervention are essential to preventing secondary hemorrhage and optimizing clinical outcomes. This case underscores the need for heightened suspicion for vascular injury in patients with significant craniovertebral trauma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI))

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15 pages, 789 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Time-of-Day Effects of Caffeine Capsule and Mouth Rinse on Cognitive Performance in Adolescent Male Volleyball Athletes: A Randomized Crossover Investigation

by Salma Belhaj Amor, Wissem Dhahbi, Houda Bougrine, Manel Bessifi, Vlad Adrian Geantă, Vasile Emil Ursu, Khaled Trabelsi and Nizar Souissi

Life 2026, 16(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010033 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Caffeine is widely used to enhance cognitive performance, but its efficacy may vary with the administration route and circadian timing. This study compared the acute effects of caffeine capsule ingestion and caffeine mouth rinsing on cognitive performance across morning, midday, and evening sessions [...] Read more.

Caffeine is widely used to enhance cognitive performance, but its efficacy may vary with the administration route and circadian timing. This study compared the acute effects of caffeine capsule ingestion and caffeine mouth rinsing on cognitive performance across morning, midday, and evening sessions in well-trained, adolescent male volleyball players. Twenty-four athletes completed three randomized, double-blind, crossover trials involving a caffeine capsule (3 mg·kg⁻¹), a caffeine mouth rinse of the same dose (expectorated), and a placebo. Cognitive performance was assessed using simple and choice reaction time tests and the Stroop task, alongside a side-effects questionnaire. Both caffeine forms improved performance versus the placebo, with the greatest enhancements occurring at midday and moderate benefits evident in the morning. Capsule ingestion produced the most consistent improvements across reaction speed and executive control, whereas mouth rinsing elicited smaller, task-dependent effects, particularly at midday. No consistent or practically relevant benefits were observed for either caffeine condition in the evening, when cognitive performance was naturally highest. Side effects were mild and infrequent, with occasional headaches after capsule ingestion. These findings indicate that caffeine capsules most effectively enhance cognitive performance when baseline alertness is suboptimal, while caffeine mouth rinsing represents a practical ingestion-free alternative with moderate efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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19 pages, 3656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Actinomycin Analogs from Soil-Derived Streptomyces sp. PSU-S4-23 with Activity Against MRSA

by Chollachai Klaysubun, Kamonnut Singkhamanan, Monwadee Wonglapsuwan, Sarunyou Chusri, Rattanaruji Pomwised and Komwit Surachat

Life 2026, 16(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010032 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Genome-based discovery provides a powerful approach for identifying bioactive natural products. In this study, Streptomyces sp. PSU-S4-23 was isolated from soil collected in southern Thailand. Genome analysis revealed a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) biosynthetic gene cluster highly similar to the reference actinomycin D [...] Read more.

Genome-based discovery provides a powerful approach for identifying bioactive natural products. In this study, Streptomyces sp. PSU-S4-23 was isolated from soil collected in southern Thailand. Genome analysis revealed a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) biosynthetic gene cluster highly similar to the reference actinomycin D cluster, including canonical NRPS genes and a cytochrome P450 associated with oxidative tailoring. Genomic comparison indicated that this strain is distinct from its closest relative S. caeni CGMCC 4.7426^T with ANIb and dDDH values below the species delineation thresholds. In agar diffusion assays, the crude extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA and MRSA), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, as well as inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. LC–MS/MS profiling of the crude ethyl-acetate extract was performed. GNPS feature-based molecular networking revealed ions corresponding to actinomycin X₂ (m/z 1269.6), D (m/z 1255.6), and I (m/z 1271.6), confirming production of multiple actinomycin analogs. These findings highlight Streptomyces sp. PSU-S4-23 as a promising actinomycin-producing strain with potential relevance to antibiotic discovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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13 pages, 274 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of PD-1 Inhibitor-Associated Peripheral Neuropathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study

by Suma Ganji-Angirekula, Nicole W. Segada, Prit Hasan, Peter M. Grace, Jian Wang, Xiaowen Sun and Saba Javed

Life 2026, 16(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010031 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Immunotherapy is a promising treatment option for many cancers but is associated with the development of peripheral neuropathy in some patients. This retrospective cross-sectional EMR-based prevalence study was performed at MD Anderson Cancer Center with an aim to define the prevalence and epidemiology [...] Read more.

Immunotherapy is a promising treatment option for many cancers but is associated with the development of peripheral neuropathy in some patients. This retrospective cross-sectional EMR-based prevalence study was performed at MD Anderson Cancer Center with an aim to define the prevalence and epidemiology of Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor-associated polyneuropathy. A total of 12,092 patients treated with a PD-1 inhibitor between 4 March 2016 and 18 June 2023 were identified and those on immunotherapy monotherapy were isolated. A total of 817 patients had documented neuropathy-associated with PD-1 inhibitor exposure, corresponding to a prevalence of 6.76% (6.76%, 95% CI 6.31–7.22). Data was stratified to assess for association between peripheral neuropathy and agent, sex, race, ethnicity, smoking and diabetes status. Patients identifying as “Other” race had higher prevalence of neuropathy compared to White or Caucasian patients (OR 1.514, p = 0.0189) and non-Hispanic or Latino patients had higher prevalence of neuropathy compared to Hispanic or Latino patients (OR 1.502, p = 0.0078). Current-smokers had significantly lower prevalence of neuropathy compared to never-smokers (OR 0.716, p = 0.0368). These disparities underscore the importance of further investigation in genetics and mechanisms to identify therapeutic interventions for PD-1 inhibitor-associated peripheral neuropathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Burden of Chronic Pain: Advances and Challenges in Pain Management and Clinical Practice)

15 pages, 1409 KB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Effects of Capacitive and Resistive Electric Transfer Therapy and Static Splinting in the Management of Trigger Finger: A Non-Randomized Clinical Study

by Larisa Ryskalin, Federica Fulceri, Paola Soldani, Andrea Poggetti, Paolo Annoscia, Chiara Marinelli, Giulia Ghelarducci and Marco Gesi

Life 2026, 16(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010030 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Trigger finger (TF) is a common debilitating hand disorder that often results in pain and functional limitations. Currently accepted conservative treatments include splinting, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroid injections. Recently, transfer energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy is emerging as a promising intervention [...] Read more.

Trigger finger (TF) is a common debilitating hand disorder that often results in pain and functional limitations. Currently accepted conservative treatments include splinting, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroid injections. Recently, transfer energy capacitive and resistive (TECAR) therapy is emerging as a promising intervention for its potential to enhance microcirculation, reduce pain and inflammation, and stimulate tissue regeneration in various musculoskeletal conditions. However, its effectiveness for TF remains unclear. This study aims to compare the outcomes between TF conservative management with splinting alone, TECAR therapy alone, and the combined approach. Twenty-one fingers from 16 patients were included, with outcomes measured in terms of pain intensity, Green’s TF classification, frequency, severity and functional impact of triggering, and Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand. Assessments were conducted at baseline, at the fourth and eighth weeks after the initial treatment, and at one-month follow-up. Although all groups showed beneficial effects in all outcomes from baseline to the follow-up, the combined therapy group demonstrated statistically significant, quicker, and higher magnitude improvements in all clinical parameters compared to the single-treatment groups. By combining TECAR therapy with conventional splinting, TF patients may experience faster pain relief and functional recovery. Thus, integrating TECAR therapy into rehabilitation programs may represent a valuable opportunity for enhancing pain management and recovery in TF patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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12 pages, 817 KB

Open AccessArticle

CT-Based Quantification of Prostate Volume Change After LHRH-Agonist Androgen Deprivation: A Prospective, Three-Reader Study for Radiotherapy Planning

by Nicolás Feltes Benítez, Manuel Galdeano-Rubio, Jesus Muñoz-Rodriguez, Arturo Domínguez, Josep Maria Solé i Monné, Meritxell Pérez Márquez, Sergio Caballero del Pozo, Inma Díaz-Álvarez, Felipe Couñago and Saturio Paredes-Rubio

Life 2026, 16(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010029 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Introduction: ADT is routinely combined with radiotherapy (RT) for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. While prostate shrinkage may facilitate planning, prospective CT-based, patient-level estimates over short, workflow-relevant intervals are scarce. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 47 patients starting luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [...] Read more.

Introduction: ADT is routinely combined with radiotherapy (RT) for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. While prostate shrinkage may facilitate planning, prospective CT-based, patient-level estimates over short, workflow-relevant intervals are scarce. Methods: We conducted a prospective study of 47 patients starting luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist (LHRHa) therapy (leuprolide, 6-month depot). Prostate volumes were independently contoured by three blinded radiation oncologists on paired CT scans at baseline and ~8 weeks post-injection. The primary outcomes were the mean relative volume change and the proportion achieving a clinically relevant reduction (≥15%). PSA and testosterone were recorded at both time points; correlations and exploratory univariable logistic regression for ≥15% reduction were performed at the patient level. Results: Mean relative volume reduction ranged from −18.5% to −21.3% across observers; ≥60% of patients met the ≥15% threshold (RT-A 61.7%, RT-B 66.0%, RT-C 74.5%). PSA and testosterone decreased substantially (e.g., median PSA from 9.64 to 1.84 nmol/L) and were moderately correlated (Spearman ρ = 0.43, p = 0.002; Pearson r = 0.51, p < 0.001). No baseline clinical, histologic, or biochemical variables reached statistical significance for predicting ≥15% volume reduction; % PSA change showed a non-significant trend (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.00–1.07; p = 0.076). Conclusions: Short-course LHRHa induced consistent CT-measured cytoreduction, with more than half of cases achieving ≥15% shrinkage within 8 weeks. Prostate downsizing was reproducible across readers and accompanied by marked PSA and testosterone declines, although biochemical responses did not predict volumetric change. These findings support incorporating a short neoadjuvant “window” before RT simulation and highlight the need for larger studies to refine predictors and compare agonist vs. antagonist trajectories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis of Prostate Cancer)

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12 pages, 830 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Significance of Preoperative Neurological Versus Radiological Deterioration in Older Patients with Moderate-to-Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

by Shin Heon Lee, Jong Tae Lee and Yong-sook Park

Life 2026, 16(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010028 - 24 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: The prognostic value of preoperative deterioration in older patients with moderate-to-mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of preoperative neurological and radiological deterioration on clinical outcomes in this population undergoing surgery. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: The prognostic value of preoperative deterioration in older patients with moderate-to-mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of preoperative neurological and radiological deterioration on clinical outcomes in this population undergoing surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients aged ≥ 65 years with moderate-to-mild TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≥ 9) who underwent surgery between 2013 and 2022. Patients were grouped based on preoperative deterioration, classified as neurological (≥2-point sustained GCS drop lasting more than 1 h) or radiological (new/aggravated imaging lesions). Study outcomes included in-hospital mortality and 6-month functional status. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of outcomes. Results: Among 58 patients, preoperative deterioration was observed in 34 (58.6%), including 14 (24.1%) with neurological and 20 (34.5%) with radiological deterioration. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients with neurological deterioration than in those without (57.1% vs. 13.6%; p = 0.002). Radiological deterioration alone was not associated with increased mortality or unfavorable functional outcome at 6 months. Neurological deterioration was an independent predictor of in-hospital death (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 47.9; p = 0.004) and unfavorable 6-month outcome (adjusted OR, 35.0; p = 0.014), whereas radiological deterioration was not. A lower initial GCS was also associated with unfavorable outcomes (adjusted OR, 0.5; p = 0.013). Conclusions: Preoperative neurological deterioration is an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and unfavorable functional outcome at 6 months in older patients undergoing surgery for moderate-to-mild TBI. These findings underscore clinical neurological decline—not radiologic progression—should guide prognostication and early intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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19 pages, 2294 KB

Open AccessArticle

Neurocognitive Performance and Executive Functions Do Not Influence Conditioned Pain Modulation in Women with Migraine

by Juan C. Pacho-Hernández, Angela Tejera-Alonso, Ana I. de-la-Llave-Rincón, Silvia Ambite-Quesada, Cristina Gómez-Calero, Ricardo Ortega-Santiago, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Gustavo Plaza-Manzano, Juan A. Valera-Calero and Margarita Cigarán-Méndez

Life 2026, 16(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16010027 - 24 Dec 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Migraine is featured by altered nociceptive processing and the presence of cognitive impairments. No study has previously investigated the influence of neurocognitive performance and executive functions in descending pain processing in this population. Aim: To assess the influence of neurocognitive [...] Read more.

Introduction: Migraine is featured by altered nociceptive processing and the presence of cognitive impairments. No study has previously investigated the influence of neurocognitive performance and executive functions in descending pain processing in this population. Aim: To assess the influence of neurocognitive processes and executive functions in conditioned pain modulation (CPM) activation in women with migraine. Methods: A cross-sectional case–control study including 140 women with migraine (50% chronic) and 70 control women was conducted. Clinical migraine features, neurocognitive processes (e.g., attention), and executive functions (memory, mental inhibition, speed of processing) were evaluated. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were bilaterally assessed at the temporalis muscle, lateral epicondyle, and tibialis anterior muscle. Heat (HPT) and cold (CPT) pain thresholds were assessed at the frontalis (trigeminal area) muscle. Thus, CPM was evaluated with the cold pressor test paradigm by analyzing changes in mechanical/thermal stimuli after a conditioned stimulus. Results: Significant group*time interactions not associated with neurocognitive process/executive function, educational level, and employment status were found for PPTs at the temporalis muscle (Wilk’s λ = 0.588, F[2,199] = 69.756, p < 0.001, n²p = 0.412, 1 − β = 0.999), lateral epicondyle (Wilk’s λ = 0.674, F[2,200] = 48.331, p < 0.001, n²p = 0.326, 1 − β = 0.999), and tibialis anterior (Wilk’s λ = 0.751, F[2,200] = 33.110, p < 0.001, n²p= 0.249, 1 − β = 0.999): PPTs were higher after the conditioned stimulus in all points in control women (increases ranging from 11% to 17%), whereas PPTs were lower after the conditioned stimulus in women with migraine (decrease from −7.5% to −0.1%) when compared with PPTs at baseline. Changes in HPT and CPT were small and not significant, ranging from 0.1% to 0.5%. Conclusion: This study revealed that women with episodic or chronic migraine showed CPM deficits particularly against mechanical stimuli when compared with pain-free women. Neurocognitive (e.g., attention) processes or executive functions (e.g., working memory, mental inhibition) did not modulate CPM activity in women with migraine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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