Healthcare 2025, 13(7), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070722 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Recent technological advancements enable smartwatches to measure running distance and heart rate using wearable sensors. This study aimed to analyze the validity of the 12 min Cooper test using a smartwatch and to develop an accurate VO2max prediction model for Korean
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Background/Objectives: Recent technological advancements enable smartwatches to measure running distance and heart rate using wearable sensors. This study aimed to analyze the validity of the 12 min Cooper test using a smartwatch and to develop an accurate VO2max prediction model for Korean adults. Methods: A total of 104 adults (53 males: age 35.00 ± 6.1 years, BMI 24.71 ± 3.13; 51 females: age 34.82 ± 6.07 years, BMI 22.24 ± 2.66) participated. VO2max was measured using a maximal graded treadmill test. Participants performed the Cooper test while wearing a smartwatch, which collected average heart rate, peak heart rate, and running distance. Sex, height, and weight were also included as predictor variables. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to develop a VO2max prediction equation. Model accuracy was assessed using R2 and the standard error of the estimate (SEE). Results: The developed VO2max prediction equation was VO2max = 27.620 + 6.358 (sex; male = 1, female = 0) − 0.012 (height) − 0.202 (weight) − 0.036 (mean HR) + 0.039 (peak HR) + 0.012 (distance) (R2 = 0.853, SEE = 3.176 mL/kg/min, p < 0.001). The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) between measured and predicted VO2max using the smartwatch was 0.961, compared to 0.925 for traditional methods. The explanatory power was 86.0% (SEE = 3.024 mL/kg/min) versus 81.0% (SEE = 3.516 mL/kg/min). Conclusions: The smartwatch-based VO2max prediction model demonstrated higher accuracy than traditional methods. This equation is recommended for more precise VO2max estimation in Korean adults.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing: A Key Player in Cardiovascular Disease Management)
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