Biology

3 pages, 173 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Physiological Adaptations, Nutritional Strategies, and Health Management in Aquatic Organisms

by Quanquan Cao

Biology 2026, 15(4), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040324 - 12 Feb 2026

Aquatic organisms are continuously challenged by dynamic environmental factors, including temperature, salinity fluctuations, and dissolved oxygen levels [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Environment, and Fish Physiology)

15 pages, 4974 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Peroxidase12 Gene Regulates Morphogenesis of the Daughter Root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. by Promoting Lignin Synthesis

by Xianglei Duan, Xuewen Yan, Xin Wen and Guangzhi Wang

Biology 2026, 15(4), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040323 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Although the diterpenoid alkaloids of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. have long been a research focus in phytochemistry and pharmacology, systematic studies on the growth and development of its daughter roots remain limited, yet this process critically determines the yield and quality of the medicinal [...] Read more.

Although the diterpenoid alkaloids of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. have long been a research focus in phytochemistry and pharmacology, systematic studies on the growth and development of its daughter roots remain limited, yet this process critically determines the yield and quality of the medicinal material. This study utilized the Jiangyou-derived daughter root of A. carmichaelii as experimental material. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and total lignin quantification demonstrated that both the expression level of AcPRX12 and total lignin relative content were consistently higher in the non-swollen (PB) parts than in the swollen (P) parts of the daughter roots. The complete cDNA sequence of the AcPRX12 (with a full length of 1357 bp and encoding 350 amino acids) was obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Bioinformatics analysis identified AcPRX12 as an extracellular class III peroxidase containing a secretory peroxidase domain, and further predicted its strong binding affinity for syringaldazine, an S-type lignin monomer analog. In addition, the heterologous expression of AcPRX12 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in a significant increase in lignin content, which inhibited plant growth, as evidenced by shorter roots, thinner stems, smaller leaves, and shorter siliques. Collectively, these results support a model in which AcPRX12 promotes lignin biosynthesis to modulate daughter root development, ultimately shaping its distinctive tapered morphology. In conclusion, our findings propose a lignin-mediated regulatory mechanism for daughter root development controlled by AcPRX12, offering a key gene resource and a theoretical basis for understanding its morphogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

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25 pages, 2218 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Grape Branch and Leaf Silage on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Parameters, Gut Microbiota, and Metabolism in Kazakh Rams

by Linhai Song, Subinuer Abuduli, Kadeliya Abudureyimu, Yue Liu, Buweiaizhaer Maimaitimin, Tong Li, Wei Shao, Liang Yang and Wanping Ren

Biology 2026, 15(4), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040322 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

With the continuous development of the livestock industry, the availability of high-quality roughage is becoming increasingly constrained. Therefore, the exploitation of unconventional feed resources is crucial for the sustainable development of the sector. Grape branches and leaves are a major by-product of viticulture, [...] Read more.

With the continuous development of the livestock industry, the availability of high-quality roughage is becoming increasingly constrained. Therefore, the exploitation of unconventional feed resources is crucial for the sustainable development of the sector. Grape branches and leaves are a major by-product of viticulture, abundant in supply but currently underutilised. Their ensilage presents potential feed value and ecological benefits. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with grape branch and leaf silage on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, gut microbiota, and metabolomic profiles of Kazakh rams. Sixty Kazakh rams aged 6.0 ± 0.5 months with similar initial body weight (34.21 ± 2.13 kg) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatment groups: the control group (CG) fed whole-crop corn silage, the EG50 group where grape branch and leaf silage replaced 50% of the whole-crop corn silage, and the EG100 group where grape branch and leaf silage entirely replaced the whole-crop corn silage. Each treatment comprised four replicates with five rams per replicate. Following a 7-day adaptation period, a formal feeding trial was conducted for 120 days, after which relevant parameters were measured. Results: (1) Compared with the CG, the dressing percentage was significantly increased in the EG100 group (p < 0.05), while tail fat weight and tail fat percentage were both markedly decreased (p < 0.01). (2) Serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG) levels and antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT) activities were significantly elevated in the EG100 group (p < 0.05), accompanied by enhanced total antioxidant capacity. Concurrently, levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α) and the oxidative damage marker malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). (3) Based on slaughter performance, jejunal microbiota analysis was performed for the CG and EG100 groups. The relative abundance of the phylum Firmicutes increased in the EG100 group, with beneficial genera such as Ruminococcus and Lactobacillus becoming predominant. (4) Metabolomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of pathways including primary bile acid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism in the EG100 group, with 20 key differential metabolites identified. Dietary supplementation with grape branch and leaf silage may improve slaughter performance and reduce fat deposition in Kazakh rams, potentially by modulating the gut microbiota structure and its metabolic functions, thereby synergistically enhancing nutrient utilisation, anti-inflammatory capacity, and antioxidant status. This study provides a theoretical basis for the feed-oriented and value-added utilisation of grape processing by-products. Future research should further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between its active components and host metabolism. Full article

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12 pages, 2170 KB

Open AccessCommunication

DNA Barcoding and Phylogenetic Relationship of Parabuthus liosoma (Ehrenberg, 1828) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Saudi Arabia

by Ahmed Badry, Abdulmani H. Al-Qahtni, Abdullah M. Al-Salem, Manal S. Al Balawi, Fahad Mesfer, Wasayf S. Allahyani and Abdulaziz R. Alqahtani

Biology 2026, 15(4), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040321 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

(1) Background. Parabuthus liosoma is one of the largest buthid scorpion species and is endemic to Saudi Arabia and Yemen. This study provides the first DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of P. liosoma from Saudi Arabia, contributing to global efforts in arachnid molecular [...] Read more.

(1) Background. Parabuthus liosoma is one of the largest buthid scorpion species and is endemic to Saudi Arabia and Yemen. This study provides the first DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis of P. liosoma from Saudi Arabia, contributing to global efforts in arachnid molecular identification and biodiversity documentation. (2) Methods. The whole genome was extracted from nine adult individuals of P. liosoma, collected from Farasan Island, southwest of Saudi Arabia. A portion of the mitochondrial DNA, specifically, the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) sequences, was amplified and sequenced and subjected to genetic and phylogenetic analyses. (3) Results. The DNA barcoding results revealed a high level of genetic variability within P. liosoma, aiding in species identification and supporting its utility as a molecular tool for scorpion taxonomy. In addition, our results reveal a monophyletic relationship among Parabuthus species, with a clear distinction between Arabian and African lineages. (4) Conclusions. This study highlights the effectiveness of DNA barcoding as a reliable tool for species identification and taxonomy and enhances our knowledge of the evolutionary history and geographic distribution of Parabuthus scorpions. However, further research is required to elucidate the complex phylogenetic relationships within this genus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioinformatics)

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24 pages, 4131 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses Uncover the Mechanisms of Keratin Degradation in Lysobacter brunescens YQ20

by Ming-Yue Wei, Xiuzhen Gao, Xing-Tang Zhao, Yang Liu, Chun-Yu Zhao, Huan Li, Wen-Ming An, Dong-Xu Zhang, Fen Zhang, Qinyuan Ma and Jia-Feng Yu

Biology 2026, 15(4), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040320 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Several strains of Lysobacter have demonstrated keratin-degrading capabilities, positioning them as promising candidates for the degradation and utilization of wool waste. In our previous study, a novel strain, Lysobacter brunescens YQ20, exhibiting highly efficient keratin degradation capabilities, was isolated. In this study, transcriptomic [...] Read more.

Several strains of Lysobacter have demonstrated keratin-degrading capabilities, positioning them as promising candidates for the degradation and utilization of wool waste. In our previous study, a novel strain, Lysobacter brunescens YQ20, exhibiting highly efficient keratin degradation capabilities, was isolated. In this study, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were conducted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of keratin degradation. Our findings revealed that several metabolic pathways, specifically, valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; and histidine metabolism, were highly active during keratin degradation, thereby supporting the growth and metabolism of L. brunescens YQ20. Additionally, the upregulation of genes related to sulfur metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism pathways facilitated the cleavage of disulfide bonds in keratin. Moreover, keratinases identified among the differentially expressed genes and proteins (DEGs/DEPs) were classified into the S8, M14, and M28 families, whose synergistic activity contributed to the efficient hydrolysis of keratin. Collectively, these results provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms by which L. brunescens YQ20 contributes to keratin degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbiology)

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17 pages, 2430 KB

Open AccessArticle

Behavioral and Physiological Requirements for Artificial Shelters in Juvenile Sea Cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus

by Xiang Li, Sihan Wang, Ning Chen, Xiajing Wang, Yingzhuo Sun, Dongkui Gao and Chong Zhao

Biology 2026, 15(4), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040319 - 12 Feb 2026

Abstract

Shelters can enhance the growth efficiency of sea cucumbers, while the preference of sea cucumbers for shelters varies among individuals. Therefore, this study investigated the behavioral and physiological requirements of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus for artificial shelters. In this experiment, we considered [...] Read more.

Shelters can enhance the growth efficiency of sea cucumbers, while the preference of sea cucumbers for shelters varies among individuals. Therefore, this study investigated the behavioral and physiological requirements of the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus for artificial shelters. In this experiment, we considered sea cucumbers that spent more than 80% of their time (2880 s) inside the shelter as the sheltered sea cucumbers and those that spent less than 20% of their time (720 s) inside the shelter as the non-sheltered sea cucumbers. We found that mouth tentacle grasping times in the sheltered group were significantly lower than in the non-sheltered group, while foraging selections of both groups were not significantly different. This indicates that feeding is the behavioral requirement for the sheltered group instead of foraging. The height of the intestinal crease was significantly shorter in the sheltered group than in the non-sheltered group. Further, the defecation rate and 5-HT content in the intestinal tract of the non-sheltered group were significantly lower than those of the sheltered group. This indicates that the sheltered group has a greater demand for food digestion than the non-sheltered group. Compared with the non-sheltered group, the sheltered group showed higher relative abundances of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidia in the gut microbiota. The thermal tolerance was significantly worse in the sheltered group. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in movement distance after mechanical disturbance between the two groups. Cortisol content showed no significant difference either. These indicate that the sheltered sea cucumbers do not require shelters for stress relief in the absence of external handling stress. This study clarified the behavioral and physiological requirements of sea cucumbers on shelters and enriched our understanding of the shelter dependence of sea cucumbers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Echinoderm Research (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 3079 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Age on Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Shanbei White Cashmere Goat and Optimization of Slaughter Strategies

by Yanyi He, Sina Lu, Pengpeng Fu, Shenghui Chen, Pengyu Zhang and Xiaoyue Song

Biology 2026, 15(4), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040318 - 11 Feb 2026

Abstract

To clarify the age-related differences in growth performance, meat quality, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Shanbei white cashmere (SWC) goats, the slaughter performance and meat quality of 6-month-old (S group) and 12-month-old (T group) male goats were analyzed. This was combined with [...] Read more.

To clarify the age-related differences in growth performance, meat quality, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Shanbei white cashmere (SWC) goats, the slaughter performance and meat quality of 6-month-old (S group) and 12-month-old (T group) male goats were analyzed. This was combined with muscle transcriptome and untargeted metabolome analyses. The results showed that the T group had better growth performance, while the S group had superior meat quality. A total of 138 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 158 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified, which are enriched in multiple pathways, and a meat quality-related gene–metabolite regulatory network was constructed. This study reveals the molecular mechanisms of age-dependent differences, providing theoretical support for goat breeding and slaughter strategy optimization. Full article

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15 pages, 2084 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Circular RNA Translation Efficiency Through Dual Internal Ribosome Entry Sites

by Yawen Sun, Yimin Zhang, Weijie Chen, Ting Chen, Yunlong Zhang, Shanyu Zhang and Changrui Lu

Biology 2026, 15(4), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040317 - 11 Feb 2026

Abstract

Circular RNA (circRNA) has emerged as a promising vector for drug delivery because, unlike linear mRNA, it does not require costly chemical modifications and offers greater stability and sustained expression in cells. Lacking the canonical 5′ cap structure, circRNA relies primarily on internal [...] Read more.

Circular RNA (circRNA) has emerged as a promising vector for drug delivery because, unlike linear mRNA, it does not require costly chemical modifications and offers greater stability and sustained expression in cells. Lacking the canonical 5′ cap structure, circRNA relies primarily on internal ribosome entry sites (IRES) to initiate translation, but IRES-mediated initiation is less efficient than cap-dependent translation. To overcome this limitation, we devised a dual-IRES strategy that introduces a second IRES to drive translation of the coding sequence (CDS). By testing several IRES elements known for high translational activity, this study shows that IRESs derived from the EMCV (Encephalomyocarditis virus) family can enhance expression when placed at the 3′ of the CDS, in coordination with the 5′ EMCV-derived IRES. The optimal dual-IRES combinations identified in this study display compatibility with two different coding sequences, offering a useful strategy to enhance circRNA translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Young Investigators in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

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14 pages, 3061 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tetradecylamine: A Newly Identified Biogenic Amine Compound from the Venom of Vespa affinis

by Supawadee Sriburin, Nikorn Shinsuphan, Anuwatchakij Klamrak, Yutthakan Saengkun, Piyapon Janpan, Nisachon Jangpromma, Rina Patramanon, Sirinan Kulchat, Arunrat Chaveerach, Jringjai Areemit, Jureerut Daduang and Sakda Daduang

Biology 2026, 15(4), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040316 - 11 Feb 2026

Abstract

The venom of the Asian hornet (Vespa affinis) comprises a complex mixture of biologically active substances, including various enzymes such as phospholipase A and hyaluronidase; amines such as histamine, serotonin, and catecholamines; peptides such as mastoparan and vespakinin; and other components [...] Read more.

The venom of the Asian hornet (Vespa affinis) comprises a complex mixture of biologically active substances, including various enzymes such as phospholipase A and hyaluronidase; amines such as histamine, serotonin, and catecholamines; peptides such as mastoparan and vespakinin; and other components including acetylcholine and antigen 5. This complexity reflects the highly evolved nature of V. affinis as a venomous insect. The composition of animal venoms often exhibits a certain degree of variability, making the study of biogenic amines particularly intriguing. The objective of this research was to confirm and identify the presence of tetradecylamine in the venom of Vespa affinis using the scientific computational analysis software MetFrag. In addition, the study aimed to construct the biosynthetic pathway of this compound and to predict its potential biological roles. The predicted biosynthetic route of tetradecylamine suggested its possible involvement in antibacterial activity. Antibacterial assays were performed against four bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results revealed that tetradecylamine exhibited notable inhibitory effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2, 4, 8, and 4 µg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 2, 4, 8, and 4 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were conducted using penicillin-binding protein 2x (PBP2x, PDB ID: 5OIZ) as the target protein. Among eight tested ligands, streptomycin exhibited the highest binding affinity with a docking score of 64.76. In contrast, biogenic amines such as 2-phenylethylamine and tetradecylamine showed docking scores of 33.74 and 48.2, respectively. In the MurA protein (PDB ID: 3VCY), the biogenic amine ligand tetradecylamine exhibited a binding affinity comparable to that of certain reference drugs. Specifically, tetradecylamine achieved a GOLD score of 52.58, whereas ampicillin showed a higher score of 61.53. Notably, tetradecylamine demonstrated a higher binding affinity to the target protein compared with certain conventional antibiotics such as doxycycline and gentamycin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

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12 pages, 1946 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Invasion: How Phragmites australis Modifies Soil Architecture and Carbon Storage in Long Island Sound Salt Marshes

by Sharon N. Kahara, Precious F. Attah and Ritwik Negi

Biology 2026, 15(4), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040315 - 11 Feb 2026

Abstract

Coastal salt marshes are essential for climate change mitigation due to their high carbon storage capacity, which is influenced by soil type, hydrology, and floristic composition. Over the past century, invasive Phragmites australis has displaced native Sporobolus alterniflorus (formerly Spartina alterniflora) across [...] Read more.

Coastal salt marshes are essential for climate change mitigation due to their high carbon storage capacity, which is influenced by soil type, hydrology, and floristic composition. Over the past century, invasive Phragmites australis has displaced native Sporobolus alterniflorus (formerly Spartina alterniflora) across salt marshes on the Long Island Sound, and it is widely hypothesized that its larger biomass and rapid growth enhance soil carbon sequestration. This study tested that hypothesis by comparing total organic carbon stocks and physical soil properties in two southern Connecticut marshes over multiple seasons. Our results show that mean soil bulk density was significantly higher under P. australis than S. alterniflorus at both locations. However, this did not translate to superior carbon storage. Analysis showed a significant seasonal effect but no significant overall difference in median TOC between species, indicating that P. australis is competitive in total mass only due to its higher soil density. Notably, Levene’s test for homogeneity of variance was significant (p = 0.039), revealing that P. australis creates highly heterogeneous “hot spots” of carbon storage compared to the relatively uniform distribution found in native stands. These findings suggest that while P. australis invasion results in a more physically dense and potentially resilient marsh platform—relevant for surviving sea-level rise and filtering nutrient runoff—it may simultaneously compromise the stability and uniformity of regional carbon sinks. Management strategies should consider these tradeoffs when prioritizing the protection of native S. alterniflorus for consistent carbon sequestration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology)

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17 pages, 2043 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Gut Microbiota in Two Cucurbit Leaf Beetles Reveals Divergent Adaptation Strategies Linked to Host Plant Range

by Huanhuan Li, Liancheng Liu, Gonghua Lin, Fang Zhao, Rujiao Sun, Bo He and Zuhao Huang

Biology 2026, 15(4), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040314 - 11 Feb 2026

Abstract

Insects’ gut microbiota and their hosts share a mutually dependent symbiotic relationship. However, how insect dietary breadth relates to microbial diversity remains unclear. This study compared the gut bacterial communities of the polyphagous Aulacophora indica and the oligophagous Aulacophora lewisii. Using an [...] Read more.

Insects’ gut microbiota and their hosts share a mutually dependent symbiotic relationship. However, how insect dietary breadth relates to microbial diversity remains unclear. This study compared the gut bacterial communities of the polyphagous Aulacophora indica and the oligophagous Aulacophora lewisii. Using an integrated approach of cultivation, 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing, and bioinformatic analyses, we assessed their composition, diversity, and functional potential. Using cultivation-based methods revealed that A. indica showed a greater abundance and diversity of culturable bacteria, dominated by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, compared to A. lewisii (Proteobacteria and Firmicutes). In contrast, high-throughput sequencing revealed the opposite pattern: A. lewisii exhibited significantly higher overall species richness and diversity. This apparent paradox highlights the methodological complementarity between cultivation and sequencing. Furthermore, the community composition differed notably at the genus level. Functional prediction via PICRUSt2 v2.2.0 indicated that core metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and energy metabolism, were more enriched in A. indica. In summary, this study reveals systematic multi-dimensional differences in the gut microbiomes of these beetles, providing a theoretical foundation and microbial resources for understanding ecological adaptation and developing targeted control strategies based on gut microbiota. Full article

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15 pages, 1485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Wild Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) at a National Park in Eastern Thailand

by Supakarn Kaewchot, Suporn Thongyuan, Supaphen Sripiboon, Rattanawat Chaiyarat, Pithak Yingyong, Watanyu Bunsermyos, Thitichai Jarudecha and Pornchai Sanyathitiseree

Biology 2026, 15(4), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040313 - 11 Feb 2026

Abstract

Protected national parks continue to face increased pressure from the expansion of human–wildlife interface zones, where habitat encroachment promotes human–wildlife contact and zoonotic disease transmission. Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) are a significant health issue in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), affecting their [...] Read more.

Protected national parks continue to face increased pressure from the expansion of human–wildlife interface zones, where habitat encroachment promotes human–wildlife contact and zoonotic disease transmission. Gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) are a significant health issue in wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), affecting their fitness, survival, and potential for cross-species transmission. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of GIPs among wild elephants at Khao Sip Ha Chan National Park in eastern Thailand. Direct smear, formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation, flotation, and McMaster egg per gram (EPG) counting were used to examine 135 fecal samples from three populations. The findings showed that nematodes (Strongyle-type and Strongyloides spp.) and trematodes (Paramphistomum spp. and Fascioloides jacksoni) were identified. All samples were positive for at least one parasite species, and 84.4% were affected by mixed infections. The prevalence of Strongyle-type and Strongyloides spp. varied significantly among the studied populations, but Paramphistomum spp. had a moderate prevalence, and Fascioloides jacksoni had a low prevalence. The high parasite burden could be explained by environmental factors, host density, and movement patterns influencing parasite transmission, and these factors should be further investigated. These findings provide crucial baseline data and underscore the need for integrated parasite surveillance, alongside long-term conservation and future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Parasites and Parasitic Diseases in Animals)

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21 pages, 6058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Identification of HR97 in the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus and Its Potential Involvement in Ovarian Development

by Di Hou, Yuhao Bao, Yuxiong Chen, Qi Zhou, Xiaoyu Zhu, Xi Xie and Dongfa Zhu

Biology 2026, 15(4), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040312 - 11 Feb 2026

Abstract

Nuclear receptor HR97 is considered as a non-insect arthropod–specific receptor, but its roles in decapod reproduction remain poorly understood. Here, we identified and characterized an HR97 ortholog from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus (PtHR97) and verified its placement within the NR1L [...] Read more.

Nuclear receptor HR97 is considered as a non-insect arthropod–specific receptor, but its roles in decapod reproduction remain poorly understood. Here, we identified and characterized an HR97 ortholog from the swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus (PtHR97) and verified its placement within the NR1L nuclear receptor family by phylogenetic analysis. PtHR97 encodes a canonical nuclear receptor with a conserved DNA-binding domain (DBD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD). Quantitative PCR revealed predominant PtHR97 expression in the ovary and stage-dependent changes during ovarian development. Using an ovarian explant culture system, we found that arachidonic acid (AA) consistently suppressed PtHR97 transcript levels, while methyl farnesoate (MF) and pyriproxyfen (P) had no significant effect, indicating a potential inhibitory role for AA in PtHR97 expression. RNA interference of HR97 caused significant changes in ovarian development, including reduced GSI, smaller oocytes, and uneven eosinophilic granule distribution. Transcriptomic profiling of HR97-silenced ovaries indicated that the major responses involved genes associated with substrate transport/exchange, cell boundary–related signaling and transduction, and disturbed nuclear transcriptional regulation. Short-term in vivo perturbations (HR97 RNAi and AA treatment) further supported these expression changes and revealed that AA- and HR97 RNAi–elicited transcriptional responses only partially overlapped. Taken together, these results suggest that HR97 contributes to ovarian development, potentially through broad transcriptional responses related to transport, signaling, and gene regulation. Although AA may suppress HR97 expression, HR97 does not fully explain AA-mediated regulation of ovarian development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Research into Shrimps, Crabs and Lobsters (2nd Edition))

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24 pages, 5977 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Interactions on Sandy Beach Ecosystems: A Global Synthesis of Mole Crabs and New Insights into Emerita brasiliensis and Emerita rathbunae (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Hippidae)

by Rayane Romão Saad Abude, Michel E. Hendrickx, José Salgado-Barragán, Mayra I. Grano-Maldonado, Martín García-Varela, Alvaro Esteves Migotto, Joel Campos de Paula, Matheus Augusto, Daniel Andrade Moreira, Thiago Estevam Parente, Gisele Lôbo-Hajdu and Tatiana Medeiros Barbosa Cabrini

Biology 2026, 15(4), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040311 - 10 Feb 2026

Abstract

Sandy beaches are dynamic intertidal ecosystems where ecological interactions play a critical yet often overlooked role in shaping community structure and population dynamics. This study presents a global synthesis of ecological interactions involving mole crabs of the genus Emerita (Crustacea: Decapoda: Hippidae), complemented [...] Read more.

Sandy beaches are dynamic intertidal ecosystems where ecological interactions play a critical yet often overlooked role in shaping community structure and population dynamics. This study presents a global synthesis of ecological interactions involving mole crabs of the genus Emerita (Crustacea: Decapoda: Hippidae), complemented by new field and laboratory findings. Through a literature review and targeted sampling, we documented multiple interaction types, including predation, parasitism, epibiosis, competition, and symbiosis, highlighting their ecological and potential evolutionary implications. Predation and parasitism were the most frequently reported interactions worldwide. Our new empirical observations revealed, for the first time, the association of Eucheilota (Hydrozoa) and Maritrema sp. (Digenea) with E. rathbunae, as well as annual infection patterns by Profilicollis altmani (Acanthocephala) and algal epibiosis in E. brasiliensis. These interactions influence key biological processes such as burrowing, reproduction, and survival, ultimately affecting species distribution and population structure. Overall, our findings reinforce the central role of ecological interactions in the functioning and conservation of sandy beach ecosystems, particularly under growing anthropogenic pressures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity, Conservation, and Application of Crustaceans)

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32 pages, 1306 KB

Open AccessReview

Stress-Driven Tolerance and Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes Across the Farm-to-Fork Continuum

by Ayman Elbehiry, Eman Marzouk and Adil Abalkhail

Biology 2026, 15(4), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040310 - 10 Feb 2026

Abstract

Food systems expose bacteria to repeated nonlethal stresses during primary production, processing, storage, and sanitation. Depending on the type, intensity, and sequence of exposure, these stresses may weaken cells, act synergistically to promote inactivation, or fail to eliminate contamination. Instead, they can alter [...] Read more.

Food systems expose bacteria to repeated nonlethal stresses during primary production, processing, storage, and sanitation. Depending on the type, intensity, and sequence of exposure, these stresses may weaken cells, act synergistically to promote inactivation, or fail to eliminate contamination. Instead, they can alter bacterial physiology in ways that affect survival, recovery, detection, and responses to control measures. This review examines how stress history contributes to persistent food safety challenges. Listeria monocytogenes is used as a central biological model, with relevant comparisons to other foodborne pathogens. Evidence from food-processing and environmental studies shows that repeated sublethal stress can shift bacterial populations toward stress-hardened states. Here, “stress-hardened” refers to reversible physiological changes and the survival of more tolerant cells, not permanent genetic adaptation. These states include sublethal injury, delayed growth, viable but nonculturable cells, biofilm formation, and increased tolerance to later stresses. These outcomes contribute to, but do not fully explain, the persistence of L. monocytogenes in food environments; intrinsic traits such as psychrotrophic growth and interactions with endogenous microflora also play important roles. These factors help explain repeated recovery of L. monocytogenes after sanitation and the underestimation of viable cells by routine culture-based methods, which do not reliably indicate whether pre-stressed cells retain the potential to cause foodborne illness. Many monitoring and validation approaches rely on unstressed laboratory cultures and fixed enrichment protocols. These conditions do not reflect the physiological states encountered in real food systems. As a result, negative test results may reflect limited recovery rather than true absence, and control performance may be overestimated when stress-conditioned populations are not considered. Across the farm-to-fork continuum, stress responses, persistence mechanisms, and detection limitations are closely linked, indicating that stress history should be considered a core element of hazard characterization, monitoring, and control validation. Incorporating stress biology into food safety assessment can improve the realism of verification strategies when combined with risk characterization that considers infectious dose and host susceptibility, and support control strategies under real-world processing and environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Contamination and Food Safety (Volume II))

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24 pages, 2507 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Prevalence of Sleep Disorders in Populations with Glymphatic Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Zaw Myo Hein, Che Mohd Nasril Che Mohd Nassir, Hafizah Abdul Hamid, Muhammad Farris Iman Leong Abdullah and Nisha Shantakumari

Biology 2026, 15(4), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040309 - 10 Feb 2026

Abstract

The glymphatic system supports metabolic waste clearance during sleep and is essential for brain homeostasis. Disruption of this system has been linked to sleep disorders, yet the overall prevalence of sleep disorders in populations showing impaired glymphatic-related function remains unclear. This systematic review [...] Read more.

The glymphatic system supports metabolic waste clearance during sleep and is essential for brain homeostasis. Disruption of this system has been linked to sleep disorders, yet the overall prevalence of sleep disorders in populations showing impaired glymphatic-related function remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the prevalence of sleep disorders in human cohorts with structural, functional, or biochemical imaging markers of impaired glymphatic activity. Following PRISMA guidelines, major databases were searched up to August 2025. Eligible observational studies reported sleep disorder prevalence in populations characterized by enlarged perivascular spaces, white matter hyperintensities, DTI-ALPS (DTI-ALPS: Diffusion tensor image analysis along perivascular space) alterations, ultrafast fMRI (fMRI: functional magnetic resonance) indices, or CSF/PET (CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; PET: positron emission tomography) clearance deficits. Random-effects models generated pooled estimates, and heterogeneity, publication bias, and moderators were examined using I² statistics, Egger’s test, trim-and-fill, and meta-regression. Nineteen studies (≈4500 participants) met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of sleep disorders in populations with impaired glymphatic-related function was 44.9% (95% CI: 34.9–55.3%), with substantial heterogeneity (I² ≈ 95%). Meta-regression identified older age and case–control design as significant contributors, while imaging modality, sex distribution, and sample size were not. Publication bias was minimal. Sleep disorders are common among individuals with impaired glymphatic-related markers, reflecting co-occurrence rather than causality. Standardized longitudinal studies are needed to clarify mechanisms and clinical relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Clock)

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17 pages, 4135 KB

Open AccessArticle

CHMP7/ESCRT-III Is Localized at the Nuclear Envelope of Cortical Neurons and Required for Expression of Activity-Regulated Genes

by Paola Chietera, Heidrun Berger, Nico Wahl, Mujahid Ali and Galina Apostolova

Biology 2026, 15(4), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040308 - 10 Feb 2026

Abstract

The epigenome and nuclear architectural mechanisms that regulate neuronal activity-induced transcriptional responses in cortical neurons remain incompletely understood. Previously, we have shown that the chromatin organizer SATB2 and the inner nuclear membrane protein LEMD2 form a chromatin tether at the nuclear lamina, and [...] Read more.

The epigenome and nuclear architectural mechanisms that regulate neuronal activity-induced transcriptional responses in cortical neurons remain incompletely understood. Previously, we have shown that the chromatin organizer SATB2 and the inner nuclear membrane protein LEMD2 form a chromatin tether at the nuclear lamina, and that activity-induced transcription is impaired in both Satb2 and Lemd2 loss-of-function models. Interaction of SATB2 and LEMD2 with subunits of the ESCRT-III complex indicates that the ESCRT-III complex could serve as an activity-dependent, dynamic component of this tether. Here, we study the activity-dependent subcellular localization and function of the ESCRT-III components CHMP7 and CHMP4B in primary cortical neurons. We find that increased neuronal activity correlates with the accumulation of co-localized CHMP7 and CHMP4B foci at the nuclear envelope. shRNA-mediated Chmp7 knockdown causes a reduction in the expression of activity-regulated genes and genes with highly specialized functions in synaptic organization and trans-synaptic signaling. Furthermore, the observed similarity in the global transcriptome responses in Satb2, Lemd2, and Chmp7 loss-of-function models points toward a previously unrecognized role of the SATB2–LEMD2–CHMP7 tether in linking chromatin architecture and nuclear envelope plasticity to activity-dependent gene regulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuroscience)

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23 pages, 2309 KB

Open AccessReview

The Oncogenic Role of Long Non-Coding RNA NEAT1 in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Implications

by Yuanxin Shi, Bin Chen and Guohui Bai

Biology 2026, 15(4), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040307 - 10 Feb 2026

Abstract

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor patient outcomes. The long non-coding RNA NEAT1 (lncRNA NEAT1) has emerged as a critical driver of HNSCC pathogenesis. This review synthesizes current knowledge on lncRNA NEAT1’s aberrant expression, [...] Read more.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor patient outcomes. The long non-coding RNA NEAT1 (lncRNA NEAT1) has emerged as a critical driver of HNSCC pathogenesis. This review synthesizes current knowledge on lncRNA NEAT1’s aberrant expression, molecular mechanisms, and functional roles in HNSCC. LncRNA NEAT1 is significantly upregulated in tumors and promotes progression by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for multiple miRNAs, such as miR-125b-5p, miR-204, and miR-34a-5p, thereby regulating downstream targets including SLC1A5, ZEB1, and components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These interactions drive key oncogenic processes, including proliferation, metastasis, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, therapy resistance, and cell death inhibition. Clinically, high lncRNA NEAT1 expression correlates with advanced T stage, lymph node metastasis, and reduced survival, underscoring its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Therapeutically, emerging approaches such as nanoparticle-mediated delivery of siRNA/shRNA offer a promising strategy to target lncRNA NEAT1, potentially synergizing with existing immunotherapies. Although clinical translation remains challenging, lncRNA NEAT1 represents a highly promising biological target for future precision oncology in HNSCC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Head and Neck Cancer: Current Advances and Future Perspectives)

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14 pages, 568 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metal Pollution and Assessment of the Bioaccumulation Potential of Earthworms from the Soil of Punjab, Pakistan

by Ting Shen, Javaria Altaf, Ghulam Abbas, Muhammad Naeem, Maryam Riasat, Aqsa Sarwar, Rabiya Hussain, Aqsa Faisal, Areej Fatima, Nawaz Haider Bashir and Huanhuan Chen

Biology 2026, 15(4), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15040306 - 9 Feb 2026

Abstract

Earthworms are widely used as biological indicators of soil contamination and are often referred to as the ‘intestine of the soil’; however, their effectiveness can vary across regions and environmental conditions. The performance of earthworms as indicators of soil pollution may vary among [...] Read more.

Earthworms are widely used as biological indicators of soil contamination and are often referred to as the ‘intestine of the soil’; however, their effectiveness can vary across regions and environmental conditions. The performance of earthworms as indicators of soil pollution may vary among regions, and there is a need to assess their reliability under specific environmental conditions. So, in this study, soil and earthworm samples were collected from 19 locations across Punjab, Pakistan, to assess heavy metal pollution and bioaccumulation using geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF). Soil and earthworm tissues were digested and analyzed for heavy metals such as Sr, Zn, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Pb, Cd and Ni using ICP-MS. According to Igeo, cadmium frequently classified soils as strongly to extremely polluted, with values up to 4.5 in Bahawalnagar, whereas most other metals fell within the unpolluted to moderately polluted classes. Earthworms showed clear bioaccumulation (BAF > 1) for several essential or poorly regulated elements, particularly Ca, Mn, Cu and Sr; the maximum BAF for Ca reached 8.18 in Faisalabad. In contrast, group-1 carcinogenic metals (Pb, Cd and Cr) generally did not exhibit strong bioaccumulation. Relationships between BAF and soil metal concentrations or abiotic properties (moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved and suspended solids) were generally weak (R² typically ≤ 0.32), indicating that these factors explain only a modest fraction of the variation in metal uptake. Overall, the results highlight cadmium as the primary soil contamination risk in the surveyed areas. Because bioaccumulation showed weak relationships with soil metal concentrations and physicochemical parameters, earthworms in this study demonstrated limited effectiveness as bioindicators of toxic heavy metal accumulation. The limited internal accumulation of highly toxic metals suggests possible physiological regulation or tolerance, although the long-term ecological implications require further investigation. Further controlled studies are necessary to better evaluate their ecological role and potential applications in soil remediation, waste management, and vermicompost production. Full article

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