Nutrients

26 pages, 3152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Omega-3 EPA Supplementation Shapes the Gut Microbiota Composition and Reduces Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II in Aged Wild-Type and APP/PS1 Alzheimer’s Mice: A Pilot Experimental Study

by Barbara Altendorfer, Ariane Benedetti, Heike Mrowetz, Sabine Bernegger, Alina Bretl, Julia Preishuber-Pflügl, Diana Marisa Bessa de Sousa, Anja Maria Ladek, Andreas Koller, Pauline Le Faouder, Justine Bertrand-Michel, Andrea Trost and Ludwig Aigner

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071108 (registering DOI) - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Neuroinflammation, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory signaling molecules, including cytokines and eicosanoids, as well as increased microglial reactivity, and is augmented by gut microbiota dysbiosis via the gut–brain axis. We conducted a pilot [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Neuroinflammation, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is characterized by elevated levels of inflammatory signaling molecules, including cytokines and eicosanoids, as well as increased microglial reactivity, and is augmented by gut microbiota dysbiosis via the gut–brain axis. We conducted a pilot experiment to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on the gut microbiota and neuroinflammation. Methods: Female APP/PS1 mice (TG) and non-transgenic littermates (WT), 13–14 months old, were fed a diet supplemented with 0.3% EPA or control chow for 3 weeks. The gut microbiota composition, hippocampal and plasma eicosanoids levels, platelet activation, and microglial phagocytosis, as well as the brain and retinal genes and protein expression, were analyzed. Results: EPA supplementation decreased the percentage of Bacteroidetes and increased bacteria of the phylum Firmicutes in APP/PS1 and WT mice. Inflammatory lipid mediators were elevated in the hippocampus of the TG mice, accompanied by a reduction in the endocannabinoid docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHEA). Dietary EPA did not affect hippocampal lipid mediators, but reduced the levels of arachidonic-derived 5-HETE and N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) in WT plasma. Moreover, EPA supplementation decreased major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) gene expression in the retina in both genotypes, and MHCII+ cells in the hippocampus of TG mice. Conclusions: This pilot study showed that short-term EPA supplementation shaped the gut microbiota by increasing butyrate-producing bacteria of the Firmicutes phylum and decreasing Gram-negative LPS-producing bacteria of the Bacteroidetes phylum, and downregulated the inflammatory microglial marker MHCII in two distinct regions of the central nervous system (CNS). Further investigation is needed to determine whether EPA-mediated effects on the microbiome and microglial MHCII have beneficial long-term effects on AD pathology and cognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Therapeutic Opportunities for Food Supplements in Neurodegenerative Disease)

14 pages, 456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Knowledge and Beliefs of Greek Dietitians and Nutritionists on Nutritional Genomics: A Survey-Based Study

by Ioanna Panagiota Kalafati, Theodora Alexandrou, Evangelia Mentsiou-Nikolaou, Michael Chourdakis and George V. Dedoussis

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071107 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The field of Nutritional Genomics represents a growing area of interest among dietitians and nutritionists. However, knowledge gaps persist globally, limiting the effective application of this science. This study aims to evaluate the demographic characteristics, knowledge levels, and perspectives of Greek [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The field of Nutritional Genomics represents a growing area of interest among dietitians and nutritionists. However, knowledge gaps persist globally, limiting the effective application of this science. This study aims to evaluate the demographic characteristics, knowledge levels, and perspectives of Greek dietitians and nutritionists regarding Nutritional Genomics. Methods: A survey was conducted among 155 Greek dietitians and nutritionists from diverse educational and professional backgrounds. A 25-item questionnaire was designed to assess knowledge in Nutritional Genomics, with reliability measured by Cronbach’s Alpha (α = 0.867). Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and regression modeling, were employed to explore associations between knowledge scores [S (total), E (easy questions), and H (hard questions) scores] and demographic or professional factors. Participants’ views on the clinical utility and future implications of Nutritional Genomics were also assessed. Results: On average, participants replied correctly to 57.7% (±21.7%) of the questions, with significant differences observed based on education level, employment status, and prior interest in genetics. Women demonstrated higher S and E scores compared to men (p = 0.046 and p = 0.006, respectively), while younger participants (26–35 years) outperformed those over 45 years (p = 0.019). Despite moderate knowledge levels, 76.8% believed Nutritional Genomics could benefit their clients, and 77.4% expressed interest in specializing in this field. Conclusions: Greek dietitians and nutritionists exhibited moderate knowledge in Nutritional Genomics, similar to international findings. Education level, age, and prior exposure to genetics significantly influenced knowledge scores. These results underscore the need for the integration of Nutritional Genomics into dietetic curricula and continuing professional education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Insights into Genome-Based Personalized Nutrition Technology)

15 pages, 1152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antioxidant Power of Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction Gold Potentiates the Effects of L-Citrulline in Athlete Performance and Vasodilation in a Pilot Study

by Rocco Mollace, Roberta Macrì, Maria Serra, Giovanna Ritorto, Sara Ussia, Federica Scarano, Antonio Cardamone, Vincenzo Musolino, Anna Rita Coppoletta, Micaela Gliozzi, Giuseppe Scipione, Cristina Carresi, Kateryna Pozharova, Carolina Muscoli, Francesco Barillà, Maurizio Volterrani and Vincenzo Mollace

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071106 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: The dietary supplement citrulline might increase nitric oxide levels, leading to vasodilation and improved blood flow, potentially benefiting athletes’ aerobic exercise performance. However, rapid oxidative impairment of the L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO) pathway limits these effects. This is countered by Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction [...] Read more.

Background: The dietary supplement citrulline might increase nitric oxide levels, leading to vasodilation and improved blood flow, potentially benefiting athletes’ aerobic exercise performance. However, rapid oxidative impairment of the L-arginine/nitric oxide (NO) pathway limits these effects. This is countered by Bergamot Polyphenolic Fraction Gold^® (BPFG), a strong natural antioxidant. To investigate L-citrulline + BPFG supplementation’s effects, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial on athletic performance and blood flow in trained athletes (cyclists). Methods: Random assignment of 90 male athletes resulted in nine different groups: placebo for Group 1, BPFG at 500 and 1000 mg daily for Groups 2 and 3, L-citrulline at 1000 and 2000 mg/daily for Groups 4 and 5, and the combination product of BPFG plus citrulline (N.O. Max) for Groups 6–9. Baseline and 3-month pre- and post-exercise biochemical, reactive vasodilation (RHI), and maximal oxygen consumption measurements were taken for all subjects. Results: Three months of the combination of BPFG and L-citrulline (N.O. Max) produced a significant synergistic effect, markedly increasing NO (p < 0.001 vs. placebo) release and RHI (p < 0.001 vs. placebo). Cardiorespiratory fitness improved significantly with the BPFG and L-citrulline combination, resulting in substantially higher VO₂ max, VT1, VT2, and peak power and a significantly lower heart rate (p < 0.01 vs. placebo). No harmful adverse effects were observed. Conclusions: N.O. Max supplementation, providing beneficial effects on the antioxidant state and preserving the vascular endothelium might be a supplementation strategy to improve athletic performance and potentiate results. Given the small sample size, this study serves as a pilot, and further research is needed to validate these findings on a larger scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Nutrition: The Role of Minerals and Micronutrients in Exercise Performance and Recovery)

27 pages, 2531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot Study on Ad Libitum Mediterranean Diet Intervention for Women with PCOS: A Mixed-Methods Exploration of Acceptability, Adherence, and Participant Lived Experience

by Nicole Scannell, Anthony Villani, Lisa Moran, Evangeline Mantzioris and Stephanie Cowan

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071105 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: A healthy diet is essential for managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), yet optimal recommendations remain unclear, highlighting the need to explore alternative lifestyle interventions. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) supports cardiometabolic health; however, challenges with adherence within this population are unknown. This [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: A healthy diet is essential for managing Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), yet optimal recommendations remain unclear, highlighting the need to explore alternative lifestyle interventions. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) supports cardiometabolic health; however, challenges with adherence within this population are unknown. This study examines the acceptability and experiences of an ad libitum MedDiet in women with PCOS, offering recommendations for implementation. Methods: A 12-week MedDiet intervention was conducted with women aged 18–45 years, diagnosed with PCOS and a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² (n = 12). Adherence was assessed using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener. Surveys and semi-structured interviews, guided by the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation–Behaviour (COM-B) model, explored participants’ experiences. Thematic analysis identified barriers and facilitators, which were mapped to the COM-B and Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF), with all findings subsequently aligned with the Behaviour Change Wheel to inform implementation strategies. Results: MedDiet adherence significantly improved from baseline to week 12 (Baseline: 4.1 ± 1.8; week 12: 8.3 ± 2.3; p = 0.001), alongside increases in knowledge (p = 0.004), cooking confidence (p = 0.01), and time management (p = 0.01). Adherence factors were mapped to 12 of the 14 TDF domains. Key facilitators included health benefits, reduced weight pressure, educational resources, and simple guidelines. Barriers involved organisation, food availability, and external influences. Effective implementation should integrate MedDiet education, behaviour change support, practical resources, and professional training for nutrition professionals and healthcare providers to support referrals and weight-neutral dietary management. Conclusions: A short-term ad libitum MedDiet is acceptable for women with PCOS. Strategies for patients and healthcare providers, aligned with the intervention functions of education, training, and enablement, are key to supporting adherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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23 pages, 6325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Arene Substitutions in Orchid Bibenzyls: Mechanistic Insights into Glucose Uptake and Lipid Metabolism for Targeting Metabolic Disorders

by Narawat Nuamnaichati, Utid Suriya, Hnin Ei Ei Khine, Rungroch Sungthong, Poon Suwannamai, Boonchoo Sritularak, Eakachai Prompetchara, Chavee Laomeephol, Rosa Alduina and Chatchai Chaotham

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071104 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Phytochemicals possess diverse therapeutic potential; however, the impact of arene substitutions on the pharmacological properties of the bibenzyl compounds batatasin III and gigantol, derived from Dendrobium venustum, remains unexplored. Objectives: This study examines how structural differences between these compounds affect cellular [...] Read more.

Background: Phytochemicals possess diverse therapeutic potential; however, the impact of arene substitutions on the pharmacological properties of the bibenzyl compounds batatasin III and gigantol, derived from Dendrobium venustum, remains unexplored. Objectives: This study examines how structural differences between these compounds affect cellular glucose uptake and lipid metabolism during adipocyte differentiation. Methods: The effects of both bibenzyl compounds on cytotoxicity and glucose uptake were assessed in mouse and human pre-adipocytes and rat skeletal muscle myoblasts using colorimetric assays. Lipid metabolism was evaluated through Oil Red O staining and quantification of triglyceride and glycerol levels, while protein and gene expression during adipocyte differentiation were analyzed via western blotting and RT-qPCR. Results: At the highest non-cytotoxic concentration (25 µM), gigantol significantly enhanced glucose uptake (up to 2-fold) under both basal and insulin-stimulated conditions, whereas batatasin III showed a similar effect only under basal conditions. Gigantol upregulated GLUT1 and GLUT4 in myotubes but downregulated them in adipocytes, whereas batatasin III had minimal impact on these transporters. Both compounds suppressed lipid accumulation in mouse and human adipocytes by decreasing intracellular triglyceride content and promoting extracellular glycerol release. However, batatasin III did not affect extracellular glycerol release during early adipocyte differentiation, as evidenced by the marked downregulation of key lipogenic proteins (PLIN1, LPL, FABP4) observed only with gigantol. Molecular docking analyses suggest that gigantol’s greater bioactivity may result from its higher number of arene substitutions. Conclusions: This study provides the first evidence that differences in arene substitutions among orchid-derived bibenzyls influence their pharmacological properties. Our findings support the strategic modification of natural products as a potential approach for managing metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Ingredients in Plants Related to Human Health)

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15 pages, 905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Guided Self-Help for Binge Eating Prior to Weight Management: The Experience of Clients and Guides

by Ella Upton, Andrew J. Hill and Gemma D. Traviss-Turner

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071103 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder. It is strongly associated with obesity and presents a barrier to effective weight management. This study examined clients’ and Guides’ experiences of a guided self-help (GSH) intervention for adults with binge [...] Read more.

Background: Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder. It is strongly associated with obesity and presents a barrier to effective weight management. This study examined clients’ and Guides’ experiences of a guided self-help (GSH) intervention for adults with binge eating and obesity, delivered prior to weight management. Methods: Participants were recruited through a behavioural weight management programme and were offered GSH prior to starting. Nine clients with binge eating and four Guides who supported clients were interviewed about their experiences of receiving or facilitating GSH, using an adapted version of the Client Change Interview (CCI)—a semi-structured schedule reflecting on helpful/unhelpful aspects and of the intervention and attributions of change. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Themes were organized under 3 main headings. First, GSH offered something new for both parties and was positively received. Clients were unlikely to have had the space to talk about binge eating before and Guides were positive about offering one-to-one support. Second, participants spoke about a range of positive changes to binge eating and how clients felt about themselves and their social relationships. Third, there was agreement on the importance of clients’ relationship with their Guide, the intervention materials, and a helpful mindset as factors facilitating change. Barriers were some aspects of the intervention and the complexity of clients’ lives. Conclusions: Offering GSH targeting binge eating prior to weight management was well received. Some tailoring of the approach is recommended, specifically in terms of training for Guides to help in early client engagement. Further research should determine whether the opportunity of GSH for those with binge eating improves the acceptability and effectiveness of later-offered weight management, and the best sequencing of interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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18 pages, 976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empowering Healthy Adolescents: A Dietary Adherence Tool Incorporating Environmental Factors Based on Korean Guidelines

by Jimin Lim, Soobin Lee, Ji-Yun Hwang and Jieun Oh

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071102 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Adolescence is a critical period for adopting lifestyle behaviors that influence long-term health. While dietary habits are well-documented, the broader socio-cultural and environmental factors impacting these behaviors are underexplored. This study aimed to develop a dietary adherence tool for adolescents that aligns [...] Read more.

Background: Adolescence is a critical period for adopting lifestyle behaviors that influence long-term health. While dietary habits are well-documented, the broader socio-cultural and environmental factors impacting these behaviors are underexplored. This study aimed to develop a dietary adherence tool for adolescents that aligns with the Dietary Guidelines for Koreans, incorporating individual and environmental factors for a comprehensive understanding of dietary behaviors. Methods: A nationwide survey was conducted with 1010 adolescents in Korea to develop and validate a dietary adherence tool based on the Dietary Guidelines for Koreans. Factor analyses and structural equation modeling confirmed the construct validity of the tool, and a grading system was established to evaluate adherence based on survey responses. Results: The survey included participants from 17 regions across South Korea. The original 22 candidate items were revised through factor analysis, resulting in the deletion of 4 items and the addition of 6 new items, leading to a final 24-item tool encompassing three domains: food intake, dietary and physical activity behaviors, and dietary culture. The validity of the revised tool remained intact. The mean dietary guideline adherence score of the participants was 54.5 (SD = 12.1), with domain scores of 39.1 (SD = 14.4) for food intake, 51.6 (SD = 16.6) for dietary and physical activity behaviors, and 66.8 (SD = 15.4) for dietary culture. Conclusions: The dietary adherence tool offers a comprehensive framework for assessing adolescent dietary behaviors by integrating food intake, dietary and physical activity behaviors, and environmental factors. By considering sustainability and family support, it promotes healthier and more sustainable eating patterns among adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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27 pages, 2517 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on the Protective Effect of Green Tea Polyphenol (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) on the Liver

by Fang Zhou, Sengwen Deng, Yong Luo, Zhonghua Liu and Changwei Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071101 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

The liver, as the primary metabolic organ, is susceptible to an array of factors that can harm liver cells and give rise to different liver diseases. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural compound found in green tea, exerts numerous beneficial effects on the human [...] Read more.

The liver, as the primary metabolic organ, is susceptible to an array of factors that can harm liver cells and give rise to different liver diseases. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural compound found in green tea, exerts numerous beneficial effects on the human body. Notably, EGCG displays antioxidative, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. This review specifically highlights the pivotal role of EGCG in liver-related diseases, focusing on viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, fatty liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma. EGCG not only inhibits the entry and replication of hepatitis B and C viruses within hepatocytes, but also mitigates hepatocytic damage caused by hepatitis-induced inflammation. Furthermore, EGCG exhibits significant therapeutic potential against hepatocellular carcinoma. Combinatorial use of EGCG and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma drugs enhances the sensitivity of drug-resistant cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes. Thus, the combination of EGCG and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma drugs holds promise as an effective approach for treating drug-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma. In conclusion, EGCG possesses hepatoprotective properties against various forms of liver damage and emerges as a potential drug candidate for liver diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 447 KiB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin D and Clinical Outcomes in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review

by Cristian Ion Mot, Delia Ioana Horhat, Nicolae Constantin Balica, Bogdan Hirtie, Norberth-Istvan Varga, Catalin Prodan-Barbulescu, Alexandru Alexandru, Elena Ciurariu and Radu Galis

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071100 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D is classically associated with calcium and phosphate homeostasis, but recent research has expanded its role to include several new roles such as immune regulation, inflammation, and potential anti-cancer properties. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in over 400 tissues, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D is classically associated with calcium and phosphate homeostasis, but recent research has expanded its role to include several new roles such as immune regulation, inflammation, and potential anti-cancer properties. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in over 400 tissues, including those of the head and neck, implying a potential link between vitamin D and head and neck cancers (HNCs). Given the need for newer and better therapeutic approaches, this systematic review aims to synthesize existing clinical evidence on the relationship between vitamin D status and clinical outcomes in HNC patients. Methods and Results: A comprehensive literature search, across multiple databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct, identified 187,642 studies related to vitamin D and cancer, from which 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were English-language, full-text original research (2015–2025) on vitamin D’s role in HNC progression and treatment, focusing on human studies. The findings indicate that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among HNC patients, with rates ranging from 47% to 95%, particularly in advanced-stage cancers and those undergoing intensive treatment. Inverse association between vitamin D levels and HNC risk was reported, with higher serum 25(OH)D levels linked to a 30–32% reduction in cancer risk. Additionally, higher vitamin D levels correlated with improved survival rates and reduced recurrence, though some findings lacked statistical significance. Deficiencies were associated with higher rates of malnutrition and postoperative complications, reinforcing vitamin D’s role in nutritional stability and surgical recovery. Conclusions: This systematic review highlights how common and significant vitamin D deficiency is among head and neck cancer (HNC) patients, exploring its possible role in cancer risk, prognosis, survival, treatment-related side effects, malnutrition, and post-surgical complications. The evidence suggests that while higher vitamin D levels are linked to better survival and fewer treatment-related issues, the benefits seem to level off beyond a certain point, indicating a more complex relationship. Additionally, vitamin D supplementation appears to help reduce chemoradiation side effects like mucositis, skin toxicity, dysphagia, and pain, ultimately improving patients’ quality of life during treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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14 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Increased Dietary Sodium Intake and Higher Water Intake from Fluid and Food in Children

by Yi Zhang, Yongye Song, Shuai Cheng, Yunting Xia, Hongxing Li, Jiangping Huang, Luxi Xu and Na Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071099 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Maintaining an appropriate hydration status is crucial for promoting health. Children, who are in the process of growth and development, are at a higher risk of insufficient water intake and dehydration. This study aimed to compare water intake among [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Maintaining an appropriate hydration status is crucial for promoting health. Children, who are in the process of growth and development, are at a higher risk of insufficient water intake and dehydration. This study aimed to compare water intake among children with different levels of dietary sodium intake, and explore the relationship between hydration status, and dietary sodium intake and water intake. Methods: In this cross-sectional survey, 155 students in grades 4–6 from a primary school in Binyang County, Nanning, Guangxi, were recruited. Water intake from fluid was assessed using a validated 7-Day 24 h Fluid Intake Survey Questionnaire (days 1–7). Food intake was recorded and weighed using the duplicate diet method on days 5, 6, and 7. The water content in food was determined using the direct drying method, and dietary sodium intake was measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Urine osmolality was measured at two time points (morning and before afternoon classes) on days 5, 6, and 7 to assess hydration status. Results: A total of 155 participants (87 boys and 68 girls) completed the study, with a completion rate of 100%. The average dietary sodium intake, total water intake (TWI), water intake from fluid, and water intake from food were 1647 mg, 2039 mL, 956 mL, and 1175 mL, respectively. Among the participants, 19.4% exceeded the recommended sodium intake (2000 mg/day), 41.9% did not meet the adequate daily water intake from fluid, and 63.2% did not meet the adequate daily total water intake. When participants were divided into quartiles based on dietary sodium intake, significant differences were observed in water intake from fluid (p = 0.031) and food (p < 0.001). The water intake from fluid among participants in the HS1 (982 mL) and HS2 groups (997 mL) was higher than that among participants in LS2 (759 mL). Water intake from food increased progressively with increasing sodium intake (851 mL, 1075 mL, 1224 mL, and 1550 mL). Urine osmolality was associated with meeting the daily adequate water intake from fluid (p = 0.006), but not with exceeding the sodium intake standard (p = 0.787). There was no interaction between meeting the daily adequate water intake from fluid and exceeding the sodium intake standard (p = 0.413). Conclusions: Insufficient water intake was common among children. Children with a higher dietary sodium intake had a higher water intake from fluid and food. Urine osmolality was closely related to daily water intake from fluid, but not to sodium intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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19 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diabetes Therapeutics of Prebiotic Soluble Dietary Fibre and Antioxidant Anthocyanin Supplement in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Randomised Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

by Chompoonut Teparak, Juntanee Uriyapongson, Jatuporn Phoemsapthawee, Orathai Tunkamnerdthai, Ploypailin Aneknan, Terdthai Tong-un, Charnchai Panthongviriyakul, Naruemon Leelayuwat and Ahmad Alkhatib

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071098 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Antioxidants and prebiotics are popular functional foods known for their distinct physiological ameliorating benefits on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Whether and how a combined antioxidant-prebiotic supplement affects primary and secondary T2DM outcomes is not known. Objectives: We investigated the therapeutic effects [...] Read more.

Background: Antioxidants and prebiotics are popular functional foods known for their distinct physiological ameliorating benefits on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Whether and how a combined antioxidant-prebiotic supplement affects primary and secondary T2DM outcomes is not known. Objectives: We investigated the therapeutic effects of an antioxidant (anthocyanin from riceberry rice) combined with prebiotics (dietary fibre from rice bran and Jerusalem artichoke) on glucose control, lipid profile, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiorespiratory fitness in T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 60 T2DM patients were randomly assigned to receive antioxidant/prebiotic (supplement group, SG) or maltodextrin (control group, CG), (two capsules (350 mg)/meal after three meals and before bedtime, 2.8 g/day), for 60 days. Venous blood samples were collected at baseline and after 60 days intervention to assess blood metabolic variables (glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles, renal and liver functions, oxidative stress, inflammation). Nutrition status, anthropometry, body composition (DEXA) and cardiorespiratory fitness were also measured. Results: Analysis of co-variance showed superior effects on T2DM’s glucose and lipid profiles in the SG compared with the CG including reduced fasting blood glucose (p = 0.01 within-group effects, p = 0.03 interaction effects), reduced glycated haemoglobin (p = 0.004 within-group effects, p = 0.002 interaction), and reduced low density lipoprotein (p = 0.006 within-group effects, p = 0.02 interaction effects). No significant change was found within the CG for any of these parameters. Kidney function’s glomerular filtration rate was also improved in the SG (p = 0.01 within-group effects), but not in the placebo CG. Intermediatory biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiorespiratory fitness were not significantly affected in either group with no interaction effects. No adverse effects were detected following the 60-day supplementation intervention. Conclusions: The findings suggest that a combined anthocyanin-fibre may be promoted as an adjacent therapy in patients with T2DM, but the intermediary mechanisms of action require further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrition and Physical Activity Lifestyle Interventions on Childhood Obesity)

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17 pages, 2755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acylcarnitine and Free Fatty Acid Profiles in Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Associations with Fibrosis and Inflammation

by Magdalena Rogalska, Agnieszka Błachnio-Zabielska, Piotr Zabielski, Jacek Robert Janica, Kamila Roszczyc-Owsiejczuk, Karolina Pogodzińska, Aleksandra Andrzejuk, Andrzej Dąbrowski, Robert Flisiak and Paweł Rogalski

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071097 - 21 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease characterized by bile duct destruction, cholestasis, and fibrosis. Acylcarnitines are esters of carnitine responsible for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation, playing a crucial role in energy metabolism [...] Read more.

Background: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease characterized by bile duct destruction, cholestasis, and fibrosis. Acylcarnitines are esters of carnitine responsible for the transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation, playing a crucial role in energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis. This study aimed to assess acylcarnitine and free fatty acid (FFA) profiles in PBC patients and their associations with fibrosis severity and inflammation. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 46 PBC patients and 32 healthy controls. Acylcarnitines and FFAs were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzymatic assays, respectively. Liver stiffness was measured by point shear wave elastography (ElastPQ), and fibrosis was assessed using APRI and FIB-4 scores. Inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β) were also analyzed. Results: PBC patients had significantly higher levels of C18:1-acylcarnitine (median: 165.1 ng/mL) compared with the controls (152.4 ng/mL, p = 0.0036). Similarly, the FFA levels were markedly elevated in the PBC patients (median: 0.46 mM/L) compared with the controls (0.26 mM/L, p < 0.0001). Patients with higher liver stiffness (ElastPQ > 5.56 kPa) had significantly elevated C18:1-acylcarnitine (p = 0.0008) and FFA levels (p = 0.00098). Additionally, FFAs were significantly increased in patients with higher APRI and FIB-4 scores and were associated with elevated inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β) and liver injury markers. Multivariate regression analysis confirmed C18:1-acylcarnitine (OR = 1.031, 95% CI: 1.007–1.057, p = 0.013) and FFAs (OR = 2.25 per 0.1 mM/L increase, 95% CI: 1.20–4.22, p = 0.012) as independent predictors of fibrosis severity in PBC. Conclusions: C18:1-acylcarnitine and FFAs are significantly elevated in PBC and are strongly associated with fibrosis severity and inflammation. These findings suggest a link between lipid metabolism disturbances and PBC. Both metabolites may potentially serve as non-invasive biomarkers of fibrosis progression in PBC, warranting further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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16 pages, 932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Erythrocyte DHA/EPA Ratio Surpasses Its Individual Fatty Acid Levels in Predicting Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults: A Prospective Study

by Pinning Feng, Yan Yan, Hanzu Chen, Dongmei Ru, Xinyue Wang and Yuming Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061096 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background: The individual roles of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in mitigating metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been well-documented. However, the significance of their ratio (DHA/EPA) in erythrocytes concerning MetS remains underexplored. This study evaluated the association between the DHA/EPA ratio and [...] Read more.

Background: The individual roles of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in mitigating metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been well-documented. However, the significance of their ratio (DHA/EPA) in erythrocytes concerning MetS remains underexplored. This study evaluated the association between the DHA/EPA ratio and MetS including its separate components. Methods: This community-based prospective cohort study involved 3497 participants aged 40 to 75 years enrolled in the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS) from 2008 to 2013 in China. Baseline erythrocyte fatty acids were quantified using gas chromatography. Over a 12-year follow-up, MetS status was reassessed triennially, identifying 766 new MetS cases among the 2111 participants initially free of the syndrome. The study examined both cross-sectional and prospective relationships of EPA, DHA, and the DHA/EPA ratio with both the presence and incidence of MetS alongside its individual components. Results: Multivariable cross-sectional analyses revealed that the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MetS prevalence in quartile 4 (vs. 1) were 1.32 (1.07, 1.62) for EPA, 0.52 (0.40, 0.66) for DHA, and 0.66 (0.52, 0.83) for the DHA/EPA ratio (all P-trend < 0.05). Analogous patterns were observed for associations with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia. In the prospective analysis, higher DHA/EPA ratios and lower EPA levels were associated with reduced 12-year incidence of MetS and hyperglycemia. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for MetS, comparing the extreme quartiles, were 1.26 (1.02, 1.55) for EPA and 0.75 (0.60, 0.94) for the DHA/EPA ratio. Additionally, DHA was inversely associated with the incidence of hypertension. Conclusions: The study highlights a consistent inverse relationship between the DHA/EPA ratio and both the prevalence and risk of MetS. These findings underscore the potential utility of the DHA/EPA ratio as a predictive marker or therapeutic target in MetS management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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15 pages, 653 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Physical Activity on Weight Loss in Relation to the Pillars of Lifestyle Medicine—A Narrative Review

by Natalia Niezgoda, Tomasz Chomiuk, Przemysław Kasiak, Artur Mamcarz and Daniel Śliż

Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061095 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Currently, overweight and obesity are key problems globally. Several modifiable factors influence weight management. The number of obese and overweight people has significantly increased over the past few decades. Therefore, it is crucial to find effective and tailored strategies for weight management in [...] Read more.

Currently, overweight and obesity are key problems globally. Several modifiable factors influence weight management. The number of obese and overweight people has significantly increased over the past few decades. Therefore, it is crucial to find effective and tailored strategies for weight management in public health and medicine. It has become necessary to take a comprehensive look at the problem of obesity and the process of weight loss, taking into account various aspects of lifestyle. To date, the effectiveness of dietary interventions, training interventions, or a combination of both has been repeatedly studied, with varying results, but a combination of properly selected diet and physical activity is considered the most effective therapy. Physical activity is one of the main tools in the treatment of obesity, in part due to its direct effect on body weight by increasing energy expenditure, especially when paired with other elements of lifestyle. The effect of physical activity is broad, and to properly implement it in obesity therapy, it is necessary to understand its impact on aspects such as body composition, food intake, sleep, alcohol use, and mental state. The primary aim of this review is to present the influence of physical activity on weight loss in combination with the influence of physical activity on other pillars of lifestyle medicine in adults. The secondary aim is to present various dietary, exercise, and combined interventions on weight loss with their efficacies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Fat Metabolism)

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16 pages, 3876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serotonin Transporter Gene Polymorphisms Predict Adherence to Weight Loss Programs Independently of Obesity-Related Genes

by Mana Yatsuda, Miyako Furou, Keiko Kamachi, Kaori Sakamoto, Kumiko Shoji, Osamu Ishihara and Yasuo Kagawa

Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061094 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Adherence to treatment instructions is essential in managing chronic diseases related to obesity. One gene associated with adherence is the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) gene, which has long (L) and short (S) alleles, resulting in LL, SL, and SS genotypes. Risk alleles for [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Adherence to treatment instructions is essential in managing chronic diseases related to obesity. One gene associated with adherence is the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) gene, which has long (L) and short (S) alleles, resulting in LL, SL, and SS genotypes. Risk alleles for obesity include the R variant of the β3-adrenergic receptor (β3AR) and the G variant of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). This study aimed to evaluate whether the S/L variant of 5-HTTLPR, the R variant of β3AR, and the G variant of UCP1 are associated with adherence to a weight loss program. To assess the factors influencing adherence, eating behavior was evaluated using the Eating Behavior Questionnaire (EBQ). Methods: This study included 56 well-educated and middle-class women with a mean age of 57.3 ± 10 years and a mean BMI of 27.2 ± 5.6 kg/m². Long-read sequencing was used to analyze S/L mutations. Participants followed a six-month diet and exercise regimen for obesity management. Outcomes were assessed using clinical data and EBQ scores. Adherence was objectively measured by the reduction in body fat percentage. Results: Participants were classified as SS (69.6%), SL (17.9%), or LL (12.5%). The R variant of β3AR was present in 34% of participants, with the G variant of UCP1 in 75%. After the intervention, SS participants showed significantly greater reductions in weight and body fat percentage than LL participants (p < 0.05). Among EBQ items, significant improvements (p < 0.05) were observed in SS participants for eating as a diversion, feeling of fullness, bad eating habits, unsteady eating patterns, and total EBQ score. In SL participants, only bad eating habits improved, whereas no significant changes were observed in LL participants. Obesity risk alleles did not significantly affect clinical outcomes, though there may be small number bias. Conclusions: SS genotype participants demonstrated higher adherence to the weight loss program, leading to improved clinical outcomes and EBQ scores, independent of obesity risk genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Nutrigenomics and Personalized Nutrition on Non-infectious Disease)

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21 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Mind to Milk: The Influence of Psychological Factors on the Composition of Human Breast Milk

by Krystian Skowron, Igor Lichocki, Filip Godziszewski and Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz

Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061093 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Breast milk is a complex fluid crucial for infant development, nutrition, and immunological and neurodevelopmental support. Recent findings suggest that factors regarding mental health, such as stress, anxiety, and postpartum depression (PPD), may influence the composition of breast milk. This review aims [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Breast milk is a complex fluid crucial for infant development, nutrition, and immunological and neurodevelopmental support. Recent findings suggest that factors regarding mental health, such as stress, anxiety, and postpartum depression (PPD), may influence the composition of breast milk. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the relationship between a mother’s mental state and the biochemical profile of human milk, focusing mainly on nutrients, hormones, immune factors, and microbiota. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and the Web of Science using predefined keywords related to psychological factors and milk composition. Studies involving validated psychological assessment tools and only human subjects were included, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results: Findings indicated that maternal stress and PPD are associated with alterations in breast milk composition. Elevated cortisol and changes in melatonin and prolactin levels have been observed. Immune components, such as secretory immunoglobulin A and transforming growth factor beta 2, exhibit variable responses depending on stress type and duration. Lower concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid have been observed among mothers diagnosed with depression. Additionally, maternal psychological distress may influence infants’ gut microbiota composition, potentially affecting long-term health outcomes. Conclusions: The maternal psychological state plays an essential role in shaping the composition of human breast milk. Understanding these associations highlights the need for mental health support during the postpartum period to optimize infant development. Future research should focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes and potential interventions to mitigate adverse effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breastmilk for Healthy Development)

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11 pages, 2729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Alcohol Intake on Body Composition in Patients with Steatotic Liver Disease

by Masahiro Matsui, Akira Fukuda, Saori Onishi, Kosuke Ushiro, Tomohiro Nishikawa, Akira Asai, Soo Ki Kim and Hiroki Nishikawa

Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061092 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Objectives: To examine the effect of alcohol intake on body composition in patients with steatotic liver disease (SLD). Methods: In men, group A (n = 819) was defined as non-drinkers, group B (n = 1147) as <30 g of ethanol equivalent per [...] Read more.

Objectives: To examine the effect of alcohol intake on body composition in patients with steatotic liver disease (SLD). Methods: In men, group A (n = 819) was defined as non-drinkers, group B (n = 1147) as <30 g of ethanol equivalent per day, group C (n = 125) as between 30 and 60 g/day, and group D (n = 344) as >60 g/day. In women, group A (n = 749) was defined as non-drinkers, group B (n = 354) as <20 g/day, group C (n = 36) as between 20 and 50 g/day, and group D (n = 68) as >50 g/day. The fat-free (FF) index and fat (F) index were defined as FF mass and F mass divided by height squared (kg/m²). Results: The average FF index and F index in groups A, B, C, and D in men were 19.01, 19.29, 18.50, and 18.55 kg/m² (overall p < 0.0001), and 6.28, 6.71, 5.66, and 6.03 kg/m² (overall p < 0.0001). The average FF index and F index in groups A, B, C, and D in women were 16.03, 15.96, 15.62, and 15.07 kg/m² (overall p < 0.0001), and 9.89, 9.02, 9.32, and 7.53 kg/m² (overall p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Heavy drinking has a negative effect on skeletal muscle and fat, but complete abstinence from alcohol may not be necessary in SLD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alcohol Consumption and Human Health)

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21 pages, 2871 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Different Proportions of DHA and ARA on Cognitive Development in Infants: A Meta-Analysis

by Ailing Tian, Lirong Xu, Ignatius Man-Yau Szeto, Xuemin Wang and Duo Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061091 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Previous studies have assessed the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6)-supplemented infant formula on brain development and cognitive function in infants. However, the results have been inconsistent. The aim of this systematic review [...] Read more.

Objectives: Previous studies have assessed the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6)-supplemented infant formula on brain development and cognitive function in infants. However, the results have been inconsistent. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effect of DHA and ARA supplementation on cognitive function in infants from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: We systematically searched and identified relevant literature from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases up to July 2024. Standard methods were applied to assess publication bias, sensitivity analysis, and heterogeneity among the included studies. A total of nine RCTs were included in the study, which comprised 1039 subjects. Results: Meta-analysis showed significantly positive effects of DHA and ARA supplementation on cognitive development in infants (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD): 0.21; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.38). No significant difference was found in Mental Development Index (MDI) score (Weighted Mean Difference (WMD): 0.20; 95% CI: −0.03, 0.43) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) score (WMD: 0.12; 95% CI: −0.11, 0.35) in Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development compared with the control group. In subgroup analysis, when DHA/ARA was 0.5–1, PDI had a significant difference (WMD: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.93) compared with the control group, with no significant difference between heterogeneity (I² = 46.4%, p = 0.155). In comparison to the control group, significant differences were observed in MDI when DHA/ARA levels were between 0.5 and 1 (WMD: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.07, 1.02), with no significant difference between heterogeneity (I² = 51.6%, p = 0.127). Conclusion: When the DHA /ARA was 0.5–1 can significantly improve the cognitive function in infants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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20 pages, 6168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protocatechuic Acid Attenuates Inflammation in Macrophage-like Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in ApoE^−/− Mice

by Shuangshuang Li, Yushi Du, Guanyu Chen, Yihui Mao, Wenyu Zhang, Mengxi Kang, Shasha Zhu and Dongliang Wang

Nutrients 2025, 17(6), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17061090 - 20 Mar 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Non-resolving inflammation in macrophage-like cells (MLCs) transdifferentiated from vascular smooth muscle cells and monocyte-derived macrophages aggravates atherosclerosis. We previously showed that polyphenolic protocatechuic acid (PCA) could reduce inflammation burden in monocyte-derived macrophages; however, it remains unknown how this compound affects MLCs [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Non-resolving inflammation in macrophage-like cells (MLCs) transdifferentiated from vascular smooth muscle cells and monocyte-derived macrophages aggravates atherosclerosis. We previously showed that polyphenolic protocatechuic acid (PCA) could reduce inflammation burden in monocyte-derived macrophages; however, it remains unknown how this compound affects MLCs inflammation. Methods: MLCs from the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by cholesterol and 30-week-old male ApoE^−/− mice fed a semi-purified AIN-93G diet containing either 0.003% (wt:wt) of PCA for a duration of 20 weeks were used to examine the impact of PCA on the inflammatory response of MLCs. Results: Physiologically achievable doses of PCA (0.25–1 μM) dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation and simultaneously reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Mechanistically, this effect was mediated by effecting exportin-1 function, promoting nuclear export of phosphorylated-p65, independent of NF-κB kinase inhibitor α/β/γ, NF-κB inhibitor α, or importin-mediated nuclear import of p-p65. PCA reduced the nucleocytoplasmic ratio of exportin-1 (44%) without altering its abundance. Importantly, dietary supplementation with PCA reduced interleukin-1β content within MLCs in atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE^−/− mice. In addition, dietary PCA reduced MLCs content in atherosclerotic plaques. Conclusions: PCA could attenuate inflammatory response in MLCs by targeting exportin-1 and also could inhibit the transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells into MLCs within atherosclerotic plaques, which might promote the translation from preclinical studies to clinical trials in patients with atherosclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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