Nutrients

14 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidimensional Assessment of Orthorexia Nervosa: A Case-Control Study Comparing Eating Behavior, Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, Body Mass Index, Psychological Symptoms, and Autonomic Arousal

by Sara Guidotti, Alice Fiduccia, Rosanna Sanseverino and Carlo Pruneti

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020317 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: The research on orthorexia nervosa (ON) has thoroughly outlined the connection between it and various mental disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorders and eating disorders, in addition to stress. However, research has not considered psychophysical stress and other measures of psychophysical health, such as [...] Read more.

Background: The research on orthorexia nervosa (ON) has thoroughly outlined the connection between it and various mental disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorders and eating disorders, in addition to stress. However, research has not considered psychophysical stress and other measures of psychophysical health, such as adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Methods: This cross-sectional and case-control research involved 63 students from the University of Parma, aged between 18 and 49 years. The ORTO-15 questionnaire was utilized to categorize the entire sample into two groups: one without orthorexia (score > 35) and another with orthorexia (score < 35). All subjects were assessed with the Psychophysiological Stress Profile (PSP) and completed the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 (EDI-3) and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). In addition, they were interviewed using the PREDIMED questionnaire to assess adherence to the Mediterranean Diet, and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Results: Subjects with orthorexia represented 38.10% of the total sample and reported a higher BMI than controls, although the PREDIMED score did not show a difference in adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The EDI-3 highlighted emotional dysregulation and hypercontrol in students with orthorexia, and a dissociation between subjective and objective measures of stress emerged. Particularly, the psychophysiological parameters of skin conductance, heart rate, and heart rate variability showed greater reactivity to stressful stimuli, but no difference was noted in psychological symptoms. Conclusions: These findings confirmed the presence of alterations in eating behavior in people with orthorexia as well as a higher BMI. It was hypothesized that hypercontrol might favor the perception of psychological well-being at a subjective level, although inadequate management of stress emerged at an objective psychophysiological level. Further studies are needed to highlight the causality between ON, hypercontrol, diet, and psychophysical stress, given that students with orthorexia present a dysregulation of emotions associated with greater autonomic arousal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bidirectional Link between Eating Habits, Lifestyle, Physical Exercise and Depression and Other Mental Disorders)

16 pages, 2109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Chrysin, a Flavonoid Present in Food, on the Skeletal System in Rats with Experimental Type 1 Diabetes

by Sylwia Klasik-Ciszewska, Piotr Londzin, Kacper Grzywnowicz, Weronika Borymska, Maria Zych, Ilona Kaczmarczyk-Żebrowska and Joanna Folwarczna

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020316 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: It seems that some substances of plant origin may exert health-promoting activities in diabetes and its complications, including those concerning bones. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), present in honey, some plants, and food of plant origin, has been reported to exert, among others, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory [...] Read more.

Background: It seems that some substances of plant origin may exert health-promoting activities in diabetes and its complications, including those concerning bones. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone), present in honey, some plants, and food of plant origin, has been reported to exert, among others, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chrysin on the skeletal system of rats with experimental type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: The experiments were carried out on mature male Wistar rats. T1D was induced by a single streptozotocin injection. Administration of chrysin (50 or 100 mg/kg p.o., once daily) began two weeks later and lasted four weeks. Serum bone turnover markers, bone mass, density and mineralization, mechanical properties and histomorphometric parameters of cancellous and compact bone were examined. Results: T1D profoundly affected bone metabolism, leading to worsening of bone strength in comparison with the healthy controls. After administration of chrysin, slight improvement of only some parameters was demonstrated in relation to the diabetic controls. Conclusions: Results of the present study indicate that chrysin may exert some very limited favorable effects on the skeletal system in diabetic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Management and Treatment of Bone-Related Diseases Using Natural Products)

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17 pages, 953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-National Survey About Nutrition and Nutrition Communication Among Older Adults Aged 60 Years and Above

by Julia Juber, Íris Rafaela Montez De Sousa, Johanna Kreher, Christel Rademacher and Christine Brombach

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020315 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The global population is undergoing a significant demographic shift characterised by an increasing proportion of older individuals. Healthy aging has become a priority for personal well-being and sustainable healthcare systems, with nutrition playing a pivotal role. However, the rise in non-communicable diseases [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The global population is undergoing a significant demographic shift characterised by an increasing proportion of older individuals. Healthy aging has become a priority for personal well-being and sustainable healthcare systems, with nutrition playing a pivotal role. However, the rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), malnutrition, and a shift in eating behaviour underscore the need for tailored, effective nutrition communication strategies. This research is intended to provide the basic data needed to support the development of tailored nutritional communication strategies and practices. Methods: To investigate these aspects, a cross-national survey about nutrition and nutrition communication was conducted within the framework of the Innovative Training Network SmartAge, focusing on older adults aged 60 years and above in Germany, Switzerland, Spain, and France (each 25%; N = 1000 persons). This paper specifically focuses on the development, methodology, and discussion of the survey and aims to investigate the characteristics of the sample in relation to their dietary patterns and food choices within the European context. Results: The analysis identified significant associations between various plant- and animal-based food items and the variables gender, age group, and country. Spanish participants showed a dietary pattern towards the Mediterranean Diet, while German participants showed tendencies towards the Western Diet. Furthermore, the findings revealed that protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, nuts and seeds, legumes, and (whole) grains were infrequently consumed, particularly among German and Swiss participants. Conclusions: This study highlights the need to promote adequate protein intake among older adults, emphasising diverse sources like legumes, nuts and seeds, (whole) grains, and lean meats to support healthy aging. For the development of future nutrition communication strategies, the influence of the specific social, cultural, and traditional factors needs to be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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22 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Improving Cooking Skills, Lifestyle Behaviors, and Clinical Outcomes for Adults at Risk for Cardiometabolic Disease: Protocol for a Randomized Teaching Kitchen Multisite Trial (TK-MT)

by Jennifer Massa, Candace Sapp, Kate Janisch, Mopelola A. Adeyemo, Auden McClure, Natalia I. Heredia, Deanna M. Hoelscher, Tannaz Moin, Shaista Malik, Wendelin Slusser and David M. Eisenberg

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020314 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This protocol describes a study to investigate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a novel Teaching Kitchen Multisite Trial (TK-MT) for adults with cardiometabolic abnormalities. The TK-MT protocol describes a hybrid lifestyle intervention combining in-person and virtual instruction in culinary skills, nutrition [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This protocol describes a study to investigate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a novel Teaching Kitchen Multisite Trial (TK-MT) for adults with cardiometabolic abnormalities. The TK-MT protocol describes a hybrid lifestyle intervention combining in-person and virtual instruction in culinary skills, nutrition education, movement, and mindfulness with community support and behavior change strategies. This 18-month-long randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the feasibility of implementing a 12-month, 24 class program, assess preliminary study efficacy, and identify barriers and facilitators to implementation. Methods: The intervention program includes 16 weeks of intensive hands-on culinary and lifestyle education classes followed by eight monthly virtual classes. Psychometric assessments and biometric data will be collected at baseline, 4, 12, and 18 months. Semi-structured interviews and open-ended surveys will be conducted during the 12-month follow-up assessment. Results: Feasibility will be assessed through recruitment, attendance, and fidelity data. Secondary outcomes will analyze changes in health behaviors, biometric data, and anthropometric measures using mixed-effects regression models. Qualitative data will undergo thematic analysis. Conclusions: As envisioned and described in detail in this manuscript, this study will inform the development and implementation of reproducible, scalable teaching kitchen interventions. The protocol described here is intended to set the stage for future investigations to evaluate evidence for the impact of teaching kitchen interventions on dietary habits, physical activity, and overall health and well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Disease)

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19 pages, 1366 KiB

Open AccessReview

Associations Between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Incident Sarcopenia in Prospective Cohort Studies

by Ligia J. Dominguez, Nicola Veronese, Lee Smith, Francesco Saverio Ragusa, Piero Schirò, Giovanna Di Bella and Mario Barbagallo

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020313 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

The loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, known as sarcopenia, is prevalent in older adults and linked to an increased risk of disability, frailty, and early mortality. Muscle health is crucial for the functionality and independence of older adults. As the aging [...] Read more.

The loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, known as sarcopenia, is prevalent in older adults and linked to an increased risk of disability, frailty, and early mortality. Muscle health is crucial for the functionality and independence of older adults. As the aging population continuously grows, finding cost-effective strategies for preventing and treating sarcopenia is an important public health priority. While nutrition is recognized as a key factor in the development of sarcopenia, its role in preventing and treating the condition is still under investigation. In recent decades, nutritional research has shifted from a focus on individual nutrients or healthy foods to examining the combination of nutrients and foods in dietary patterns, along with their potential synergistic and antagonistic effects. A balanced diet and regular participation in physical activity are essential for maintaining musculoskeletal health. One of the healthy eating patterns with the greatest evidence of multiple health benefits is the Mediterranean diet, which has also been linked to positive effects on muscle function in observational studies. However, there is a lack of intervention studies. This review explores the updated evidence from longitudinal prospective studies on associations between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and sarcopenia in order to promote preventive and intervention strategies for healthy muscle aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet – Health Benefits and Advances)

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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 3094 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Impact of a Very-Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet on Monocyte Subsets of Patients with Obesity: A Pilot Study

by Mariaignazia Curreli, Serena Recalchi, Davide Masi, Rebecca Rossetti, Ilaria Ernesti, Elisabetta Camaiani, Sabrina Basciani, Elena Gangitano, Mikiko Watanabe, Stefania Mariani, Lucio Gnessi, Stefania Morrone, Andrea Lenzi, Elisa Petrangeli and Carla Lubrano

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020312 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity is closely linked to chronic low-grade inflammation and the development of cardio-metabolic comorbidities. Monocyte subsets, which are crucial in immune responses, have been reported to be altered in individuals with obesity, potentially exacerbating inflammation. Although very-low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKDs) are recognized [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity is closely linked to chronic low-grade inflammation and the development of cardio-metabolic comorbidities. Monocyte subsets, which are crucial in immune responses, have been reported to be altered in individuals with obesity, potentially exacerbating inflammation. Although very-low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKDs) are recognized for their efficacy in promoting weight loss and improving metabolic health, their impact on circulating monocyte subsets remains poorly understood. The objective of our study is to investigate the impact of VLCKDs on monocyte subset distribution in people with obesity. Methods: Thirty-six participants were divided into four groups—healthy controls, individuals with obesity and no dietary intervention, and individuals with obesity following either a low-calorie diet (LCD) or VLCKD for 28 days. Blood samples were analyzed to assess the distribution of classical monocytes (CMs), intermediate monocytes (IMs), and non-classical monocytes (NCMs) using flow cytometry. Results: Individuals with obesity exhibited significant increases in IMs and NCMs, alongside a decrease in CMs compared to healthy controls. The VLCKD led to a notable shift in monocyte distribution, with increased CMs and reduced IMs and NCMs, restoring levels closer to those observed in healthy individuals. In contrast, the LCD group showed no significant changes in monocyte subsets. Conclusions: VLCKDs may exert anti-inflammatory effects by modulating monocyte subset distribution, offering potential therapeutic benefits in mitigating obesity-related inflammation. These preliminary findings suggest that VLCKDs could be an effective strategy for improving immune function in individuals with obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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Graphical abstract

19 pages, 5945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Inhibitory Effects of NCT503 and Exogenous Serine on High-Selenium Induced Insulin Resistance in Mice

by Shuo Zhan, Jianrong Wang, Mingyu Zhu, Yiqun Liu, Feng Han, Licui Sun, Qin Wang and Zhenwu Huang

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020311 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to identify whether the development of insulin resistance (IR) induced by high selenium (Se) is related to serine deficiency via the inhibition of the de novo serine synthesis pathway (SSP) by the administrations of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) inhibitor (NCT503) [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aims to identify whether the development of insulin resistance (IR) induced by high selenium (Se) is related to serine deficiency via the inhibition of the de novo serine synthesis pathway (SSP) by the administrations of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) inhibitor (NCT503) or exogenous serine in mice. Method: forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups: adequate-Se (0.1 mgSe/kg), high-Se (0.8 mgSe/kg), high-Se +serine (240 mg/kg/day), and high-Se +NCT503 (30 mg/kg, twice a week) for 5 months. The glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT) were used to confirm the development of IR in mice with high-Se intake, and fasting blood glucose levels were measured monthly. The Se contents in plasma and tissues were detected by ICP-MS. The levels of insulin (INS), homocysteine (HCY), and serine in plasma were tested by ELISA. Western blot analyses were conducted to evaluate the protein expressions of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), selenoprotein P (SELENOP) and PHGDH, the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, folate cycle (SHMT1, MTHFR), and methionine cycle (MS). Results: An IR model was developed in mice from the high-Se group with elevated fasting blood glucose and INS levels, impaired glucose tolerance, and reduced insulin sensitivity, but not in both the high-Se +serine group and the high-Se +NCT503 group. Compared with the high-Se and high-Se +serine groups, the expressions of GPX1 and SELENOP significantly decreased for the high-Se +NCT503 group in the liver, muscle, and pancreas tissues. The expression of PHGDH of high-Se group was significantly higher than that of the adequate-Se group in the liver (p < 0.05) and pancreas (p < 0.001). Also, the expected high expression of PHGDH was effectively inhibited in mice from the high-Se +serine group but not from the high-Se +NCT503 group. The expression of p-AKT (Ser-473) for the high-Se group was significantly lower than that of the adequate-Se group in the liver, muscle, and pancreas. Conclusions: The IR induced by high-Se intake in the body has been confirmed to be partially due to serine deficiency, which led to the initiation of SSP to produce endogenous serine. The supplementations of exogenous serine or inhibitors of PHGDH in this metabolic pathway could be used for the intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selenium-Rich Products: Their Development and Regulation of Human Health)

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42 pages, 2402 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Role of Lifestyle Interventions in PCOS Management: A Systematic Review

by Rohit Gautam, Pratibha Maan, Anshu Jyoti, Anshu Kumar, Neena Malhotra and Taruna Arora

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020310 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders among reproductive-aged women. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Lifestyle changes are suggested as first-line interventions in managing PCOS. This systematic review aims to assess the scientific evidence [...] Read more.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders among reproductive-aged women. It is characterized by hyperandrogenism, anovulation, and polycystic ovaries. Lifestyle changes are suggested as first-line interventions in managing PCOS. This systematic review aims to assess the scientific evidence regarding the role of lifestyle modifications (dietary changes, physical activity, and behavioral changes) in improving reproductive, anthropometric, metabolic, and psychological outcomes in women with PCOS. Dietary interventions such as foods with low glycemic index scores; caloric restrictions; high-fiber, omega three fatty acid-rich diets; ketogenic diets; Mediterranean diets; antioxidant-rich food; and anti-inflammatory diets improve insulin sensitivity and hormonal balance in women with PCOS. Physical activity, like aerobic and resistance exercise, enhances insulin sensitivity, helps weight loss, and improves metabolic and reproductive outcomes in women with PCOS. Further, behavioral and education modules can also be used to improve awareness, adherence, and the effectiveness of conventional treatment and to manage mental health issues related to PCOS. Collectively, lifestyle modifications not only improve the biochemical, hormonal, and anthropometric parameters in PCOS patients but also reduce the long-term risks of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Women’s Health)

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17 pages, 876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urinary Fluoride Levels Among Youth in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015–2016: Potential Differences According to Race

by Durdana Khan, Stephen Franks, Zhilin Wang, Angela Miles, Howard Hu and Ashley J. Malin

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020309 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Urinary fluoride (UF) is the most well-established biomarker for fluoride exposure, and understanding its distribution can inform risk assessment for potential adverse systemic health effects. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report distributions of UF among youth according to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Urinary fluoride (UF) is the most well-established biomarker for fluoride exposure, and understanding its distribution can inform risk assessment for potential adverse systemic health effects. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report distributions of UF among youth according to sociodemographic factors in a nationally representative United States (US) sample. Methods: The study included 1191 children aged 6-11 years and 1217 adolescents aged 12-19 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015–2016. We examined UF according to sociodemographic variables as well as Spearman correlations between UF and plasma fluoride. Survey-weighted quantile regression examined associations between tap water fluoride and UF levels adjusted for covariates. Results: The average age of participants was 12.5 years. The median (IQR) UF and water fluoride concentrations were 0.52 (0.50) mg/L and 0.39 (0.54) mg/L, respectively. Children had higher UF levels than adolescents and males had higher UF levels than females. UF differed according to race/ethnicity among both children and adolescents. Specifically, non-Hispanic Black youth tended to have higher UF levels than all participants except for those classified as other race/multiracial. UF and plasma fluoride were moderately correlated for children and adolescents. Higher water fluoride levels were associated with higher UF levels, and the magnitudes of association were larger at higher quantiles of UF (β = 0.14, p < 0.001; β = 0.20, p< 0.001 at the 25th and 50th quantiles, respectively). The magnitude of association between water fluoride and UF was the largest for non-Hispanic Black participants (predictive margin = 0.3, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Non-Hispanic Black youth in the US may have greater fluoride exposure and receive more of their fluoride intake from tap water than youth of other races/ethnicities. Factors contributing to potential racial/ethnic disparities in fluoride exposure within the US warrant further investigation so that they can be mitigated to reduce the potential for harm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Fluoride Intake, Metabolism and Health)

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Graphical abstract

20 pages, 6012 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Fibre-Rich Breads Yield Improved Glucose Release Curves and Are Well Accepted by Children in Primary School Breakfast Clubs

by Nicholas M. Wilkinson, Taskeen Niaz, Eloise Tann, Fiona Croden, Neil B. Boyle, Alan Mackie and Louise Dye

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020308 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: The average fibre consumption of 4–10-year-old children in the UK is 14.6 g per day, with only 14% of these children reaching the 20 g recommended by the SACN (UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition), and this ‘fibre gap’ may be most [...] Read more.

Background: The average fibre consumption of 4–10-year-old children in the UK is 14.6 g per day, with only 14% of these children reaching the 20 g recommended by the SACN (UK Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition), and this ‘fibre gap’ may be most pronounced in communities with the lowest socioeconomic status. School breakfast clubs target children from disadvantaged communities, but their provision may favour lower-fibre foods, due to perceptions that children will reject higher-fibre foods. Our research programme aims to increase the fibre density, digestive-metabolic quality and acceptability of school breakfast provision. Methods: In Study 1, we examined the in vitro digestion of four novel bread products, to determine the relationship between fibre content and glucose release profile, and assess their suitability for sustaining school activity. In Study 2, we introduced the Prograins breads, alongside higher-fibre breakfast cereals and fresh fruit, to primary school breakfast clubs. Results: The Prograins bread products yielded lower peaks and more sustained glucose release curves than the ‘standard’ white bread control. Many children liked and chose the intervention foods, and the average fibre content of children’s breakfasts increased. Conclusions: We conclude from this study that nutritious, fibre-rich bread products can be acceptable to children and that higher-fibre breakfast provision is feasible, and we recommend larger-scale intervention and assessment to validate these real-world findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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19 pages, 925 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Examining the Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Performance, Recovery, and Injury Management for Health Optimization: A Systematic Review Focused on Military Service Members

by Melissa Rittenhouse, Saachi Khurana, Stephen Scholl and Christopher Emerson

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020307 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), recognized for their anti-inflammatory and brain health benefits, are being studied to enhance cognitive function, aid physical recovery, and reduce injury rates among military service members (SMs). Given the unique demands faced by this tactical population, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), recognized for their anti-inflammatory and brain health benefits, are being studied to enhance cognitive function, aid physical recovery, and reduce injury rates among military service members (SMs). Given the unique demands faced by this tactical population, this systematic review aims to evaluate the evidence of n-3 to support physical and mental resilience and overall performance. Methods: This review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and includes articles that assessed n-3 status or implemented n-3 interventions in relation to physical and cognitive performance, recovery, and injury outcomes (2006 to 2024). Of the 1606 articles yielded in screening through Covidence, 755 were irrelevant, leaving 226 studies for full-text eligibility. Of those 226 studies, 165 studies were excluded, and 61 studies were included in this review. Results: The results highlighted evidence-based findings in five key areas where omega-3 fatty acids are being evaluated to benefit military service members. These key areas include cardiopulmonary function, exercise recovery, cognitive function, injury recovery, and strength and power. While existing research suggests promising benefits, the most significant evidence was seen with cardiopulmonary function, exercise recovery, and cognitive function. Conclusions: Current research is promising and shows potential benefits, but the results are inconclusive and inconsistent. Future research is needed to determine optimal n-3 status, dose, and possibly type of n-3 across the various performance outcomes. Understanding these gaps in research will be essential to creating evidence-based n-3 guidelines for optimal performance of SMs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements and Nutritional Considerations for Tactical Populations)

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13 pages, 469 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Specific Physical and Nutritional Preparation of a Professional Kata Karate Athlete: A Case Study with a Bronze Medallist from the Pan American Games

by José Manuel García-De Frutos, Daniel López-Plaza, Francisco Javier Martínez-Noguera, Manuel Sanz-Matesanz, Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez and Luis Manuel Martínez-Aranda

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020306 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background and objectives: In karate, particularly in the kata discipline, there is a notable lack of studies focused on specific physical preparation for competitions. This highlights an urgent need for more in-depth research into this crucial aspect of athletic training to optimize performance [...] Read more.

Background and objectives: In karate, particularly in the kata discipline, there is a notable lack of studies focused on specific physical preparation for competitions. This highlights an urgent need for more in-depth research into this crucial aspect of athletic training to optimize performance and athlete preparation. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of a dietary plan combined with specific physical preparation on the performance and body composition of a professional kata athlete preparing for a Pan American championship. Methods: A 20-year-old elite female karateka (60.7 kg, 165.4 cm) followed a nutritional plan with an isocaloric diet. The strength and power of the upper and lower limbs were evaluated through countermovement jump (CMJ) and one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests in bench press and free squat over a five-month period before the competition. Results: Following the nutritional plan and physical preparation, the athlete’s body composition improved in terms of fat loss (from 12.17% to 10.68%) and increased muscle mass (from 51.45% to 53.09%). Moreover, these improvements translated into better performance in tests such as CMJ (from 38.29 cm to 44.14 cm), 1RM bench press (from 54.5 kg to 67.6 kg), and 1RM free squat (from 65.1 kg to 78.4 kg). Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a comprehensive approach to personalized physical, technical, and nutritional preparation over 16 weeks significantly improves muscle strength and performance in karate kata. The novelty of this intervention lies in the detailed description of the total workload, encompassing both physical and technical performance, with a specific plan tailored to the athlete’s needs. Additionally, the preparation was precisely designed for a specific tournament, addressing the sport’s unique demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sport Nutrition Knowledge: Diet, Energy, Recovery and New Perspectives Related to Health and Performance)

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12 pages, 998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychological–Emotional Aspect and Lifestyle in Professional Males Rugby Athletes

by Roberto Palazzo, Riccardo Bevilacqua, Marco Corsi, Edoardo Falconi, Sara Rosa and Laura Stefani

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020305 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Recent research emphasizes the importance of integrating psychological–emotional factors with nutrition and body composition in athletes. This study investigates the correlations between these aspects in 36 professional rugby players, aiming to identify relationships that could optimize sports performance and overall well-being. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: Recent research emphasizes the importance of integrating psychological–emotional factors with nutrition and body composition in athletes. This study investigates the correlations between these aspects in 36 professional rugby players, aiming to identify relationships that could optimize sports performance and overall well-being. Methods: The study sample included 36 male athletes (mean age: 24.4 ± 2.1 years, weight: 86.5 ± 7.1 kg, and height: 181.8 ± 5.7 cm). Four assessment tools were used: the Short Form Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) to evaluate quality of life, the Mediterranean diet adherence (MEDI-LITE), the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and body composition measurements (stadiometer and BIVA). Statistical analyses, including the Shapiro–Wilk test, Pearson, and Spearman correlations, were conducted to explore relationships between the variables. Results: The athletes’ mental and physical health was comparable to the general population (mean MCS = 50.5 ± 7.4, PCS = 49.6 ± 9.6). Mediterranean diet adherence was low (mean MEDI-LITE = 8.6 ± 2.6), while physical activity levels were high (mean IPAQ = 2560.5 ± 950.1). Body composition indicated overweight status (mean BMI = 26.15 ± 1.62 kg/m², body fat = 22 ± 4.3%). Positive correlations were observed between mental health, diet adherence, and physical activity, with a stronger link between physical activity and body composition. Conclusions: This study confirms a relationship between psychological–emotional factors, nutrition, and body composition in athletes, suggesting an integrated approach to optimize performance. However, causality remains unconfirmed, and the small sample size limits generalizability. Future research should include larger, more diverse samples to expand these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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14 pages, 1634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamins K2 and D3 Improve Long COVID, Fungal Translocation, and Inflammation: Randomized Controlled Trial

by Ornina Atieh, Joviane Daher, Jared C. Durieux, Marc Abboud, Danielle Labbato, Jhony Baissary, Ziad Koberssy, Kate Ailstock, Morgan Cummings, Nicholas T. Funderburg and Grace A. McComsey

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020304 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Long COVID (LC) is characterized by persistent symptoms at least 3 months after a SARS-COV-2 infection. LC has been associated with fungal translocation, gut dysfunction, and enhanced systemic inflammation. Currently, there is no approved treatment for this condition. The anti-inflammatory effect of [...] Read more.

Background: Long COVID (LC) is characterized by persistent symptoms at least 3 months after a SARS-COV-2 infection. LC has been associated with fungal translocation, gut dysfunction, and enhanced systemic inflammation. Currently, there is no approved treatment for this condition. The anti-inflammatory effect of vitamins K2 and D3 was shown to help attenuate the course of acute COVID-19 infection. Objective and hypothesis: This trial aims to investigate the effects of vitamins K2/D3 on LC symptoms, as well as gut and inflammatory markers, in people with established long COVID. Our hypothesis is that by attenuating systemic inflammation, vitamins K2/D3 will improve long COVID symptoms. Methods: This single-site randomized controlled study enrolled adults experiencing ≥2 moderate LC symptoms at least 3 months after a COVID-19 infection. The RECOVER Long COVID Research Index and number and type of LC symptoms were considered. Participants were randomized 2:1 to daily 240 µg K2 (pure MK-7 form) and 2000 UI vitamin D3 or standard of care (SOC) for 24 weeks. The endpoints were changes in symptomatology and in select inflammatory, metabolic, and gut biomarkers at 24 weeks. Results: We enrolled 151 participants (n = 98 received vit K2/D3 and 53 received SOC). The median age was 46 years; 71% were female and 29% were non-white. Baseline demographics were balanced between groups. At 24 weeks, the active treatment group only had a sharp increase in 25(OH) D, indicating good treatment adherence. In the vitamin K2/D3 arm, there was a 7.1% decrease in the proportion who had an LC Index ≥12 (vs. a 7.2% increase in the SOC group; p = 0.01). The average number of LC symptoms remained stable in the vitamin K2/D3 arm but increased in the SOC arm (p = 0.03). Additionally, reductions in oxidized LDL, inflammatory markers sTNF-RI and sCD163, and fungal translocation marker (1,3)-β-d-glucan were observed in the vitamin K2/D3 arm compared to the SOC arm (p < 0.01) over 24 weeks. Conclusions: Vitamins K2/D3 improved the RECOVER Long COVID Index, the number of LC symptoms, and several gut and inflammatory markers. Vitamins K2/D3 provide a promising safe intervention for people suffering from long COVID. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dose–Response Relationships of Vitamin D Status and Vitamin D Intake with Health Outcomes—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Maternal Prenatal Zinc Consumption with Infant Brain Tissue Organization and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

by Paige K. Berger, Ravi Bansal, Siddhant Sawardekar, Catherine Monk and Bradley S. Peterson

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020303 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: While studies in rat pups suggest that early zinc exposure is critical for optimal brain structure and function, associations of prenatal zinc intake with measures of brain development in infants are unknown. This study aimed to assess the associations of maternal zinc [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: While studies in rat pups suggest that early zinc exposure is critical for optimal brain structure and function, associations of prenatal zinc intake with measures of brain development in infants are unknown. This study aimed to assess the associations of maternal zinc intake during pregnancy with MRI measures of brain tissue microstructure and neurodevelopmental outcomes, as well as to determine whether MRI measures of the brain mediated the relationship between maternal zinc intake and neurodevelopmental indices. Methods: Forty-one adolescent mothers were recruited for a longitudinal study during pregnancy. Maternal zinc intake was assessed during the third trimester of pregnancy using a 24 h dietary recall. Infant MRI scans were acquired at 3 weeks postpartum using a 3.0 Tesla scanner to measure fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). Cognitive, language, and motor skills were assessed at 4, 14, and 24 months postpartum using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Results: Greater prenatal zinc intake was associated with reduced FA in cortical gray matter, particularly in the frontal lobe [medial superior frontal gyrus; β (95% CI) = −1.0 (−1.5, −0.5)], in developing white matter, and in subcortical gray matter nuclei. Greater prenatal zinc intake was associated with reduced MD in cortical gray matter and developing white matter [superior longitudinal fasciculus; −4.4 (−7.1, −1.7)]. Greater maternal zinc intake also was associated with higher cognitive development scores at 14 [0.1 (0.0, 0.1)] and 24 [0.1 (0.0, 0.2)] months of age; MRI indices of FA and MD did not mediate this relationship. Conclusions: Maternal prenatal zinc intake was associated with more favorable measures of brain tissue microstructural maturation and cognitive development during infancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Nutrition and Neurodevelopment)

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25 pages, 10858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant and Immune Stimulation Activity of Wheat Product Extracts

by Beatrice Mengoni, Federica Armeli, Emily Schifano, Sabrina Antonia Prencipe, Laura Pompa, Fabio Sciubba, Elisa Brasili, Ottavia Giampaoli, Francesco Mura, Massimo Reverberi, Marzia Beccaccioli, Alessandro Pinto, Maria De Giusti, Daniela Uccelletti, Rita Businaro and Giuliana Vinci

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020302 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Inflammation and oxidative stress are the main pathogenetic pathways involved in the development of several chronic degenerative diseases. Our study is aimed at assessing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from wheat and its derivatives. Methods: The content of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Inflammation and oxidative stress are the main pathogenetic pathways involved in the development of several chronic degenerative diseases. Our study is aimed at assessing the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from wheat and its derivatives. Methods: The content of total phenolic and total flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activity were carried out by ABTS and DPPH assays. The ability of wheat extracts to promote microglia polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype was evaluated analyzing the increased expression of anti-inflammatory markers by real-time qPCR and immunofluorescence assays. Antioxidant activity of all the extracts was evaluated in C. elegans by analyzing ROS levels and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes GST-4 and SOD-3 by real-time qPCR and fluorescence experiments. The expression of key genes involved in the innate immune response and stress resistance pathways—daf-16, sek-1, and pmk-1—was evaluated by real-time qPCR. Results: Wheat extracts showed the ability to polarize microglia cells towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype, even after the addition of LPS. An antioxidant response was detected both in microglia and in Caenorhabditis elegans nematode, where the extracts also implemented an anti-stress resilience response and stimulated the innate immunity. Conclusions: The present study shows that wheat seeds, flour, chaff, and pasta present anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant activities and may be considered as prospective positive health agents for the preparation of functional foods. Moreover, the valorization of by-products from agricultural and agro-industrial activities would also have significant implications in terms of circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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14 pages, 2311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Healthy Lifestyle Community Program (HLCP-3) on Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) and Risk Profile Parameters Related to Lifestyle Diseases During the Six Months Following an Intervention Study

by Dima-Karam Nasereddin Alzughayyar, Ragna-Marie Weber, Sarah Husain, Nora Schoch and Heike Englert

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020298 - 16 Jan 2025

Abstract

Rationale: The dietary components choline, betaine, and L-carnitine are converted by intestinal microbiota into the molecule trimethylamine (TMA). In the human liver, hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 oxidizes TMA to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO is considered a candidate marker for the risk of cardiovascular disease. [...] Read more.

Rationale: The dietary components choline, betaine, and L-carnitine are converted by intestinal microbiota into the molecule trimethylamine (TMA). In the human liver, hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 oxidizes TMA to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO is considered a candidate marker for the risk of cardiovascular disease. Methodology: The Healthy Lifestyle Community Program cohort 3 (HLCP-3) intervention was conducted with participants recruited from the general population in Germany (intervention: n = 99; control: n = 48). The intervention included intensive educational workshops, seminars, and coaching activities. The assessment was conducted using a complete case analysis (CCA) of the participants. The intervention was carried out for a ten-week intensive phase and an alumni phase. The interventional program emphasizes adopting a healthy plant-based diet and reducing meat consumption, as adherence to such a diet may lead to lowering TMAO levels. Additionally, it provides general recommendations about physical activity, stress management, and community support. The control group did not receive any intervention. TMAO was evaluated using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography, and tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure fasting plasma levels of TMAO. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the impact of the Healthy Lifestyle Community Program (HLCP-3) on risk profiles for lifestyle-related diseases and TMAO plasma levels. Results: Significant decreases in most risk profile parameters were detected, and a non-significant decrease in plasma TMAO levels was observed in the intervention group (0.37 (−1.33; 0.59) µmol/L). Furthermore, for the intervention group, after a six-month follow-up period, there was a significant negative correlation between higher healthy plant diet index (hPDI) scores and a decrease in plasma TMAO (ß = −0.200, p = 0.027). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between the TMAO level and the scores for adherence to the plant diet index (PDI) (r = −0.195; p = 0.023). Conclusions: HLCP-3 is effective at improving adherence to a plant-based diet and improving risk profile parameters. However, long-term interventions involving stricter dietary programs in the sense of a plant-based diet are recommended if significant decreases in TMAO levels are to be obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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16 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Assessment of Intermittent and Continuous Enteral Feeding in Critically Ill Children

by Merve Misirlioglu, Dincer Yildizdas, Faruk Ekinci, Nihal Akcay, Ilyas Bingol, Ebru Sahin, Fatih Varol, Muhterem Duyu, Ayse Asik, Fatih Durak, Leyla Atman, Suleyman Bayraktar, Mehmet Alakaya, Ali Ertug Arslankoylu, Gurkan Bozan, Eylem Kiral, Ozden Ozgur Horoz, Hasan Ali Telefon, Abdullah Akkus, Abdullah Yazar, Ozlem Sandal, Hasan Agin, Alper Koker, Nazan Ulgen Tekerek, Nurettin Onur Kutlu, Mehmet Arda Kilinc, Ali Korulmaz, Hatice Feray Ari, Mutlu Uysal Yazici, Esra Sevketoglu, Mehmet Emin Menentoglu, Ebru Kacmaz, Mehmet Nur Talay, Ozhan Orhan, Berna Egehan Oruncu, Selman Kesici, Caglar Odek, Didar Arslan, Pinar Hepduman, Gultac Evren, Hatice Elif Kinik Kaya, Nazik Yener, Emrah Gun, Ilkem Gardiyanoglu, Muhammed Udurgucu, Sinan Yavuz, Ali Avci, Murat Ozkale, Yasemin Ozkale, Damla Pinar Yavas Kocaoglu, Sahin Sincar and Yasemin Coban Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020301 - 15 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: The inability to ensure adequate nutrition for patients, and failure to provide adequate calorie and protein intake, result in malnutrition, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The present study assesses the two approaches to enteral nutrition—intermittent and continuous enteral feeding—in critically ill [...] Read more.

Background: The inability to ensure adequate nutrition for patients, and failure to provide adequate calorie and protein intake, result in malnutrition, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. The present study assesses the two approaches to enteral nutrition—intermittent and continuous enteral feeding—in critically ill pediatric patients in Türkiye to determine the superiority of one method over the other. Methods: Included in this multicenter prospective study were patients receiving enteral nutrition via a tube who were followed up over a 3-month period. Anthropometric data, calorie and protein intake, and signs of feeding intolerance were evaluated in a comparison of the different feeding methods. Results: A total of 510 patients were examined. In the continuous enteral feeding (CEF) group, 20.2% of patients developed metabolic abnormalities, and 49.5% experienced enteral nutrition intolerance, both of which were higher than in the intermittent enteral feeding (IEF) group, and the differences were statistically significant. No significant differences were observed between the two feeding methods in terms of reaching the target calorie intake on days 2 and 7 (p > 0.05). On day 7, there were significant differences between the two feeding methods in terms of calorie and protein intake (p = 0.023 and 0.014, respectively). Conclusions: In the present study, assessing the IEF and CEF approaches to enteral nutrition, critically ill pediatric patients receiving intermittent feeding exhibited lower rates of enteral nutrition intolerance and metabolic abnormalities. Furthermore, the calorie and protein intake on day 7 were noted to be higher in the IEF group than in the CEF group. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the findings of the present study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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18 pages, 326 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Breakfast Consumption or Omission on Exercise Performance and Adaptations: A Narrative Review

by Matthew T. Stratton, Shelley L. Holden, Ray Davis and Austin T. Massengale

Nutrients 2025, 17(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17020300 - 15 Jan 2025

Abstract

Background: Breakfast is often termed the most important meal of the day. However, its importance to acute and chronic adaptations to exercise is currently not well summarized throughout the literature. Methods: A narrative review of the experimental literature regarding breakfast consumption’s impact on [...] Read more.

Background: Breakfast is often termed the most important meal of the day. However, its importance to acute and chronic adaptations to exercise is currently not well summarized throughout the literature. Methods: A narrative review of the experimental literature regarding breakfast consumption’s impact on acute and chronic exercise performance and alterations in body composition prior to November 2024 was conducted. To be included in this review, the selected investigations needed to include some aspect of either endurance or resistance training performance and be conducted in humans. Results: These findings suggest that breakfast consumption may benefit acute long-duration (>60 min) but not short-duration (<60 min) morning endurance exercise. Evening time trial performance was consistently inhibited following breakfast omission despite the resumption of eating midday. No or minimal impact of breakfast consumption was found when examining acute morning or afternoon resistance training or the longitudinal adaptations to either resistance or endurance training. Favorable changes in body composition were often noted following the omission of breakfast. However, this was primarily driven by the concomitant reduced kilocalorie intake. Conclusions: Consuming breakfast may aid endurance athletes regularly performing exercise lasting >60 min in length. However, the morning meal’s impact on resistance training and changes in body composition appears to be minimal. Although, as the body of literature is limited, future investigations are needed to truly ascertain the dietary practice’s impact. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in Exercise and Sports)

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