Nutrients

29 pages, 2010 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Parallel Improvement of Both Mental and Cardiometabolic Health in Children and Adolescents with Overweight and Obesity, Following the Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Lifestyle Intervention Program

by Aikaterini Vourdoumpa, George Paltoglou, Maria Manou, Diamanto Koutaki, Penio Kassari, Marina Papadopoulou, Gerasimos Kolaitis and Evangelia Charmandari

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010150 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence represent one of the most significant public health challenges of our century. Affected children and adolescents often face psychosocial maladaptation, including low self-esteem, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and behavioral problems, many of which may [...] Read more.

Background: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence represent one of the most significant public health challenges of our century. Affected children and adolescents often face psychosocial maladaptation, including low self-esteem, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and behavioral problems, many of which may persist till later in life. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of a multidisciplinary, personalized lifestyle intervention program on psychosocial and behavioral symptoms, assessed through standardized psychometric questionnaires, and to investigate their relation with cardiometabolic parameters in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 537 children and adolescents (6–18 years; females: 52.9%; pubertal: 43.6%) with obesity (n = 44.3%), overweight (n = 33.7%), or normal BMI (n = 22%) participated in a personalized lifestyle intervention program for one year. Clinical and laboratory evaluations, including anthropometric, cardiometabolic, and endocrinologic parameters, as well as psychosocial functioning assessed by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self-Report (YSR), were performed at the beginning and the end of the study. Linear regression analyses identified predictors of psychometric change. Results: At initial evaluation, children and adolescents with obesity displayed a less favorable cardiometabolic profile and greater emotional/conduct difficulties compared to their overweight and normal-BMI counterparts. Following the intervention, significant improvements were observed in BMI, anthropometric and cardiometabolic parameters, as well as reductions in internalizing, externalizing, and total problem scores across multiple CBCL and YSR domains (p < 0.05). The improvements in psychosocial functioning were partly independent of BMI reduction. Linear regression analyses identified cardiometabolic and endocrine markers as significant predictors of psychometric change (p < 0.05), highlighting interactions between metabolic recovery, pubertal hormones, and stress physiology. Conclusions: A personalized, multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention program implemented for 1 year led to parallel improvements in psychosocial and cardiometabolic health in children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. Identification of specific metabolic and endocrine predictors provides novel insights into potential biological mechanisms associated with adiposity, emotional well-being, and neurodevelopment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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17 pages, 3256 KB

Open AccessArticle

miRNA Expression Profile in Whole Blood of Healthy Volunteers and Moderate Beer Consumption with Meals

by Teresa Padro, Rafael Escate and Lina Badimon

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010149 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Moderate consumption of fermented beverages such as traditional beer has been associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in inflammation and oxidative stress, yet the impact of moderate fermented beverage consumption on blood miRNA profiles remains poorly understood. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Moderate consumption of fermented beverages such as traditional beer has been associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in inflammation and oxidative stress, yet the impact of moderate fermented beverage consumption on blood miRNA profiles remains poorly understood. This study investigated the effects of regular, moderate intake of traditional and alcohol-free beer on whole blood miRNA levels in healthy adults. Methods: Whole blood samples were collected at baseline and after a 4-week intervention with alcohol-free beer and traditional beer in healthy overweight/obese adults (n = 36). miRNA profiling was performed using Affymetrix in a discovery subset, followed by targeted validation using real-time PCR in the full cohort. Bioinformatics and system biology analysis were applied to explore potential functional associations. Results: After traditional beer consumption, 202 miRNAs showed differential expression compared to baseline (p < 0.05). Eighteen miRNAs with changes ≥1.5-fold and the two miRNAs with the lowest p-values (p < 0.005) were selected for further analysis. Of them, the six miRNAs with the most consistent expression patterns were validated by real-time PCR. Moderate beer intake was associated with increased levels of miR-144-5p and miR-19a-3p in the overall population. Sex-stratified analyses suggested a tendency toward higher levels in these miRNAs in women following traditional beer intake. In silico analysis showed that predicted target genes of these miRNAs are involved in pathways related to immune regulation and inflammatory signaling. Conclusions: Moderate beer consumption is associated with consistent changes in whole-blood miRNA expression, particularly miR-144-5p and miR-19a-3p, in a healthy overweight/obese population. These findings support a potential role for epigenetic modulation in the biological response to moderate beer intake and provide a basis for future mechanistic studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Quest for Human Health in the Genomic Era: Nutrigenomics Approaches to Natural Products)

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34 pages, 1789 KB

Open AccessReview

The Hidden Players in Multiple Sclerosis Nutrition: A Narrative Review on the Influence of Vitamins, Polyphenols, Salt, and Essential Metals on Disease and Gut Microbiota

by Rachele Rosso, Eleonora Virgilio, Matteo Bronzini, Simona Rolla, Alessandro Maglione and Marinella Clerico

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010148 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) whose cause remains unknown. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are the current standard of care, yet growing evidence highlights the importance of complementary lifestyle-based interventions, including nutrition, in modulating [...] Read more.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neuroinflammatory and autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) whose cause remains unknown. Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are the current standard of care, yet growing evidence highlights the importance of complementary lifestyle-based interventions, including nutrition, in modulating disease activity. Given the influence of diet on immune function, several studies have examined its effects in MS, with particular attention to specific dietary patterns and macronutrients. However, fewer studies have focused on micronutrients, bioactive compounds, and minerals and their influence in MS. In this narrative review, we report the latest evidence on micronutrients such as vitamins and essential metals, along with polyphenols and minerals like salt, in both experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS. We also discuss how these dietary components may influence the gut microbiota, which is considered a contributor to disease onset due to its interaction with the immune system in the gut–brain axis. While findings for vitamins B, C, E, and K remain heterogeneous, vitamins A and D show the most consistent immunological and clinical effects, with immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective effects in both EAE and MS. Polyphenols also display anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in EAE and, to a lesser extent, in clinical studies. Lastly, evidence suggests the importance of balanced salt intake and adequate levels of essential metals, as dysregulation may contribute to comorbidities or enhance inflammatory pathways relevant to MS. Although only a limited number of studies have explored these aspects, the gut microbiota appears to be differentially affected by these dietary factors. Overall, advancing our understanding of how these components interact with immune and microbial pathways may support the development of personalized nutritional strategies to complement current therapies and improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evidence-Based Nutritional Approaches and Guidelines for Multiple Sclerosis)

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11 pages, 465 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Lifestyle Intervention on Long-Term Beverage Intake in Children with Overweight and Obesity: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study

by Martin Emil Jørgensen, Dorthe Dalstrup Pauls, Daniel Borch Ibsen and Jens Meldgaard Bruun

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010147 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) increases the risk of childhood obesity, while the effects of non-caloric beverages (NCBs) and dairy beverages remain inconsistent. This study investigated changes in beverage intake following a 10-week lifestyle camp and explored associations between changes [...] Read more.

Background: Higher intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) increases the risk of childhood obesity, while the effects of non-caloric beverages (NCBs) and dairy beverages remain inconsistent. This study investigated changes in beverage intake following a 10-week lifestyle camp and explored associations between changes in beverage intake and anthropometric measures. Methods: Children from two camp sites and aged 7–14 years (n:190) with overweight/obesity were included and pooled for the present study. Beverage intake was assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire at baseline, at 10 weeks, and at a one- and three-year follow-up. Anthropometry was assessed at the same timepoints. Results: Compared to baseline, participants had lower odds of reporting a high intake of SSBs (OR: 0.14, 95%-CI: 0.07; 0.28), NCBs (OR: 0.19, 95%-CI: 0.11; 0.34) and chocolate milk (OR: 0.18, 95%-CI: 0.09; 0.36) at 10 weeks, relative to a low intake, and were more likely to report a high intake of water. One and three years after the camp, the changes attenuated, reaching baseline levels for water, SSBs, and NCBs at the three-year follow-up. Across time, only weak to moderate correlations were observed between changes in beverage intake and BMI-SDS, body fat (%), and skeletal muscle mass (Spearman’s rho = +/− 0.19–0.31). Conclusions: The lifestyle camp intervention effectively improved beverage intake among children with overweight/obesity; however, the changes were not sustained, emphasizing the need for long-term support to maintain the health benefits. Without a control group, it is not possible to determine whether these changes reflect natural variations in beverage intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intake and Physical Activity for Human Health: From Adolescence to Young Adulthood)

23 pages, 372 KB

Open AccessReview

Cognitive Functioning in Phenylketonuria: A Lifespan Perspective

by Stephan Huijbregts and Cristina Romani

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010146 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize phenylalanine, leading to neurotoxic accumulation of phenylalanine and significant cognitive impairment. While extensive research has focused on the cognitive outcomes in middle childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood, there is a [...] Read more.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by the inability to metabolize phenylalanine, leading to neurotoxic accumulation of phenylalanine and significant cognitive impairment. While extensive research has focused on the cognitive outcomes in middle childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood, there is a notable paucity of studies addressing the cognitive functioning of very young and older PKU patients. This review underscores the necessity for further research in these populations, particularly because of the importance of early cognitive development for later cognitive and behavioral functioning and because of the potential implications of PKU and metabolic control for age-related cognitive decline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Dietary Intake on Cognitive Function)

18 pages, 860 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrition Patterns, Metabolic and Psychological State Among High-Weight Young Adults: A Network Approach

by Geovanny Genaro Reivan Ortiz, Roser Granero, Laura Maraver-Capdevila and Alejandra Aguirre-Quejada

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010145 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Studies suggest that overweight and obesity are major risk factors for various metabolic and psychological disorders, and that a better understanding of the interactions between these factors may lead to more effective intervention strategies. The main aim of this study [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Studies suggest that overweight and obesity are major risk factors for various metabolic and psychological disorders, and that a better understanding of the interactions between these factors may lead to more effective intervention strategies. The main aim of this study is to examine the structure of interrelationships among sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional patterns (NP), metabolic indicators, and psychopathological measures using network analysis in a sample of young university students with overweight and obesity, and to identify the most central variables and their empirical groupings. Methods: N = 188 overweight/obese young adults participated, university students, men and women, aged 18 to 25 years. Results: The variable with the highest centrality (relevance and connectivity capacity) was stress level, identified as the bridge node. Two other important features were an NP characterized by vitamin and mineral consumption, and the presence of arterial hypertension (HTN). Three clusters of nodes emerged, grouping: (a) insulin, glucose and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR index); (b) cholesterol and triacylglycerol; and (c) sociodemographic profile, psychological state, BMI and HTN. Conclusions: The results highlight stress levels as a central factor influencing the metabolic and mental health of overweight/obese young adults. Interventions aimed at reducing stress and improving nutrition patterns are crucial for improving the overall wellbeing of these individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Featured Articles on Nutrition and Obesity Management (3rd Edition))

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9 pages, 214 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Body Weight Perception and Eating Attitudes Among Polish Midwives with Overweight and Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Aleksandra Łopatkiewicz, Olga Barbarska, Iwona Kiersnowska, Beata Guzak and Edyta Krzych-Fałta

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010144 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Midwives, despite their health-promoting role, face factors that may disrupt eating behaviours and weight regulation. Little is known about their body weight perception or disordered eating attitudes (DEAs). This study assessed body weight perception and eating attitudes across BMI categories among Polish [...] Read more.

Background: Midwives, despite their health-promoting role, face factors that may disrupt eating behaviours and weight regulation. Little is known about their body weight perception or disordered eating attitudes (DEAs). This study assessed body weight perception and eating attitudes across BMI categories among Polish midwives. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 568 midwives was conducted. BMI was calculated from self-reported measures and classified according to WHO criteria. Body weight perception was assessed using discrepancies between actual and ideal body weight and between self-perceived ideal body weight and ideal body weight. Long-term weight variability was additionally evaluated using the difference between maximum and minimum adult body weight. Eating attitudes were examined using the Polish version of the EAT-26. Group differences were analysed with the Kruskal–Wallis and χ² tests. Results: Among the participants, 62.9% had normal weight, 23.4% were overweight, and 13.7% were obese. Perceived ideal body weight increased with BMI (p < 0.001). Midwives with overweight and obesity demonstrated higher EAT-26 scores than those with normal BMI, with EAT-26 > 20 observed in 8.3% of overweight and 14.1% of obese participants (p = 0.010). Overweight and obese midwives also showed larger discrepancies between actual and ideal body weight and greater lifetime weight variability, and these groups simultaneously presented higher levels of disturbed eating attitudes. Emotional eating, binge-type episodes, and dieting behaviours were more common among overweight and obese participants, while calorie awareness remained consistently high across groups. Conclusions: Midwives with excess body weight often misperceive their body size and show an elevated risk of DEA. Weight perception appears more strongly related to maladaptive eating patterns than BMI alone. These findings highlight the need for targeted, non-stigmatising interventions addressing weight perception, eating attitudes, and occupational stressors, which may support both midwives’ well-being and their professional effectiveness in delivering nutrition and lifestyle counselling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Eating Disorders, Physical Activity and Body Image)

14 pages, 343 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Green Tea Extract Supplementation on Inflammatory Cytokines Among Postmenopausal Women with Overweight or Obesity—A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Anca Cunningham, Allison Gomes, Lingqiong Meng, Sue Shapses, Laura Byham-Gray and Hamed Samavat

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010143 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Excess adiposity induces low-grade inflammation, including increased C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Green tea contains epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), with anti-inflammatory potential. EGCG metabolism is influenced by individual variations in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotypes. Objectives: To [...] Read more.

Background: Excess adiposity induces low-grade inflammation, including increased C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Green tea contains epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), with anti-inflammatory potential. EGCG metabolism is influenced by individual variations in catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotypes. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of green tea extract (GTE) supplementation on circulating inflammatory cytokines among postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity and differing COMT genotypes. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of a random subset (N = 97) from the Minnesota Green Tea Trial (MGTT), a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. The intervention was a high-dose GTE supplement (843 ± 44 mg EGCG/day) or placebo for 1 year. Serum CRP, TNF-α, and IL-6 were measured at 0, 6, and 12 months. Absolute changes in inflammatory cytokines from baseline to month 12 were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, physical activity, and vitamin supplement use. Results: The changes from month 0 to month 12 were not statistically different between the groups for any of the inflammatory cytokines measured. The overall treatment effect was not statistically significant for CRP (p = 0.24), IL-6 (p = 0.59), TNF-α (p = 0.36), nor for the interaction between treatment group and time (all Ps > 0.40). There was no significant interaction between treatment group and COMT genotype for the stated markers. Conclusions: A high-dose GTE supplement consumed daily for one year did not significantly decrease inflammatory cytokines among postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity. The COMT genotype did not modify the effects of GTE supplementation on inflammatory cytokines. Future studies with a larger sample size among those at high risk of systemic inflammation are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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19 pages, 328 KB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Lifestyle and Diet in the Treatment of Endometriosis: A Review

by Dóra Boroncsok, Anna Filó, Marianna Török, Hajnalka Vágó, Nándor Ács and Gábor Sobel

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010142 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Endometriosis is a chronic, oestrogen-dependent inflammatory condition affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age, frequently associated with chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea and infertility, substantially impairing quality of life. While pharmacological and surgical therapies represent the standard of care, growing evidence indicates that [...] Read more.

Endometriosis is a chronic, oestrogen-dependent inflammatory condition affecting approximately 10% of women of reproductive age, frequently associated with chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea and infertility, substantially impairing quality of life. While pharmacological and surgical therapies represent the standard of care, growing evidence indicates that lifestyle and dietary factors play an important complementary role in symptom management and may influence disease progression. Regular physical activity appears to attenuate systemic inflammation, improve hormonal regulation and support psychological well-being. Dietary patterns rich in anti-inflammatory components, particularly Mediterranean-diets and low-inflammatory diets, have been associated with reduced pain and improved gastrointestinal symptoms, whereas high consumption of red and processed meats may increase disease risk. Micronutrients and selected supplements, including vitamins C, E and D, magnesium, zinc, folate, omega-3 fatty acids, N-acetylcysteine, curcumin, probiotics and green tea polyphenols, show promising but variable evidence for symptom relief. Additional lifestyle factors, such as avoiding endocrine-disrupting chemicals, moderating alcohol intake, ensuring adequate sleep and managing psychological stress, may further modulate inflammatory and hormonal pathways relevant to the disorder. Overall, current evidence indicates that integrating lifestyle interventions alongside conventional treatments offers clinically relevant benefits, although larger, well-designed clinical studies are needed to clarify the magnitude of these effects and to explore further promising lifestyle-based therapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Dietary Patterns, and Biochemical Mechanisms in Endometriosis)

13 pages, 572 KB

Open AccessArticle

School-Age Neurodevelopmental and Atopy Outcomes in Extremely Preterm Infants: Follow-Up from the Single Versus Triple-Strain Bifidobacterium Randomized Controlled Trial

by Gayatri Athalye-Jape, Chandra Rath, Meera Esvaran, Angela Jacques and Sanjay Patole

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010141 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background: Probiotic supplementation for very preterm infants is a common practice in many neonatal units. Assessing the effects of early postnatal exposure to probiotics on long-term neurodevelopment, growth, and atopy-related outcomes is important. Extremely preterm (EP: <28 weeks) infants enrolled in our previously [...] Read more.

Background: Probiotic supplementation for very preterm infants is a common practice in many neonatal units. Assessing the effects of early postnatal exposure to probiotics on long-term neurodevelopment, growth, and atopy-related outcomes is important. Extremely preterm (EP: <28 weeks) infants enrolled in our previously reported randomized trial (SiMPro) comparing short-term effects of single (SS: B. breve M-16V) versus triple-strain (TS: B. breve M-16V, B. longum subsp. infantis-M63, B. longum subsp. longum-BB536) probiotic provided a unique opportunity to study this issue. Methods: This follow-up study assessed the five-year outcomes of SiMPro trial infants, including neurodevelopment (cognition (Full Scale Intelligence Quotient/ FSIQ using WPPSI-IV), behavior (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), executive function (BRIEF–P)), growth (anthropometry) and blood pressure (BP). Atopy-related outcomes were evaluated at six to seven years using the ISAAC questionnaire. A linear mixed model was used for longitudinal outcomes. Impairment indicators were modeled using logistic regression and adjusted for Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) centiles. Results: Follow-up rates (SS: 89.2% versus TS: 95%), neurodevelopmental outcomes [severe impairment (FSIQ < 70): SS: 7.4% versus TS: 4.3%; p = 0.68], growth, BMI, and BP were comparable between the SS and TS groups. The total difficulty score or BRIEF–P executive indices, disability rates (none: 66.7% versus 55.4%), and atopy-related outcomes were comparable between groups. Conclusions: Both TS and SS Bifidobacterium probiotic formulations were safe, with comparable neurodevelopmental, growth, and atopy-related outcomes at school age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Influences on Cognitive Function and Neurodevelopment Across the Lifespan)

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12 pages, 903 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Red-Ginger-Based Multi-Nutrient Supplement on Optic Nerve Head Blood Flow in Open-Angle Glaucoma

by Akiko Hanyuda, Satoru Tsuda, Nana Takahashi, Naoki Takahashi, Kota Sato and Toru Nakazawa

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010140 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Objectives: Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disease, characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss and progressive visual field deterioration. Beyond intraocular pressure (IOP), vascular and metabolic dysregulation contributes to optic nerve head (ONH) ischemia and neuronal vulnerability. Nutritional factors with antioxidative and vasodilatory [...] Read more.

Objectives: Glaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disease, characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss and progressive visual field deterioration. Beyond intraocular pressure (IOP), vascular and metabolic dysregulation contributes to optic nerve head (ONH) ischemia and neuronal vulnerability. Nutritional factors with antioxidative and vasodilatory properties may help preserve ocular perfusion. This study investigated the acute and subacute effects of a single dose of a dietary supplement containing red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. rubra), lutein, and vitamin B6 on ONH blood flow in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG). Methods: A retrospective self-controlled study was conducted at Tohoku University Hospital between August 2023 and March 2025. ONH blood flow was quantified using a laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG) baseline one hour after and one month after continuous oral supplementation in patients with OAG. Systemic parameters, ocular biometry, and concomitant glaucoma medications were recorded in medical charts. Relative mean blur rate (MBR) changes were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model, accounting for repeated measures and inter-eye correlations. Results: Nineteen glaucoma patients (38 eyes) were included in the acute phase and 13 patients (26 eyes) completed the one-month follow-up. After adjusting for age and sex, a single oral dose of red ginger extract significantly increased the relative MBR at 1 h (106.9 ± 3.1%; p < 0.05), and this enhancement increased after 1 month of continuous intake (115.4 ± 6.7%; p < 0.05). Greater ONH perfusion was particularly prominent in eyes with shorter axial length. Conclusions: Oral supplementation was associated with acute and short-term increases in ONH blood flow in glaucomatous eyes. Although this study was a retrospective study without a placebo-controlled comparison group, our findings offer hypothesis-generating evidence that nutritional interventions may support ocular perfusion alongside conventional glaucoma management. Future prospective randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these associations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Natural Extracts on Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 689 KB

Open AccessReview

The Potential Role of Iron Homeostasis and Ferroptosis in Exercise Nutrition and Health

by Qi Wang, Ruiyang Gao, Kongdi Zhu, Huilong Qiu, Jiaqiang Huang and Xia Zhang

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010139 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Iron is an essential trace element that participates in multiple physiological processes, including oxygen transport, electron transfer, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell production. Iron loss is particularly severe among athletes, so maintaining iron homeostasis is crucial for sports nutrition and health. Excess [...] Read more.

Iron is an essential trace element that participates in multiple physiological processes, including oxygen transport, electron transfer, DNA synthesis, and red blood cell production. Iron loss is particularly severe among athletes, so maintaining iron homeostasis is crucial for sports nutrition and health. Excess iron, iron deficiency, and ferroptosis can lead to muscle disorders and health issues, including sarcopenia, muscular atrophy, myocardial fibrosis, skeletal muscle injury, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. Maintaining iron homeostasis within physiological limits is essential for athletes to sustain high-intensity performance and accelerate recovery. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the effects of iron homeostasis and ferroptosis on muscle health is significant for identifying potential therapeutic targets and developing new disease treatment and prevention strategies. This paper systematically reviews research progress on targeted therapies for iron overload and ferroptosis in muscle diseases, clarifies the impact of iron on athletes’ physiological functions and competitive performance, and explores the potential application of iron in precision nutritional regulation. It aims to provide new insights for preventing exercise-induced muscle injury, myocardial damage, and overtraining syndrome in athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrients and Bioactive Molecules: Their Development, Interaction, and Impact on Human Health—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1451 KB

Open AccessReview

A Narrative Review: A1 and A2 Milk Beta Caseins on Gut Microbiota

by Sathya Sujani, Klaudia J. Czerwinski and Dennis A. Savaiano

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010138 (registering DOI) - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The composition and function of gut microbiome is significantly influenced by dietary factors. Growing evidence suggests that A1-type and A2-type beta casein (β-CN) may exert distinct effects on the gut environment, with implications for digestive discomfort and broader health outcomes. This review [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The composition and function of gut microbiome is significantly influenced by dietary factors. Growing evidence suggests that A1-type and A2-type beta casein (β-CN) may exert distinct effects on the gut environment, with implications for digestive discomfort and broader health outcomes. This review summarizes current evidence on how milk-derived A1 and A2 β-CN affect the gut microbiota. Methods: We conducted a literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to identify studies examining effects of milk β-CN on gut microbiota. Results: A total of eight studies were included. Results show inconsistencies within the limited number of studies. However, compared to A2, A1 β-CN was more frequently associated with dysbiosis and an increased abundance of potentially pathogenic species. Conversely, A2 β-CN promoted microbial diversity, which is linked to improved gut integrity and metabolic health. Conclusions: These findings suggest that β-CN variants distinctly influence the gut microbiota composition, and results were more significant in immunosuppressed subjects or those with other underlying health conditions, indicating that dairy products rich in A2 β-CN may offer advantages in personalized dietary management. However, well-designed human studies are essential to translate findings from rodent models to clinically relevant outcomes and future research should focus on mechanistic exploration and population-specific responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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5 pages, 312 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health—2nd Edition

by Joanna Stadnik

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010137 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Meat and meat products have long been integral components of human diets, providing high-quality protein, essential amino acids, and a wide range of highly bioavailable micronutrients [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Value of Meat and Meat Products and Their Role in Human Health—2nd Edition)

17 pages, 983 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Maternal Nutrition: Latvian Study

by Līva Aumeistere, Kristīne Majore, Anete Keke, Annamarija Driksna, Svetlana Aleksejeva and Inga Ciprovica

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010136 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: HMOs are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and fats in human milk. This study aimed to examine the relationships between maternal diet and HMO composition and concentration in human milk among lactating women in Latvia. Methods: Pooled [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: HMOs are the third most abundant solid component after lactose and fats in human milk. This study aimed to examine the relationships between maternal diet and HMO composition and concentration in human milk among lactating women in Latvia. Methods: Pooled 24 h human milk samples, 72 h food diaries, and questionnaires on anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics were collected from 68 exclusively breastfeeding women residing in Latvia. HMOs were analyzed by UHPLC/FLD, and dietary data were analyzed using the Estonian NutriData program. Results: The eight most abundant HMO structures were determined with total concentration ranging between 178.66 and 32,910.09 mg L⁻¹. 2′-FL was the most prevalent HMO in human milk (median concentration—3647 mg L⁻¹), followed by 3′-FL (1436.74 mg L⁻¹). Participants had an insufficient intake of vegetables, fruits, berries, milk and dairy products, and fish, leading to vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, and iodine intakes lower than recommended for lactating women. Limitation or exclusion of milk and dairy products from the diet was associated with a higher 2′-FL concentration in human milk (p = 0.037). Preference for “zero sugar” products was associated with a higher 3′-FL, 6′-GL, LNnT, 6′-SL, LNDFH II concentration in human milk (p < 0.050). Dietary supplement use (e.g., vitamin D, calcium) was also associated with differences in HMO composition and concentration in milk (p < 0.050). Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of dietary habits and supplement use in shaping HMO profiles, though more human milk samples and dietary data need to be evaluated to draw further conclusions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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20 pages, 776 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sociodemographic Factors Attributed to the Double Burden of Malnutrition in Urban Bangladesh

by Md. Saimul Islam, Nick Townsend, Afrin Iqbal, Nabila Mahmood, Abdullah Mamun and Aliya Naheed

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010135 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: There is a high prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in children and adolescents in South Asia. This research aims to explore which sociodemographic factors are attributed to DBM in urban Bangladesh, a South Asian country. Methods: We conducted secondary [...] Read more.

Background: There is a high prevalence of the double burden of malnutrition (DBM) in children and adolescents in South Asia. This research aims to explore which sociodemographic factors are attributed to DBM in urban Bangladesh, a South Asian country. Methods: We conducted secondary analyses of data obtained from the national survey of childhood obesity among school-age children in Bangladesh (2012–2013). The sample includes 4140 children (aged 5–9 years) and adolescents (10–19 years) randomly recruited from the city corporation (urban) areas in all administrative divisions. At the population level, DBM was defined as the coexistence of underweight and overweight/obesity among children and adolescents. At the household level, DBM was defined as maternal underweight co-occurring with child overweight/obesity within the same mother-child dyad. A multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. A rapid policy review was conducted to understand the implication of the results obtained from the analysis. Results: The prevalence of DBM at the population level was 45.2% (95% CI: 42.5–45.5%), ranging between 40.0% and 47.6% across seven divisions (p < 0.001). At the household level, DBM prevalence was 16.6% (95% CI: 14.7–18.7%), ranging between 14.0% and 19.0% across seven divisions (p = 0.015). At the population level, DBM odds were 56% higher among younger children (5–9 years) than adolescents (10–19 years) (OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.37–1.78), and this association was found in four divisions. At the household level (mother-child pairs), DBM odds were 64% higher in younger children than adolescents (OR: 1.64; 95% CI:1.38–1.95); and higher in children living at a lower-middle socioeconomic status (SES) and middle SES, than upper SES. The policy review revealed that Bangladesh has made substantial commitments to improve nutrition; however, reference to DBM is absent from policy documents. Conclusions: The prevalence of DBM is high among children in urban areas in Bangladesh, disproportionately affecting younger children and households with low SES. In the current policy space, Bangladesh should revise national nutrition frameworks to recognize DBM as a public health priority and implement region-sensitive strategies for preventing and reducing malnutrition among school-aged children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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40 pages, 14409 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Comprehensive Effects of Melatonin Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-Analysis

by Shooka Mohammadi, Damoon Ashtary-Larky, Mahsa Erfanian-Salim, Navid Alaghemand, Mojtaba Yousefi, Pouyan Sanjari Pirayvatlou, Mohammadreza Mirkarimi, Sara Ayazian Mavi, Ilnaz Alavi, Yeganeh Ettehad, Milad Mehrbod, Omid Asbaghi, Katsuhiko Suzuki and Russel J. Reiter

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010134 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: There is no definitive consensus regarding the effects of melatonin on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). This systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated the impacts of melatonin supplementation on CMRFs, including anthropometric, lipid, glycemic, inflammatory, oxidative, and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: There is no definitive consensus regarding the effects of melatonin on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs). This systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated the impacts of melatonin supplementation on CMRFs, including anthropometric, lipid, glycemic, inflammatory, oxidative, and liver function parameters. Methods: A systematic search across multiple databases retrieved 63 eligible RCTs published up to October 2025. Results: This random-effects meta-analysis indicated that melatonin supplementation significantly reduced hip circumference (weighted mean difference (WMD): −1.18 cm, 95% confidence interval (CI): −2.28, −0.08), systolic blood pressure (WMD: −2.34 mmHg, 95% CI: −4.13, −0.55), fasting blood glucose (WMD: −11.63 mg/dL, 95% CI: −19.16, −4.10), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: −6.28 mg/dL, 95% CI: −10.53, −2.03), total cholesterol (WMD: −6.97 mg/dL, 95% CI: −12.20, −1.74), C-reactive protein (WMD: −0.59 mg/L, 95% CI: −0.94, −0.23), malondialdehyde (WMD: −1.54 μmol/L, 95% CI: −2.07, −1.01), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (WMD: −1.61 pg/mL, 95% CI: −2.31, −0.90), interleukin-6 (WMD: −6.43 pg/mL, 95% CI: −10.72, −2.15), and alanine aminotransferase (WMD: −2.61 IU/L, 95% CI: −4.87, −0.34). Supplementation with melatonin substantially increased serum total antioxidant capacity (WMD: 0.15 mmol/L, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.22) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: 2.04 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.50, 3.57). No significant effects of melatonin were observed on body weight, waist circumference, body fat percentage, body mass index, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, hemoglobin A1c, triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, aspartate aminotransferase, or gamma-glutamyl transferase. Conclusions: Melatonin supplementation significantly ameliorated multiple CMRFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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14 pages, 671 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrition Support Adequacy in Children with Biliary Atresia After Liver Transplant

by Nicole Knebusch, Manpreet Virk, Moreshwar S. Desai, Marwa Mansour, Stacey Beer, Brittany Pearo, Kelby Fuller, Krupa Mysore, John Goss, Thomas Fogarty, Fernando Stein and Jorge A. Coss-Bu

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010133 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: The nutrition support of children with biliary atresia after liver transplant is affected by multiple factors, and a connection between these factors and conditions present before transplant can potentially make the nutrition support more challenging. We aim to assess the adequacy of [...] Read more.

Background: The nutrition support of children with biliary atresia after liver transplant is affected by multiple factors, and a connection between these factors and conditions present before transplant can potentially make the nutrition support more challenging. We aim to assess the adequacy of nutrition support, specifically energy and protein, during the first week of admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in children after liver transplant secondary to biliary atresia. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 138 patients [13.9 median (9–33.4) IQR months; 62% female] with a diagnosis of biliary atresia admitted to the PICU after liver transplantation at Texas Children’s Hospital over a 14-year study period. We obtained nutrition adequacy of enteral and parenteral nutrition support for the first week after transplant during their PICU admission. Results: Goal adequacy was reached at the end of the first week of admission when combined enteral and parenteral nutrition support was provided (median 98% for energy and 101% for protein). Infants achieved significantly higher adequacies than older children during the first week (136% < 1 year vs. 0% > 1 year, p < 0.001 for calories, and 157% < 1 year vs. 0% > 1 year for protein; p < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings highlight the complex nutritional challenges faced by this population, and strategies are needed to meet the unique needs of children after liver transplantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Critically Ill Patients)

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13 pages, 1199 KB

Open AccessReview

Vitamin C and Benzoic Acid Intake in Patients with Kidney Disease: Is There Risk of Benzene Exposure?

by Manuela Yepes-Calderón, Caecilia S. E. Doorenbos, Eva Corpeleijn, Casper F. M. Franssen, Michel J. Vos, Daan J. Touw, Christophe Mariat, Annelies E. de Weerd and Stephan J. L. Bakker

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010132 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Vitamin C is a small water-soluble molecule primarily cleared by the kidneys. Therefore, its plasma concentration would be expected to increase as kidney function declines. However, studies in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplant recipients have shown the opposite: a [...] Read more.

Vitamin C is a small water-soluble molecule primarily cleared by the kidneys. Therefore, its plasma concentration would be expected to increase as kidney function declines. However, studies in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and kidney transplant recipients have shown the opposite: a positive correlation between kidney function and plasma vitamin C levels. In this review, we discuss potential explanations for this counterintuitive finding and suggest alternative mechanisms influencing vitamin C bioavailability in this population. We also explore the hypothesis that this phenomenon may be linked to benzoic acid (benzoate) exposure. Benzoic acid is a widely used food preservative that, like vitamin C, is water-soluble and renally excreted. In individuals with impaired kidney function, reduced clearance may lead to elevated circulating benzoic acid levels, which could increase the likelihood of an in vivo chemical reaction between benzoic acid and vitamin C, resulting in the formation of benzene, which is a known toxic and carcinogenic compound. We summarize experimental evidence demonstrating the vitamin C–benzoic acid reaction in vitro, along with preliminary animal studies suggesting it may also occur in vivo. We also discuss the potential clinical consequences of benzene exposure in the context of patients with kidney function impairment. Given the widespread use of benzoic acid as a food preservative and the ongoing discussion around vitamin C supplementation in patients with kidney disease, this review invites further investigation to evaluate whether this reaction represents a health hazard for this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment of Vitamin Deficiency and Benefits of Vitamin Supplementation for Human Health)

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