Nutrients

15 pages, 5575 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus plantarum QL01 Alleviates D-Galactose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Restores Gut Microbiota in Ageing Mice

by Haichuan Li, Mingqing Zhang, Diyan Wu, Di Gong, Jiazhang Huang, Zhenchuang Tang, Liang Wang and Ying Zhang

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010035 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant effects of Lactobacillus plantarum QL01 and to provide a theoretical basis for the use of probiotics in alleviating conditions associated with oxidative stress. Methods: A D-galactose-induced aging model was established in fifty 8-week-old [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant effects of Lactobacillus plantarum QL01 and to provide a theoretical basis for the use of probiotics in alleviating conditions associated with oxidative stress. Methods: A D-galactose-induced aging model was established in fifty 8-week-old SPF male Kunming mice, which were randomly allocated into five groups: normal control (NC), model control (MC), positive control (VC, ascorbic acid 200 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), low-dose bacterial (LP, 1 × 10⁹ CFU kg⁻¹ day⁻¹), and high-dose bacterial (HP, 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) groups. Except for the NC group, all mice received the daily intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose (125 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹) for 8 weeks to induce oxidative stress. Corresponding treatments or equal volumes of saline were administered daily by gavage. Results: After 8 weeks, serum, liver, colon, and fecal samples were collected and analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of QL01 in counteracting oxidative stress and restoring gut microbiota homeostasis. The results demonstrated that tissue atrophy and the levels of various inflammatory factors, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-10, were inhibited (p < 0.05). It was further demonstrated that the levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly reversed in hepatic tissues by QL01 intervention (p < 0.05), thereby leading to the alleviation of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in ageing mice. Pathological observations revealed that QL01 mitigated the damage to liver and colon tissues in mice. In addition, the intervention of QL01 led to an improvement in the expression of tight junction proteins in the colonic tissues of mice, as determined by qPCR. Additionally, the host’s intestinal microbiota and metabolites were restored. Conclusions: Overall, this study revealed that Lactobacillus plantarum QL01 is a promising candidate for modulating oxidative stress and the homeostasis of the host’s gut flora. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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14 pages, 966 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Disorders and Autistic Traits Camouflaging: Insights from the EAT Study

by Maddalena Cesco, Marco Garzitto, Veronica Croccia, Francesca Bier, Luana Saetti, Matteo Balestrieri and Marco Colizzi

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010034 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) often present in comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, with a growing body of evidence underscoring their association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Individuals with ASD or significant autistic traits (ATs), especially females, often engage in camouflaging strategies [...] Read more.

Background: Feeding and eating disorders (FEDs) often present in comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, with a growing body of evidence underscoring their association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Individuals with ASD or significant autistic traits (ATs), especially females, often engage in camouflaging strategies to mask their symptoms. However, empirical research on the role of camouflaging within this association is still emerging. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ATs in individuals with FEDs and to examine their connection with psychological well-being, along with the role of camouflaging as a potential mediator in this association. Methods: A total of 131 individuals with FEDs were assessed through a medical record review, a socio-demographic form, and self-administered questionnaires evaluating FEDs symptoms (EDI-3) and ASD-related features (RAADS-R, AQ, EQ, CAT-Q). Results: In total, 16% of patients scored above the possible high ATs in clinical settings (whereas 53% exceeded the original cut-off) and 25% showed significant camouflaging, without differences between FED diagnoses. ATs were associated with both FED symptom severity and general maladjustment. Importantly, the latter was not directly explained by ATs themselves, but was mediated separately by camouflaging and FED symptomatology. After statistical adjustments, the parallel mediating pathways contributed similarly (48% and 52%). Conclusions: A considerable subset of individuals with FEDs presents significant ATs, with camouflaging arguably linked to psychological distress through a pathway parallel to that of FED symptomatology. This overlap between FEDs and ASD may be clinically meaningful, highlighting the potential importance of assessing ATs and camouflaging to support personalized diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Behaviors and Eating Disorders: Prevention, Clinical Characterization, and Treatment)

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16 pages, 284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Craft Non-Alcoholic and Low-Alcohol Beer (NABLAB): Perceived Role as Functional Foods Among Italian Consumers and a Focus on Benefits for Well-Being and Physical Activity

by Mario Ruggiero, Nicla Mercurio, Leopoldo Ferrante, Olga Scudiero and Filomena Mazzeo

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010033 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Craft non-alcoholic and low-alcohol beer (NABLAB) is attracting increasing attention as potential functional beverages due to their content of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals, and their suitability for health-oriented lifestyles. This study investigated Italian consumers’ perceptions of craft NABLAB [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Craft non-alcoholic and low-alcohol beer (NABLAB) is attracting increasing attention as potential functional beverages due to their content of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamins, and minerals, and their suitability for health-oriented lifestyles. This study investigated Italian consumers’ perceptions of craft NABLAB and explored possible generational differences in their acceptance. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted between March 2024 and March 2025 among adults living in Italy. The questionnaire, composed entirely of closed-ended questions, investigated familiarity with craft NABLAB, attitudes toward their potential health-related properties, and willingness to recommend them. Results: A total of 527 valid responses were analyzed descriptively and grouped by generation (Generation Z, Millennials, Generation X, and Baby Boomers). Results showed that 68.3% of participants would recommend craft NABLAB to others interested in their functional properties, while 55.0% reported higher motivation to purchase when informed about their potential health benefits. Familiarity with these products remained limited (34.7% had tried them, and only 22.2% considered them easy to find). Baby Boomers and Millennials were more receptive, possibly due to greater health awareness and openness to innovation, whereas Generation Z displayed curiosity despite lower consumption experience. Conclusions: Overall, Italian consumers show a growing interest in craft NABLAB, especially when linked to wellness and active lifestyle benefits. Enhancing product availability and communication focused on health and functionality could promote more moderate and conscious drinking habits, contributing to a gradual cultural shift toward reduced alcohol consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods and Physical Exercise: A Winning Combination for Health)

20 pages, 946 KB

Open AccessReview

Sensory Characteristics of Probiotic-Containing Foods: A Multidisciplinary Perspective on Enhancing Acceptability and Consumer Adherence

by Alessandro Tonacci and Francesca Gorini

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010032 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2025

Abstract

Globally, the consumption of foods containing probiotics has increased significantly due to their well-recognized health benefits, including the modulation of gut microbiota and immune function. However, despite strong scientific support, daily massive adherence to probiotic food remains limited, mainly because of their suboptimal [...] Read more.

Globally, the consumption of foods containing probiotics has increased significantly due to their well-recognized health benefits, including the modulation of gut microbiota and immune function. However, despite strong scientific support, daily massive adherence to probiotic food remains limited, mainly because of their suboptimal sensory appeal and the huge variability in consumer expectations. Sensory attributes—flavor, aroma, texture, and appearance—strongly influence liking, purchase, and the habitual consumption necessary for probiotics to exert the physiological effects for which they are consumed. The present narrative review explores the complex, multidimensional interplay between sensory features, consumer perception, and probiotic efficacy. By integrating evidence from nutritional science, microbiology, sensory science, and behavioral psychology, we outline how technological innovation and sensory optimization can improve both product acceptability and adherence. We also discuss how cross-modal perception, the cultural framework, and labeling influence hedonic responses. Finally, we highlight emerging directions, such as sensory-driven strain selection, omics-based flavor profiling, and personalized sensory nutrition, as tools to bridge the gap between scientific efficacy and consumer satisfaction. Improving the sensory design of probiotic foods is pivotal to translate microbiome science into meaningful, sustainable dietary behaviors that support the nutrition–gut–immunity axis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Gut Microbiota and Immunity)

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32 pages, 1323 KB

Open AccessReview

Modulation of Gut Microbiome and Metabolome as One of the Potential Mechanisms of Ketogenic Diet Effect in the Treatment of Epilepsy

by Katarzyna Kowalcze, Damian Dyńka, Wiktoria Klus, Magdalena Dudzińska and Agnieszka Paziewska

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010031 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The over 100-year-old practice of using ketogenic diet (KD) in the treatment of epilepsy has consolidated its position as an effective therapeutic tool. The available publications suggest a significant influence of KD on gut microbiome and metabolome and, on the other hand, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The over 100-year-old practice of using ketogenic diet (KD) in the treatment of epilepsy has consolidated its position as an effective therapeutic tool. The available publications suggest a significant influence of KD on gut microbiome and metabolome and, on the other hand, a correlation between microbiome and metabolome changes and the course of epilepsy. The conclusion is therefore justified that KD can exert a therapeutic effect in epilepsy through the mechanism of gut microbiome and metabolome modulation. Methods:This article is a narrative review aimed at a comprehensive analysis of the literature to gather existing evidence on the relationship between ketogenic diet, its antiepileptic effects and modulation of gut microbiome and metabolome. Results: It has been demonstrated that a ketogenic diet exerts a significant effect on intestinal bacteria and their metabolites, among other actions, increasing the Bacteroides to Firmicutes (B/F) ratio, alleviating dysbiosis, reducing the inflammatory condition in the gut and whole body, increasing the number of specific strains associated with antiepileptic effect, mediating the production of neurotransmitters (GABA, serotonin), exerting influence on the dopaminergic system, on a number of metabolic pathways, on inhibition of genotoxicity and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the intestine. Conclusions: Further studies are needed, since the effect of KD on gut microbiome and metabolome modulation in the treatment of epilepsy is an extremely promising and trendsetting direction of research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Ketogenic Diet: Biochemical Mechanisms and Clinical Applications)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 584 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Dietary and Nutrition Interventions for Breast Cancer Survivors: An Umbrella Review

by Joan Ern Xin Tan, Mattias Wei Ren Kon, Charmaine Su Min Tan, Kevin Xiang Zhou, Kewin Tien Ho Siah, Serene Si Ning Goh and Qin Xiang Ng

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010030 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women globally, with survival rates improving due to earlier detection and better treatment. As a result, cancer survivors now constitute a growing segment of the population, and addressing their long-term health and well-being is [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women globally, with survival rates improving due to earlier detection and better treatment. As a result, cancer survivors now constitute a growing segment of the population, and addressing their long-term health and well-being is a public health priority. Diet and nutrition represent modifiable factors that may influence recurrence, comorbidities, and quality of life (QoL), yet clear evidence-based guidance remains limited. This umbrella review thus synthesized evidence from published reviews on the effects of dietary and nutrition interventions among breast cancer survivors. Methods: Following a prospectively registered protocol in PROSPERO (CRD420251185022), six databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO and CINAHL) were systematically searched for systematic reviews/meta-analyses evaluating dietary or nutrition interventions in adult breast cancer survivors. Eligible reviews reported anthropometric, metabolic, psychosocial, or survival outcomes. Methodological quality was appraised using the AMSTAR-2 tool, and findings were narratively synthesized. Results: Nine systematic reviews encompassing more than 10,000 breast cancer survivors were included. Interventions ranged from general dietary counselling and structured weight-management programmes to Mediterranean-style dietary patterns, dietitian-led primary care, multiple health behaviour change interventions, mobile nutrition apps, and broader lifestyle programmes incorporating diet. Across reviews, interventions consistently improved diet quality and fruit–vegetable intake, produced modest but meaningful reductions in weight, body mass index, and body fat, and enhanced several QoL domains (e.g., fatigue, physical functioning, body image). Higher adherence to Mediterranean-style diets was associated with lower all-cause and non–breast cancer mortality, though certainty was limited by observational designs. However, evidence for long-term maintenance, survival endpoints, and ethnically diverse or low- and middle-income populations remains sparse. Conclusions: Dietary and nutrition interventions, particularly structured, dietitian-supported, and Mediterranean-style approaches, contribute to improved diet quality, sustainable weight control, and enhanced QoL among breast cancer survivors. Integrating nutrition care into survivorship pathways should be the focus of future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Diet and Nutrition for Cancer Survivors in Treatment Outcomes, Quality of Life and Well-Being)

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13 pages, 365 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of an Acute Dose of Cannabidiol on Health and Two-Mile Time Trial Performance—A Pilot Study

by Elyssa R. Bell, Brandon Elias, Seth M. Gutierrez and Laura K. Stewart

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010029 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of an acute dose of cannabidiol (CBD) on physical and mental health, as well as running performance in a group of runners. Methods: This study used a randomized, cross-over design where individuals [...] Read more.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of an acute dose of cannabidiol (CBD) on physical and mental health, as well as running performance in a group of runners. Methods: This study used a randomized, cross-over design where individuals were given CBD (CBD-T) or placebo (PLA-T) capsules on two separate occasions. During their first visit, the subjects consumed 300 mg of either placebo or CBD capsules and were then instructed to sit quietly for 2 h. Then, participants filled out a State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and completed measures of resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BL), and heart rate variability (HRV). Next, participants completed a 2-mile treadmill run as fast as possible. During each run, HR, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and BL were measured during and after the run. Participants completed a gastrointestinal (GI) symptom questionnaire immediately after the 2-mile time trial. Results: Participants (N = 12; 4 males, 8 females) averaged 25.5 years ± 3.34 years of age. Mean CBD-T reported increased feelings of calm (21% p = 0.04) and relaxed (22%, p = 0.02) when compared to PLA-T. There were no differences in the severity of GI symptoms, SBP, DBP, or HRV between the treatments. The CBD-T experienced an 8% reduction in average RPE at mile 1 of the run compared with PLA-T (p = 0.05). There was no significant difference in run performance time. Conclusions: An acute dose of CBD (300 mg) taken 2 h before a 2-mile run may potentially benefit runners in shorter distance competitions by increasing calm and relaxed feelings and reducing perceived effort at the halfway point without impairing performance or increasing gastrointestinal upset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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20 pages, 948 KB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of the Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity, and Nutrition Education on Pediatric Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Review

by Melvin Bernardino, Claudio Tiribelli and Natalia Rosso

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010028 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is now the most prevalent chronic liver disorder among children and adolescents, mirroring the rise in pediatric obesity. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and beneficial effects on different health outcomes across different [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is now the most prevalent chronic liver disorder among children and adolescents, mirroring the rise in pediatric obesity. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and beneficial effects on different health outcomes across different life stages. The MD’s effect has been explored in adult MASLD, but there is limited information on the pediatric population. However, evidence on pediatric MASLD should be explored given its rising prevalence. Therefore, the aim of this review is to collect human studies assessing the effect of MD interventions on pediatric MASLD, focusing on key pathophysiological mechanisms. It also examines other interventions, including specific energy/macronutrient prescriptions, nutrition education or counseling, and physical activity components. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted using terms related to the Mediterranean diet, nutrition education, physical activity, pediatrics, and MASLD/NAFLD. Pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to collect eligible studies to be included in the review. Study quality was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. Screening, data extraction, and appraisal were performed independently, with discrepancies resolved through discussion, and the findings were synthesized qualitatively. Results: This review synthesizes findings from eight human studies evaluating the impact of the MD, alone or integrated with structured exercise and nutrition education, on pediatric MASLD. Interventions consistently demonstrated reductions in hepatic steatosis, liver stiffness, and fibrosis markers, alongside improvements in inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress defenses, and liver enzymes. The MD also enhanced lipid and glycemic profiles, lowering triglycerides, total cholesterol, and insulin resistance indices. Nutrition education and family-centered approaches improved adherence, while structured, enjoyable physical activity enhanced outcomes and long-term sustainability. Conclusions: Collectively, the MD, particularly when combined with exercise and tailored education, offers a safe, effective, and comprehensive lifestyle intervention for pediatric MASLD. Nonetheless, current evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneity in protocols, and short follow-ups. Larger, multicenter randomized trials with standardized designs are needed to establish best practices and long-term efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Lifestyle Tips: What Helps Prevent or Reverse MASLD?)

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14 pages, 359 KB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Expenditure of Special Forces Soldiers in Relation to Equipment Load and Movement Speed

by Emilian Zadarko, Patryk Marszałek, Maria Zadarko-Domaradzka, Beata Penar-Zadarko and Krzysztof Przednowek

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010027 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Additional load is associated with a significant increase in energy expenditure during soldiers’ movement. The level of energy expenditure during military tasks depends on the speed at which soldiers move. The aim of the study was to determine how the speed of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Additional load is associated with a significant increase in energy expenditure during soldiers’ movement. The level of energy expenditure during military tasks depends on the speed at which soldiers move. The aim of the study was to determine how the speed of movement and military load in the form of a 20-kg backpack affect the energy expenditure of special forces operators. Methods: The study included a group of 24 special forces operators. The energy expenditure of participants was measured using a portable Cosmed K5 gas analyzer operating in “breath-by-breath” mode. Energy expenditure was calculated based on VO₂ and VCO₂ data. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was recorded in parallel with VO₂ and VCO₂ and used to calculate the oxidation of energy substrates. The soldiers moved in 6-min intervals at the following speeds: 4.5 km/h, 6.5 km/h, 8.5 km/h, 10.5 km/h. First, the soldiers covered each speed without a load, and then with a 20 kg tactical military backpack. Results: The analysis showed that increasing speed and the use of an external load significantly increased all physiological and metabolic responses. Speed × load interactions were observed for some metabolic variables, whereas no such interactions were found for heart rate. Conclusions: Adding a 20 kg tactical backpack causes a significant increase in energy expenditure at all speed levels. The additional load resulted in an average increase of 10% in heart rate (%HRmax) and 20% in oxygen uptake (%VO₂max). A more than threefold increase in energy expenditure was recorded (14.77 kcal/min without load and 17.70 kcal/min with a backpack at a speed of 10.5 km/h vs. 5.01 kcal/min and 6.35 kcal/min at a speed of 4.5 km/h). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Exercise and Body Composition)

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21 pages, 1413 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sex Moderates the Mediating Effect of Physical Activity in the Relationship Between Dietary Habits and Sleep Quality in University Students

by Jarosław Domaradzki

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010026 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Diet and physical activity are key lifestyle behaviours associated with sleep quality, yet their combined and sex-specific associations remain insufficiently understood. This study examined the associations between dietary behaviours and sleep quality among university students and assessed whether physical activity formed [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Diet and physical activity are key lifestyle behaviours associated with sleep quality, yet their combined and sex-specific associations remain insufficiently understood. This study examined the associations between dietary behaviours and sleep quality among university students and assessed whether physical activity formed part of an indirect statistical association between these variables, with sex considered as a moderator. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 418 students (199 males, 219 females) from the Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences. Body height and body mass were measured using standard anthropometric procedures. Sleep quality (SQ) was registered with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), dietary habits were assessed with the Questionnaire of Eating Behaviours (QEB) and physical activity (PA) was assessed with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Data-driven feature-selection methods were applied to identify dietary behaviours associated with sleep quality, which were combined into a Synthetic Dietary Behaviour Index (SDBI). A moderated mediation model, adjusted for body mass index (BMI), was then used to examine the statistical associations between dietary behaviours, physical activity, sleep quality, and sex. Sleep quality was modelled as a continuous PSQI score in mediation analyses, while the dichotomised PSQI category was used only for feature selection. Results: Machine-learning feature selection identified nine dietary behaviours statistically associated with sleep quality. Unfavourable behaviours—fast food, fried meals, sweetened beverages, energy drinks and alcohol—were linked to poorer sleep, whereas vegetables, curd cheese and wholegrain bread were associated with better sleep. Poor sleep was more prevalent among females (45.2% vs. 14.6%, χ² (1) = 65.4, p < 0.001). The mediation model indicated that physical activity formed part of a statistically significant but modest indirect association between dietary behaviour and sleep quality, with sex moderating the IPAQ → PSQI path (β = −0.45, p = 0.006). Indirect associations were significant for both sexes but stronger among females (males: β = 0.032, p = 0.021; females: β = 0.102, p = 0.004). Conclusions: Unfavourable dietary patterns and lower physical activity were statistically associated with poorer sleep quality, with a stronger indirect statistical effect observed among females. These findings support the relevance of integrated, sex-sensitive lifestyle approaches addressing both dietary behaviours and physical activity, while acknowledging the cross-sectional nature of the data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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13 pages, 291 KB

Open AccessArticle

Common Mental Disorders and Vitamin D Deficiency/Insufficiency: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Female Workers in Southern Brazil

by Ingrid Stähler Kohl, Anderson Garcez, Janaína Cristina da Silva, Harrison Canabarro de Arruda, Vera Maria Vieira Paniz and Maria Teresa Anselmo Olinto

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010025 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The literature indicates that decreased vitamin D levels are frequently observed in individuals with severe psychiatric disorders. However, the scarcity of studies investigating this association in non-psychiatric populations, such as working women, limits the generalizability of these findings. Therefore, this study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The literature indicates that decreased vitamin D levels are frequently observed in individuals with severe psychiatric disorders. However, the scarcity of studies investigating this association in non-psychiatric populations, such as working women, limits the generalizability of these findings. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between common mental disorders (CMDs) and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency among female workers in southern Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 304 female workers from an industrial group in southern Brazil. Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D concentration of <30 ng/mL. CMDs were assessed using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), with a cutoff score of ≥8. The association between CMDs and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was estimated using prevalence ratios (PRs) obtained through Poisson regression models adjusted for potential confounders. All analyses were stratified by age group (≤40 years and >40 years). Results: The ≤40-year group included 212 women (69.7%; mean age: 30.1 ± 6.3 years), and the >40-year group included 92 women (30.3%; mean age: 47.5 ± 5.6 years). The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency was 75.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 69.1–80.9) in women aged ≤40 years and 77.2% (95% CI: 68.4–85.9) in those aged >40 years. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, among women older than 40 years, those with CMDs had a 25% higher probability of presenting vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency compared to those without CMDs (PR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.00–1.56; p = 0.044). Among women aged ≤40 years, no significant association was observed between CMDs and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency (PR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.94–1.30; p = 0.226). Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate a significant association between common mental disorders and vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency among female workers, particularly in those aged 40 years or older. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

18 pages, 747 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Weight Gain Side Effects by Reducing Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in Youth Newly Prescribed Second-Generation Antipsychotic Medication

by Kristin Bussell, Heidi Wehring, Susan dosReis, Raymond C. Love, Jason Schiffman, John Sorkin, Zhaoyong Feng, Sarah Edwards, Erin Hager, Elizabeth A. Dennis, Kathleen Connors, Kathryn McDonald, Meredith Roberts, Emily Wolfe, Shlomo Resnik and Gloria Reeves

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010024 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Antipsychotic medication (APM) can cause weight gain, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and an increased risk of developing type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease among youth. The study sought to increase water consumption, reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, and prevent unhealthy weight gain via a [...] Read more.

Background: Antipsychotic medication (APM) can cause weight gain, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and an increased risk of developing type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease among youth. The study sought to increase water consumption, reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, and prevent unhealthy weight gain via a healthy lifestyle intervention among youth newly started on a second-generation APM for psychiatric treatment. Methods: This randomized controlled trial enrolled 148 Medicaid-insured youth (ages 8–17) recently starting APM. The treatment group received both a biweekly home-delivery of bottled water and parental phone support from a family navigator. In-home visits conducted at baseline, three months, and six months assessed the participants’ height/weight and dietary intake. All participants received basic healthy lifestyle education emphasizing increased water intake and decreased SSB consumption. Longitudinal linear mixed models were conducted to examine between-group and within-group changes in BMI z-scores, and water/SSB intake. Results: No significant between-group differences in BMI z-score were found at three (p = 0.908) and six months (p = 0.919). However, the within-group increase in BMI z-score in the control group was significant from baseline to three months (p = 0.029). A between-group comparison found the treatment group significantly increased their water intake at three (p = 0.006) and six months (p = 0.002). No between-group differences were identified at three and six months for the reduction in SSB, although the treatment group did demonstrate a decrease from baseline to three months (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Neither group experienced unhealthy increases (>0.5%) in BMI z-score over the six months. Providing a safe/free water supply showed a superior improvement in water consumption in the treatment group, and an initial decrease in SSB. Further studies are needed to identify feasible, effective, and sustainable lifestyle interventions tailored to this at-risk population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Factors, Nutrition and Mental Health in Adolescents)

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16 pages, 978 KB

Open AccessArticle

Large Language Models for Real-World Nutrition Assessment: Structured Prompts, Multi-Model Validation and Expert Oversight

by Aia Ase, Jacek Borowicz, Kamil Rakocy and Barbara Piekarska

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010023 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Traditional dietary assessment methods face limitations including reporting bias and scalability challenges. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for automated food classification, yet their validation in morphologically complex, non-English languages like Polish remains limited. Methods: We analyzed 1992 food items from a [...] Read more.

Background: Traditional dietary assessment methods face limitations including reporting bias and scalability challenges. Large language models (LLMs) offer potential for automated food classification, yet their validation in morphologically complex, non-English languages like Polish remains limited. Methods: We analyzed 1992 food items from a Polish long-term care facility (LTCF) cohort using three advanced LLMs (Claude Opus 4.5, Gemini 3 pro, and GPT-5.1-chat-latest) with two prompting strategies: a structured double-step prompt integrating NOVA and World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, and a simplified single-step prompt. Classifications were compared against consensus judgments from two human experts. Results: All LLMs showed high agreement with human experts (90.3–94.2%), but there were statistically significant differences in all pairwise comparisons (χ² = 1174.5–1897.1; p < 0.001). The structured prompt produced very high Recall for UNHEALTHY items at the cost of lower Specificity, whereas the simplified prompt achieved higher overall Accuracy and a more balanced Recall–Specificity profile, indicating a trade-off between strict guideline adherence and alignment with general human judgment. Conclusions: Advanced LLMs demonstrate near-expert accuracy in Polish-language dietary classification, enhancing workflow efficiency by shifting effort toward validation. Expert oversight remains essential, and multi-model consensus alongside language-specific validation can improve AI reliability in nutrition assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI and Precision Nutrition: Digital Innovations for Dietary Assessment and Self-Testing)

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17 pages, 1241 KB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenol-Enriched Extracts from Leaves of Mediterranean Plants as Natural Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)-A and MAO-B Enzymes

by Antonio D’Errico, Rosarita Nasso, Mario Ruggiero, Rosario Rullo, Emmanuele De Vendittis, Mariorosario Masullo, Filomena Mazzeo and Rosaria Arcone

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010022 (registering DOI) - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are multifactorial disorders causing severe disability, rising with the increase in life expectancy. Currently, the identification of natural compounds useful against these disorders is becoming an urgent necessity. In this study, we used polyphenol-enriched extracts obtained [...] Read more.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease are multifactorial disorders causing severe disability, rising with the increase in life expectancy. Currently, the identification of natural compounds useful against these disorders is becoming an urgent necessity. In this study, we used polyphenol-enriched extracts obtained from leaves of Mediterranean plants, which are important in animal feeding (Lotus ornithopodioides, Hedysarum coronarium, Medicago sativa) and in the human Mediterranean diet (Cichorium intybus). Objectives: The aims of this study were as follows: (i) tentative identification of the organic compounds present in the extracts; (ii) determination of their effect on the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-A and MAO-B, key enzymes involved in the metabolism of aminergic neurotransmitters, as well as on protein expression level of these enzymes in cell lines expressing basal MAO-A and MAO-B. Methods: The ability of plant polyphenol extracts to inhibit MAO-A and MAO-B activity was assessed by in vitro enzyme assays. The protein expression level was analyzed by Western blotting. Results: Our data demonstrate that all the extracts behaved as MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitors, although to a different extent and enzyme inhibition mechanism; among them, the extract from L. ornithopodioides induced a decrease in MAO-A protein level in human AGS gastric adenocarcinoma and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. Conclusions: These data reinforce the hypothesis that a plant-based diet and/or integrative supplementation of pharmacological treatments can be considered for preventing and relieving symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Diets Regulate Antioxidant-Inflammatory Balance)

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23 pages, 10222 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous Extract of Fructus Choerospondiatis Peel Suppresses Vascular Inflammation and Alleviates Atherosclerosis via AKT/c-FOS/IL-6 Axis

by Andong Wu, Jiayi Dong, Jiankun Liu, Xueting Gong, Xueer Li, Bingbing Zhou, Ming Wan, Weixin Lv, Jiayu Qiu, Ya Zhao, Yu Fang, Jie Huang and Xiao-Li Tian

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010021 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis for lethal cardio-cerebral vascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and stroke. Fructus Choerospondiatis (FC) has demonstrated cardiac protective effects in multiple ethnomedicine. Whether these protective effects are attributed to the prevention of vascular atherosclerosis, however, [...] Read more.

Background: Atherosclerosis is the pathological basis for lethal cardio-cerebral vascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and stroke. Fructus Choerospondiatis (FC) has demonstrated cardiac protective effects in multiple ethnomedicine. Whether these protective effects are attributed to the prevention of vascular atherosclerosis, however, remains unknown. We aim to examine the anti-atherosclerotic effect of FC aqueous extract and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods: FC was separated into peel and pulp, and the aqueous extract was obtained separately by boiling in water to mimic decocting. Atherosclerosis model was established in ApoE^−/− mice fed with a high-fat diet, and histological analysis were utilized to evaluate the development of atherosclerosis. Various inflammatory models were constructed in mice to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of FC extract systemically, including acute local inflammation induced by traumatic injury (ear/foot swelling), acute systemic inflammation triggered by pathogenic infection (LPS- and POLY (I:C)-induced), as well as chronic inflammatory conditions associated with oxidative stress (D-galactose-induced), metabolic disorder (db/db mice), and aging. LC-MS and network pharmacology identified bioactive components and targets. Western blotting, ELISA, qPCR, and immunofluorescence were utilized to analyze the key genes involved in the mechanisms. Results: FC peel extract reduced serum IL-6 level, atherosclerotic plaque area, and macrophage content in the plaque, while pulp extract showed no protective effects. Peel extract exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in all models. The integrative application of LC-MS and network pharmacology identified ellagic acid as the major bioactive component and AKT as its target protein. Mechanistically, FC peel extract inhibits AKT phosphorylation, suppresses c-FOS expression and nuclear translocation, reduces IL-6 transcription and inflammation, and thus alleviates atherosclerosis. Conclusions: FC peel aqueous extract exerts anti-atherosclerotic effect by inhibiting inflammation through AKT/c-FOS/IL-6 axis. This study provides novel insights into the protective effects against atherosclerosis of FC peel and highlights its potential application in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventive and Therapeutic Nutraceuticals)

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14 pages, 428 KB

Open AccessProtocol

NutriWomen, Novel Evidence-Based Web Platform to Support Women’s Health, Nutrition Decisions and Address Nutrition Misinformation on Social Media: Protocol for a Digital Tool Development

by Mireia Bosch Pujadas, Andreu Prados-Bo, Alessandra Wagner, Bradley C. Johnston, Andreu Farran-Codina and Montserrat Rabassa

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010020 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Social media, especially Instagram, spreads nutrition-related information that often lacks scientific rigor. Many women report feeling inadequately informed about women’s health by healthcare professionals, turning to social media, increasing exposure to misinformation. Objectives: The NutriWomen platform aims to assess the [...] Read more.

Background: Social media, especially Instagram, spreads nutrition-related information that often lacks scientific rigor. Many women report feeling inadequately informed about women’s health by healthcare professionals, turning to social media, increasing exposure to misinformation. Objectives: The NutriWomen platform aims to assess the quality, methodological soundness, and credibility of nutritional health claims and dietary recommendations on Instagram targeting women across different life stages. Its goal is to develop a systematic and scientifically grounded evaluation framework to assess Instagram nutrition-related claims and the methodological quality and interpretability of their supporting evidence, and to translate the results into accessible outputs that help women make informed nutrition decisions across life stages. Methods: This study follows a five-stage design Stage 1 involves a retrospective content analysis of Instagram posts containing nutrition-related claims targeted at women, identified through the “Top posts” function and screened using predefined criteria. Stage 2 assesses information quality using a validated 14-item tool. Stage 3 evaluates the scientific accuracy of claims by formulating PI(E)CO(TS) questions, selecting key outcomes, retrieving evidence from PubMed and the Cochrane Database, and appraising systematic reviews with a modified AMSTAR-2 tool incorporating GRADE ratings, when available. Stage 4 develops the NutriWomen website platform to translate assessments into accessible visual summaries. Stage 5 conducts a mixed-methods study with peri-, meno-, and postmenopausal women to explore information needs and evaluate platform usability through focus groups. Conclusions: The NutriWomen platform will be the first website to systematically publish the results of evaluations assessing the scientific quality of nutritional health claims on Instagram targeted at women across different life stages. It will provide a replicable methodology, and a digital tool designed to empower women with trustworthy nutrition information, with the potential to enhance health literacy and promote better health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing the Health Impacts of Dietary Exposure: Enhancing Public Health Through Dietary Literacy and Experimental Methodologies)

17 pages, 2891 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Resveratrol on Browning and Insulin Signaling in Primary Murine Adipocytes: Modulation by Sex and Diabetic Status

by Xinyun Xu, Haoying Wu, Jiangang Chen, Shu Wang and Ling Zhao

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010019 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Excess accumulation of white adipose tissue is linked to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes, both of which are associated with systemic metabolic dysfunction. One promising approach is to convert white adipocytes into beige adipocytes, which have greater thermogenic potential [...] Read more.

Background: Excess accumulation of white adipose tissue is linked to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes, both of which are associated with systemic metabolic dysfunction. One promising approach is to convert white adipocytes into beige adipocytes, which have greater thermogenic potential and improved insulin sensitivity. Trans-resveratrol (RES), a polyphenolic compound known to have multiple metabolic benefits, has been reported to promote browning of adipocytes and improve insulin signaling; however, it is unclear whether sex and diabetic status modify RES’s effects. Methods: We evaluated the ability of RES to induce browning and increase insulin sensitivity in adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) derived from diabetic db/db mice and explored the extent to which these responses are modulated by sex and diabetic status. Subcutaneous ADSCs were isolated from wildtype (WT) and diabetic (db/db) male and female mice and then treated with RES during beige adipocyte differentiation. Results: RES enhanced the expression of Pgc1α and Ucp1 mRNA and increased mitochondrial proton leak in ADSCs of both WT and db/db mice. RES also enhanced insulin-induced AKT phosphorylation in all groups of ADSCs. Notably, the effects of RES on browning and insulin signaling were influenced by the sex and diabetic status of the mice, as ADSCs from female diabetic mice responded differently compared with those from their WT or male counterparts. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of considering sex and diabetic status when developing browning strategies to target obesity and type 2 diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions for Obesity and Obesity-Related Complications)

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22 pages, 994 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Neuroprotective Properties of Capsanthin: Antioxidant Defense and Inflammatory Responses

by Ramóna Pap, Edina Pandur, Gergely Jánosa, Adrienn Horváth, Kitti Tamási, Katalin Sipos, Attila Agócs and József Deli

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010018 (registering DOI) - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Capsanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid from Capsicum species with an extended conjugated polyene chain that underlies both its orange–red color and strong antioxidant potential. In this study, we investigated whether capsanthin protects RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells against glutamate-induced stress. Methods: Neuronal dysfunction [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Capsanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid from Capsicum species with an extended conjugated polyene chain that underlies both its orange–red color and strong antioxidant potential. In this study, we investigated whether capsanthin protects RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y neuron-like cells against glutamate-induced stress. Methods: Neuronal dysfunction was induced by glutamate exposure, and capsanthin treatment was evaluated using cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, antioxidant defense markers, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial energy status, and apoptosis-related endpoints. Antioxidant responses were assessed using superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities, and total antioxidant capacity. Cytokine release (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-4, IL-10) was quantified by ELISA. Mitochondrial function was monitored using ATP content. Apoptosis-associated genes (BAX, BCL-2, CASP3, and CASP9) were analyzed using SYBR Green-based RT-qPCR, complemented by caspase-9 ELISA and caspase-3 Western blotting. Results: Glutamate increased oxidative stress and shifted the cytokine profile toward a pro-inflammatory state, accompanied by reduced ATP levels and a pro-apoptotic transcriptional pattern. Capsanthin significantly attenuated glutamate-induced ROS production, stabilized antioxidant enzyme activities and total antioxidant capacity, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines while supporting anti-inflammatory signaling, and preserved ATP levels. Conclusions: Overall, capsanthin mitigated excitotoxic stress by maintaining redox balance, limiting inflammatory responses, and protecting mitochondrial energy metabolism in neuron-like cells, supporting its potential as a neuroprotective candidate for glutamate-induced neuronal stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Carotenoids for Human Health)

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15 pages, 614 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of FitterLife: A Community-Based Virtual Weight Management Programme for Overweight Adults

by Lixia Ge, Fong Seng Lim, Shawn Lin, Joseph Antonio De Castro Molina, Michelle Jessica Pereira, A. Manohari, Donna Tan and Elaine Tan

Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010017 - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Singapore necessitates scalable primary prevention strategies. This study evaluated the short-term effectiveness of FitterLife, a 12-week, digitally delivered, group-based behavioural weight management programme targeting at-risk adults without diabetes or hypertension in the community. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: The high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Singapore necessitates scalable primary prevention strategies. This study evaluated the short-term effectiveness of FitterLife, a 12-week, digitally delivered, group-based behavioural weight management programme targeting at-risk adults without diabetes or hypertension in the community. Methods: In a retrospective matched cohort study, we compared 306 FitterLife participants (enrolled from October 2021 to January 2025) with 5087 controls identified from a population health data mart, matched on age, sex, ethnicity, and baseline body mass index (BMI). The primary outcome was achieving ≥5% weight loss or a ≥1 kg/m² BMI reduction at 12 weeks. Programme effectiveness was analysed using propensity score matching (1:1) and inverse probability weighted regression. Mixed-effects models assessed weight/BMI trajectories and modified Poisson regression identified behavioural factors associated with success. Results: After matching, FitterLife participants were more likely to achieve the weight loss target than controls (45.7% vs. 13.7%, coefficient = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.26–0.38) and were over three times as likely to succeed (Adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] = 3.37, 95% CI: 2.87–3.93). The programme group showed significant reductions in weight (−2.23 kg, 95% CI: −2.57 to −1.90) and BMI (−0.86 kg/m², 95% CI: −0.95 to −0.73) at the end of programme. Higher session attendance and improved behavioural factors were associated with success. Conclusions: FitterLife was effective in achieving clinically significant short-term weight loss in a real-world setting. The findings demonstrate the potential of a scalable, behavioural theory-informed, virtual group model as a viable primary prevention strategy within national chronic disease management efforts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutritional Interventions and Exercise for Weight Loss)

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