Nutrients

15 pages, 422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Processed Foods Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome in European Children, Adolescents, and Adults: Results from the I.Family Study

by Annarita Formisano, Marika Dello Russo, Lauren Lissner, Paola Russo, Wolfgang Ahrens, Stefaan De Henauw, Antje Hebestreit, Timm Intemann, Monica Hunsberger, Dénes Molnár, Luis Alberto Moreno, Valeria Pala, Stalo Papoutsou, Lucia Reisch, Toomas Veidebaum, Garrath Williams, Maike Wolters, Alfonso Siani and Fabio Lauria

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2252; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132252 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) constitute a large proportion of the daily energy intake of Europeans, particularly among children and adolescents. High UPFs consumption is associated with poor dietary quality and adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to examine whether high UPFs consumption [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) constitute a large proportion of the daily energy intake of Europeans, particularly among children and adolescents. High UPFs consumption is associated with poor dietary quality and adverse health outcomes. This study aimed to examine whether high UPFs consumption is associated with metabolic health in children, adolescents, and adults, using data from the I.Family study. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis (2013/2014) included 2285 participants: 147 children (6–9 years), 645 adolescents (10–19 years), and 1493 adults (≥20 years). For the children and adolescents, a metabolic syndrome (MetS) z-score was calculated, consisting of age- and sex-standardized z-scores of WC, HOMA index, HDL-C, TRG, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). For the adults, MetS was defined according to the criteria of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force and other societies. The participants completed at least one 24 h recall, from which their UPFs consumption was estimated using the NOVA classification. The consumption levels were divided into age- and sex-specific quintiles based on the relative energy contribution of these foods. Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations between UPFs consumption and MetS or its components. Results: No statistically significant associations were found between UPFs consumption and MetS or its components in any age group. The effect sizes were negligible across the quintiles (η² = 0.0065 in children, 0.015 in adolescents, and 0.0009 in adults). While the mean MetS score showed little variation, the prevalence of MetS scores above the 90th percentile increased in the highest UPFs quintile among the children. The diet quality decreased with increasing UPFs consumption. Conclusions: UPFs consumption was not associated with MetS or its components across the age groups. However, a decline in diet quality was observed with increasing UPFs intake, highlighting the importance of public health strategies to reduce UPFs consumption and improve dietary patterns, particularly among younger populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Relevance of Ultra-Processed Food Consumption)

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14 pages, 2419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Gut Microbial Composition by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 Supplementation in a High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice

by Jaeryang Chu, Chae-Won No, Hyunchae Joung, Kyung Hwan Kim, Chang Hun Shin, Jisu Lee and Jung-Heun Ha

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2251; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132251 (registering DOI) - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 (LL) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-regulatory effects in vitro and in vivo, including attenuation of hepatic steatosis and modulation of lipid metabolism. Given the known interactions between host metabolism and gut microbiota, these findings suggest [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CKDB001 (LL) has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid-regulatory effects in vitro and in vivo, including attenuation of hepatic steatosis and modulation of lipid metabolism. Given the known interactions between host metabolism and gut microbiota, these findings suggest a potential role for LL in modulating microbial composition under conditions of diet-induced obesity. This study aimed to investigate the microbiome-related effects of LL using an established murine model. To evaluate the effect of LL supplementation on gut microbial composition and predict microbial metabolic functions in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Methods: Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet and administered LL orally for 12 weeks. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Microbial taxonomic profiles were assessed using linear discriminant analysis effect size, and functional predictions were performed using PICRUSt2. Results: LL supplementation significantly altered the gut microbiota by increasing the relative abundance of Lactobacillus and other commensal taxa while reducing the prevalence of pro-inflammatory genera such as Alistipes and Bilophila. Functional prediction analysis revealed a downregulation of lipopolysaccharide and ADP-L-glycero-β-D-manno-heptose biosynthesis pathways. Microbial functions associated with carbohydrate metabolism and short-chain fatty acid production were enriched in the LL-treated group. Conclusions: LL modulated gut microbial composition and suppressed pro-inflammatory microbial pathways while enhancing beneficial metabolic functions in high-fat diet-fed mice. These findings support the potential of LL as a safe and effective microbiota-targeted probiotic for managing obesity-related metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics and Probiotics in Metabolism Disorder—2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Gastrointestinal and Behavioral Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

by Anna Liber and Małgorzata Więch

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2250; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132250 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, often reported by individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), may impair functionality and exacerbate behavioral symptoms. Gut dysbiosis has been identified as a potential environmental factor influencing these symptoms through gut-brain axis dysregulation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is [...] Read more.

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, often reported by individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), may impair functionality and exacerbate behavioral symptoms. Gut dysbiosis has been identified as a potential environmental factor influencing these symptoms through gut-brain axis dysregulation. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising therapeutic strategy with potential to alleviate symptoms. This review systematically evaluates the efficacy and safety of FMT in GI and ASD-related symptoms. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO. The review included clinical trials on FMT in children and adolescents with ASD, published up to October 2024. The bias assessments were performed using Cochrane tools. Outcomes focused on changes in GI and ASD-related symptoms using scales selected by the authors. Results: This systematic review included two RCTs and seven before-and-after studies. Improvements in GI and ASD-related outcomes were reported in all before-and-after studies, whereas the results of RCTs were inconsistent. The before-and-after studies showed a high risk of bias, while the RCTs demonstrated a low risk. Conclusions: Although many studies have been conducted, the methodological limitations of some and contradictory findings of others make it difficult to draw clear conclusions about the effectiveness of FMT in children with ASD. Variations in intervention protocols underscore the importance of establishing standardized FMT procedures in future rigorously designed trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

21 pages, 506 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermented Milk Supplemented with Sodium Butyrate and Inulin: Physicochemical Characterization and Probiotic Viability Under In Vitro Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion

by Katarzyna Szajnar, Małgorzata Pawlos, Magdalena Kowalczyk, Julita Drobniak and Agata Znamirowska-Piotrowska

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2249; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132249 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Probiotics are increasingly recognized for their role in managing gastrointestinal disorders through modulation of gut microbiota. Restoring microbial balance remains a therapeutic challenge. Recent strategies combine probiotics, inulin, and sodium butyrate as synergistic agents for gut health. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Probiotics are increasingly recognized for their role in managing gastrointestinal disorders through modulation of gut microbiota. Restoring microbial balance remains a therapeutic challenge. Recent strategies combine probiotics, inulin, and sodium butyrate as synergistic agents for gut health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of milk supplementation with inulin and sodium butyrate on physicochemical properties, sensory characteristics, and the survival of selected probiotic strains during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Methods: Fermented milk samples were analyzed for color, pH, titratable acidity, and syneresis. A trained sensory panel evaluated aroma, texture, and acceptability. Samples underwent a standardized in vitro digestion simulating oral, gastric, and intestinal phases. Viable probiotic cells were counted before digestion and at each stage, and survival rates were calculated. Results: Physicochemical and sensory attributes varied depending on probiotic strain and supplementation. Inulin and the inulin–sodium butyrate combination influenced syneresis and acidity. Lacticaseibacillus casei 431 and Lactobacillus johnsonii LJ samples showed the highest viable counts before digestion. Two-way ANOVA confirmed that probiotic strain, supplementation type, and their interactions significantly affected bacterial survival during digestion (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The addition of inulin and sodium butyrate did not impair probiotic viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The effects on product characteristics were strain-dependent (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, L. casei 431, L. paracasei L26, L. acidophilus LA-5, L. johnsonii LJ). These findings support the use of inulin–butyrate fortification in dairy matrices to enhance the functional potential of probiotic foods targeting gut health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Probiotics, Postbiotics, Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Health)

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27 pages, 15733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Lactation Lactoferrin Deficiency on Intestinal Microbiota in Different Mice Models

by Wenli Wang, Qin An, Yunxia Zou, Qingyong Meng and Yali Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2248; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132248 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The establishment of early gut microbiota is crucial for host health. Lactoferrin (LF), which is present in breast milk, positively impacts gut microbiota composition. However, the effect of lactation LF on the establishment and composition of early gut microbiota in different disease [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The establishment of early gut microbiota is crucial for host health. Lactoferrin (LF), which is present in breast milk, positively impacts gut microbiota composition. However, the effect of lactation LF on the establishment and composition of early gut microbiota in different disease models in adulthood remains unclear. Methods: Lactation-LF-deficient mice were established using systemically LF–knocked-out maternal mice. This study assessed the maturity of the gut microbiota in LF feeding-deficient mice in relation to age and changes in the gut microbiota in adult high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced acute colitis, and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression models. Results: Compared to LF intake during lactation, LF deficiency during lactation increased the abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria in the gut, resulting in abnormal microbial maturation. LF intake during lactation aggravated gut microbiota dysbiosis induced via HFD, DSS, and CUMS in adulthood and may change the function of Enterorhabdus, GCA-900066575, Peptococcus, Tuzzerella, Akkermansia, and Desulfovibrio. Comparing the different models revealed that bacteria that were jointly upregulated via HFD and DSS exhibited increased levels of inflammation and oxidation. LF deficiency during lactation may weaken the association between an HFD and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The changing trends in many gut microbes caused by DSS and HFD were opposite to those that changed with age. Conclusions: Lactoferrin deficiency increases the abundance of potential pathogens and disrupts microbial maturation. This lack of LF exacerbates dysbiosis in models of obesity, colitis, and depression. Regulating the gut microbiota according to the rules of microbial succession during the maturation process of gut microbiota may improve gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with obesity and IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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25 pages, 479 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Were Our Grandmothers Right? Soup as Medicine—A Systematic Review of Preliminary Evidence for Managing Acute Respiratory Tract Infections

by Sandra Lucas, Matthew J. Leach, Rachel Kimble and Joshua Cheyne

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2247; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132247 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a significant global health burden, contributing to increased healthcare use, absenteeism, and economic strain. While clinical treatments exist, many individuals use traditional dietary remedies such as soup to relieve symptoms. Soup is thought to support recovery [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a significant global health burden, contributing to increased healthcare use, absenteeism, and economic strain. While clinical treatments exist, many individuals use traditional dietary remedies such as soup to relieve symptoms. Soup is thought to support recovery through hydration, warmth, nutritional content, and possible anti-inflammatory effects. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of soup consumption on adults with ARTIs, focusing on symptom severity, illness duration, absenteeism, immune response, inflammatory biomarkers, and overall well-being. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in February 2024 across MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, clinical trial registries, and supplementary sources. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials, non-randomized trials, and controlled before-after studies evaluating soup as an intervention for ARTIs. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. A narrative synthesis was undertaken due to heterogeneity in study design and outcome measures. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023481236). Results: Four studies (n = 342) met inclusion criteria. Interventions commonly included chicken-based soups with vegetables and herbs. Comparators varied (e.g., no treatment, water, or alternative soup). Findings showed modest reductions in symptom severity and illness duration (by 1–2.5 days). Two studies reported reductions in inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, TNF-α, CRP). No studies reported on absenteeism or well-being. Conclusions: Soup may offer modest benefits for ARTIs, particularly for symptom relief and inflammation. Further well-designed studies are needed to evaluate its broader clinical and functional impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

12 pages, 209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Least Significant Change (LSC) for Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D

by Pawel Pludowski, Marek Wójcik, Maciej Jaworski, Agnieszka Ochocińska, William B. Grant and Michael F. Holick

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2246; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132246 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: The least significant change (LSC) method should be introduced and considered a proper method to define the smallest clinically important difference between two consecutive measurements. Methods: The LSC was calculated based on 150 patients, with a total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] IDS-iSYS assay [...] Read more.

Background: The least significant change (LSC) method should be introduced and considered a proper method to define the smallest clinically important difference between two consecutive measurements. Methods: The LSC was calculated based on 150 patients, with a total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] IDS-iSYS assay performed in triplicate. The LSC was determined by multiplying the calculated root mean square precision error by a factor of 2.77. The study group was additionally divided into subgroups according to gender, age, serum 25(OH)D concentration, and date of assays. Results: The LSC was 4.0 ng/mL (13.2%) for the entire group (n = 150; 450 assays) and was not dependent on gender, age of patients, or the date of assays (p > 0.05). The LSC value depended only on the 25(OH)D concentration value. In the subgroup with vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL), the obtained LSC value was 2.2 ng/mL (14.7%), which was lower compared to all other groups (p < 0.05 for insufficiency, and p < 0.0001 for the optimal concentration value). In the subgroup with 25(OH)D concentrations >50 ng/mL (n = 4; 12 assays), the calculated LSC was 11.8 ng/mL (16.9%) and differed statistically only from the subgroup with vitamin D deficiency (p < 0.005). Conclusions: An absolute LSC of 4.0 ng/mL was calculated for the IDS-iSYS assay used in our study and should be considered when two (or more) assay results of 25(OH)D performed for a single patient are compared. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of the 7th International Conference “Vitamin D—Minimum, Maximum, Optimum”)

14 pages, 1915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Prebiotics Inulin and Oat β-Glucan on Colonic Architecture and Hepatic Proteome in Mice with Circadian-Disruption-Aggravated Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis

by Nelson Kei, Kam Kuen Cheung, Ka Lee Ma, Tsz Kwan Yau, Susana Lauw, Xing Kang, Kiwi Wai Yan Sun, Yu Wang, Vincent Wai Sun Wong, Sunny Hei Wong and Peter Chi Keung Cheung

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2245; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132245 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Circadian disruption (CD) aggravates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), but supplementation with prebiotics inulin and oat β-glucan may mitigate its effects. However, their impact on colonic architecture and hepatic proteome remains unclear. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of prebiotics inulin and [...] Read more.

Background: Circadian disruption (CD) aggravates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), but supplementation with prebiotics inulin and oat β-glucan may mitigate its effects. However, their impact on colonic architecture and hepatic proteome remains unclear. Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effects of prebiotics inulin and oat β-glucan on colonic architecture and hepatic proteome in mice with CD-aggravated MASH. Methods: CD was induced by weekly reversal of the light–dark cycle to simulate shift work. Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to non-shifted chow, non-shifted fructose, palmitate, cholesterol, and trans-fat (FPC) diet, shifted chow, or shifted FPC diet (SFPC) for 26 weeks. Prebiotics inulin and oat β-glucan supplementation were provided to the SFPC group in the final 10 weeks. Distal colon and serum samples were collected for histological examination and endotoxemia evaluation, respectively. Liver samples were collected for proteomic mass spectrometry analysis. Results: Mice with CD-aggravated MASH were found with colonic crypt loss and a distinct hepatic proteome structure compared to mice with non-CD MASH. Notably, inulin showed better effects than oat β-glucan in preserving colonic crypts in mice with CD-aggravated MASH. Furthermore, inulin supplementation restored the hepatic proteome structure similar to that of non-CD MASH mice, a benefit not observed with oat β-glucan. Conclusions: Given our prior findings showing oat β-glucan’s superior ability to enrich gut bacterial species associated with MASH improvement under CD, this study highlights inulin’s unique benefits for colonic architecture and hepatic proteome regulation in CD-aggravated MASH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dietary Polysaccharides for Human Health and Diseases)

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15 pages, 382 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polygenic Risk, Modifiable Lifestyle Behaviors, and Metabolic Factors: Associations with HDL-C, Triglyceride Levels, and Cardiovascular Risk

by Danyel Chermon and Ruth Birk

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2244; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132244 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Dyslipidemia significantly contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD), with triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as key components. While genetics play a key role in lipid levels, the interplay between genetic predisposition and modifiable lifestyle factors remains unexplored in population-based studies. [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Dyslipidemia significantly contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD), with triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as key components. While genetics play a key role in lipid levels, the interplay between genetic predisposition and modifiable lifestyle factors remains unexplored in population-based studies. We aimed to study the associations between weighted polygenic risk scores (wPRS) for TG and HDL-C, lifestyle, and metabolic factors with lipid traits and CVD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, genotype, metabolic and lifestyle data from an Israeli cohort (n = 5584 adults) were analyzed. Individual wPRSs were constructed for TG and HDL-C based on SNPs associated with each trait. Gene-environment (lifestyle and metabolic factors) associations were evaluated by stratifying participants into high wPRS (≥90th percentile) vs. lower wPRS (<90th percentile). Results: High wPRSs were significantly associated with unfavorable lipid profiles (higher TG and lower HDL-C) and elevated TG/HDL-C ratios. Males and females in the high wPRS_HDL had 97- and 10-fold higher odds of CVD, respectively (p < 0.0001). Individuals with a combined high wPRS_HDL and wPRS_TG showed a 44-fold increase in CVD odds (p < 0.0001). Obesity (BMI > 30) and HbA1c ≥5.7% were significantly associated with elevated TG and reduced HDL-C levels, particularly in high wPRS_HDL and WPRS_TG individuals, while moderate wine (1–3 drinks/week) consumption and coffee intake (≥1 cup/day) mitigated these effects, particularly among individuals with high wPRS. Conclusions: Risk stratification based on genetic, lifestyle and metabolic profiles may inform personalized prevention strategies for dyslipidemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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13 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diet Diversity and Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Pattern in Pregnancy Is Protective Against the Development of Early-Childhood Atopic Dermatitis

by Kristina Nadine Heye, Leonie Helen Bogl, Mari Sasaki, Remo Frei, Anna Breunig, Neeta Bühler, Christian Raphael Kahlert, Mehmet Goekkaya, Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann, Roger Lauener, CK-CARE study group and Caroline Roduit

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2243; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132243 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The role of maternal diet in atopic dermatitis (AD) requires better understanding, as AD often manifests early in life and precedes other allergic diseases. We evaluated the association between maternal diet and AD up to 2 years of age. Methods: A total [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The role of maternal diet in atopic dermatitis (AD) requires better understanding, as AD often manifests early in life and precedes other allergic diseases. We evaluated the association between maternal diet and AD up to 2 years of age. Methods: A total of 116 mother–child dyads from the CARE birth cohort study were included. Maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed with a validated self-administered 97-item food frequency questionnaire, and dietary scores were calculated. AD was evaluated at ages 4 months, 1 year, and 2 years. The associations between maternal dietary patterns and AD were examined by logistic regression analysis adjusting for total energy intake, gender of the child, maternal antibiotic therapy during pregnancy, and history of atopic disease among both parents. Results: Of the 116 children, 27 (23.3%) developed AD by 2 years, 11 of whom (40.7%) had persistent AD within the first 2 years. AD risk was reduced with a higher Mediterranean diet score during pregnancy (upper median > 3 points versus lower median: adjusted OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.08–0.69, p = 0.009) and with greater dietary diversity, as measured by the number of items consumed (upper median > 53 items versus lower median: OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.06–0.58, p = 0.005). No association was found with macronutrients and micronutrients. Red meat consumption showed a positive association with the persistent AD phenotype (adjusted OR 5.04, 95% CI 1.47 to 31.36, p = 0.034). Conclusions: Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and a diverse diet during pregnancy may decrease the risk of developing early childhood AD. This highlights the synergistic role of nutrients in dietary patterns as they modulate immune development and disease susceptibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Allergic Diseases in Early Life)

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20 pages, 2556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Calorie Diets Exacerbate Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pneumonia by Promoting Propionate-Mediated Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

by Yingqiu Sun, Hui Liu, Jiyu Jiang, Leyan Hu, Qingpu Ma, Shuxuan Li, Tiegang Liu and Xiaohong Gu

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2242; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132242 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: High-calorie diets are linked to increased risks of chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, yet their role in modulating pneumonia severity remains unclear. Focusing on the interactions among gut-originating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), neutrophil function, and histone deacetylases (HDACs), this research examined [...] Read more.

Objectives: High-calorie diets are linked to increased risks of chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction, yet their role in modulating pneumonia severity remains unclear. Focusing on the interactions among gut-originating short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), neutrophil function, and histone deacetylases (HDACs), this research examined the exacerbating effects of a high-calorie diet on pneumonia in rats. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (3 weeks old, 110 ± 10 g) were allocated among four groups: normal diet (N), high-calorie diet (G), LPS-induced pneumonia (P), and high-calorie diet combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pneumonia (GP). LPS was administered via aerosolization for three days. Fecal, serum, and lung SCFA levels were quantified via GC-MS. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, neutrophil apoptosis, and HDAC activity were assessed using immunofluorescence, TUNEL assays, and qRT-PCR. Propionate supplementation and HDAC inhibitor (trichostatin A) interventions were applied to validate mechanistic pathways. Results: The group GP exhibited exacerbated lung inflammation, increased NETs release, and reduced neutrophil apoptosis compared to the group P. Propionate levels in feces, serum, and lung tissues decreased sharply in GP rats, correlating with elevated HDAC1/2/3/6 activity and reduced histone acetylation. Propionate supplementation or HDAC inhibition significantly attenuated lung injury, suppressed NETs, and restored neutrophil apoptosis. Conclusions: High-calorie diets exacerbate pneumonia by depleting gut-derived propionate, which drives HDAC-mediated NETs overproduction and impairs neutrophil apoptosis. Restoring propionate levels or targeting HDACs may offer therapeutic strategies for diet-aggravated respiratory diseases. Mechanistically, propionate-mediated HDAC inhibition demonstrates proof-of-concept efficacy in modulating H4 acetylation, warranting further investigation in disease-specific pneumonia models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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39 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessReview

Trace Mineral Imbalances in Global Health: Challenges, Biomarkers, and the Role of Serum Analysis

by Marta López-Alonso, Inés Rivas and Marta Miranda

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2241; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132241 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Trace minerals (TMs), both essential and toxic, are integral to human physiology, participating in enzymatic reactions, oxidative balance, immune function, and the modulation of chronic disease risk. Despite their importance, imbalances due to deficiencies or toxic exposures are widespread globally. While [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Trace minerals (TMs), both essential and toxic, are integral to human physiology, participating in enzymatic reactions, oxidative balance, immune function, and the modulation of chronic disease risk. Despite their importance, imbalances due to deficiencies or toxic exposures are widespread globally. While low-income countries often face overt deficiencies and environmental contamination, middle- and high-income populations increasingly deal with subclinical deficits and chronic toxic metal exposure. This review aims to explore the relevance of serum as a matrix for evaluating TM status across diverse clinical and epidemiological, geographic, and demographic settings. Methods: A narrative literature review was conducted focusing on the physiological roles, health impacts, and current biomarker approaches for key essential (e.g., zinc, copper, selenium) and toxic (e.g., lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic) trace elements. Particular emphasis was placed on studies utilizing serum analysis and on recent advances in multi-element detection using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: Serum was identified as a versatile and informative matrix for TM assessment, offering advantages in terms of clinical accessibility, biomarker reliability, and capacity for the simultaneous quantification of multiple elements. For essential TMs, serum levels reflect nutritional status with reasonable accuracy. For toxic elements, detection depends on instrument sensitivity, but serum can still provide valuable exposure data. The method’s scalability supports applications ranging from public health surveillance to individualized patient care. Conclusions: Serum trace mineral analysis is a practical and scalable approach for nutritional assessment and exposure monitoring. Integrating it into clinical practice and public health strategies can improve the early detection of imbalances, guide interventions such as nutritional supplementation, dietary modifications, and exposure mitigation efforts. This approach also supports advanced personalized nutrition and preventive care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A New Perspective: The Effect of Trace Elements on Human Health)

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3 pages, 160 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in the Prevention and Management of Celiac Disease

by Teresa Nestares and Rafael Martín-Masot

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2240; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132240 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Celiac disease (CD) exemplifies the complexity inherent in multifactorial, immune-mediated disorders, with layers of pathogenesis and clinical expression that continue to challenge both researchers and clinicians [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Prevention and Management of Celiac Disease)

3 pages, 131 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Effects of Selenium and Other Micronutrient Intake on Human Health

by Shuang-Qing Zhang

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2239; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132239 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Since its discovery in 1817, selenium had long been considered toxic, until 1957, when the element was demonstrated to protect vitamin E-deficient rats against liver necrosis and recognized as an essential micronutrient [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Selenium and Other Micronutrient Intake on Human Health)

4 pages, 142 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Nutrition Intervention in Gynecological Diseases

by Yuanyuan Li

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2238; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132238 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Gynecological diseases are a group of diseases that affect the reproductive systems of women [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Intervention in Gynecological Diseases)

12 pages, 858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) and Healthcare Costs Among Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016 and 2021

by Soyoung Kim and Minseon Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2237; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132237 - 6 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This cross-sectional study examined the association between diet quality, measured by the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), and medical expenditures among Korean adults. Methods: We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2021). Adults aged ≥20 years with [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This cross-sectional study examined the association between diet quality, measured by the Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI), and medical expenditures among Korean adults. Methods: We used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2021). Adults aged ≥20 years with complete data on diet, sociodemographics, and healthcare use were included. Medical costs were estimated from self-reported service use and converted to USD. KHEI scores were categorized into quartiles. Multivariable linear regression was used to assess the association between KHEI quartiles and log-transformed costs. Subgroup analyses were conducted by age (<57 vs. ≥57 years), and sensitivity analyses treated KHEI as a continuous variable. A two-part model addressed skewed, zero-inflated cost data. Results: Compared to Q1, participants in Q4 had significantly lower inpatient (β = −0.080; 95% CI: −0.139 to −0.020) and total costs (β = −0.086; 95% CI: −0.144 to −0.027). In the younger group, Q4 was associated with lower total costs (β = −0.115; 95% CI: −0.198 to −0.031). Higher continuous KHEI scores were also linked to lower costs. In the two-part model, Q4 participants had a higher probability of incurring any cost but lower conditional costs (Q3 vs. Q1: β = −0.173; Q4 vs. Q1: β = −0.160; both p < 0.05). Conclusions: Higher diet quality was associated with reduced healthcare costs in Korean adults, especially among younger individuals. Promoting healthy eating may help lower economic burdens in aging societies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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16 pages, 1089 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Psychobehavioral Factors and the Increased Eating Rate of Ultra-Processed Versus Non-Ultra-Processed Meals in Individuals with Obesity: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial

by Ludmila de Melo Barros, Vanessa Amorim Peixoto, Guilherme César Oliveira de Carvalho, Micnéias Róberth Pereira, Rodrigo Tenório Lins Carnaúba and Nassib Bezerra Bueno

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132236 - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: A faster eating rate is associated with increased energy intake and risk of obesity. High consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with a faster eating rate. Psychobehavioral aspects, such as body image self-perception, eating disorders, and anxiety, may modulate this [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: A faster eating rate is associated with increased energy intake and risk of obesity. High consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is associated with a faster eating rate. Psychobehavioral aspects, such as body image self-perception, eating disorders, and anxiety, may modulate this eating behavior. Therefore, this study examined the moderating role of psychobehavioral factors in the association between meal type (UPF vs non-UPF) and eating rate among individuals with obesity. Methods: It is a secondary analysis of a randomized, parallel clinical trial conducted with 39 adults who have obesity. Participants were assigned to consume either a UPF-only composed meal or a UPF-free meal, both of which were isoenergetic (~550 kcal). Psychobehavioral variables (food addiction—mYFAS 2.0, body image perception and satisfaction—Silhouette Rating Scale, eating disorders—EAT-26, and anxiety—GAD-7) were assessed. Eating rate was measured in kcal/min. Results: Body image perception and satisfaction significantly interacted with the type of meal. In the UPF group, lower body image dissatisfaction was associated with a higher eating rate (β = 4.79 kcal/min; 95% CI: 1.40; 8.19; p = 0.007), while a higher body image perception score was associated with a lower eating rate (β = −4.61 kcal/min; 95% CI: −8.57; −0.65; p = 0.024). No significant associations were observed for food addiction scores, eating disorders or anxiety. Conclusions: Body image modulates the eating rate in the context of UPF consumption. These findings suggest that interventions against obesity should consider individual psychobehavioral characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Ultra-Processed Foods and Health Outcomes)

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17 pages, 2351 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Dietary Amino Acid Intake and Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Children: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Machine Learning Study

by Lianlong Yu, Xiaodong Zheng, Jilan Li, Changqing Liu, Yiya Liu, Meina Tian, Qianrang Zhu, Zhenchuang Tang and Maoyu Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2235; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132235 - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a protein that indicates inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The intake of dietary amino acids can influence immune and inflammatory reactions. However, studies on the relationship between dietary amino acids and hs-CRP, especially in children, [...] Read more.

Background High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a protein that indicates inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The intake of dietary amino acids can influence immune and inflammatory reactions. However, studies on the relationship between dietary amino acids and hs-CRP, especially in children, remain scarce. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the Nutrition and China Children and Lactating Women Nutrition and Health Survey (2016–2019), focusing on 3514 children (724 with elevated hs-CRP ≥ 3 mg/L and 2790 with normal levels). Dietary information was gathered via a food frequency questionnaire, and hs-CRP levels were obtained from blood samples. Boruta algorithm and propensity scores were used to select and match dietary factors and sample sizes. Machine learning (ML) algorithms and logistic regression models assessed the link between amino acid intake and elevated hs-CRP risk, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and lifestyle factors. Results The odds ratios (ORs) for elevated hs-CRP were significant for several amino acids, including Ile, Leu, Lys, Ser, Cys, Tyr, His, Pro, SAA, and AAA, with values ranging from 1.10 to 2.07. The LightGBM algorithm was the most effective in predicting elevated hs-CRP risk, achieving an AUC of 0.927. Tyrosine, methionine, cysteine, and proline were identified as important features by SHAP analysis and logistic regression. The intake of Ser, Cys, Tyr, and Pro showed a linear increase in the risk of elevated hs-CRP, especially in individuals with low protein intake and normal weight (p < 0.1). Conclusions Intake of amino acids like Ser, Cys, Tyr, and Pro significantly impacts hs-CRP levels in children, indicating that regulating these could help prevent inflammation-related diseases. This study supports future dietary and health management strategies. This is first large-scale ML study linking amino acids to pediatric inflammation in China. The main limitations are the cross-section design and the use of self-reported dietary data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Proteins and Amino Acids in Relation to Human Health)

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26 pages, 1293 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microbiota-Modulating Strategies in Neonates Undergoing Surgery for Congenital Gastrointestinal Conditions: A Narrative Review

by Nunzia Decembrino, Maria Grazia Scuderi, Pasqua Maria Betta, Roberta Leonardi, Agnese Bartolone, Riccardo Marsiglia, Chiara Marangelo, Stefania Pane, Domenico Umberto De Rose, Guglielmo Salvatori, Giuseppe Grosso, Federica Martina Di Domenico, Andrea Dotta, Lorenza Putignani, Irma Capolupo and Vincenzo Di Benedetto

Nutrients 2025, 17(13), 2234; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17132234 - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiota (GM) is pivotal for immune regulation, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. Infants undergoing surgery for congenital gastrointestinal anomalies are especially prone to microbial imbalances, with a paucity of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides) and diminished short-chain fatty acid production. Dysbiosis [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiota (GM) is pivotal for immune regulation, metabolism, and neurodevelopment. Infants undergoing surgery for congenital gastrointestinal anomalies are especially prone to microbial imbalances, with a paucity of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides) and diminished short-chain fatty acid production. Dysbiosis has been associated with severe complications, including necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and feeding intolerance. This narrative review aims to critically examine strategies for microbiota modulation in this high-risk cohort. Methods: An extensive literature analysis was performed to compare the evolution of GM in healthy neonates versus those requiring gastrointestinal surgery, synthetizing strategies to maintain eubiosis, such as early nutritional interventions—particularly the use of human milk—along with antibiotic management and supplementary treatments including probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and lactoferrin. Emerging techniques in metagenomic and metabolomic analysis were also evaluated for their potential to elucidate microbial dynamics in these patients. Results: Neonates undergoing gastrointestinal surgery exhibit significant alterations in microbial communities, characterized by reduced levels of eubiotic bacteria and an overrepresentation of opportunistic pathogens. Early initiation of enteral feeding with human milk and careful antibiotic stewardship are linked to improved microbial balance. Adjunctive therapies, such as the administration of probiotics and lactoferrin, show potential in enhancing gut barrier function and immune modulation, although confirmation through larger-scale studies remains necessary. Conclusions: Modulating the GM emerges as a promising strategy to ameliorate outcome in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal surgical conditions. Future research should focus on the development of standardized therapeutic protocols and the execution of rigorous multicenter trials to validate the efficacy and safety of these interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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