Nutrients

5 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome

by Antonia Giacco, Federica Cioffi and Elena Silvestri

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2364; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142364 - 18 Jul 2025

The Mediterranean diet (MD), a nutritional model rooted in the traditional dietary patterns of Southern Europe and first defined by the pioneering work of Ancel Keys [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome)

17 pages, 7840 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systemic and Retinal Protective Effects of Butyrate in Early Type 2 Diabetes via Gut Microbiota–Lipid Metabolism Interaction

by Haijun Gong, Haoyu Zuo, Keling Wu, Xinbo Gao, Yuqing Lan and Ling Zhao

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2363; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142363 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Early neurovascular unit (NVU) impairment plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), often preceding clinically detectable changes. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) derived from gut microbiota, has shown promising metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. Methods: This study [...] Read more.

Background: Early neurovascular unit (NVU) impairment plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), often preceding clinically detectable changes. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) derived from gut microbiota, has shown promising metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. Methods: This study investigated the protective potential of oral butyrate supplementation in a mouse model of early type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) induced by a high-fat diet and streptozotocin. Mice (C57BL/6J) received sodium butyrate (5 g/L in drinking water) for 12 weeks. Retinal NVU integrity was assessed using widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WF SS-OCTA), alongside evaluations of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatic steatosis, visual function, and gut microbiota composition via 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Butyrate supplementation significantly reduced body weight, fasting glucose, serum cholesterol, and hepatic lipid accumulation. Microbiome analysis demonstrated a partial reversal of gut dysbiosis, characterized by increased SCFA-producing taxa (Ruminococcaceae, Oscillibacter, Lachnospiraceae) and decreased pro-inflammatory, lipid-metabolism-related genera (Rikenella, Ileibacterium). KEGG pathway analysis further revealed enrichment in microbial lipid metabolism functions (fabG, ABC.CD.A, and transketolase). Retinal vascular and neurodegenerative alterations—including reduced vessel density and retinal thinning—were markedly attenuated by butyrate, as revealed by WF SS-OCTA. OKN testing indicated partial improvement in visual function, despite unchanged ERG amplitudes. Conclusions: Butyrate supplementation mitigates early NVU damage in the diabetic retina by improving glucose and lipid metabolism and partially restoring gut microbial balance. This study also underscores the utility of WF SS-OCTA as a powerful noninvasive tool for detecting early neurovascular changes in DR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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24 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessReview

Thyroid Health and Selenium: The Critical Role of Adequate Intake from Fetal Development to Adolescence

by Valeria Calcaterra, Hellas Cena, Ilaria Anna Maria Scavone, Ilaria Zambon, Silvia Taranto, Cecilia Ricciardi Rizzo, Chiara Ferrara, Marianna Diotti and Gianvincenzo Zuccotti

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2362; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142362 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and supporting development through the production of the hormones T4 and T3. These hormones are essential during childhood for nervous system myelination, physical growth, puberty, skeletal and dental maturation, and overall metabolic balance. [...] Read more.

The thyroid gland plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and supporting development through the production of the hormones T4 and T3. These hormones are essential during childhood for nervous system myelination, physical growth, puberty, skeletal and dental maturation, and overall metabolic balance. In early infancy, when the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis is still immature, thyroid dysfunction can result in a range of long-term complications. The metabolism and action of thyroid hormones depend not only on iodine but also on other vital micronutrients, particularly selenium (Se). This narrative review aims to comprehensively examine the role of selenium in maintaining thyroid health from fetal life through adolescence. Selenium is a key micronutrient involved in thyroid development, hormone synthesis, antioxidant defense, and immune regulation, especially during pregnancy and childhood. Inadequate selenium levels may contribute to the onset, progression, and clinical management of various thyroid disorders, particularly hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Although scientific evidence supports selenium’s critical functions in hormone metabolism and antioxidant protection, public awareness and monitoring of selenium intake remain insufficient. Beyond the need for further research, there is an urgent call for integrated public health strategies, ranging from sustainable, food-based approaches to targeted clinical screening and educational programs. Promoting awareness of selenium’s importance and incorporating selenium status into maternal and pediatric care protocols could play a significant role in preventing deficiencies and supporting long-term endocrine and neurodevelopmental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in the Early Years: Feeding Challenges and Their Health Implications)

15 pages, 443 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

High-Protein Dietary Interventions in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Functional Outcomes

by Lorraine S. Evangelista, Rebecca Meraz, Kelly L. Wierenga, Angelina P. Nguyen, Alona D. Angosta and Jennifer Kawi

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142361 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Heart failure (HF) is frequently associated with skeletal muscle wasting, reduced functional capacity, and malnutrition. High-protein diets offer a promising nutritional intervention to improve these outcomes in individuals with HF. Objective: This systematic review evaluated randomized controlled trials of high-protein dietary interventions [...] Read more.

Background: Heart failure (HF) is frequently associated with skeletal muscle wasting, reduced functional capacity, and malnutrition. High-protein diets offer a promising nutritional intervention to improve these outcomes in individuals with HF. Objective: This systematic review evaluated randomized controlled trials of high-protein dietary interventions in HF populations, with emphasis on intervention characteristics, quantitative benefits, and risk of bias. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to June 2025. Eligible studies enrolled adults (≥18 years) with HF, implemented high-protein regimens (≥1.1 g/kg/day or ~25–30% of energy), and reported on functional capacity, body composition, muscle strength, clinical outcomes, or biochemical markers. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed bias (Cochrane RoB 2). Heterogeneity in dosing, duration, and outcomes precluded meta-analysis; we therefore provide a narrative synthesis. Results: Ten trials (nine randomized controlled trials, one pilot) involving 1080 patients (median n = 38; range 21–652) were included. High-protein interventions yielded mean improvements in six-minute walk distance of +32 ± 14 m, lean body mass gain of +1.6 ± 0.9 kg, and 9 ± 4% enhancement in quality-of-life scores; muscle strength effects varied from −2% to +11%. Two studies reported an 18% reduction in HF readmissions (p < 0.05). The risk-of-bias assessment identified two low-risk, three moderate-risk, and one high-risk study. Key limitations include small sample sizes, varied protein dosing (1.1–1.5 g/kg/day), short follow-up (2–6 months), and outcome heterogeneity. Conclusions: High-protein dietary strategies appear to confer modest, clinically relevant gains in functional capacity, nutritional status, and HF readmission risk. Larger, well-powered trials with standardized dosing and longer follow-up are necessary to establish optimal protein targets, long-term efficacy, and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary and Exercise Interventions to Target Obesity and Chronic Diseases)

17 pages, 1694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Microbiota Shifts After a Weight Loss Program in Adults with Obesity: The WLM3P Study

by Vanessa Pereira, Amanda Cuevas-Sierra, Victor de la O, Rita Salvado, Inês Barreiros-Mota, Inês Castela, Alexandra Camelo, Inês Brandão, Christophe Espírito Santo, Ana Faria, Conceição Calhau, Marta P. Silvestre and André Moreira-Rosário

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2360; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142360 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a key modulator in obesity management, influencing host energy balance, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. With obesity prevalence continuing to rise globally, dietary interventions that promote beneficial microbial shifts are essential for enhancing weight loss [...] Read more.

Background: The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a key modulator in obesity management, influencing host energy balance, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. With obesity prevalence continuing to rise globally, dietary interventions that promote beneficial microbial shifts are essential for enhancing weight loss outcomes and long-term health. Objective: This study investigated the effects of the multicomponent Weight Loss Maintenance 3 Phases Program (WLM3P), which integrates caloric restriction, a high-protein low-carbohydrate diet, time-restricted eating (10h TRE), dietary supplementation (prebiotics and phytochemicals), and digital app-based support on gut microbiota composition compared to a standard low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) in adults with obesity. The analysis focused exclusively on the 6-month weight loss period corresponding to Phases 1 and 2 of the WLM3P intervention. Methods: In this sub-analysis of a randomized controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04192357), 58 adults with obesity (BMI 30.0–39.9 kg/m²) were randomized to the WLM3P (n = 29) or LCD (n = 29) groups. Stool samples were collected at baseline and 6 months for 16S rRNA sequencing. Alpha and beta diversity were assessed, and genus-level differential abundance was determined using EdgeR and LEfSe. Associations between microbial taxa and clinical outcomes were evaluated using regression models. Results: After 6-month, the WLM3P group showed a significant increase in alpha diversity (p = 0.03) and a significant change in beta diversity (p < 0.01), while no significant changes were observed in the LCD group. Differential abundance analysis revealed specific microbial signatures in WLM3P participants, including increased levels of Faecalibacterium. Notably, higher Faecalibacterium abundance was associated with greater reductions in fat mass (kg, %) and visceral adiposity (cm²) in the WLM3P group compared to LCD (p < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest a potential microbiota-mediated mechanism in weight loss, where Faecalibacterium may enhance fat reduction effectiveness in the context of the WLM3P intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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17 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Donate or Not to Donate—Willingness to Donate and Accept Donor Human Milk

by Yael Lahav and Elad Harison

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2359; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142359 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Breast milk donation is increasingly recognized as a vital public health resource, providing optimal nutrition for infants who cannot be breastfed by their biological mothers. Human milk banks play a crucial role in supporting infant health, particularly for preterm and medically [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Breast milk donation is increasingly recognized as a vital public health resource, providing optimal nutrition for infants who cannot be breastfed by their biological mothers. Human milk banks play a crucial role in supporting infant health, particularly for preterm and medically vulnerable infants. Despite its recognized benefits, the practice of breast milk donation and utilization remains influenced by a complex interplay of individual, social, and cultural factors. Methods: This study systematically examines how demographic and sociocultural variables are associated with attitudes and behaviors related to breast milk donation. Data were collected from 1223 Israeli mothers via questionnaires distributed through WhatsApp groups between April and May 2025. By analyzing the questionnaire results, the research identified key predictors of willingness to donate and use donated milk, as well as patterns of awareness and perceived support within different population groups. Results: Higher education (χ² = 12.87, p = 0.0016) and settlement type (χ² = 83.096, p = 0.000) were significantly associated with greater willingness to donate breast milk. Income level had no effect on donation behavior, though higher-income participants were more open to its use (χ² = 86.838, p = 0.000). Lifestyle also influenced perceptions of social support (F(2, 1220) = 259.4036, p < 0.001) and cultural support (F(2, 1220) = 601.2383, p < 0.001) of milk donation and use. Significant correlation was found between perceived cultural and social support (t = 5.140, p = 0.000), emphasizing their interrelated influence on milk donation attitudes. Conclusions: The findings assist in guiding the development of public health policies, as well as targeted awareness campaigns, to promote equitable access to donor milk services across varied communities. From the public health perspective, the findings of this study can orientate campaigns that encourage both donation and use of breast milk focusing on segments of the population in which the level of awareness is relatively low. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal Diet, Body Composition and Offspring Health)

19 pages, 2565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Thrombotic Effects of Coprinus comatus Fibrinolytic Enzyme in Zebrafish

by Yan Jing, Jinyu Wang, Yating He, Zedan Liu and Xiaolan Liu

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142358 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigated the antithrombotic properties of a fibrinolytic enzyme (CFE) purified from the culture supernatant of Coprinus comatus using a zebrafish thrombosis model. Methods: A phenylhydrazine-induced thrombosis model was employed to evaluate the in vivo thrombolytic efficacy and mechanisms of CFE. [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study investigated the antithrombotic properties of a fibrinolytic enzyme (CFE) purified from the culture supernatant of Coprinus comatus using a zebrafish thrombosis model. Methods: A phenylhydrazine-induced thrombosis model was employed to evaluate the in vivo thrombolytic efficacy and mechanisms of CFE. Results: CFE significantly attenuated thrombogenesis by inhibiting erythrocyte aggregation in the caudal vessels, reducing staining intensity (3.61-fold decrease) and staining area (3.89-fold decrease). Concurrently, CFE enhanced cardiac hemodynamics, increasing erythrocyte staining intensity (9.29-fold) and staining area (5.55-fold) while achieving an 85.19% thrombosis inhibition rate. Behavioral analysis confirmed improved motility, with CFE-treated zebrafish exhibiting 2.23-fold increases in total movement distance and average speed, alongside a 3.59-fold extension in active movement duration. Mechanistically, ELISA revealed the multi-pathway activity of CFE, promoting fibrinolysis through reductions in plasminogen, fibrinogen, and D-dimer; inhibiting platelet activation via downregulation of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), P-selectin, and von Willebrand factor (vWF); and modulating coagulation cascades through elevated protein C and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) with concurrent suppression of coagulation factor VII (FVII). Conclusions: These results indicate that the fibrinolytic enzyme CFE, derived from Coprinus comatus, exerts potent antithrombotic effects, supporting its potential as a basis for fungal-derived natural antithrombotic functional food ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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23 pages, 1809 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pediatric Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Targeting Intestinal Absorption and Other Therapeutic Strategies

by Konstantinos Arvanitakis, Elena Chatzikalil, Christina Antza, Christos Topalidis, Georgios Kalopitas, Elena Solomou, Vasilios Kotsis, Georgios Germanidis, Theocharis Koufakis and Michael Doumas

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2357; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142357 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder marked by significantly elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) since childhood, substantially increasing the risk of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. While dysfunction of hepatic LDL-C receptors is the main underlying cause, the gastrointestinal tract [...] Read more.

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disorder marked by significantly elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) since childhood, substantially increasing the risk of premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. While dysfunction of hepatic LDL-C receptors is the main underlying cause, the gastrointestinal tract plays a key role in cholesterol homeostasis and represents an important therapeutic target. Inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption has emerged as an effective strategy in the management of pediatric FH, particularly in patients for whom statins may not be the ideal first-line treatment. Ezetimibe, an inhibitor of the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1) protein, has been shown to reduce LDL-C levels in children with FH, with a greater efficacy observed when used in combination with statins. Bile acid sequestrants also enhance cholesterol excretion but are often limited by gastrointestinal side effects, while dietary interventions, such as phytosterol supplementation and fiber-enriched diets, provide additional benefits in lowering LDL-C and are generally well tolerated. Emerging therapies, including microbiota-targeted strategies and novel cholesterol absorption inhibitors, show promise for expanding future treatment options. This review explores the mechanisms of intestinal cholesterol absorption and their relevance to pediatric FH. We examine key pathways, including dietary cholesterol uptake through NPC1L1, bile acid reabsorption, and cholesterol efflux mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporters, while also discussing clinical and experimental evidence on pharmacological and dietary interventions that modulate these pathways. A deeper understanding of cholesterol metabolism, the emerging role of the gut microbiota, and innovative therapeutic agents can support the development of more effective and personalized approaches to the treatment of children with FH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Lifestyle and Treatment in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia)

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13 pages, 1017 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Systematic Review of Nutritional Guidelines for the Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Global Comparison

by Angelo Sirico, Maria Giovanna Vastarella, Eleonora Ruggiero and Luigi Cobellis

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2356; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142356 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 7–9% of pregnancies worldwide and is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Nutritional therapy is a key component of GDM management. However, inconsistencies exist across international and national guidelines regarding macronutrient distribution, glycemic targets, and micronutrient [...] Read more.

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 7–9% of pregnancies worldwide and is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Nutritional therapy is a key component of GDM management. However, inconsistencies exist across international and national guidelines regarding macronutrient distribution, glycemic targets, and micronutrient supplementation. This systematic review aims to compare updated nutritional recommendations for GDM across major health organizations and identify areas of consensus, divergence, and evidence gaps. Methods: This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251026194). A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (concluding March 2025), along with manual searches of official websites of professional health organizations (e.g., ADA, WHO, NICE, IDF). Guidelines published within the last 10 years (or the most relevant national guideline if slightly older), available in English or with access to translation, and including explicit nutritional recommendations for GDM were included. Data were extracted on macronutrient composition, glycemic targets, and micronutrient supplementation, with evaluation of the supporting evidence and regional context, incorporating findings from recent key guideline updates. Results: In total, 12 guidelines met the inclusion criteria. While all guidelines emphasized carbohydrate moderation and adequate fiber intake, significant discrepancies were found in carbohydrate quality recommendations (e.g., low-glycemic index focus vs. total carbohydrate restriction), postprandial glucose targets (e.g., 1-h vs. 2-h measurements and varying thresholds like <120 vs. <140 mg/dL), and the use of non-routine micronutrients such as chromium, selenium, and omega-3 fatty acids (generally lacking endorsement). Recent updates from key bodies like ADA, Diabetes Canada, and KDA largely maintain these core stances but show increasing emphasis on dietary patterns and acknowledgement of CGM technology, without resolving key discrepancies. Cultural adaptability and behavioral counselling strategies were minimally addressed across most guidelines. Conclusions: Despite general agreement on the principal recommendations of nutritional management in GDM, substantial variation persists in specific recommendations, even considering recent updates. Consistent, evidence-based, and culturally adaptable guidelines incorporating implementation strategies are needed to optimize care and reduce disparities in GDM management across regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Recommendations for Gynecological Diseases and Pregnancy Complications)

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10 pages, 301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Revisiting Additional Outcomes in Food Waste Studies: Evidence from Low-Income Households in Chile

by María Isabel Sactic and Andres Silva

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2355; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142355 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objective: Previous research has measured the impact of interventions on food purchases and food waste separately. Moreover, food waste studies have rarely included food insecurity measurements, which could help develop more comprehensive interventions. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effect [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Previous research has measured the impact of interventions on food purchases and food waste separately. Moreover, food waste studies have rarely included food insecurity measurements, which could help develop more comprehensive interventions. The aim of this article is to evaluate the effect of educational videos on food and fruit and vegetable purchases, waste and food insecurity in low-income households. Methods: This study uses an experimental design involving low-income households in Chile to evaluate the effects of three educational videos: videos of (T0) recipes using regular fruits, (T1) refrigerator cleaning instructions, and (T2) recipes using overripe fruits. Results: The videos featuring fruit-based recipes (T0 and T2) increased fruit purchases and reduced fruit waste. In contrast, vegetable purchases and waste increased, especially under the recipe-based interventions. All interventions led to a decrease in food insecurity. Conclusions: An intervention that leads to a reduction in fruit waste can also hide an increase on vegetable waste, as well as changes on purchases and a decrease of prevalence of food insecurity. These findings highlight the importance of measuring fruit and vegetable purchases and food insecurity as complementary outcomes in food waste studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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41 pages, 1846 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Potential of Nutraceutical Supplementation in Counteracting Cancer Development and Progression: A Pathophysiological Perspective

by Carmen Altomare, Roberta Macrì, Maria Serra, Sara Ussia, Giovanna Ritorto, Jessica Maiuolo, Carolina Muscoli, Enzo Perri and Vincenzo Mollace

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2354; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142354 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe, with a substantial increase in cases anticipated over the next few decades. Given the constraints and adverse effects associated with standard cancer therapies, the contribution of diet and nutraceuticals to cancer [...] Read more.

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe, with a substantial increase in cases anticipated over the next few decades. Given the constraints and adverse effects associated with standard cancer therapies, the contribution of diet and nutraceuticals to cancer prevention and treatment is receiving increased scrutiny. A diet rich in plant-based foods, extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), and bioactive compounds, including the Mediterranean Diet, has been associated with reduced cancer risk and improved treatment outcomes. This review aims to explore the complex mechanisms of the MedDiet and nutraceuticals (polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids) in cancer prevention, to determine their potential as cancer treatment adjuvants. Promising results show that key compounds such as bergamot polyphenolic fraction (BPF), cynaropicrin, oleuropein, quercetin, resveratrol, and serotonin can modulate oxidative stress, inflammation, the tumor microenvironment, the cell cycle, and drug resistance. A significant observation is that many of these substances demonstrate dual dose-dependent activity; they function as antioxidants in healthy cells but induce pro-oxidant and pro-apoptotic effects in cancerous cells. Their ability to boost chemotherapy’s effectiveness and safety while lessening side effects and offering combined advantages is also explored. To summarize, this review suggests that the Mediterranean Diet and nutraceutical supplements may help prevent and manage cancer, but more research is needed to confirm their benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health—2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 3166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining Food Sources and Their Interconnections over Time in Small Island Developing States: A Systematic Scoping Review

by Anna Brugulat-Panés, Cornelia Guell, Nigel Unwin, Clara Martin-Pintado, Viliamu Iese, Eden Augustus and Louise Foley

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142353 - 18 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face high rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and a key structural driver includes SIDS’ heavy reliance on imported food. Yet, our knowledge about food sources in SIDS is limited. Methods: We systematically searched 14 peer-reviewed databases and [...] Read more.

Background: Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face high rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and a key structural driver includes SIDS’ heavy reliance on imported food. Yet, our knowledge about food sources in SIDS is limited. Methods: We systematically searched 14 peer-reviewed databases and 17 grey literature repositories, identifying 56 articles and 96 documents concerning food sources in SIDS. Our study aimed to map these sources while considering broader societal, cultural, and environmental aspects. Results: We found high heterogeneity of food sources beyond store-bought foods, highlighting the complexity of food landscapes in this context. To explore these food sources and their interconnections, we developed a classification including Aid, Buy, Grow, Share, State and Wild food sources, and offered contextually-sensitive insights into their variety (types), extent (relevance), nature (characteristics) and changes over time. We developed an interactive open-access evidence map that outlined the identified interconnections between food sources following our proposed classification. There are numerous interrelations between food sources, showing that pathways from food sourcing to consumption can be unexpected and complex. Conclusions: In 2014, SIDS governments collectively committed to ending malnutrition by 2030. A deeper understanding of food sourcing is essential to achieve this goal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Prospects for Sustaining a Healthier Food System)

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12 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Sweetener Use in Hungary: A Cross-Sectional Study on Socioeconomic and Health Disparities from a Public Health Perspective

by Battamir Ulambayar, Marianna Móré and Attila Csaba Nagy

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2352; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142352 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The use of artificial sweeteners (AS) is increasing globally despite growing evidence suggesting potential health risks. This study investigates the sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with AS use in the Hungarian population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The use of artificial sweeteners (AS) is increasing globally despite growing evidence suggesting potential health risks. This study investigates the sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with AS use in the Hungarian population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using data from the 2019 European Health Interview Survey (EHIS), comprising 5603 participants. AS users were identified based on self-reported use of AS. Logistic regression models were used to examine associations between regular AS use and demographic, socioeconomic, and health variables. Interaction terms were included to explore potential effect modification. Results: AS use was reported by 20.1% of participants. Older adults, individuals with overweight or obesity, and those reporting poorer self-perceived health were more likely to use AS. AS use was also higher among individuals in lower and middle-income quintiles. Interaction analyses revealed that overweight and obese individuals with the lowest income, as well as older adults in poor health, were particularly likely to use AS. Conclusions: The findings highlight disparities in AS use across age, income, BMI, and health status, raising concerns about the public’s perception of AS as a healthier alternative. Public health strategies should focus on increasing awareness of the potential risks and encourage evidence-based dietary choices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

22 pages, 914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of an 8-Week Vegan Diet on the Nutritional Status and Performance of Semi-Professional Soccer Players—Results of the VegInSoc Study

by Josefine Nebl, Pauline Bruns, Meike Meier, Frank Mayer, Martin Smollich and Markus Keller

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2351; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142351 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Although there is an increasing interest among athletes in adopting plant-based diets, there is insufficient research available to determine how a vegan diet affects soccer performance. Methods: This interventional pilot study examined the effect of an 8-week vegan diet (VEG, n = [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Although there is an increasing interest among athletes in adopting plant-based diets, there is insufficient research available to determine how a vegan diet affects soccer performance. Methods: This interventional pilot study examined the effect of an 8-week vegan diet (VEG, n = 10) on nutritional status and athletic performance in semi-professional soccer players compared to controls (CON, n = 8). The study employed a controlled, non-randomized, longitudinal pilot study design during the season to compare the two groups. Results: Both groups displayed overall differences in nutrient intake, including insufficient energy and carbohydrates (t2: 46.2 [40.3–52.2] En% (VEG) vs. 37.6 [34.1–41.1] En% (CON); p = 0.036, Cohen’s d = 1.321). Notably, biochemical parameters 25(OH)D and ferritin levels fell within the normal ranges for both groups. The VEG group exhibited favorable changes in total and LDL cholesterol levels. Both groups had increased performances on the treadmill over the entire course of the study (VEG: +0.87 km/h (6.6%); CON: +0.96 km/h (7%); p > 0.05). The initial relative VO_2max at t0 was comparable between the groups. Primarily due to the significant weight loss in the VEG group (−1.94 kg, p = 0.007) rather than a change in absolute VO_2max values, we found an increased relative VO_2max in the VEG group, which was significantly different from that of the CON group (57.0 [53.7–60.3] mL/kg/min (VEG) vs. 51.6 [48.1–55.0] mL/kg/min (CON); p = 0.041, Cohen’s d = 1.675). Conclusions: These findings suggest that a short-term vegan diet does not adversely affect training-induced performance improvements and may be suitable for semi-professional soccer players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Plant-Based Diets in Sports Nutrition and Performance)

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37 pages, 1234 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Complex Gene–Carbohydrate Interaction in Type 2 Diabetes: Between Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

by Francesca Gorini and Alessandro Tonacci

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2350; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142350 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a public health problem globally, with the highest prevalence reported among older adults. While an interplay of various determinants including genetic, epigenetic, environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyle, particularly diet, has been established to contribute to T2D development, emerging [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a public health problem globally, with the highest prevalence reported among older adults. While an interplay of various determinants including genetic, epigenetic, environmental factors and unhealthy lifestyle, particularly diet, has been established to contribute to T2D development, emerging evidence supports the role of interactions between nutrients or dietary patterns and genes in the pathogenesis of this metabolic disorder. The amount, and especially the type of carbohydrates, in particular, have been correlated with the risk of non-communicable chronic disease and mortality. This narrative review aims to discuss the updated data on the complex and not fully elucidated relationship between carbohydrate–gene interactions and incidence of T2D, identifying the most susceptible genes able to modulate the dual association between carbohydrate intake and risk of developing T2D. The identification of genetic polymorphisms in response to this macronutrient represents a potentially powerful target to estimate individual risk and prevent the development of T2D in the context of personalized medicine. The postulation around novel foods potentially tailored to minimize the risks of developing T2D will pave the way for a new era into food research in relation to the safeguarding of well-being status in patients affected by, or at risk for, T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Gene–Diet Interactions and Human Health)

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12 pages, 1084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Effectiveness of Oral Semaglutide in Women with Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide, Multicentre, Retrospective, Observational Study (Women_ENDO2S-RWD Substudy)

by Rebeca Reyes-Garcia, Oscar Moreno-Pérez, Cristina Guillen-Morote, Inés Modrego-Pardo, Viyey Kishore Doulatram-Gamgaram, Carlos Casado Cases, Nieves Arias Mendoza, Cristina Tejera-Pérez, Jersy Cárdenas-Salas, Sandra Martínez-Fuster, Beatriz Lardiés-Sánchez, Rosa Márquez-Pardo, Pedro Pinés, Antonio Tejera-Muñoz, José Carlos Fernández-García and on behalf of the SEEN Diabetes Area

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2349; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142349 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Sex differences in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are a growing area of diabetes research. No data have been reported on sex differences with oral semaglutide (oSEMA) in a real-world setting. Methods: We included people with T2D who started treatment with oSEMA [...] Read more.

Background: Sex differences in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are a growing area of diabetes research. No data have been reported on sex differences with oral semaglutide (oSEMA) in a real-world setting. Methods: We included people with T2D who started treatment with oSEMA in routine clinical practice between November 2021 and November 2022, with at least one report of clinical follow-up (FU) data at 3 months. We evaluated in women with T2D (WWT2D) the clinical effectiveness of oSEMA and factors associated with clinical response and persistence. We also analyzed differences in baseline characteristics, clinical effectiveness, persistence rates and safety according to biological sex. Results: Of the 1018 subjects [median age: 63 years, body mass index (BMI): 33.8 kg/m², HbA1c: 7.8%], 469 were WWT2D. In WWT2D, oSEMA reduced HbA1c by 0.7% [−0.1 to −1.3] and 0.9% [−0.2 to −1.5] at the 6- and 12-month FU visits, while weight decreased by 4.6% [2.0 to 7.9] and 7.2% [2.5 to 10.9], respectively. Weight loss was >10% in 29.8% of WWT2D (95% CI 25.8 to 34.1); meanwhile, the combined endpoint (HbA1c decrease ≥ 1% + weight reduction ≥ 5%) was achieved in 23.5% (95% CI 19.8 to 27.5%) of WWT2D at the 12-month FU visit. Achievement of glycaemic targets was similar in women and men (59.3% vs. 61.1%). We found no sex differences in weight loss (6.9% vs. 6.8%), oSEMA maintenance dose, persistence rate (76.3% vs. 77.3%), or adverse events. Conclusions: oSEMA was effective and safe in WWT2D in a real-world setting, with nearly one-third of patients reporting weight loss >10% and more than two-thirds achieving HbA1c < 7%. oSEMA showed no sex bias in terms of effectiveness and safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Cardiovascular Disease)

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14 pages, 271 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Stunting Among Children Aged 0.5 to 12 Years in Peninsular Malaysia: Findings from the SEANUTS II Study

by Ika Aida Aprilini Makbul, Giin Shang Yeo, Razinah Sharif, See Meng Lim, Ahmed Mediani, Jan Geurts, Bee Koon Poh and on behalf of the SEANUTS II Malaysia Study Group

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2348; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142348 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Childhood stunting remains a critical public health issue in low- and middle-income countries. Despite Malaysia’s economic growth, there is limited large-scale evidence on the determinants of stunting among children from infancy to primary school age. This cross-sectional study, part of South [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Childhood stunting remains a critical public health issue in low- and middle-income countries. Despite Malaysia’s economic growth, there is limited large-scale evidence on the determinants of stunting among children from infancy to primary school age. This cross-sectional study, part of South East Asian Nutrition Surveys II (SEANUTS II), aimed to determine sociodemographic and environmental risk factors for stunting among 2989 children aged 0.5–12 years. Methods: Children were recruited from four regions in Peninsular Malaysia (Central, East Coast, 2022–2030Northern, Southern). Standing height or recumbent length was measured, and stunting was classified based on WHO criteria (height-for-age Z-score below −2 standard deviations). Parents reported information on socioeconomic status, sanitation facilities, and hygiene practices. Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to determine the determinants of stunting. Results: Stunting prevalence was 8.9%, with infants (aOR = 2.92, 95%CI:1.14–7.52) and young children (aOR = 2.92, 95%CI:1.80–4.76) having higher odds than school-aged children. Key biological predictors included low birth weight (aOR = 2.41; 95%CI:1.40–4.13) and maternal height <150 cm (aOR = 2.24; 95%CI:1.36–3.70). Chinese (aOR = 0.56; 95%CI:0.35–0.88) and Indian children (aOR = 0.16; 95%CI:0.05–0.52) had a lower risk of stunting compared to Malays. Conclusions: This study highlights the ongoing challenge of childhood stunting in Malaysia, with age, birth weight, ethnicity, and maternal height identified as key determinants. These findings call for early identification of at-risk households and targeted support, especially through education and financial aid to foster healthy child growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

17 pages, 301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dyslipidemia in Anorexia Nervosa Is Associated with Decreased Plasma Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid and a Specific Fatty Acid Pattern

by Aleš Žák, Marek Vecka, Peter Szitanyi, Marcela Floriánková, Barbora Staňková, Petra Uhlíková, Veronika Dostálová and Michal Burda

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142347 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Dyslipidemia and distorted fatty acid (FA) metabolism are frequent biochemical abnormalities associated with anorexia nervosa (AN). Gut microbiota is supposed to play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of AN. Apart from the digestive function of bile acids (BAs), these compounds have [...] Read more.

Background: Dyslipidemia and distorted fatty acid (FA) metabolism are frequent biochemical abnormalities associated with anorexia nervosa (AN). Gut microbiota is supposed to play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of AN. Apart from the digestive function of bile acids (BAs), these compounds have multiple metabolic functions due to the activation of specific receptors. Objective/aims: The aims of the study were to investigate biochemical measures, including plasma lipids (lipoproteins, respectively), fatty acid (FA) patterns, and the profile of plasma Bas, in AN patients and healthy controls (CON). Methods: Plasma phospholipid FA and BAs profiles were analyzed in 39 women with a restrictive type of AN (AN-R; median age 17 years) and in 35 CON women (median age 20 years). Results: Compared to CON, AN had an increased concentration of HDL-C, increased content of palmitic acid, and decreased proportion of linoleic acid. Moreover, AN had a drop in the level of the sum of PUFAn-6 and increased delta 9 desaturase activity for stearic acid. In AN, we found decreased levels of plasma tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA). In AN, concentrations of 22:5n-6, 16:0, 20:3n-6 and fat mass index were predic-tors of HDL-C levels (R² = 0.43). Conclusions: Patients with AN-R had an increased concentration of HDL-C, decreased levels of total PUFA n-6, and increased activity of D9D for stearic acid. Furthermore, AN exerted decreased levels of TUDCA. Therefore, a decreased level of TUDCA could potentially serve as a marker of AN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Mental Health Disorders)

25 pages, 4595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotic Potentials and Protective Effects of Ligilactobacillus animalis LA-1 Against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice

by Qingya Wang, Yuyin Huang, Kun Meng, Haiou Zhang, Yunsheng Han, Rui Zhang, Xiling Han, Guohua Liu, Hongying Cai and Peilong Yang

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2346; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142346 - 17 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity is increasingly recognized as a global health concern due to its association with metabolic disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis. While probiotics offer promise in regulating gut microbiota and improving host metabolism, strain-specific effects remain underexplored, particularly for canine-derived probiotics. This [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity is increasingly recognized as a global health concern due to its association with metabolic disorders and gut microbiota dysbiosis. While probiotics offer promise in regulating gut microbiota and improving host metabolism, strain-specific effects remain underexplored, particularly for canine-derived probiotics. This study aimed to isolate and characterize a novel probiotic strain, Ligilactobacillus animalis LA-1, and evaluate its anti-obesity effects and underlying mechanisms using a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mouse model. Methods: LA-1 was isolated from the feces of a healthy dog and assessed for probiotic potential in vitro, including gastrointestinal tolerance, bile salt hydrolase activity, cholesterol-lowering capacity, and fatty acid absorption. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a standard chow diet or an HFD for 16 weeks, with HFD mice receiving oral LA-1 supplementation (2 × 10⁹ CFU/day). Multi-omics analyses, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification, and untargeted liver metabolomics, were employed to investigate the effects of LA-1 on gut microbiota composition, metabolic pathways, and obesity-related phenotypes. Results: LA-1 supplementation significantly alleviated HFD-induced weight gain, hepatic lipid accumulation, and adipose tissue hypertrophy, without affecting food intake. It improved serum lipid profiles, reduced liver injury markers, and partially restored gut microbiota composition, decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enriching SCFA-producing genera. Total SCFA levels, particularly acetate, propionate, and butyrate, increased following LA-1 treatment. Liver metabolomics revealed that LA-1 modulated pathways involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism, resulting in decreased levels of acetyl-CoA, triglycerides, and bile acids. Conclusions: L. animalis LA-1 exerts anti-obesity effects via gut microbiota modulation, enhanced SCFA production, and hepatic metabolic reprogramming. These findings highlight its potential as a targeted probiotic intervention for obesity and metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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