Sustainability

22 pages, 3529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolutionary Patterns and Influencing Factors of Livelihood Resilience in Tourism-Dependent Communities Affected by an Epidemic: An Empirical Study in the Wulingyuan Scenic Area, China

by Jilin Wu, Qingqing Cao, Wenwen Ouyang, Bangyu Chen, Yi Su, Wenhai Xie and Shuiliang Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2937; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072937 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

Livelihood resilience research is a critical area in contemporary sustainable livelihood studies, offering valuable insights into residents’ livelihood transformation and strategies under sudden shocks or disruptions. This research analyzes 365 households from five towns reliant on tourism in the Wulingyuan Scenic range, situated [...] Read more.

Livelihood resilience research is a critical area in contemporary sustainable livelihood studies, offering valuable insights into residents’ livelihood transformation and strategies under sudden shocks or disruptions. This research analyzes 365 households from five towns reliant on tourism in the Wulingyuan Scenic range, situated in the central section of the Wuling Mountain range. The findings reveal that residents’ livelihood resilience decreased by 6.38% from the normal tourism stage (before 2020) to the epidemic disruption stage (2020–2022), followed by a 4.54% increase during the tourism recovery stage (after 2022). Despite fluctuations caused by exogenous shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic, residents’ livelihood resilience remained at a moderate level overall. Spatially, livelihood resilience exhibited a northwest–southeast dispersion trend, with a noticeable shift toward the southeast. Key drivers of resilience included increased material capital, enhanced organizational management capabilities, residents’ clear understanding of livelihood challenges, and positive attitudes. Conversely, constraints included the pandemic’s impacts, limited community participation, reduced tourist numbers, inefficient ecotourism management, insufficient financial capital, weak learning capacities, and monolithic livelihood strategies. The study highlights that those changes in the tourism development environment, coupled with interactive pathways of buffering, adaptation, and transformation capabilities, jointly influence livelihood resilience. Synergistic efforts in these areas can significantly enhance residents’ livelihood resilience. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 10204 KiB

Open AccessReview

Decarbonization of Shipping and Progressing Towards Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions to Net Zero: A Bibliometric Analysis

by Mohan Anantharaman, Abdullah Sardar and Rabiul Islam

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2936; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072936 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the regulator for the safety and pollution prevention of ships. They have set an ambitious target of driving International Shipping to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 by the process of decarbonization of shipping. Decarbonization [...] Read more.

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the regulator for the safety and pollution prevention of ships. They have set an ambitious target of driving International Shipping to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2050 by the process of decarbonization of shipping. Decarbonization of shipping is integral to sustainability, as it can reduce GHG emissions and provide a clean environment in a world that is conducive to the good health and well-being of our future kith and kin. Decarbonization of shipping may be achieved using alternate low-carbon fuels, a more efficient ship operation to save energy, or redesigning the ship’s hull. The purpose of this article is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the research papers conducted in the past decade on the initiatives adopted by the shipping industry to work towards the net-zero goal. This study utilizes the Scopus database, renowned for its extensive collection of scientific papers. Moreover, to analyze and visualize the data, the bibliometric software tools VOSviewer 1.6.20, Bibliometrix 4.4.0, and Harzings’ 8.17.4863 have been used. These tools facilitated the assessment of the research output in this bibliometric study. Our findings reveal a steady increase in publications over the years, with a notable rise in research interest from 2015 onward. The most frequently discussed topics include greenhouse gases, emission control, and energy efficiency, with notable contributions from the United Kingdom, China, and Scandinavian countries. The study also highlights the leading journals publishing about this research area. Future research directions include exploring alternative fuels and more inclusive policy frameworks for maritime decarbonization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Traffic-Related Emissions to Improve Air Quality)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 6954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accounting for Whole-Life Carbon, the Time Value of Carbon, and Grid Decarbonization in Cost–Benefit Analyses of Residential Retrofits

by Allison Hyatt and Holly W. Samuelson

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2935; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072935 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the carbon- and cost-effectiveness of decarbonization strategies in retrofits of prototypical single-family homes built before 1980 in Houston, Los Angeles, and Chicago, USA. When investigating the carbon performance of home retrofits, embodied carbon, location-specific electricity grid emission rates, variation in [...] Read more.

This study investigates the carbon- and cost-effectiveness of decarbonization strategies in retrofits of prototypical single-family homes built before 1980 in Houston, Los Angeles, and Chicago, USA. When investigating the carbon performance of home retrofits, embodied carbon, location-specific electricity grid emission rates, variation in future grid emission rates depending on policy changes, and the time value of carbon (TVC) are often omitted. If those subjects are addressed, they are rarely analyzed all together. Using energy simulation and Life Cycle Assessment, this research quantified the whole-life carbon reduction and Life Cycle Cost, in kgCO₂e/US$, associated with each retrofit, ranked the interventions accordingly, and calculated how the rankings would change if electricity grid emission rates differed or the TVC were considered. Assuming current grid emission rates, envelope retrofits tended to rank better than renewable energy and electrification upgrades in terms of carbon reduction per dollar spent. However, if grid emission rates were lower, electrification upgrades improved in rank, while renewable energy upgrades declined. Including the TVC generally caused retrofits with high initial carbon to drop in rank. The results illustrate that considering whole-life carbon, regionally specific grid emissions, future grid emission scenarios, and the TVC can have important implications on decarbonization recommendations, and the findings suggest that analyses, especially those supporting building policy or incentive programs, should include such considerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Green Building)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Regulation and Green Investment Efficiency: Threshold and Spatial Spillover Analysis for China

by Lixin Dai and Ruyue Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2934; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072934 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

To achieve the mutual coordination and sustainable development of ecology and the economy, China has been consistently strengthening its environmental regulations while simultaneously bolstering the green investments of heavily polluting enterprises. This study utilizes panel data from heavily polluting enterprises between 2017 and [...] Read more.

To achieve the mutual coordination and sustainable development of ecology and the economy, China has been consistently strengthening its environmental regulations while simultaneously bolstering the green investments of heavily polluting enterprises. This study utilizes panel data from heavily polluting enterprises between 2017 and 2022. Firstly, it employs the SBM-DEA method to quantify the green investment efficiency of the sampled enterprises. Secondly, it constructs panel threshold and spatial autoregressive models to investigate how environmental regulations impact the efficiency of green investments by these enterprises. The findings indicate that the green investment efficiency of heavily polluting enterprises in China is low. The relationship between environmental regulations and green investment efficiency exhibits double threshold effects and spatial spillover effects, forming an inverted “N” shape. After incorporating internal control factors, the threshold effect persists, displaying an inverted “N” shape, but with a broader promotion interval. These findings are crucial for formulating government policies on environmental regulation intensity, optimizing the efficiency of corporate green investment, and advancing the practice of sustainable development. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced TSMixer Model for the Prediction and Control of Particulate Matter

by Chaoqiong Yang, Haoru Li, Yue Ma, Yubin Huang and Xianghua Chu

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2933; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072933 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study presents an improved deep-learning model, termed Enhanced Time Series Mixer (E-TSMixer), for the prediction of particulate matter. By analyzing the temporal evolution of PM_2.5 concentrations from multivariate monitoring data, the model demonstrates significant prediction capabilities while maintaining consistency with observed [...] Read more.

This study presents an improved deep-learning model, termed Enhanced Time Series Mixer (E-TSMixer), for the prediction of particulate matter. By analyzing the temporal evolution of PM_2.5 concentrations from multivariate monitoring data, the model demonstrates significant prediction capabilities while maintaining consistency with observed pollutant transport characteristics in the urban boundary layer. In E-TSMixer, a fully connected output layer is proposed to enhance the predictive capability for complex spatiotemporal dependencies. The relevant data on air quality and traffic flow are fused to achieve high-precision predictions of PM_2.5 concentrations through a multivariate time-series forecasting model. An asymmetric penalty mechanism is added to dynamically optimize the loss function. Experimental results indicate that the proposed E-TSMixer model achieves higher accuracy for the prediction of PM_2.5, which significantly outperforms the traditional models. Additionally, an intelligent dual regulation of fixed and dynamic threshold model is introduced and combined with E-TSMixer for the decision-making model of the real-time adjustments of the frequency, routes, and timing of water truck operation in practice. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability Management Through the Assessment of Instability and Insecurity Risk Scenarios in Romania’s Energy Critical Infrastructures

by Dan Codruț Petrilean, Nicolae Daniel Fîță, Gabriel Dragoș Vasilescu, Mila Ilieva-Obretenova, Dorin Tataru, Emanuel Alin Cruceru, Ciprian Ionuț Mateiu, Aurelian Nicola, Doru-Costin Darabont, Alin-Marian Cazac and Costica Bejinariu

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2932; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072932 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

In the current context of sustainability management and energy insecurity, amplified by the military instability determined by the war between Russia and Ukraine, and the increasingly frequent occurrence of a series of plausible scenarios for disasters or energy blackouts worldwide, this work is [...] Read more.

In the current context of sustainability management and energy insecurity, amplified by the military instability determined by the war between Russia and Ukraine, and the increasingly frequent occurrence of a series of plausible scenarios for disasters or energy blackouts worldwide, this work is a real and applicable model for regional states that would like to critically analyze the situation of their energy security through identifying all the plausible risk scenarios targeting the energy critical infrastructures. The study has identified and assessed two of the most plausible risk scenarios (a natural disaster and a terrorist attack) in the case of a strategic power substation of 220 kV, 400 kV, or 750 kV undergoing a blackout effect. After having assessed the risks, the safety strategy for Romania’s national power system has been elaborated together with the safety strategy for the European Power system-ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity). The results of the study match other specialized works from different European countries and might represent a model for other types of energy safety risk assessments and for other types of critical infrastructures that are vital for the modern European society and for sustainability management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Assessment of Civil Infrastructure Systems and Risk Analysis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 15071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Heavy Metal Pollution and Risks in Soils from a Shut-Down Electroplating Plant

by Yan Wang, Tianlong Deng, Ruiyang Xu, Kunlong Hui, Jiawen Zhang, Ye Li and Haojie Lu

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2931; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072931 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

Spatiotemporal analysis of heavy metal pollution and risks in soils from a shut-down electroplating plant was carried out. Two batch samples were tested in December 2020 and August 2022, obtained from different sampling positions and depths. The results show that Cu, Pb, As, [...] Read more.

Spatiotemporal analysis of heavy metal pollution and risks in soils from a shut-down electroplating plant was carried out. Two batch samples were tested in December 2020 and August 2022, obtained from different sampling positions and depths. The results show that Cu, Pb, As, and Ni were the main pollutants, and their spatial distribution characteristics in December 2020 and August 2022 were similar. The pollution depth of Cu, Pb, As, and Ni was mainly concentrated within 1.0 m from the ground. In the horizontal direction, the four kinds of pollutants had some relatively concentrated pollution areas and many dispersed pollution points. In December 2020, Cu contamination was heavy, and the comprehensive ecological risk was slight. In August 2022, Cu contamination was heavy, Pb contamination was moderate, and the comprehensive ecological risk was moderate as well. Both As and Ni posed carcinogenic risks in both samples. Cu, Pb, As, and Ni migrated very slowly under the action of rainfall infiltration. Soil pollution was primarily attributed to wastewater discharge, while dispersed pollution sites were mainly caused by the landfilling of production waste. The research findings hold significant implications for heavy metal pollution control and risk prevention in the soil of electroplating enterprises. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empowering Agricultural Economic Resilience with Smart Supply Chain: Theoretical Mechanism and Action Path

by Deyin Zhang, Daiyin Jiang and Bing He

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2930; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072930 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

As agriculture faces increasingly complex risk shocks, improving the resilience of the agricultural sector is imperative. Therefore, as a result of their geographical penetration, smart supply chains in agriculture have attracted attention. This study examines the relationship between agricultural economic resilience and smart [...] Read more.

As agriculture faces increasingly complex risk shocks, improving the resilience of the agricultural sector is imperative. Therefore, as a result of their geographical penetration, smart supply chains in agriculture have attracted attention. This study examines the relationship between agricultural economic resilience and smart supply chains using panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2021. Benchmark regression results indicate that smart supply chains promote agricultural economic resilience, depending on geographical location. The threshold model test results indicate that the integration level of rural industries and increases in farmers’ disposable income result in smart supply chains having nonlinear effects on agricultural economic resilience. Moreover, the spatial spillover effect test indicates that the development of regional smart supply chains will also promote resilience in surrounding areas. The findings provide helpful insights for sustainable agricultural development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

28 pages, 670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Peer Effects of Green Management Innovation in China’s Listed Companies

by Ge Zhang and Lianmei Zhu

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072929 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

Green management innovation meets the requirements of sustainable development and is conducive to achieving an organic unity of economic, social, and ecological benefits for enterprises. Based on the peer effects theory, this study constructs a fixed-effects model to empirically analyze the existence, action [...] Read more.

Green management innovation meets the requirements of sustainable development and is conducive to achieving an organic unity of economic, social, and ecological benefits for enterprises. Based on the peer effects theory, this study constructs a fixed-effects model to empirically analyze the existence, action mechanism, moderation, and heterogeneity of peer effects on green management innovation behavior using panel data from listed Chinese companies from 2012 to 2022. The results indicate that peer effects significantly positively impact green management innovation, and the robustness test verifies the results in various ways. Furthermore, the mechanisms of peer effects from the perspectives of information learning and competition have been explored in this study. Specifically, peer effects are more likely to be promoted when enterprises possess a greater capacity for information acquisition, higher environmental uncertainty, and stronger environmental regulations. Notably, the peer effect of green management innovation is more significant for enterprises that face higher financing constraints, are in non-heavily polluting industries, and are supported by industrial policies. This study not only helps clarify the potential real motivation of corporate green management innovation but also provides strong empirical evidence for developing relevant policies and regulations. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Corporate Environmental Performance Through Big Data Analytics Implementation: The Role of Industry Environment

by Ahmed Alyahya and Gomaa Agag

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2928; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072928 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

Big data analytics (BDA) has recently received significant public interest and is widely considered as a transformative technology set to improve organizations’ environmental performance. However, prior empirical studies have yielded inconsistent findings. Based on organizational learning theory, our paper utilized a longitudinal approach [...] Read more.

Big data analytics (BDA) has recently received significant public interest and is widely considered as a transformative technology set to improve organizations’ environmental performance. However, prior empirical studies have yielded inconsistent findings. Based on organizational learning theory, our paper utilized a longitudinal approach to understand the relationships between big data analytics implementation and corporate environmental performance. This project also investigates the role of industry environment in influencing on these relationships. This project employed longitudinal data from 172 firms covering 2408 firm-year observations from Fortune 200 firms. We employed “the generalized method of moments (GMMs) technique” to test the study assumptions. Our analysis shows that a one-unit improvement in BDA leads to, on average, a 2.8% improvement in corporate environmental performance (CEP). In addition, the impact of BDA on CEP is greater in more complex and dynamic settings. This project offers meaningful implications for scholars and managers to understand the influence of BDA on CEP across various settings. Moreover, this study provides a more refined comprehension of the performance ramifications of BDA, consequently addressing the essential enquiries of how and when BDA can improve environmental performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Marketing for Sustainable Development from the Aspect of the Business Models)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 5448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning and Simulation for Efficiency and Sustainability in Container Terminals

by Abderaouf Benghalia, Amani Ferdjallah, Mustapha Oudani and Jaouad Boukachour

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2927; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072927 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

This paper examines the impact of reducing ship turnaround time on the performance of container terminals, with a focus on leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance operational efficiency. It presents a novel framework combining machine learning algorithms with discrete-event simulation to predict ship [...] Read more.

This paper examines the impact of reducing ship turnaround time on the performance of container terminals, with a focus on leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance operational efficiency. It presents a novel framework combining machine learning algorithms with discrete-event simulation to predict ship turnaround times using historical data. The proposed approach is empirically validated with data from the Algiers Port Container Terminal, achieving an exceptionally high predictive precision of 0.9991. Simulating terminal operations with both real and predicted data offers valuable insights into improving performance. The results demonstrate that minimizing empty trips and reducing the waiting times for handling equipment significantly enhance turnaround time. Additionally, optimizing terminal operations reduces carbon emissions, aligning with sustainable development objectives in port logistics. This study proposes a novel integration of machine learning and simulation, demonstrating its effectiveness in optimizing ship turnaround times and reducing carbon emissions. By integrating machine learning and discrete-event simulation, this research offers new perspectives on port logistics, contributing to the advancement of sustainable and efficient terminal operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Widespread Microplastic Pollution in Central Appalachian Streams: Implications for Freshwater Ecosystem Sustainability

by Isabella M. Tuzzio, Brent A. Murry and Caroline C. Arantes

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072926 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

Microplastic pollution levels and potential sources of contamination in North Central Appalachia are evaluated to fill a major knowledge gap regarding microplastics in freshwater systems, which lead to negative consequences for the sustainability of healthy freshwaters. Fifty-five northern hogsucker fish were sampled from [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution levels and potential sources of contamination in North Central Appalachia are evaluated to fill a major knowledge gap regarding microplastics in freshwater systems, which lead to negative consequences for the sustainability of healthy freshwaters. Fifty-five northern hogsucker fish were sampled from nine sites throughout seven freshwater streams in the region. Microplastic particles were extracted from the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts via 10% KOH digestion and identified visually. A total of 2185 particles were identified, ranging between 8 and 274 particles/individual and an average of 39.73 particles/individual. The most particles were found in fish within the Cheat watershed, particularly at the Big Sandy Creek downstream site, followed by tributaries of the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers. The most identified particle type was fiber (96.61%). There was a positive relationship between the total length of fish and number of particles. Agricultural land use and E. coli abundance were both positively correlated with microplastic abundance. Agricultural land use and sewage input both appear to be important drivers of microplastic pollution in these streams, although we cannot rule out the influence of atmospheric deposition. These results point to widespread levels of microplastic contamination in freshwater ecosystems in North Central Appalachia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Water Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 17577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depopulation and the Development of Peri-Urban Green Areas of Large Cities: Lessons Learned from Romania

by Radu Săgeată, Cristina Dumitrică and Dragoș Baroiu

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2925; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072925 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

The migration of the population from large urban centers to green areas in peri-urban areas is a characteristic phenomenon for large metropolises in Central and Eastern Europe, in the context of the accentuation of globalizing flows. Romania is a good example in this [...] Read more.

The migration of the population from large urban centers to green areas in peri-urban areas is a characteristic phenomenon for large metropolises in Central and Eastern Europe, in the context of the accentuation of globalizing flows. Romania is a good example in this regard. The paper analyzes the impact of urban–peri-urban migration in the general context of the demographic decline in this country and the regional differentiations of the dynamics of the depopulation phenomenon. Five regional metropolises with macro-territorial polarization functions were selected as case studies: Bucharest, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Iași and Constanța. The study aims to carry out a spatio-temporal correlative analysis on the development of the peri-urban areas bordering large cities, in order to fill a gap in the scientific literature on these aspects. It attempts to explain the causes of the atypical trajectories of these localities in the general context of the demographic decline affecting the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, through a complex analysis of the interdependencies between factors, drawing attention to the fragility of these areas in terms of green infrastructure and elaborating a series of forecasts regarding integrated urban–rural development. This paper contributes to the literature on spatial planning and in particular on the post-industrial reconversion of the areas bordering large urban centers, as a result of the phenomena of depopulation and exurbanization. It can serve as a reference for the stage of development of the peri-urban areas of the capital and the main regional metropolises in Romania, cities representative of the urban development trajectories in Central and Eastern Europe. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Green Areas: Benefits, Design and Management Strategies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2214 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges Faced by Lithium-Ion Batteries in Effective Waste Management

by Anna Luiza Santos, Wellington Alves and Paula Ferreira

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2893; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072893 (registering DOI) - 26 Mar 2025

Abstract

Electric vehicles are regarded as key players in reducing CO₂ emissions. However, managing the end-of-life (EoL) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses significant environmental and technical challenges. This presents a daunting task for governments, companies, and academics when discussing and developing initiatives for [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles are regarded as key players in reducing CO₂ emissions. However, managing the end-of-life (EoL) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) poses significant environmental and technical challenges. This presents a daunting task for governments, companies, and academics when discussing and developing initiatives for the EoL of LIBs. As more LIBs reach the end of their vehicular use, it becomes essential to identify key challenges. This research aims to analyze possible pathways, identify LIBs’ challenges in reaching the appropriate destinations, and propose actions to overcome these obstacles. Additionally, this study addresses those responsible for each challenge. A narrative review was employed as a methodological approach to achieve the proposed objectives, utilizing available literature on EoL LIB management. The research findings highlight various challenges, including safety, commercialization, and disassembly. To address these issues, this work recommends strategies such as extended producer responsibility, automation, and regulation. The study also emphasizes the necessity for a collaborative effort, particularly highlighting the key roles of government and industry in developing regulations, implementing effective waste management strategies, and driving market expansion, while academia contributes through research and technological advancements. The research contributes to a better understanding of sustainable LIB management, advocating for responsible disposal and reducing environmental and economic impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Recyclability of Intelligent Cardboard Packaging

by Patricija Pevec, Tea Kapun and Diana Gregor-Svetec

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2924; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072924 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

The circular economy, in which recycling plays a significant role, is increasingly becoming a primary requirement for packaging. Our research focused on the recycling of intelligent cardboard packaging. The focus of the study was to manufacture and recycle cardboard embedded with a printed [...] Read more.

The circular economy, in which recycling plays a significant role, is increasingly becoming a primary requirement for packaging. Our research focused on the recycling of intelligent cardboard packaging. The focus of the study was to manufacture and recycle cardboard embedded with a printed RFID antenna and a thermochromic indicator and to evaluate their recyclability. The Confederation of European Paper Industries (CEPI) method was employed to assess the recyclability of cardboard printed using digital printing techniques with integrated intelligent elements. The coarse reject and concentration following coarse screening were determined, and laboratory hand sheets were made for the adhesiveness test and visual evaluation. The fine screening procedure was performed. The acquired samples were evaluated for basic, mechanical, and optical properties. The analysis indicated that the recyclability of all examined materials was exceptionally good, confirming their suitability for normal recycling processes. Furthermore, the recycling efficiency exceeds 99% for all samples. Despite the variances in the samples, including metallic functional and thermochromic ink, they did not significantly impact the final outcome. Moreover, little variations in recyclability were seen between intelligent elements printed directly on cardboard and those printed on self-adhesive labels applied to the cardboard. The research has confirmed that the printed RFID antenna and thermochromic indicator have a negligible impact on the recyclability process and final score. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 3119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Border Rejections Reported in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) in 2008–2023: Identification of Hazards and Overview of Their Potential Health Implications

by Marcin Pigłowski, Birutė Mockevičienė and Maria Śmiechowska

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2923; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072923 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

An important element of sustainability is food security, related to ensuring access to suitable food. Despite having an intensive agricultural economy and a developed food industry, European Union (EU) countries import some products. Within the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), [...] Read more.

An important element of sustainability is food security, related to ensuring access to suitable food. Despite having an intensive agricultural economy and a developed food industry, European Union (EU) countries import some products. Within the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), so-called border rejections are reported, which accounted for 38.7% of all notifications submitted in 2008–2023. The purpose of this study was to analyse border rejections reported in the RASFF in 2008–2023, considering hazards, hazard categories, product categories, notifying country, and country of origin. The data were pre-processed in Microsoft Excel and then subjected to two-way joining cluster analysis in Statistica 13.3. Taking into account the quantity of imports and the hazards, the greatest attention should be paid to fruits and vegetables from Turkey (presence of ochratoxin A, pesticides, and sulphites), nuts from Turkey (aflatoxins), poultry and spices from Brazil (Salmonella spp.), fish from China and Morocco (poor temperature control), and feed and fruits and vegetables from Ukraine (moulds). Through border rejections, the common European market is protected from hazards in food from outside the EU, which contributes to sustainability. However, ensuring safety in this regard requires close cooperation between border posts of all member countries. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 2046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resource Benefit Evaluation of Lithium Recovery from New-Energy Vehicle Batteries

by Zhen Chen, Haizhou Zhou and Shuwei Jia

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2922; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072922 - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

With the popularity of new-energy vehicles, the recovery and reuse of lithium-ion battery (LIB) resources have become topics of great concern. This study explores the risks of the lithium resource chain in terms of supply–demand balance and lithium resource criticality. We propose a [...] Read more.

With the popularity of new-energy vehicles, the recovery and reuse of lithium-ion battery (LIB) resources have become topics of great concern. This study explores the risks of the lithium resource chain in terms of supply–demand balance and lithium resource criticality. We propose a prediction algorithm for lithium production based on reverse-order MT-EGM-SD (metabolism–even grey model–system dynamics), upon which a system dynamics model for lithium resource recycling and reuse is constructed. We use dynamic simulation to evaluate the benefits of lithium resource recovery and the effects of different LIB recovery strategies. The results show that LIB recycling strategies, such as enhancing subsidy levels and strengthening public awareness initiatives, can significantly increase lithium resource recovery rates. From a medium- and long-term perspective, however, the technological progress strategy can greatly reduce lithium consumption intensity in the battery. Cascade use policy has significant economic benefits, but it delays the recycling of secondary raw materials. Under the joint strategy with the best resource efficiency (stringent government recycling regulations and significant advancements in battery production technology), the lithium supply–demand balance and the lithium resource recovery rate increase by 301.89% and 795.65%, respectively. Meanwhile, lithium resource chain risk, lithium criticality, and actual lithium demand decrease by 18.77%, 18.86%, and 75.11%, respectively. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 11877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Housing Design for Circular Economy and Sustainability

by Avi Friedman

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2921; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072921 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibilities of bringing house development to a more sustainable and ecological level using the idea of the circular economy (CE) in the construction industry. Housing is an essential aspect of the economy and the [...] Read more.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibilities of bringing house development to a more sustainable and ecological level using the idea of the circular economy (CE) in the construction industry. Housing is an essential aspect of the economy and the building industry. The development of this sector is driven by an increasing urban population and the need to modernize existing residential buildings. Contemporary home situations should address reducing their detrimental impact on the natural environment. This is achievable by minimizing the consumption of natural resources and construction waste. This assumption is part of the core CE work, which allows for the recirculation of building materials. To discuss the underlying topics, this assumption was explored by employing a non-reactive desk research method. The review of scientific articles and studies covered the following topics: (i) the definition of CE, (ii) the shearing layers concept in building, and (iii) design for disassembly (DfD) in home construction. The second stage of evaluating the project “Domus Ex Machina” includes the following: (i) modular dimensions, (ii) prefabricated production, and (iii) adaptive designs and systems. In the discussion, this research identified several barriers to efficient CE adoption in the construction industry. The discussion highlights potential impediments to the application of the CE in housing contexts, including (i) storage and logistics issues, (ii) cost concerns and implementation challenges, (iii) policy inconsistencies across regions, and (iv) market demand and supply chain restrictions. The final paper conclusions demonstrate the significance of implementing the CE idea in housing building, hence reducing the negative impact on the environment. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5066 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal and Spatial Evolution Characteristics and Obstacle Factor Analysis of Rural Modernization Development Level in China

by Mingting Shi, Shenao Ma and Sheng Zhong

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2920; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072920 (registering DOI) - 25 Mar 2025

Abstract

Rural modernization constitutes a crucial aspect in the modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This paper assesses the level of rural modernization in China and investigates its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and restrictive factors through a spatial autocorrelation analysis and the obstacle degree model. [...] Read more.

Rural modernization constitutes a crucial aspect in the modernization of socialism with Chinese characteristics. This paper assesses the level of rural modernization in China and investigates its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and restrictive factors through a spatial autocorrelation analysis and the obstacle degree model. The research indicates that: (1) The overall rural modernization has escalated, with infrastructure and public services advancing at the fastest pace, while the modernization of the ecological environment and governance system lags relatively behind. The majority of provinces exhibit distinct internal imbalances and classified development traits, mainly categorized as the ecological priority type and economic priority type. (2) The eastern coastal areas and the southwest region have witnessed rapid development due to their well-established infrastructure and agglomeration of innovative elements; the northwest and northeast regions have developed slowly, influenced by geographical conditions and industrial structure. Regions exhibit the characteristics of both high and low agglomeration in multiple dimensions. (3) The modernization of governance systems and the ecological environment serve as the primary constraints, manifested as a low percentage of administrative villages, insufficient planning, excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers, and a low greening rate. Hence, it is necessary to address the shortcomings, optimize the spatial layout, and strengthen grassroots governance capacities to promote the coordinated advancement of rural modernization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Sustainability

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI