Plants

22 pages, 1528 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergy of Rhizophagus intraradices and Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria in Enhancing Carbendazim Degradation and Soybean Growth Under Hydroponic and Soil Systems

by Tianzhao Guan, Yuying Lin, Yueqin Peng, Jingping Ge, Weiguang Jie and Wenxiang Ping

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1833; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121833 (registering DOI) - 13 Jun 2026

Abstract

Soybean is a critical economic, oil and industrial raw material crop, yet its production is often hindered by pathogen infection and pesticide residues. This study explored the synergistic effects of Rhizophagus intraradices and mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) on AMF colonization, AMF spore density, [...] Read more.

Soybean is a critical economic, oil and industrial raw material crop, yet its production is often hindered by pathogen infection and pesticide residues. This study explored the synergistic effects of Rhizophagus intraradices and mycorrhizal helper bacteria (MHB) on AMF colonization, AMF spore density, total number of bacterial colonies, soybean growth, root rot disease index, and carbendazim residues. Hydroponic and pot experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with five biological replicates per treatment; after 30 days of growth, three replicates were randomly selected for all measurements. Results showed that inoculation with microbial agents, particularly co-inoculation, increased soybean biomass, reduced disease index, and decreased carbendazim residues. In the hydroponic experiment, co-inoculation increased plant height, aboveground fresh weight, and underground dry weight by 64.28%, 78.13%, and 109.09%, respectively, and decreased carbendazim residues by 71.84% relative to the carbendazim-alone group. In the pot experiment, co-inoculation reduced carbendazim residues by 81.25% and root rot disease index by 45.56% compared with the carbendazim-alone group. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation (p < 0.001) between carbendazim degradation in hydroponic and pot systems, indicating stable degradation function across environments. Co-inoculation of R. intraradices and MHB synergistically promotes soybean growth, suppresses root rot, and reduces carbendazim residues, providing a theoretical basis for developing functional microbial inoculants for safe and green soybean production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Plant Biostimulants for Agricultural Sustainability: Progress and Challenges)

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19 pages, 2963 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Mechanism of Eco-Friendly Hydrogel in Enhancing Condensation Water Utilization by Vegetation in Rocky Mountainous Areas

by Dan Ma, Shuai Zhang, Weijie Yuan and Yong Gao

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1832; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121832 (registering DOI) - 13 Jun 2026

Abstract

In rocky mountainous regions characterized by shallow, barren soils and water scarcity, non-rainfall water, such as condensation, plays a crucial ecological role in mitigating seasonal drought in forest trees. To enhance the water-use capacity of vegetation, this study utilized a previously developed eco-friendly [...] Read more.

In rocky mountainous regions characterized by shallow, barren soils and water scarcity, non-rainfall water, such as condensation, plays a crucial ecological role in mitigating seasonal drought in forest trees. To enhance the water-use capacity of vegetation, this study utilized a previously developed eco-friendly PVA–CS/SA–Ca²⁺ hydrogel. The primary objective was to elucidate the synergistic mechanisms by which the hydrogel optimizes condensed water utilization and drives the ecophysiological recovery of Pinus tabuliformis and Platycladus orientalis, two keystone afforestation species in northern China. Utilizing a controlled environmental chamber to simulate the condensation and humidification process, the experiment established three treatments: a control group (CK), a pot-sealed group (PS, to isolate soil water absorption), and a hydrogel-amended group (Hydrogel-Root Wrapping, HRW). To comprehensively evaluate the water utilization mechanisms, the amount of condensed water captured by the system was quantified, and hydrogen isotope tracing techniques were employed to precisely track water transport pathways and contribution rates. Concurrently, key physiological parameters were systematically determined, including leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, leaf water content, net photosynthetic rate, and transpiration rate. The results demonstrated the following: (1) the hydrogel significantly enhanced the condensation water capture capacity of the system. The net mass gains of the Pinus tabuliformis and Platycladus orientalis systems under the HRW treatment reached 26.3 g and 32.9 g, respectively, which represented 1.17 and 1.30 times those of the CK treatment, and 1.52 and 1.54 times those of the PS treatment. (2) Isotope tracing confirmed that both tree species possess significant Foliar Water Uptake (FWU) capacity. Following condensation, the δ²H values in the leaves of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis surged to 113.5‰ and 85.3‰, respectively, with stem δ²H values increasing by 31‰ and 22‰ compared to their initial baseline. (3) The introduction of the hydrogel in the HRW treatment provided 11.2% and 10.9% of the stem water supply for Platycladus orientalis and Pinus tabuliformis, respectively, thereby reducing their dependence on soil water by 8.3% and 13.1%. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the fractional contribution of condensation water to stem water between the PS and CK treatments. (4) Regarding physiological responses, the application of the hydrogel material effectively improved the physiological status of the plants. The leaf water potentials of Pinus tabuliformis and Platycladus orientalis increased to −0.15 MPa and −1.32 MPa, respectively. Concurrently, stomatal conductance (3.25 and 3.64 mm·s⁻¹) and leaf water content (58.4% and 67.4%) were significantly higher than those in the other treatments. In summary, the hydrogel can significantly enhance the capture, conversion, and utilization efficiency of condensation water by vegetation, effectively optimizing the water supply dynamics of the system. This provides key theoretical and technical support for ecological afforestation in difficult sites within rocky mountainous areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Responses to a Changing Climate: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives: 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 4459 KB

Open AccessArticle

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Imposes a Net Carbon Cost on Maize Under Phosphorus-Sufficient Conditions and Alters Nutrient-Dependent Scaling Trajectories

by Luqman Dau, Arunee Wongkaew, Wannasiri Wannarat, Worachart Wisawapipat, Kreingkrai Nonkum, Orawan Kumdee, Sirilak Kaewsuralikhit and Sutkhet Nakasathien

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1831; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121831 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

The impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) on root–shoot scaling strategies under zinc and phosphorus deficiency remains poorly understood in maize. The aims of this study were (i) To quantify the effects of zinc/phosphorus deficiency on AMF colonization, (ii) to quantify biomass accumulation [...] Read more.

The impact of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) on root–shoot scaling strategies under zinc and phosphorus deficiency remains poorly understood in maize. The aims of this study were (i) To quantify the effects of zinc/phosphorus deficiency on AMF colonization, (ii) to quantify biomass accumulation in different plant parts in the presence of AMF, and (iii) to characterize how AMF alter root–shoot allometric scaling under zinc/phosphorus deficiency. We conducted a pot experiment arranged in RCBD split plot with 6 replications. SUWAN 5819 maize seeds were grown for 22 days under five Hoagland’s solution-based nutrient regimes (+Zn+P, −Zn−P, +Zn−P, −Zn+P, and deionized water), with and without AMF. AMF colonization was highest (49.6%) under −Zn+P contrary to hypothesis 1 which predicted highest colonization under dual deficiency, while the deionized water treatment had the lowest colonization (30.1%). Phosphorus was the dominant factor affecting biomass accumulation with a 2–4-fold reduction in organ dry weights for phosphorus-deficient treatments compared to phosphorus-sufficient treatments. AMF colonization significantly reduced dry weights in +Zn+P by 8.6%, 19.0%, and 47.5% in the leaf, stem, and roots, respectively, consistent with mycorrhiza-induced growth depression (MGD). Nutrient deficiency resulted in root biomass accumulation, consistent with the optimal partitioning theory. AMF increased shoot mass fraction from 50% to 63% in +Zn+P, and from 41% to 52.5% in −Zn−P, suggesting AMF role in modulating biomass accumulation. Root–shoot scaling slopes derived from LMM revealed that zinc deficiency caused negative scaling trajectory, and AMF was associated with positive root–shoot scaling trajectory in the −Zn+P treatment, though the scaling relationship was not confirmed by SMA analysis. These findings highlight nutrient specific AMF-mediated growth dynamics in early vegetative stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Microbe Interactions: Unlocking Adaptive Strategies for Nutrient Efficiency and Stress Resilience)

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16 pages, 4512 KB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Potassium Application Ameliorates Drought-Induced Seed Yield Loss and Enhances Nutritional and Seed Oil Quality in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

by Zehua Wan, Yiming Xu and Sheng Fang

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121830 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

Sesame is a considerable oilseed crop, but its growth and production are restricted by drought. Potassium (K) is well known for its mitigating effects against drought. Here, two consecutive years of experiments were conducted with varying K fertilizer rates (0, 60, and 120 [...] Read more.

Sesame is a considerable oilseed crop, but its growth and production are restricted by drought. Potassium (K) is well known for its mitigating effects against drought. Here, two consecutive years of experiments were conducted with varying K fertilizer rates (0, 60, and 120 kg K₂O ha⁻¹) under well-watered and drought conditions to evaluate the impacts of K on sesame seed quality. The results demonstrated that, compared to well-watered conditions, drought caused a decline in seed oil content (5.9–8.6%) but inversely induced an increase in seed K (8.5–23.8%), lignans (10.2–21.6%), and essential amino acids over a period of 2 years. Potassic fertilizer significantly increased seed K, oil, and lignans contents, aligning with ameliorative oil and protein yield relative to K deficiency plants under drought. Moreover, K supply (especially 120 kg K₂O ha⁻¹) increased proline and tryptophan contents by 5.2% and 4.9% under drought compared to the plants without K application, which contributed to producing lignans and enhancing the capacity against oxidative changes. Under drought, 60 and 120 kg K₂O ha⁻¹ application significantly increased linoleic (5.5–9.3%), and stearic acids (7.1–13.7%) content while decreasing palmitic (5.3–14.7%), oleic (4.6–6.4%), and linolenic acids (4.8–11.9%) content, respectively, thereby increasing the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids and unsaturation index compared with control without K. Overall, K application at the rate of 120 kg K₂O ha⁻¹ could be considered as a practical and straightforward strategy to improve the quality of sesame seed products by increasing seed K, oil, lignans, linoleic acid, and unsaturated index for pharmaceutical and food purposes in areas encountering drought stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drought Stress Adaptation in Bioenergy Crops)

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20 pages, 9378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Primula xideensis (Primulaceae), a New Species from Sichuan, China, Based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence

by Jiang-Tao Li, Xiong Li, Cheng-Wu Liu, Bo Xu, Jun Hu, Fan-Juan Meng and Wen-Bin Ju

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1829; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121829 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

We document and illustrate Primula xideensis, a new species collected from Xide County, Sichuan Province, China. Morphologically, it resembles P. stenocalyx, P. farinosa s.l., and P. pulchella, but differs by its roots densely covered with multicellular hairs; elliptic to [...] Read more.

We document and illustrate Primula xideensis, a new species collected from Xide County, Sichuan Province, China. Morphologically, it resembles P. stenocalyx, P. farinosa s.l., and P. pulchella, but differs by its roots densely covered with multicellular hairs; elliptic to obovate leaves with non-revolute, irregularly and deeply dentate margins, both surfaces efarinose, shortly hairy, and scabrous; tubular calyx parted to the middle; corolla mouth densely white-farinose; stamens positioned at mid-corolla tube in pin flowers and near the throat in thrum flowers; styles reciprocally placed; and an oblong capsule shorter than the persistent calyx. To clarify its phylogenetic placement, we constructed phylogenetic trees using two datasets: 63 complete chloroplast genome sequences and 75 nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) sequences. Both trees showed similar topologies, consistently placing the new species within a monophyletic group of Sect. Aleuritia, supporting its assignment to this section. For a deeper comparison between the new species and other members of Sect. Aleuritia, we incorporated chloroplast genomes of seven additional species from this section. The results revealed highly conserved chloroplast genomes among all eight species, with only minor differences between the new species and the others. Primula xideensis is currently known only from its type locality. Based on IUCN Red List criteria, its conservation status is assessed as Data Deficient (DD). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification)

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15 pages, 986 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Yield of GmJAG1-Edited Soybeans Accompanied by Improved Function of the Rhizosphere Microbiome

by Xiuping Chen, Chenhui Hou, Huilin Yu and Jiajian Xie

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1828; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121828 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

In the present study, we investigated how soybean yield is enhanced upon editing of the gene GmJAG1 and the consequent influence on the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbiome. Field trials revealed that gene-edited (GE) soybeans had a 55.22% increase in yield [...] Read more.

In the present study, we investigated how soybean yield is enhanced upon editing of the gene GmJAG1 and the consequent influence on the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbiome. Field trials revealed that gene-edited (GE) soybeans had a 55.22% increase in yield without concomitant changes in root length. Metagenomic sequencing of the rhizosphere soil microbiome showed that, compared with the corresponding non-edited line (CK), the alpha diversity of the GE groups remained unaltered, whereas beta diversity differed significantly at the soybean reproductive (R2) stage. Notably, the rhizosphere microbiome of GE soybeans at the R2 stage exhibited enrichment of functional pathways related to transport, amino acid biosynthesis, and central metabolism. These findings suggest that GmJAG1 editing may shape the functional profile of the rhizosphere microbiome, which could potentially contribute to yield gains. This work offers a novel microbiological perspective for understanding the mechanisms by which yield may be improved in GE crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Soil Microbes in Sustainable Crop Production)

26 pages, 17542 KB

Open AccessArticle

Castor RcnsLTPC Confers Salt Tolerance in Yeast and Tobacco with Synergistic Enhancement by ZnO-NPs Priming

by Peilin Han, Bing Gao, Yingxin Han, Yueming Li, Jinghong Wang and Jixiang Lin

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1827; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121827 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

Soil salinity severely restricts castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed germination, yet the molecular basis of this trait remains poorly understood. Here, we identified and functionally characterized RcnsLTPC, a nonspecific lipid transfer protein gene strongly induced by salt stress, which encodes a [...] Read more.

Soil salinity severely restricts castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed germination, yet the molecular basis of this trait remains poorly understood. Here, we identified and functionally characterized RcnsLTPC, a nonspecific lipid transfer protein gene strongly induced by salt stress, which encodes a plasma membrane-localized nsLTP1 protein. Promoter analyses indicated that RcnsLTPC is responsive to stress-, hormone-, and light-related signals, supporting its potential role in environmental adaptation. Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum consistently demonstrated that RcnsLTPC acts as a positive regulator of salt tolerance, improving germination, root development, biomass accumulation, antioxidant capacity, and ion homeostasis under NaCl stress. Notably, ZnO-NPs priming further amplified the protective effects of RcnsLTPC, suggesting a synergistic interaction between nanopriming and gene-mediated stress adaptation. Collectively, these findings establish RcnsLTPC as a key regulator of salt tolerance in castor and provide a conceptual basis for combining nanotechnology with genetic enhancement to improve crop performance on saline soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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21 pages, 1517 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Kelch-Repeat Superfamily Gene SiNL4 Regulates the Leaf Width in Foxtail Millet

by Yuqin Zhao, Yixuan Ma, Yanyu Yang, Lejie Yang, Lu Chen, Tianguo Wang, Shiyuan Wang, Kai Zhao, Xiaorui Li, Shuqi Dong, Hongzhi Wang, Xiaoqian Chu, Jiagang Wang, Lulu Gao and Guanghui Yang

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1826; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121826 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

The Kelch-repeat superfamily genes played important roles in regulating plant growth and development; however, their functions in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) have not yet been characterized. In this study, SiNL4, a homolog of ZmNL4 controlling leaf width in maize, was [...] Read more.

The Kelch-repeat superfamily genes played important roles in regulating plant growth and development; however, their functions in foxtail millet (Setaria italica) have not yet been characterized. In this study, SiNL4, a homolog of ZmNL4 controlling leaf width in maize, was knocked out using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and two homozygous knockout lines (ko1 and ko2) were obtained. Phenotypic analysis showed that compared with the wild-type Ci846, ko1 and ko2 exhibited reduced leaf width and decreased yield related traits (e.g., panicle weight, grain width, and 1000-grain weight). Cytological analysis showed that changes in leaf width of ko1 and ko2 resulted from a decrease in leaf epidermal cell width and the number of small vascular bundles (SVBs) close to the leaf edge, suggesting that SiNL4 might regulate leaf width by influencing cell expansion and the development of SVB. Spatiotemporal expression analysis indicated that the relative expression level of SiNL4 was high in the stem, leaf, and young panicle. Subcellular localization showed that SiNL4 was mainly localized in the mitochondria and plasma membrane. In addition, the T-DNA insertion mutant (Atnl4) of AT5G18590, the ortholog of SiNL4 in Arabidopsis thaliana, exhibited similar phenotypes with reduced rosette leaf width, seed width, and 1000-seed weight. Moreover, complementary expression of SiNL4 in Atnl4 not only restored the phenotypes, but also significantly increased the 1000-seed weight, indicating that the function of these two genes might be conserved. Meanwhile, we found that SiNL4 knockout caused a decrease in chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate (Pn), showing that SiNL4 might be involved in regulating photosynthesis. In summary, this study revealed the function of SiNL4 in regulating leaf width in foxtail millet, providing a potential gene for the genetic improvement of foxtail millet. Full article

25 pages, 2022 KB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Drivers of Weed Floristic Diversity in Two Contrasting Sugarcane Agroecosystems

by Mohamed Abdelazeem Mousa, Ahmed K. Osman, Mashail N. Alzain, Oqba Basal, Mohamed Kamel, Sabah A. Hammad, Naglaa Loutfy and Mohamed O. Badry

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121825 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

Sugarcane is a high-value crop in Egypt, yet weed communities in the understudied Upper Egypt region have not been systematically characterized. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of weed floristic composition, phytogeographical affinities, and the edaphic and canopy light factors governing vegetation structure [...] Read more.

Sugarcane is a high-value crop in Egypt, yet weed communities in the understudied Upper Egypt region have not been systematically characterized. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of weed floristic composition, phytogeographical affinities, and the edaphic and canopy light factors governing vegetation structure across contrasting Nile Valley clay and reclaimed desert lands in Qena Governorate. Fourteen stands were surveyed during the 2024/2025 sugarcane growing season, recording 110 species from 33 families (68 annuals and 42 perennials), which were dominated by Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Amaranthaceae (54.6% of the flora recorded). Therophytes were the most abundant life form (60.9%), and 51.8% of species belonged to Neotropical, Palaeotropical, Cosmopolitan, and Pantropical chorotypes. Diversity indices showed high and balanced species diversity, with no dominance by any single species. Seasonal variation showed that species richness peaked in spring, decreased through summer and autumn, and correlated with light intensity under the canopy. TWINSPAN identified four vegetation groups, which were merged into three primary vegetation groups (A, B, and C) via DCA and CCA ordinations and linked to microhabitats shaped by elevation and soil physicochemical properties. CCA revealed that Group C (stands in the Nile Riverbank lands) had the highest diversity, which was associated with organic matter, clay, and field capacity. In contrast, Group A (stands of reclaimed desert land) had low richness linked to high levels of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Na, K, Mg, CaCO₃, and sandy soils. Group B (stands of Nile clay lands) was an intermediate transitional community between groups A and C. These findings establish edaphic factors as the primary determinant of weed community structure, with salinity as the critical constraint in reclaimed lands and seasonal light variation as a secondary diversity filter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop–Weed Competition: Ecological Interactions and Management Strategies)

14 pages, 1174 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reduced Photosynthetic Efficiency of Tilia (Tilia tomentosa) Exposed to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (RF-EMF)—JIP-Test Analysis

by Julian Keller and Uwe Geier

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1824; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121824 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

The growing use of wireless technology significantly increases the exposure of all living organisms to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). However, the physiological effects of RF-EMF on plants have not yet been sufficiently researched. In this study, we investigated the effects of RF-EMF radiation [...] Read more.

The growing use of wireless technology significantly increases the exposure of all living organisms to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). However, the physiological effects of RF-EMF on plants have not yet been sufficiently researched. In this study, we investigated the effects of RF-EMF radiation in the frequency ranges 1890–1900 MHz (DECT) and 2.4 GHz plus 5 GHz (Wi-Fi) on photosynthetic performance of Tilia plants (Tilia tomentosa). The recorded fast chlorophyll fluorescence transients were used to analyze the structure and function of PSII by the JIP-test. The analysis of the fluorescence of chlorophyll a showed that the RF-EMF interfered with the electron transport processes of photosynthesis. Tilia plants exposed to RF-EMF induced decrease in photosynthetic efficiency (F_V/F_M) and inactivation of part of PSII reaction centers (RC/CS_O). Observations of leaf senescence and lifespan over a period of 102 days showed that RF-EMF-exposed Tilia plants exhibited accelerated aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

17 pages, 522 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Enzyme- and Ultrasound-Assisted Treatments on the Recovery of Insoluble-Bound Phenolic Antioxidants from Common Bean Flours

by María José Rojas-Vidal, Miguel A. Varas Condori, María Fernanda Arias-Santé, Samantha Rhein, Raquel Bridi, Miguel Angel Rincón-Cervera, Lee A. Meisel, Nélida Nina, Guillermo Schmeda-Hirschmann, Juana Frias and Adriano Costa de Camargo

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1823; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121823 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

Common beans contain insoluble-bound phenolic compounds with potential bioactive properties; however, their recovery generally depends on harsh hydrolytic conditions and organic solvents. This study evaluated alternative extraction strategies for the recovery of insoluble-bound phenolic compounds from raw and cooked common bean flours of [...] Read more.

Common beans contain insoluble-bound phenolic compounds with potential bioactive properties; however, their recovery generally depends on harsh hydrolytic conditions and organic solvents. This study evaluated alternative extraction strategies for the recovery of insoluble-bound phenolic compounds from raw and cooked common bean flours of two Andean varieties (Peumo and Magnum), using Viscozyme L^®, ultrasound, and pretreatment with ultrasound followed by Viscozyme L^®. The resulting extracts were characterized in terms of phenolic profile by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, total phenolic content (TPC), and antioxidant activity. Enzymatic treatment improved the recovery of insoluble-bound phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity compared with the control, while ultrasound alone showed limited effectiveness under the evaluated conditions. The combination of ultrasound pretreatment and Viscozyme L^® generally improved recovery of some phenolic compounds and antioxidant-related endpoints relative to control conditions. Cooking generally reduced TPC and antioxidant activity, although the effect on individual phenolic compounds depended on the extraction treatment. Overall, enzyme-assisted extraction, especially when combined with ultrasonic pretreatment, represents a promising strategy for improving the recovery of insoluble phenolic compounds from common bean flour. Further optimization is still needed to improve the sustainability of the process and its industrial applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant-Based Foods and By-Products)

18 pages, 1550 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Docking of Phytochemicals Involved in Apoptotic Pathway and Their Interactions with CASP3, CASP9, and BAX in HepG2 Cell Line

by Madiha Younas, Muhammad Zubair, Muhammad Yousaf Shani, Samia Ahmad, Iqra Arshad, Wacław Jarecki, Muhammad Azmat, Ghulam Farid, Muhammad Yasin Ashraf and Lanlan Zhu

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1822; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121822 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

As liver cancer is a leading cause of death all over the world, there is a need to explore new therapeutic strategies. This study presents an in silico analysis of the genes Caspase₃ (CASP₃), Caspase₉ (CASP₉ [...] Read more.

As liver cancer is a leading cause of death all over the world, there is a need to explore new therapeutic strategies. This study presents an in silico analysis of the genes Caspase₃ (CASP₃), Caspase₉ (CASP₉), and BCL-2-associated X protein (BAX) in liver cancer cells to evaluate the apoptosis profile following exposure to green-synthesized plant extract. We assessed the modulatory effects of phytochemicals on the apoptotic pathway by means of bioinformatics tools and a publicly available gene expression dataset. Our findings revealed the possible mechanistic basis of the pro-apoptotic activity observed in vitro, utilizing a structure-based molecular docking method. The biologically synthesized AgNPs at a concentration of 50 µg/mL induced an approximately 4-fold increase in the mRNA expression levels of CASP3, CASP9, and BAX compared with chemically synthesized AgNPs, as determined by qPCR. Rutin was the compound with the highest binding affinities toward all three proteins, with ΔG values of −9.3 kcal/mol (Caspase₃), −9.1 kcal/mol (Caspase₉), and −9.0 kcal/mol (BAX). These findings offer new insights about the molecular mechanisms that support the cytotoxicity of phytochemicals, and simultaneously highlight the potential of green nanotechnology for the development of therapeutic strategies for liver cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medicinal Properties and Biological Activity of Plant Extracts)

22 pages, 2451 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Profile and Evaluation of the Growth-Inhibitory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activity Potential of Polar Extracts of Reseda alba L. (Resedaceae)

by Giuseppe A. Malfa, Antonietta Cerulli, Donata Condorelli, Assunta Napolitano, Elena Preite, Nicodemo G. Passalacqua, Monica R. Loizzo, Sonia Piacente and Rosa Tundis

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1821; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121821 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the chemical composition and the biological properties of Reseda alba L., commonly known as white mignonette. Extracts obtained from leaves (L), flowers (F), stems (S), and immature fruits (Fr) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were assessed for [...] Read more.

This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the chemical composition and the biological properties of Reseda alba L., commonly known as white mignonette. Extracts obtained from leaves (L), flowers (F), stems (S), and immature fruits (Fr) by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) were assessed for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and growth-inhibitory activity, and chemically characterized by an analytical approach based on liquid chromatography/electrospray/high-resolution tandem–mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/HRMS/MS). The resulting chromatographic profile revealed 30 major constituents belonging to the flavonoids, glucosinolates, phenolic acids, and polar lipids, as well as hydroxy fatty acid classes. Naringenin-di-C-glucoside, isorhamnetin-O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside, kaempferol-O-dideoxyhexosyl-hexoside, and isorhamnetin O-dideoxyhexoside are reported here for the first time in the genus Reseda. The Fr extract exhibited the highest anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging properties, likely due to its higher flavonoid content compared to the other extracts. On the other hand, the F extract significantly reduced the viability of colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2) and hepatocarcinoma (HepG-2) cells. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay showed that the treatments with R. alba did not induce the release of the marker enzyme in CaCo-2 and HepG-2 cells, suggesting the involvement of a different cell death pathway. Overall, the bioactivities observed among the different plant organs highlight the beneficial potential of R. alba and provide a rationale for future bioactivity-guided isolation studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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13 pages, 3603 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Responses of Apple to Nitrogen Fertilization Regimes: Roles of Calcium Metabolism in Fruit Quality and Bitter Pit Development

by Yue Xing, Zhanling Zhu, Ge Tian, Minghui Du, Hui Cao and Shunfeng Ge

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1820; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121820 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

Excessive or improper nitrogen (N) fertilization can disrupt calcium (Ca) nutrition in apple trees and induce Ca-related physiological disorders, yet its effects on Ca availability and partitioning remain unclear. This study evaluated the impact of different N fertilization regimes on soil Ca availability, [...] Read more.

Excessive or improper nitrogen (N) fertilization can disrupt calcium (Ca) nutrition in apple trees and induce Ca-related physiological disorders, yet its effects on Ca availability and partitioning remain unclear. This study evaluated the impact of different N fertilization regimes on soil Ca availability, Ca partitioning, and Ca bioavailability in fruit tissues of 10-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple trees, using Ca fractionation analysis combined with multi-criteria decision-making (TOPSIS). High N applied as a single dose (H1) significantly reduced soil water-soluble and exchangeable Ca, while increasing Ca oxalate (CaOx) accumulation in fruit pedicels, particularly at maturity. Although total CaOx in fruit flesh decreased, its relative proportion increased, indicating enhanced Ca sequestration. In contrast, split application of moderate N (M3) maintained more stable soil Ca availability, reduced CaOx accumulation, and improved Ca allocation to fruit tissues. Integrated evaluation ranked treatments as M3 > M1 > H3 > H1. Overall, moderate and split N fertilization reduced Ca sequestration into CaOx, enhanced Ca availability, and improved Ca distribution in fruit tissues, providing a physiological basis for optimizing N management to mitigate Ca-related disorders and improve fruit quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Crop Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Challenging Environments)

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17 pages, 2149 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Stylosanthes spp. Under Water Deficit Conditions

by Vitor Oliveira dos Santos, Marilza Neves do Nascimento, Daniel Lucas Santos Dias, Robson de Jesus Santos, Uasley Caldas de Oliveira, Aritana Alves da Silva, Lorena Passos de Souza and Claudineia Regina Pelacani

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1819; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121819 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

Studies aimed at identifying genotypes tolerant to water deficit are essential for the development of superior plant materials adapted to regions with limited water availability, such as the Brazilian Semi-Arid. This study evaluated the physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic responses of Stylosanthes spp. subjected [...] Read more.

Studies aimed at identifying genotypes tolerant to water deficit are essential for the development of superior plant materials adapted to regions with limited water availability, such as the Brazilian Semi-Arid. This study evaluated the physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic responses of Stylosanthes spp. subjected to different levels of water availability (60%, 40%, and 20% of pot capacity). The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design using a 3 × 2 factorial scheme, comparing the accession BGF 11-001 and the cultivar BRS-Bela (cv. Bela). Physiological traits, biochemical variables, and antioxidant enzyme activity were analyzed. The accession BGF 11-001 showed resilience under water deficit, maintaining high chlorophyll content even under severe stress. This response was associated with increased accumulation of amino acids such as proline, as well as enhanced antioxidant activity, indicating a tolerance mechanism based on osmotic adjustment and cellular protection. In contrast, cv. Bela exhibited higher sensitivity to water stress, with a pronounced reduction in photosynthetic pigments and greater accumulation of compatible solutes, including total soluble proteins, reducing sugars, amino acids, and proline, without significant activation of antioxidant enzymes. Overall, the results demonstrate that the genotypes adopt distinct strategies to cope with water stress, with BGF 11-001 being more efficient in activating defense mechanisms. Therefore, BGF 11-001 has agronomic potential for cultivation in drought-prone regions and is a promising genetic resource for forage breeding programs aimed at improving drought tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Crop Stress Physiology and Nutrient Management)

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18 pages, 2129 KB

Open AccessArticle

Source-Specific Accumulation, Translocation, and Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Elements in Paddy Fields from Different Anthropogenic Impact Zones in Hunan Province, China

by Ying Huang, Pengyue Yu, Ruimin Chang, Zhiyan Xie, Zhi Huang, Jianwei Peng, Yaocheng Deng and Zhaojun Li

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1818; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121818 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination in rice poses significant food safety risks, particularly in regions with intensive agriculture, industry, and traffic. This study provides a systematic assessment of the accumulation, translocation, sources, and health risks of PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, [...] Read more.

Potentially toxic element (PTE) contamination in rice poses significant food safety risks, particularly in regions with intensive agriculture, industry, and traffic. This study provides a systematic assessment of the accumulation, translocation, sources, and health risks of PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the atmospheric deposition–soil–rice system across four distinct anthropogenic source areas (industrial, peri-urban, rural, and roadside areas) in Hunan Province, China. The rural area was categorized as clean. Industrial areas had the highest soil pollution index, while roadside areas recorded the highest atmospheric deposition flux of Pb (19.95 μg/m²/day) and As (1.93 μg/m²/day). Correspondingly, industrial areas exhibited the highest Cd (0.38 mg/kg) and Pb (0.94 mg/kg) in rice grains, whereas roadside areas showed the highest Pb (1.40 mg/kg) and As (2.99 mg/kg) in leaves. The findings indicated that rice in roadside areas primarily accumulate PTEs through foliar absorption of atmospheric deposition, whereas in industrial and peri-urban areas it was primarily through root uptake and translocation of PTEs to rice grains, particularly for Cd and Pb. Source apportionment identified natural, industrial, and traffic as the three primary sources. The Bayesian mixing model revealed that the natural source contributed the highest proportion to rice grains (48.3–70.6%) across all four source areas. Except for natural sources, industrial sources dominated in industrial areas (29.1%), traffic emissions prevailed in roadside areas (19.4%), while mixed sources had the highest proportion in peri-urban areas (28.4%). Health risk assessment revealed that the total hazard index followed the order of peri-urban > industrial > roadside > rural areas, with rice ingestion being the dominant exposure pathway, accounting for over 90% of the total risk. The primary contributors to health risks were identified as As, Cd, and Pb, particularly in industrial and peri-urban areas. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing region-specific mitigation strategies tailored to the dominant contamination pathways in each area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Requirements and Fertilizer Management Strategies in Plant Cultivation, Second Edition)

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34 pages, 4102 KB

Open AccessReview

Morphology, Taxonomy, Geographic Distribution, Genetic Diversity, and Phylogenomics of the Genus Tulipa L.: A Comprehensive Review

by Nazerke Aiture, Ashimkhan Kanayev, Roza Mussina, Damet Kyzdarova, Gulzhanat Sultangaliyeva and Zagipa Sapakhova

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1817; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121817 (registering DOI) - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

The genus Tulipa L. is a common group of ornamental plants, characterized by high morphological variability and a complex taxonomy. Despite considerable interest in this group, assessments of its species composition remain inconclusive, as evidenced by discrepancies between contemporary taxonomic sources. The number [...] Read more.

The genus Tulipa L. is a common group of ornamental plants, characterized by high morphological variability and a complex taxonomy. Despite considerable interest in this group, assessments of its species composition remain inconclusive, as evidenced by discrepancies between contemporary taxonomic sources. The number of recognized taxa varies across major taxonomic databases, including Plants of the World Online, World Flora Online, and Euro+Med PlantBase, reflecting ongoing taxonomic revisions and differences in species concepts. In terms of distribution patterns, 7.6% are widely distributed taxa across transcontinental regions, 28.0% occur across multiple countries within a continent, and 66.9% are range-restricted taxa. The latter group includes 4.2% transnational endemics, 44.1% single-country endemics, 8.5% single-region endemics, and 10.2% single-site endemics. Recent taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Tulipa increasingly rely on molecular approaches, particularly DNA barcoding and chloroplast genome analyses, which have improved phylogenetic resolution and species delimitation in several cases. However, truly comprehensive studies combining morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular datasets remain limited and are typically restricted to individual taxa or species complexes rather than the genus as a whole. Modern molecular genetic studies demonstrate the high informativeness of both nuclear and plastid markers for studying the phylogeny, systematics, and genetic diversity of Tulipa species. Natural populations of Tulipa are under pressure from anthropogenic factors and climate change, resulting in reduced range and habitat degradation. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species, among 118 taxa of the genus Tulipa, T. sprengeri Baker is classified as Extinct in the Wild, 5.9% as Critically Endangered, 5.9% as Endangered, 8.5% as Vulnerable, 11.9% as Near Threatened, and 11.0% as Least Concern. The use of exclusively national assessments to determine species extinction risk may be insufficiently objective, whereas global assessments provide a more informative and reliable approach for evaluating conservation status. In this review, we combine investigations of the morphology, taxonomy, and geographic diversity; population genetic structure and molecular diversity; and molecular phylogenetics and plastome-based genomics of the genus Tulipa. Furthermore, the review examines current challenges and future research prospects, emphasizing that studies of the genus Tulipa should integrate morphological, genomic, and ecological approaches to refine taxonomy and conserve genetic resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants)

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14 pages, 4582 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Critical Concentration of Nickel Sufficient for Growth and Nutrient Accumulation of Newhall Navel Orange

by Xiaojuan Wang, Chengxiao Hu, Qiling Tan and Songwei Wu

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1816; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121816 - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

In citrus production, there is an absence of established standards of critical Nickel (Ni) content for deficiency, sufficiency, and excess, which could be used to determine the nutritional status of plant Ni. In this study, to explore the critical Ni concentrations for deficiency [...] Read more.

In citrus production, there is an absence of established standards of critical Nickel (Ni) content for deficiency, sufficiency, and excess, which could be used to determine the nutritional status of plant Ni. In this study, to explore the critical Ni concentrations for deficiency and excess, we conducted a hydroponic pot culture experiment and investigated the effects of Ni levels on flower and fruit development, dry weight, and nutrient accumulation of Newhall navel orange. We found that 0.8 and 6.4 mg L⁻¹ of solution Ni were the turning point concentrations of Ni deficiency and excess for plants, respectively. Solution Ni deficiency (0 to 0.8 mg L⁻¹ of Ni) tended to promote vegetative growth and increase the dry weight of new leaves, but suppress flower bud number and fruit development. It also significantly promoted the accumulation of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in old leaves and N and K in roots, but significantly reduced that of Fe, Mn, and Zn in roots. Excess solution Ni (6.4 to 12.8 mg L⁻¹ of Ni) reduced the water content of fruit peel and was accompanied by fruit cracking during the fruit expansion period, inhibited new leaf growth and whole plant biomass or dry weight, and significantly decreased nutrient accumulation in roots. Equations of dry weight and solution Ni levels for each plant organ were established, showing that 3.93 to 4.72 mg L⁻¹ of Ni was the sufficient concentration of solution Ni for the growth and development of Newhall navel orange, with the corresponding range of Ni contents in new and old leaves being 17,87 to 20.42 and 10.24 to 11.64 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. These findings provide reference for the recommended range of Ni sufficient for citrus growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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14 pages, 15345 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Analysis of DNA Methylation and Transcriptomic Dynamics in the Grape Variety ‘Cabernet Franc’ at Early and Late Stages of Fruit Development

by Qingtian Zhang, Shouming Shan, Xiaoyu Zhou, Pengfei Wang, Zhaobo Lang, Yujing Lin, Wei Ji and Ao Li

Plants 2026, 15(12), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15121815 - 12 Jun 2026

Abstract

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic regulator in plant development. However, the changes in methylation patterns between the early and late stages of grape berry development, the two phases with the most pronounced morphological differences, and the respective roles of methylation at these [...] Read more.

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic regulator in plant development. However, the changes in methylation patterns between the early and late stages of grape berry development, the two phases with the most pronounced morphological differences, and the respective roles of methylation at these stages remain largely unexplored. To investigate the dynamic DNA methylation changes during this stage and their regulatory role in fruit development, we constructed genome-wide methylation maps of grape at two key time points: the early development stage (7 days after flowering, 7DAF; hereafter referred to as S1) and the late development stages (78 days after flowering, 78DAF; hereafter referred to as S2). Global cytosine methylation increased from 12.57% (S1) to 14.16% (S2), driven primarily by a substantial increase in CHH methylation (from 5.88% to 7.92%; p < 0.001), whereas CG and CHG methylation showed no statistically significant change. Most differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were hypermethylated in S2, predominantly in the CHH context. Integrative methylome and transcriptome analysis revealed that CHH hypermethylation was associated with the downregulation of YABBY5 (a berry size repressor) and upregulation of UGPase (a cell wall biosynthesis gene), suggesting a potential regulatory role in fruit expansion. Because our study compares only two time points, it cannot distinguish between gradual and stage-specific methylation changes, and functional validation of the identified genes is required. Nevertheless, these findings provides a valuable resource for understanding stage-specific DNA methylation dynamics and their association with gene expression during grape berry development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Fruit Development)

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