Journal Description
Agriculture
Agriculture
is an international, scientific peer-reviewed open access journal published semimonthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, AGRIS, RePEc, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Agronomy) / CiteScore - Q1 (Plant Science)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 1.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Agriculture include: Poultry, Grasses and Crops.
Impact Factor:
3.3 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.5 (2023)
Latest Articles
Variation and QTL Analysis of Dynamic Tillering in Rice Under Nitrogen and Straw Return Treatments
Agriculture 2025, 15(11), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15111115 (registering DOI) - 22 May 2025
Abstract
Rice tillering is an important trait that is genetically and environmentally co-regulated. Nitorgen is one of the key nutrients affecting tillering, and straw return further affects tiller development by altering soil heterogeneity. In order to analyze the genetic regulation mechanism of rice tillering
[...] Read more.
Rice tillering is an important trait that is genetically and environmentally co-regulated. Nitorgen is one of the key nutrients affecting tillering, and straw return further affects tiller development by altering soil heterogeneity. In order to analyze the genetic regulation mechanism of rice tillering and its interactions with the environment, 124 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations derived from two superior Peijiu lines, 9311 and PA64s, were used as materials in this study, and the dynamic tillering phenotypes were measured under three treatments (no nitrogen application, nitrogen application, and nitrogen + straw return) for two consecutive years. Using an existing genetic map, we conducted single-environment, multi-environment, and meta-QTL analyses to systematically identify tiller-related genetic loci and their environmental interactions. The main findings were as follows: (1) A total of 57 QTLs were identified in the single-environment QTL analysis, of which 44 were unreported new QTLs. Four QTLs showed temporal pleiotropy, ten QTLs contributed more than 10% to the phenotypes under the no-N treatment, and five QTLs contributed more than 10% under the straw return treatment. Among them, the phenotypic contribution of mks1-355 (qD1tn1-3) and mks1-352 (qD2TN1-2) both exceeded 40%. (2) Multi-environmental QTL analysis detected 15 QTLs. Of these, qmD1TN1 (mks1-356) showed no environmental interaction effect, while qmD1TN12 (mks12-267), qmD2TN1 (mks1-334), qmD2TN3-1 (mks3-105), and qmD5TN6 (mks6-71) exhibited antagonistic pleiotropy, suggesting that these QTL need to be considered for environmental specificity in breeding. (3) Meta-QTL analysis localized 52 MQTLs, of which MQTL3.1 and MQTL6.8 contained 82 and 59 candidate genes, respectively, and no reported tiller-related genes were found. (4) mks1-355 (qD1tn1-3), mks1-352 (qD2TN1-2), and mks1-356 (qmD1TN1) may be located in the same genetic locus, and their phenotypic contributions were more than 40%. These QTLs were detected stably for two consecutive years, and they may be the main effector QTLs in tillering that are less affected by the environment. Further analysis revealed that these QTLs corresponded to MQTL1.6, which contains 56 candidate genes. Of these, the expression level of OsSPL2 gene in the parental line 9311 was significantly higher than that of PA64s, and there were polymorphic differences in the coding region. It was hypothesized that OsSPL2 was the main effector gene of this QTL. This study provides important genetic resources for mining candidate genes related to tillering and nitrogen efficiency in rice and lays a theoretical foundation for directional breeding and molecular marker development in specific environments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Genetics, Genomics and Breeding)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Application of Iron-Bimetal Biochar for As and Cd Reduction and Soil Organic Carbon Preservation Under Varying Moisture
by
Frank Stephano Mabagala, Tingjuan Wang, Qiufen Feng, Xibai Zeng, Chao He, Cuixia Wu, Nan Zhang and Shiming Su
Agriculture 2025, 15(11), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15111114 (registering DOI) - 22 May 2025
Abstract
The contamination of paddy soils with arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), coupled with the depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC), poses significant threats to rice yields and quality. There is an urgent need to identify a suitable soil additive capable of achieving simultaneous
[...] Read more.
The contamination of paddy soils with arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), coupled with the depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC), poses significant threats to rice yields and quality. There is an urgent need to identify a suitable soil additive capable of achieving simultaneous heavy metal remediation and promotion of organic matter enrichment. The current study introduced two novel iron (Fe)/magnesium (Mg)-based bimetal-oxide-modified rice straw biochar (RSB), namely RSB-Fe/Mn and RSB-Fe/Mg. It evaluated their effectiveness in As/Cd immobilization and SOC preservation. An 8-week cultivation experiment was carried out in sequential drying–flooding moisture fluctuation conditions, with the soil pore water As/Cd (PWAs/Cd) and SOC fractions monitored. The mechanisms of As/Cd immobilization were investigated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) characterizations. Results revealed that PWAs and PWCd were reduced by up to 67.1% and 80.2% during the drying period and by 27.0% and 76.5% during the flooding period, respectively. Additionally, SOC content increased by 16.3% and 33.9% with RSB-Fe/Mn addition during the drying and flooding period, respectively, with an increase in the mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) fraction. The study proves that RSB-Fe/Mn and RSB-Fe/Mg are effective for soil As/Cd passivation and SOC stabilization, offering a promising solution to mitigate As and Cd pollution in paddy soils while maintaining soil quality.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Irrigation, Crop Growth and Physiological Information in Substrate Cultivation Using an Intelligent Weighing System
by
Jiu Xu, Lili Zhangzhong, Peng Lu, Yihan Wang, Qian Zhao, Youli Li and Lichun Wang
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101113 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
The online dynamic collection of irrigation and plant physiological information is crucial for the precise irrigation management of nutrient solutions and efficient crop cultivation in vegetable soilless substrate cultivation facilities. In this study, an intelligent weighing system was installed in a tomato substrate
[...] Read more.
The online dynamic collection of irrigation and plant physiological information is crucial for the precise irrigation management of nutrient solutions and efficient crop cultivation in vegetable soilless substrate cultivation facilities. In this study, an intelligent weighing system was installed in a tomato substrate cultivation greenhouse. The monitored values from the intelligent weighing system’s pressure-type module were used to calculate irrigation start–stop times, frequency, volume, drainage volume, drainage rate, evapotranspiration, evapotranspiration rate, and stomatal conductance. In contrast, the monitored values of the suspension-type weighing module were used to calculate the amount of weight change in the plants, which supported the dynamic and quantitative characterization of substrate cultivation irrigation and crop growth based on an intelligent weighing system. The results showed that the monitoring curves of pressure and flow sensors based on the pressure-type module could accurately identify the irrigation start time and number of irrigations and calculate the irrigation volume, drainage volume, and drainage rate. The calculated irrigation amount was closely aligned with that determined by an integrated-water–fertilizer automatic control system (R2 = 0.923; mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.105 mL; root-mean-square error (RMSE) = 0.132 mL). Furthermore, transpiration rate and leaf stomatal conductance were obtained through inversion, and the R2, MAE, and RMSE of the extinction coefficient correction model were 0.820, 0.014 mol·m−2·s−1, and 0.017 mol·m−2·s−1, respectively. Compared to traditional estimation methods, the MAE and RMSE decreased by 12.5% and 15.0%, respectively. The measured values of fruit picking and leaf stripping linearly fitted with the calculated values of the suspended weighing module, and R2, MAE, and RMSE were 0.958, 0.145 g, and 0.143 g, respectively. This indicated that data collection based on the suspension-type weighing module could allow for a dynamic analysis of plant weight changes and fruit yield. In summary, the intelligent weighing system could accurately analyze irrigation information and crop growth physiological indicators under the practical application conditions of facility vegetable substrate cultivation, providing technical support for the precise management of nutrient solutions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Candidate Pheromone Receptors of the Red-Belted Clearwing Moth Synanthedon myophaeformis Bind Pear Ester and Other Semiochemicals
by
Alberto Maria Cattaneo and William B. Walker III
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101112 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
The red-belted clearwing moth Synanthedon myophaeformis is a deleterious pest of apple orchards, wherein the larvae bore tree bark, resulting in reduced fitness and ultimately death. The main control strategies of this pest still rely on the use of pesticides, while alternative agronomic
[...] Read more.
The red-belted clearwing moth Synanthedon myophaeformis is a deleterious pest of apple orchards, wherein the larvae bore tree bark, resulting in reduced fitness and ultimately death. The main control strategies of this pest still rely on the use of pesticides, while alternative agronomic methods for its control coexist, with the application of the main pheromone (Z,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-yl acetate. Until now, the molecular bases of the chemosensory systems of the red-belted clearwing moth have been less explored. With the aim to identify novel ligands that may interfere with the behaviour of S. myophaeformis, in this study, we have isolated and functionally characterised some key odorant receptors (ORs) of this moth by selecting paralogues from two main subgroups of the Lepidopteran pheromone receptor (PR) clade: the OR3 subgroup (OR3.1 to OR3.4) and the OR22 subgroup (OR22.1 to OR22.4). We generated transgenic D. melanogaster expressing SmyoORs in ab3A neurons, which we approached by single sensillum recording (SSR). Among these ORs, we deorphanized SmyoOR3.4 to ligands that we have previously identified for orthologues of the codling moth Cydia pomonella, including the pear ester ethyl-(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate, its methyl ester analogue methyl-(E,Z)-2,4-decadienote, and the unsaturated aldehyde (Z)-6-undecenal. With this approach, we also identified a wide pattern of activation of SmyoOR22.4 to several apple-emitted ligands. Despite the fact that combining SSR with gas chromatography (GC-SSR) did not unveil the activation of the SmyoORs to compounds present in the headspace from apples, GC-SSR unveiled the enhancement of the SmyoOR3.4 spiking at nanogram doses of both pear ester, methyl ester, and (Z)-6-undecenal. For the first time, this study deorphanized ORs from the red-belted clearwing moth and identified ligands as possible semiochemicals to add to the ongoing strategies for the control of this pest.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemosensory-Based Pest Management of Insects and Other Protostomes in Crop Protection)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Lightweight SCD-YOLOv5s: The Detection of Small Defects on Passion Fruit with Improved YOLOv5s
by
Yu Zhou, Zhenye Li, Sheng Xue, Min Wu, Tingting Zhu and Chao Ni
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101111 (registering DOI) - 21 May 2025
Abstract
Accurate detection of surface defects on passion fruits is crucial for maintaining market competitiveness. Numerous small defects present significant challenges for manual inspection. Recently, deep learning (DL) has been widely applied to object detection. In this study, a lightweight neural network, StarC3SE-CBAM-DIoU-YOLOv5s (SCD-YOLOv5s),
[...] Read more.
Accurate detection of surface defects on passion fruits is crucial for maintaining market competitiveness. Numerous small defects present significant challenges for manual inspection. Recently, deep learning (DL) has been widely applied to object detection. In this study, a lightweight neural network, StarC3SE-CBAM-DIoU-YOLOv5s (SCD-YOLOv5s), is proposed based on YOLOv5s for real-time detection of tiny surface defects on passion fruits. Key improvements are introduced as follows: the original C3 module in the backbone is replaced by the enhanced StarC3SE module to achieve a more efficient network structure; the CBAM module is integrated into the neck to improve the extraction of small defect features; and the CIoU loss function is substituted with DIoU-NMS to accelerate convergence and enhance detection accuracy. Experimental results show that SCD-YOLOv5s performs better than YOLOv5s, with precision increased by 13.2%, recall by 1.6%, and F1-score by 17.0%. Additionally, improvements of 6.7% in mAP@0.5 and 5.5% in mAP@0.95 are observed. Compared with manual detection, the proposed model enhances detection efficiency by reducing errors caused by subjective judgment. It also achieves faster inference speed (26.66 FPS), and reductions of 9.6% in parameters and 8.6% in weight size, while maintaining high detection performance. These results indicate that SCD-YOLOv5s is effective for defect detection in agricultural applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Diversification of Cultivars and Production of Male Inflorescence Flours for More Sustainable Banana Cultivation
by
Lucas Felipe dos Ouros, Magali Leonel, Sarita Leonel, Nicholas Zanette Molha, Paulo Ricardo Rodrigues de Jesus, Hebert Teixeira Cândido, Marco Antonio Tecchio, Mayra Schmidt Rechsteiner and Caio César dos Ouros
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101110 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
Banana inflorescences are usually discarded, but there has been interest in managing this by-product to turn it into a product with added value. Herein, the inflorescences of seven cultivars were processed into flour and evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics. The weight of the
[...] Read more.
Banana inflorescences are usually discarded, but there has been interest in managing this by-product to turn it into a product with added value. Herein, the inflorescences of seven cultivars were processed into flour and evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics. The weight of the inflorescences ranged from 681.3 to 1245.4 g, with bracts accounting for more than 40%. The Prata Anã cultivar had the largest inflorescence. The part of the inflorescence was the main factor differentiating the flours, with the effect of the cultivar dependent on the part processed. All flours had high levels of fiber (27.70–41.91 g/100 g) and carbohydrates (19.30–33.96 g/100 g). The palm flours were differentiated by their higher levels of protein (17.4–19.4 g/100 g), and the flower flours by their higher levels of lipids (5.89–7.97 g/100 g). The bract flours had a higher water holding capacity (5.62–6.78%) and browning index (40.7–42). The bract and flower flours were less dissimilar. Results revealed the high nutritional quality of the flours and the prospect of using them as a non-conventional food source. Understanding the differences between banana inflorescence flours expands their possible uses and promotes sustainable agricultural production in terms of efficient banana by-product management.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Crop Production)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Analysis on Spatiotemporal Variation in Soil Drought and Its Influencing Factors in Hebei Province from 2001 to 2020
by
Biao Zeng, Bo Wen, Xia Zhang, Suya Zhao, Guofei Shang, Shixin An and Zhe Li
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101109 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
As a dominant ecological stress factor of climate change, soil drought has become a key challenge restricting food security. Based on soil moisture data, this paper uses the cumulative anomaly method, coefficient of variation, Sen + Mann–Kendall trend analysis, and center of gravity
[...] Read more.
As a dominant ecological stress factor of climate change, soil drought has become a key challenge restricting food security. Based on soil moisture data, this paper uses the cumulative anomaly method, coefficient of variation, Sen + Mann–Kendall trend analysis, and center of gravity shift model to study the spatiotemporal changes in soil drought in Hebei Province from 2001 to 2020 and uses the optimal parameter geographic detector model to analyze the key factors affecting soil drought. The results show the following: (1) over the past 20 years, soil drought in Hebei Province has shown a trend of “first intensifying and then easing”, experiencing two turning points, and its spatial distribution showed significant agglomeration characteristics. (2) Soil moisture showed single-peak seasonal fluctuation, with severe drought from January to May, peak soil moisture from June to August, soil moisture balance from September to October, and soil moisture deficit intensified in winter. (3) Soil moisture stability showed spatial differentiation, being high in the northeast and low in the southwest. Soil drought in about 70% of the region has improved, and the center of gravity of drought-prone areas has moved to the southwest. (4) NDVI and altitude are the main drivers of soil drought spatial differentiation, and the multi-factor interaction shows a nonlinear enhancement effect. Among them, the parameter thresholds such as NDVI > 0.512 and altitude −32~16 m have a significant inhibitory effect on soil drought. This study can make a contribution to improving water resource management and increasing agricultural productivity in the region.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Organic–Inorganic Fertilization Sustains Crop Yields While Mitigating N2O and NO Emissions in Subtropical Wheat–Maize Systems
by
Yan Liu, Lei Hu, Shihang Zhang, Zhisheng Yao, Minghua Zhou and Bo Zhu
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101108 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
Balancing food security with fertilizer-driven climate impacts remains critical in intensive agriculture. While organic–inorganic substitution enhances soil fertility, its effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions remain uncertain. This study evaluated N2O/NO emissions, crop yields, and
[...] Read more.
Balancing food security with fertilizer-driven climate impacts remains critical in intensive agriculture. While organic–inorganic substitution enhances soil fertility, its effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) emissions remain uncertain. This study evaluated N2O/NO emissions, crop yields, and agronomic parameters in a subtropical wheat–maize rotation under four fertilization regimes: inorganic-only (NPK), manure-only (OM), and partial substitution with crop residues (CRNPK, 15%) or manure (OMNPK, 30%), all applied at 280 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Emissions aligned with the dual Arrhenius–Michaelis–Menten kinetics and revised “hole-in-the-pipe” model. Annual direct emission factors (EFd) for N2O and NO were 1.01% and 0.11%, respectively, with combined emissions (1.12%) exponentially correlated to soil nitrogen surplus (p < 0.01). CRNPK and OMNPK reduced annual N2O+NO emissions by 15–154% and enhanced NUE by 10–45% compared with OM, though OMNPK emitted 1.7–2.0 times more N2O/NO than CRNPK. Sole OM underperformed in yield, while partial substitution—particularly with crop residues—optimized productivity while minimizing environmental risks. By integrating emission modeling and agronomic performance, this study establishes CRNPK as a novel strategy for subtropical cereal systems, reconciling high yields with low greenhouse gas emissions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Best Management Practices for Enhancing Soil Health and Water Quality)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
The Effects of an Automatic Flushing Valve on the Hydraulic Performance of a Subsurface Drip Irrigation System for Alfalfa
by
Zaiyu Li, Yan Mo, Feng Wu, Hao Gao, Ronglian Wang and Jiandong Wang
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101107 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
The automatic flushing valve (AFV) enables automatic flushing of drip irrigation systems, improving their anti-clogging performance. This study focuses on a subsurface drip irrigation system (SDI) for alfalfa, selecting T20 and T70 AFVs (with designed flushing durations of 20 and 70 s, respectively)
[...] Read more.
The automatic flushing valve (AFV) enables automatic flushing of drip irrigation systems, improving their anti-clogging performance. This study focuses on a subsurface drip irrigation system (SDI) for alfalfa, selecting T20 and T70 AFVs (with designed flushing durations of 20 and 70 s, respectively) installed at the end of the dripline and a buried dripline without an AFV as a control. The aim of this study was to explore the variations in AFV hydraulic performance over two years of operation and the impact on the irrigation uniformity of SDI systems. The results revealed that the flushing duration (FD) and flushing water volume (FQ) of both T20 and T70 fluctuated over time, with an average coefficient of variation (CV) of 13.2%. The FD and FQ of the two types of AFVs are affected by the daily average temperature (T), and when T increases from 20.1 °C to 25.7 °C, the FD and FQ increased by an average of 22.6%. After 2 years of operation, the average relative flow rate (Dra) and irrigation uniformity (Cu) of the T20 and T70 SDI emitters were 93.7% and 96.8%. Both the Dra and Cu were significantly influenced by FD (p < 0.05). Compared with CK and T20, T70 significantly increased the Dra and Cu by 6.3% and 4.6%, respectively. The order of degree of clogging at different positions in the dripline was rear > middle > front for the CK and T20 treatments, whereas for T70, it was middle > front > rear. With the installation of the T70 AFV, the time required for the SDI system to reach moderate clogging (Dra = 50~80%) was extended from 3~7 years to 8~20 years, resulting in a 180% increase in operation time. The T70 AFV is recommended for use in the alfalfa SDI of this study.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Irrigation and Fertilization Management for Sustainable Agricultural Production)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Digital and Entrepreneurial Competencies for the Bioeconomy: Perceptions and Training Needs of Agricultural Professionals in Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden
by
Dimitrios Petropoulos, Georgios A. Deirmentzoglou, Nikolaos Apostolopoulos, Bas Paris, Dimitris Michas, Athanasios T. Balafoutis, Elena Athanasopoulou, Leonardo Nibbi, Hailong Li, Lara Carvalho, Maria Helena Moreira da Silva and Joaquim Fernando Moreira da Silva
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101106 - 21 May 2025
Abstract
As the European Union advances its bioeconomy strategy, the agricultural sector emerges as a key domain requiring targeted upskilling in digital and entrepreneurial competencies. This study examines how agricultural professionals perceive the importance of these competencies and identifies related training needs, drawing on
[...] Read more.
As the European Union advances its bioeconomy strategy, the agricultural sector emerges as a key domain requiring targeted upskilling in digital and entrepreneurial competencies. This study examines how agricultural professionals perceive the importance of these competencies and identifies related training needs, drawing on the European Commission’s Digital Competence Framework (DigComp) and Entrepreneurship Competence Framework (EntreComp). Using a quantitative survey methodology, data were collected from 140 respondents, including farmers, agronomists, consultants, entrepreneurs, and policymakers, in four European countries: Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Sweden. Descriptive and non-parametric analyses (Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests) revealed strong recognition of digital competencies across all groups, with significant variation by country, while perceptions of entrepreneurial competencies differed mainly by professional role. Moreover, a significant lack of formal bioeconomy-related education was identified. The findings underscore the need for targeted, competence-based education and policy interventions to equip professionals with the skills required for a sustainable and innovation-driven agricultural sector.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies for Resilient and Sustainable Agri-Food Systems)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Implementation Path for a Policy Balancing Cultivated Land Occupation and Reclamation Based on Land-Type Classification—A Case Study in Heilongjiang Province
by
Yanan Liu, Wei Zou, Kening Wu, Xiao Li, Xiaoliang Li and Rui Zhao
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101105 - 20 May 2025
Abstract
Food security is a fundamental issue that has long been of great concern, and cultivated land resources are the core elements of food security. In recent years, the problem of “non-agriculturalization” and “non-grain” conversion of cultivated land has become prominent. The need for
[...] Read more.
Food security is a fundamental issue that has long been of great concern, and cultivated land resources are the core elements of food security. In recent years, the problem of “non-agriculturalization” and “non-grain” conversion of cultivated land has become prominent. The need for further strict control of cultivated land use has gained significant attention from the government and academia. Recently, it has been proposed in China that all forms of cultivated land occupation should be integrated into the management policy for balancing cultivated land occupation and reclamation. In this study, the concept of provincial-level land-type classification, along with agricultural land potential productivity evaluation, is adopted to determine the optimal scheme for balancing cultivated land occupation and reclamation. Thus, an analysis of the optimization scheme for implementing the cultivated land occupation and reclamation balance policy in Heilongjiang, along with a macro-level layout of this balance scheme, is carried out at the provincial level. The results show that the land-type classification system constructed from five dimensions—climatic conditions, geomorphic conditions, geological conditions, edaphic conditions, and hydrologic conditions—as well as the agricultural land potential productivity evaluation system constructed based on land types, can effectively identify the potential cultivated land utilization space in Heilongjiang Province. Based on the zoning of land suitable for farming, the cultivated land in unsuitable farming areas in Heilongjiang should be transferred out (403.01 km2) and, according to the principle of the balancing cultivated land occupation and reclamation policy, the non-cultivated land in highly and moderately suitable farming areas should be transferred in (249.80 km2 and 163.39 km2, respectively) to achieve balance. The results can provide reference for the implementation of the cultivated land occupation and reclamation policy at the provincial level, as well as for promoting the implementation of the strategy of “storing grain in the land”.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Economics, Policies and Rural Management)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
YOLO11-ARAF: An Accurate and Lightweight Method for Apple Detection in Real-World Complex Orchard Environments
by
Yangtian Lin, Yujun Xia, Pengcheng Xia, Zhengyang Liu, Haodi Wang, Chengjin Qin, Liang Gong and Chengliang Liu
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101104 - 20 May 2025
Abstract
Accurate object detection is a fundamental component of autonomous apple-picking systems. In response to the insufficient recognition performance and poor generalization capacity of existing detection algorithms under unstructured orchard scenarios, we constructed a customized apple image dataset captured under varying illumination conditions and
[...] Read more.
Accurate object detection is a fundamental component of autonomous apple-picking systems. In response to the insufficient recognition performance and poor generalization capacity of existing detection algorithms under unstructured orchard scenarios, we constructed a customized apple image dataset captured under varying illumination conditions and introduced an improved detection architecture, YOLO11-ARAF, derived from YOLO11. First, to enhance the model’s ability to capture apple-specific features, we replaced the original C3k2 module with the CARConv convolutional layer. Second, to reinforce feature learning in visually challenging orchard environments, the enhanced attention module AFGCAM was embedded into the model architecture. Third, we applied knowledge distillation to transfer the enhanced model to a compact YOLO11n framework, maintaining high detection efficiency while reducing computational cost, and optimizing it for deployment on devices with limited computational resources. To assess our method’s performance, we conducted comparative experiments on the constructed apple image dataset. The improved YOLO11-ARAF model attained 89.4% accuracy, 86% recall, 92.3% mAP@50, and 64.4% mAP@50:95 in our experiments, which are 0.3%, 1.1%, 0.72%, and 2% higher than YOLO11, respectively. Furthermore, the distilled model significantly reduces parameters and doubles the inference speed (FPS), enabling rapid and precise apple detection in challenging orchard settings with limited computational resources.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Digital Agriculture)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
CFD-Based Flow Field Characteristics of Air-Assisted Sprayer in Citrus Orchards
by
Xiangfei Huang, Yunwu Li, Lang Chen and Kechao Wang
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101103 - 20 May 2025
Abstract
Air-assisted sprayers are an essential piece of equipment for improving spraying efficiency and pesticide utilization; their performance directly affects the effectiveness of pesticide application. This study, addressing the plant protection needs of hilly citrus orchards, designed an air duct structure for an air-assisted
[...] Read more.
Air-assisted sprayers are an essential piece of equipment for improving spraying efficiency and pesticide utilization; their performance directly affects the effectiveness of pesticide application. This study, addressing the plant protection needs of hilly citrus orchards, designed an air duct structure for an air-assisted sprayer and analyzed its airflow characteristics and droplet deposition effects based on CFD simulation technology. The reliability of the simulation results was verified through air speed boundary tests, revealing that the maximum effective boundaries of the integrated air duct and the independent air duct in different directions were 18.4 cm and 17.2 cm, respectively, providing a reference for the spatial arrangement of the air duct. The study indicates that properly matching the fan speed, spray pressure, and spray distance could optimize droplet deposition, enhance spray uniformity, and improve pesticide utilization. However, excessively high fan speeds (>6000 r/min) or spray pressures (>0.8 MPa) may reduce droplet transport efficiency. This research provides theoretical support for the design and parameter optimization of sprayers in hilly citrus orchards.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agricultural Machinery and Technology for Fruit Orchard Management)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Design and Testing of a New Antitangling and Antisticking Knife for a Wet Clay Soil Environment
by
Guosheng Geng, Tailai Chen, Maohua Xiao, Chenshuo Xie and Cungan Tang
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101102 - 20 May 2025
Abstract
Aiming at the problem that rotary tiller knife rollers are prone to entanglement with straw in the wet and sticky soil environment of rice fields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, an antitangling and sticking cutter was
[...] Read more.
Aiming at the problem that rotary tiller knife rollers are prone to entanglement with straw in the wet and sticky soil environment of rice fields in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China, an antitangling and sticking cutter was designed. The cutter reduces knife roller entanglement in order to reduce rotary tiller energy consumption and improve work efficiency, and its effectiveness was verified through theoretical analysis, discrete element simulation, and field trials. The design’s validity was verified through theoretical analysis, discrete element simulation, and field tests. The blade inclination design was completed through motion force analysis, and the tool geometry was optimized with a 36.87° inclination baffle and staggered arrangement. A simulation model of the soil–straw–rotary tillage knife interaction was established and we used the discrete element method to analyze the variation in torque between the antisticking knife and the China standard rotary tillage knife (IT245) at four different cutter shaft rotational speeds. In the simulation, the average torque for the antisticking knives was smaller than that of the national standard rotary tillage knives, with reductions of 37.1%, 52.1%, 52.8%, and 50.0%, respectively, demonstrating a remarkable effect. Field tests showed that the average operational efficiency of the antisticking knife was 0.57 hm2/h, with an operation qualification rate of 95.72%. The average torque results from simulation (with and without the antisticking knife) and field tests were analyzed, yielding correlation coefficients of 0.994 and 0.973 for the change curves of average torque between the antisticking knife and the national standard rotary tillage knife. This result confirms the accuracy of the simulation model and the consistency between the simulation and field test results. This study can provide some references for the design and test of antisticking of rotary tillers.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessEditorial
From Planting to Harvesting: The Role of Agricultural Machinery in Crop Cultivation
by
Yu Wang and Shan Zeng
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101101 - 20 May 2025
Abstract
The modernization of crop production is inextricably linked to the continuous advancement of agricultural machinery [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Planting to Harvesting: The Role of Agricultural Machinery in Crop Cultivation)
Open AccessArticle
Early Yield Prediction of Oilseed Rape Using UAV-Based Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with Machine Learning Algorithms
by
Hongyan Zhu, Chengzhi Lin, Zhihao Dong, Jun-Li Xu and Yong He
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101100 - 19 May 2025
Abstract
Oilseed rape yield critically reflects varietal superiority. Rapid field-scale estimation enables efficient high-throughput breeding. This study evaluates unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral imagery’s potential for yield prediction at the pod stage by utilizing wavelength selection and vegetation indices. Meanwhile, optimized feature selection algorithms
[...] Read more.
Oilseed rape yield critically reflects varietal superiority. Rapid field-scale estimation enables efficient high-throughput breeding. This study evaluates unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral imagery’s potential for yield prediction at the pod stage by utilizing wavelength selection and vegetation indices. Meanwhile, optimized feature selection algorithms identified effective wavelengths (EWs) and vegetation indices (VIs) for yield estimation. The optimal yield estimation models based on EWs and VIs were established, respectively, by using multiple linear regression (MLR), partial least squares regression (PLSR), extreme learning machine (ELM), and a least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM). The main results were as follows: (i) The yield prediction of oilseed rape using EWs showed better prediction and robustness compared to the full-spectral model. In particular, the competitive adaptive reweighted sampling–extreme learning machine (CARS-ELM) model (Rpre = 0.8122, RMSEP = 170.4 kg/hm2) achieved the best prediction performance. (ii) The ELM model (Rpre = 0.7674 and RMSEP = 187.6 kg/hm2), using 14 combined VIs, showed excellent performance. These results indicate that the remote sensing image data obtained from the UAV hyperspectral remote sensing system can be used to enable the high-throughput acquisition of oilseed rape yield information in the field. This study provides technical guidance for the crop yield estimation and high-throughput detection of breeding information.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi- and Hyper-Spectral Imaging Technologies for Crop Monitoring—2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures

Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Response Prediction and Experimental Validation of Vibration Noise in the Conveyor Trough of a Combine Harvester
by
Jianpeng Jing, Guangen Yan, Zhong Tang, Shuren Chen, Runzhi Liang, Yuxuan Chen and Xiaoying He
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101099 - 19 May 2025
Abstract
The noise generated by combine harvesters during operation has drawn growing attention, particularly that of the conveying trough shell, whose noise generation mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the vibration radiation noise characteristics of conveying troughs by analyzing a chain system with 83
[...] Read more.
The noise generated by combine harvesters during operation has drawn growing attention, particularly that of the conveying trough shell, whose noise generation mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the vibration radiation noise characteristics of conveying troughs by analyzing a chain system with 83 links using numerical simulation and experimental validation. A dynamic model of the conveyor chain system was developed, and the time domain reaction force at the bearing support was used as excitation for the trough shell’s finite element model. Modal and harmonic response analyses were performed to obtain the vibration response, which served as an acoustic boundary input for the LMS Virtual Lab. The indirect boundary element method was used to compute the radiated noise, achieving coupled modeling of chain system vibration and trough shell noise. Simulation results revealed that the maximum radiated noise occurred at approximately 112 Hz, closely matching experimental data. Comparative analysis of transmitted noise at 500 Hz and 700 Hz showed acoustic power levels of 98.4 dB and 109.52 dB, respectively. Results indicate that transmitted noise dominates over structural radiation in energy contribution, highlighting it as the primary noise path. This work offers a validated prediction model and supports noise control design for combine harvester conveying troughs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessEditorial
Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems
by
Magdalena Jastrzębska
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101098 - 19 May 2025
Abstract
The sustainability of global food production relies heavily on the ability to optimize the nutrient economy in cropping systems around the world [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Management and Efficient Use of Nutrients in Crop Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Effectiveness of Different Beer Types in Slug Trapping: A Two-Year Field Study on Arion vulgaris Moquin-Tandon and Limax maximus L.
by
Žiga Laznik, Stanislav Trdan, Miha Ocvirk and Iztok Jože Košir
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101097 - 19 May 2025
Abstract
Slugs are significant agricultural pests, causing extensive crop damage and economic losses. While chemical molluscicides are commonly used for control, concerns about their environmental impact have driven interest in alternative methods, including beer traps. This study evaluated the effectiveness of different beer types
[...] Read more.
Slugs are significant agricultural pests, causing extensive crop damage and economic losses. While chemical molluscicides are commonly used for control, concerns about their environmental impact have driven interest in alternative methods, including beer traps. This study evaluated the effectiveness of different beer types as attractants for slug trapping in field conditions over two consecutive years (2022–2023). Five types of beer—Union Lager, Paulaner Weissbier, BrewDog Punk IPA, Guinness Draught, and Chimay Blue—were tested alongside ethanol (10%) and a control treatment. The results demonstrated that Paulaner Weissbier and Union Lager were the most effective attractants, followed by Guinness Draught and Chimay Blue, while BrewDog Punk IPA had moderate effectiveness. Ethanol (10%) and the control treatment failed to attract slugs, confirming that volatile compounds, rather than alcohol alone, drive slug attraction. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that Paulaner Weissbier contained high levels of isoamyl acetate and limonene, while Union Lager exhibited elevated ethyl esters, which likely contributed to their effectiveness. Environmental factors influenced slug activity, with higher temperatures correlating with increased slug capture rates, while precipitation had no significant effect. These findings highlight the role of fermentation-derived volatile compounds in slug attraction and suggest that optimizing beer traps based on beer composition and environmental conditions could improve their effectiveness as a non-chemical slug control method. Future research should explore the long-term stability of beer attractants, the potential of synthetic formulations, and alternative yeast-based attractants to enhance slug management strategies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development and Implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Methods for Irrigated Crops)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Heavy Metal Contamination of Guizhou Tea Gardens: Soil Enrichment, Low Bioavailability, and Consumption Risks
by
Zhonggen Li, Xuemei Cai, Guan Wang and Qingfeng Wang
Agriculture 2025, 15(10), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15101096 - 19 May 2025
Abstract
The content and health impact of harmful heavy metals in agricultural products from strong geological background concentration areas have received increasing attention. To investigate the impact of soil heavy metal contamination on the tea plantation gardens of Guizhou Province, a major tea-producing area
[...] Read more.
The content and health impact of harmful heavy metals in agricultural products from strong geological background concentration areas have received increasing attention. To investigate the impact of soil heavy metal contamination on the tea plantation gardens of Guizhou Province, a major tea-producing area with strong geological background concentrations in China, a total of 37 paired soil–tender tea leaf samples (containing one bud and two leaves) were collected and analyzed for eight harmful heavy metals. The results showed that the average contents of Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Sb, and Tl in the surface soil (0–20 cm) were 0.26, 23.9, 37.9, 0.29, 75.9, 37, 2.78, and 0.84 mg/kg, respectively. The majority of the soil Hg, As, Pb, Sb, and Tl levels exceeded their background values for cultivated land soil in Guizhou Province to some extent. The geo-accumulation index revealed that Sb and As are the main pollutants of tea garden soil. The average contents of Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Sb, and Tl in the tea leaves were 4, 49, 310, 55, 717, 12,100, 30, and 20 μg/kg (on a dry weight basis), respectively, all of which were significantly lower than their national recommended limits for tea. The bioconcentration factors of these eight heavy metals in tea leaves were relatively low when compared with those in soil, ranging between 0.003 (for As) and 0.603 (for Ni). The health risk assessment indicated that the total hazard quotient (THQ) due to drinking tea was in the order of Tl > Ni > As > Pb > Cd >Sb > Hg > Cr, with both the THQ for each heavy metal and the health risk index (HI) being less than 0.29, indicating that the risk of exposure to these heavy metals through drinking Guizhou green tea is low. Although some harmful heavy metals are present in the tea garden soil of Guizhou, their bioavailability for young tea leaves is extremely low. This may be related to the physical and chemical properties of the soil, such as the high proportion of organic matter (up to 9%) which strongly binds with these elements.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Agriculture Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Animals, Antioxidants, Veterinary Sciences, Agriculture
Feeding Livestock for Health Improvement
Topic Editors: Hui Yan, Xiao XuDeadline: 30 May 2025
Topic in
Agriculture, Agronomy, Horticulturae, Plants
Optimizing Plants and Cultivation System for Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA)
Topic Editors: Linxuan Li, Yongming Liu, Xiumei Luo, Maozhi Ren, Xiulan Xie, Jie HeDeadline: 3 July 2025
Topic in
Agriculture, Agronomy, Crops, Horticulturae, Plants
Sustainable Crop Production from Problematic Soils to Ensure Food Security
Topic Editors: Zhongbing Chen, Safdar Bashir, Saqib BashirDeadline: 12 July 2025
Topic in
Agriculture, Agronomy, Forests, Plants, Stresses
The Effect of Climate Change on Crops and Natural Ecosystems, 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Arnd Jürgen Kuhn, Giuseppe FenuDeadline: 31 July 2025

Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Agriculture
Bee Products and Nutritional Value
Guest Editors: Vincenzo Nava, Giuseppa Di Bella, Federica LitrentaDeadline: 22 May 2025
Special Issue in
Agriculture
Approaches for Plant-Parasitic Nematode Control
Guest Editor: Fouad MokriniDeadline: 25 May 2025
Special Issue in
Agriculture
The Role of Agriculture in Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Guest Editors: Danijel Jug, Jurica JovićDeadline: 25 May 2025
Special Issue in
Agriculture
Effects of Different Managements on Soil Quality and Crop Production
Guest Editors: Nadia Vignozzi, Sergio Pellegrini, Maria Costanza AndrenelliDeadline: 25 May 2025