Journal Description
Buildings
Buildings
is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on building science, building engineering and architecture published monthly online by MDPI. The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) is affiliated with Buildings and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, and many other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Construction & Building Technology) / CiteScore - Q1 (Architecture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 16.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.2 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2022).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion Journal: Architecture.
Impact Factor:
3.324 (2021)
;
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.354 (2021)
Latest Articles
A New Method for Design of the Semi-Rigid Steel Frame—The Integration of Joint Inverse Design and Structural Design
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 938; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070938 (registering DOI) - 01 Jul 2022
Abstract
In the past few decades, semi-rigid connections have been studied extensively; several major international steel structure design specifications have incorporated this component into their own systems. However, there is still no appropriate way to integrate the semi-rigid joint design into the structural design
[...] Read more.
In the past few decades, semi-rigid connections have been studied extensively; several major international steel structure design specifications have incorporated this component into their own systems. However, there is still no appropriate way to integrate the semi-rigid joint design into the structural design more efficiently. The forward design method of introducing joint characteristics into the frame by predetermining joint details requires considerable effort to trial massive amounts of variables, which is undoubtedly a nightmare for those structures composed of thousands of members and joints. In this paper, a feasible method for the reversed design of semi-rigid steel frames has been developed. Being similar to the traditional one, the structural design is still divided into member design and joint design. In the member design phase, a joint is abstracted as a performance parameter and its details are no longer concerned. Then, in the joint design phase, the joint details can be reconstructed subject to the joint required performance by using the optimization algorithm. Throughout the process, engineers simply tune the desired properties of the joins rather than their construction geometry, which results in clearer tuning direction and improved solution efficiency. In addition, determining how to choose a good, required connection stiffness as the starting design is discussed and recommendations are given. Finally, two examples are solved to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design Theory of Steel-Concrete Composite Structure and Construction Technology of Complex Structure)
Open AccessArticle
Decision-Making Based on Network Analyses of New Infrastructure Layouts
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070937 (registering DOI) - 01 Jul 2022
Abstract
New Infrastructure (NI) has gradually become a new driving force for regional economic growth and an important part of the construction of new urban infrastructure in many countries, including China. Compared with traditional infrastructures, these NIs have mutually supportive functions and complex interrelationships
[...] Read more.
New Infrastructure (NI) has gradually become a new driving force for regional economic growth and an important part of the construction of new urban infrastructure in many countries, including China. Compared with traditional infrastructures, these NIs have mutually supportive functions and complex interrelationships that create interconnected networks of resources, information, and other interactions during the construction of the NIs. Therefore, it is important to analyze such correlation networks and explore their formation mechanisms in order to develop more scientific and reasonable strategies for NI investment and construction. In this study, the interdependence between NIs in Chongqing was analyzed as an example. Social network analysis (SNA) was used for the overall characteristics of the interdependency network of the NIs and an exponential random graph model (ERGM) was used to reveal the formation mechanism of this network. The results showed that information infrastructure is the key node for enhancing the effectiveness of Chongqing’s NI needs and its government should play a coordinating role. The network of related relationships is characterized by “reciprocity” and “small group”. The aggregation of NIs with such characteristics can produce an agglomeration effect. So, in the planning of NIs, the coordination among management departments should be strengthened and project locations should be reasonably arranged according to the functional interactive characteristics of the projects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Buildings, Infrastructure and SDGs 2030)
Open AccessArticle
Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 936; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070936 (registering DOI) - 01 Jul 2022
Abstract
This study uses the universal thermal climate index (UTCI) and whole-body and local cooling assessment to determine the thermal benchmarks and cold risk for children in China’s severe cold regions. The relevant measurements and survey were conducted in four open spaces at a
[...] Read more.
This study uses the universal thermal climate index (UTCI) and whole-body and local cooling assessment to determine the thermal benchmarks and cold risk for children in China’s severe cold regions. The relevant measurements and survey were conducted in four open spaces at a children’s park in Harbin, China. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) In winter, solar radiation and global temperature affects winter thermal sensation in male and female children the most. (2) Female children have a lower neutral UTCI (6.0 °C) than male children (7.3 °C), and female children have lower upper and lower thresholds of the neutral UTCI range (1.3–13.4 °C) than male children (0.6–14.1 °C). (3) Children who engaged in light-intensity activities, were exposed to cold winds, and touched cold surfaces with their bare fingers are at risk of whole-body and local cooling. (4) Children prefer exercising (PFemale = 35.5%, PMale = 48.3%) and moving to sunshine for thermal adaptation (PFemale = 31.1%, PMale = 26.4%). (5) Winter travel guidelines, cold-risk-prevention measures, and safety guidelines for winter outdoor activities are proposed. The results provide references for the design of open spaces in urban parks in China’s severe cold regions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Bioclimatic Designs to Enhance Urban/Rural Resilience)
Open AccessArticle
On-Site Risk Assessment Methodology of Historic Timber Structures: The Case Study of Santa Cruz Church
by
, , , and
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070935 (registering DOI) - 01 Jul 2022
Abstract
The conservation and repair of historic structures require significant resources. Therefore, it is important to conduct a complete assessment of the object. Specifically, historical timber frame structures are very common in the Spanish and Andalusian geographic area. This research proposes and develops a
[...] Read more.
The conservation and repair of historic structures require significant resources. Therefore, it is important to conduct a complete assessment of the object. Specifically, historical timber frame structures are very common in the Spanish and Andalusian geographic area. This research proposes and develops a simplified approach to facilitate decision making when faced with this complex work. By the application of long-established non-destructive tests, such as organoleptic and measuring inspection, resistography, and electric moisture content test, combined with visual classification parameters, these data were used as boundary conditions into a simplified structural calculation method. This process, which is simpler than other calculation systems, allows compiling important information about the safety level of the structure and its critical points. Finally, it allows for a better approach to repair work while rationalizing resources. This method was applied to a historical structure, during an 18th century church repair project. The assessment methodology provided important information about the conservation state of the timber frame and its structural suitability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Methods, Tools and Techniques for the Preservation of Existing Structures)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Automated Rule Checking for MEP Systems Based on BIM and KBMS
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070934 (registering DOI) - 01 Jul 2022
Abstract
Due to the growing complexity of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) designs and the rules that govern them, performing rule checks manually has become expensive. However, MEP-based rule checking has not received adequate attention compared to automated rule checking in other domains. Based
[...] Read more.
Due to the growing complexity of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) designs and the rules that govern them, performing rule checks manually has become expensive. However, MEP-based rule checking has not received adequate attention compared to automated rule checking in other domains. Based on Knowledge Management and Building Information Modeling (BIM), an automated rule checking system integrated knowledge base management system (KBMS) for model information expansion, information extraction, system integrity checking, and element spacing checking was developed. MEP rules for automated rule checking were collected, optimized, and stored in the MEP knowledge base. The KBMS facilitates the management of MEP rules in the knowledge base. A Revit plug-in of MEP rule checking system was developed including functions of KBMS, Model Integrity Checking, Elements Space Checking, and Locating the non-compliant element in model view. This study integrated both KBMS and BIM technologies to achieve automated rule checking for MEP. This simplifies the process of rule checking of MEP systems in an automated manner.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Methods for Infrastructures Management towards Sustainability, Intelligence, and Resilience)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Hybrid Models for Indoor Temperature Prediction Using Long Short Term Memory Networks—Case Study Energy Center
by
and
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070933 (registering DOI) - 01 Jul 2022
Abstract
In the European Union States, household energy usage accounts on average for 40% of overall energy consumption and is responsible for a considerable amount of carbon dioxide emissions. The urgent need to take concrete action to identify solutions that can ensure more effective
[...] Read more.
In the European Union States, household energy usage accounts on average for 40% of overall energy consumption and is responsible for a considerable amount of carbon dioxide emissions. The urgent need to take concrete action to identify solutions that can ensure more effective usage of energy in households, both because of environmental and political reasons, has been repeatedly stated by the European Parliament. White box, grey box and black box predictive models were demonstrated to be a feasible approach to predict the indoor temperature to implement an effective energy management strategy. This study has the purpose of illustrating the potentiality of an LSTM Artificial Neural Network in a short and long-term prediction of the indoor temperature in 15 offices distributed on three storeys of an existing building (Energy Center of Turin (Italy)). The indoor temperature was predicted two hours, five hours and one entire day ahead. The performance of these algorithms has been evaluated not only based on two main criteria (i.e., Root Mean Squared Error and Mean Absolute error) but also by considering the adaptability of the model between the three floors and in terms of different years. Moreover, the proposed work explains how parameters affect performances, aiming to properly identify the optimal model structure. Current results indicate that these models can provide accurate predictions for all the proposed time scales and could all potentially be used for predictive control purposes to optimise the energy demand. The novelty of this study is to show that these models can only be trained on data for a limited period and a specific plane, and then be reliable in predicting indoor temperature, both for different planes and for random periods, taking into account temperature and relative humidity. Furthermore, input parameters are limited to indoor HVAC variables, to ensure acceptable predictions regardless of outdoor parameters availability. The only exception is the outdoor temperature, because of its undeniable and proven importance, it was retained as the only exogenous input variable. Based on current literature and temperature perception capabilities, the results were considered acceptable if the RMSE was less than 0.15 or better yet 0.10, which is equivalent to an inaccuracy between the predicted and actual indoor temperature of 0.15 °C/0.10 °C. On average, the models trained on the Energy Center database achieved an error of 0.1 °C in terms of RMSE.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Development of an FEM-DEM Model to Investigate Preliminary Compaction of Asphalt Pavements
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 932; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070932 - 01 Jul 2022
Abstract
Variations in pavement density have been widely monitored and investigated, both in laboratory and in field experiments, since the compaction of pavement is so critical to its long-term performance quality. In contrast to field testing, laboratory tests are simpler to produce but less
[...] Read more.
Variations in pavement density have been widely monitored and investigated, both in laboratory and in field experiments, since the compaction of pavement is so critical to its long-term performance quality. In contrast to field testing, laboratory tests are simpler to produce but less accurate. Destructive drilled samples are used to conduct field testing; however, they are limited in their ability to assess density information at specific areas. The use of computationally aided approaches, such as the Finite Element Method (FEM) and the Discrete Element Method (DEM), in research involving asphalt mixtures is increasing, since these methods simulate and evaluate the characteristics of asphalt mixtures at macroscopic and microscopic scales. Individual particle behavior at the microscopic level cannot be fully represented using the FEM alone, and the computing cost of utilizing the DEM approach alone is prohibitively high. The objective of this work is to simulate the pre-compaction process by using the coupled FEM-DEM approach. In order to investigate the impact of the asphalt mixtures’ gradation, a dense-graded asphalt mixture (AC 11) and a gap graded asphalt mixture (PA 11) were simulated. Different paving speeds (4, 5, and 6 m/min) were applied on the preliminary compaction model of AC 11 to study the effect of the paving speeds on the compaction process. By comparing the angular velocity, which worked as a reference of compaction quality, it was demonstrated that the grade AC 11 asphalt mixtures performed better in the preliminary compaction process compared to the grade PA 11 asphalt mixtures. Moreover, since it has an effect on compaction, paving speed was carefully monitored and kept within a reasonable range in order to maximize both pavement quality and project efficiency.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multi-Scale Modelling and Characterization of Asphalt Pavement Materials)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Mandatory Policy, Innovations and the Renewable Energy Debate: A Case Study on Building Integrated Photovoltaics
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 931; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070931 - 30 Jun 2022
Abstract
Innovations in buildings help to reduce energy consumption and promote environmental protection and as well as the use of renewable energy technology. However, there is a conflict when the need for an innovation clashes with the financial burden and the complex adoption processes.
[...] Read more.
Innovations in buildings help to reduce energy consumption and promote environmental protection and as well as the use of renewable energy technology. However, there is a conflict when the need for an innovation clashes with the financial burden and the complex adoption processes. As a result, the negative impacts of buildings remain, and the low adoption of strategic innovations remains unaddressed. This study aims to explore this challenge, the various sides of this debate and provide a practical guide which promotes energy and building-related innovations driven by policy. This paper is an extract from a recent doctoral study conducted using an exploratory qualitative model and interviews with eighty-six residents in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) was selected as a case study energy innovation and the thematic analysis of the data collected suggests that BIPV adoption is limited by multiple barriers. The debate arising from the findings highlights two opposing viewpoints. One view claims that mandatory policies are necessary to promote innovation adoption. The other view argues that the merits of mandatory policy are lost since multiple barriers significantly discourage adoption in the first place. The study takes a proactive step towards resolving the debate using a systematic approach that recommends specific drivers backed by supporting policies to guide human-centered, stakeholder-driven renewable energy transition.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue ZEMCH—Zero Energy Mass Custom Home International Research 2021)
Open AccessArticle
Visual Integration Relationship between Buildings and the Natural Environment Based on Eye Movement
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 930; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070930 - 30 Jun 2022
Abstract
In current architectural practice projects, the external visual image presented by many buildings ignores the interpretation of the environment and the local context, as well as the emotional feeling of people in visual cognition. At present, some indicators in the field of architectural
[...] Read more.
In current architectural practice projects, the external visual image presented by many buildings ignores the interpretation of the environment and the local context, as well as the emotional feeling of people in visual cognition. At present, some indicators in the field of architectural design can be analyzed quantitatively, but the evaluation criteria related to vision remain in the stage of relying on experience and feeling so that the design result cannot be controlled accurately. This article reports the study of the influence of building distribution form and the ratio of the shorter side to longer side of building blocks (the S/L ratio) on the visual integration relationship between buildings and the natural environment, based on eye-tracker experiments. Six actual completed projects were chosen for evaluation in two experiments. This study uses eye-tracking recorded data to investigate the influence of two elements (the distribution of building blocks and the S/L ratio of building blocks) on the visual integration relationship of buildings and environment. It provides a theoretical approach that helps to improve architects’ building-design practices when working in different natural environments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Development of Lightweight Steel Framed Construction Systems for Nearly-Zero Energy Buildings
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 929; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070929 - 30 Jun 2022
Abstract
Light steel frame (LSF) building systems offer high structural resilience, lower costs due to fast prefabrication, and high ability to recycle and reuse. The main goal of this paper was to provide state-of-the-art main components for such systems with the intention to be
[...] Read more.
Light steel frame (LSF) building systems offer high structural resilience, lower costs due to fast prefabrication, and high ability to recycle and reuse. The main goal of this paper was to provide state-of-the-art main components for such systems with the intention to be implemented for use in nearly-zero energy buildings (NZEBs). A brief historical outline of the development of LSF systems was given, and the key parameters affecting the design and use of LSF systems were discussed. The influence of the individual components of the LSF system (steel studs, sheathing boards, and insulation materials) was then thoroughly discussed in light of relevant research on energy efficiency and other important properties (such as sound protection and fire resistance). Web of Science and Scopus databases were used for this purpose, using relevant key words: LSF, energy efficiency, sheathing boards, steel studs, insulation, etc. Several research gaps were identified that could be used for development and future research on new LSF systems. Finally, based on the analysis of each component, an innovative LSF composite wall panel was proposed which will be the subject of the authors’ future research. Conducted preliminary analysis showed low thermal transmittance of the system and indicates the path of its further research.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessEditorial
High-Performance Construction Materials: Latest Advances and Prospects
by
and
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 928; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070928 - 30 Jun 2022
Abstract
Our civilization has used construction materials extensively, especially for infrastructure projects [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-performance Construction Materials: Latest Advances and Prospects)
Open AccessReview
Prophylactic Architecture: Formulating the Concept of Pandemic-Resilient Homes
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 927; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070927 - 30 Jun 2022
Abstract
The lockdown instituted during the COVID-19 pandemic has drawn the world’s attention to the importance of homes as integrated structures for practicing all aspects of life. The home has been transformed from a mere place to live into a complete piece of infrastructure
[...] Read more.
The lockdown instituted during the COVID-19 pandemic has drawn the world’s attention to the importance of homes as integrated structures for practicing all aspects of life. The home has been transformed from a mere place to live into a complete piece of infrastructure accommodating all activities of life, including study, work, shopping, exercise, entertainment, and even telehealth. Although quarantines were necessary to protect against viral infection, we have faced social and psychological challenges due to the failure of the current home design to accommodate the new lockdown lifestyle during the pandemic. Thus, this study aims to set a foundation for the development and design of resilient homes in a post-quarantine world by establishing a comprehensive framework for quarantine-resilient homes. The framework was established on the basis of the relevant literature and proposals from architects and experts. It brings a perspective to the future requirements of homes so as to provide architects, stakeholders, and policymakers with the appropriate knowledge to mitigate the impact of lockdowns on mental health and well-being in residential buildings by focusing on the physical and architectural environment.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-COVID Architecture Research)
Open AccessArticle
Model of Demand of Human Settlement Environment for Rural Houses in North China: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070926 - 30 Jun 2022
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that the technology used to improve the living environment in rural areas often loses its effect in a few years, and farmers return to their familiar and habitual way of life. The failure to consider the basic needs of
[...] Read more.
Numerous studies have shown that the technology used to improve the living environment in rural areas often loses its effect in a few years, and farmers return to their familiar and habitual way of life. The failure to consider the basic needs of farmers is an important reason for these problems. Therefore, this study conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses on the factors that influence the demand on the human settlement environment through visits, field measurements, a questionnaire survey (which involved more than 20 households in 14 villages in seven provinces and cities in northern China), and the construction of a structural equation model based on demand. The survey included (amongst other factors) personal attributes, daily living, diet and environmental preferences, living customs and energy consumption, housing construction methods, and the surrounding environment. The results showed that, compared with mental happiness (0.084) and physical health (0.119), socioeconomic status (0.260) had a greater influence on the weight of the overall demand satisfaction among the various demand indicators. Farmers prioritized yard planning (0.135), toilets (0.126), and living rooms (0.095). They also gave importance to the indoor thermal environment (0.088), air quality (0.088), and food problems (0.087). The findings of this study provide a theoretical reference for the inception of technical approaches to improve human settlement environment centered on rural houses in North China, and the realization of sustainable development in the future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Architecture and Healthy Indoor Environment)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) to Mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effects in Canadian Cities
by
, , , , , , and
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070925 - 30 Jun 2022
Abstract
Canada is warming at double the rate of the global average caused in part to a fast-growing population and large land transformations, where urban surfaces contribute significantly to the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. The federal government released the strengthened climate plan in
[...] Read more.
Canada is warming at double the rate of the global average caused in part to a fast-growing population and large land transformations, where urban surfaces contribute significantly to the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. The federal government released the strengthened climate plan in 2020, which emphasizes using nature-based solutions (NBSs) to combat the effects of UHI phenomenon. Here, the effects of two NBSs techniques are reviewed and analysed: increasing surface greenery/vegetation (ISG) and increasing surface reflectivity (ISR). Policymakers have the challenge of selecting appropriate NBSs to meet a wide range of objectives within the urban environment and Canadian-specific knowledge of how NBSs can perform at various scales is lacking. As such, this state-of-the-art review intends to provide a snapshot of the current understanding of the benefits and risks associated with the implantation of NBSs in urban spaces as well as a review of the current techniques used to model, and evaluate the potential effectiveness of UHI under evolving climate conditions. Thus, if NBSs are to be adopted to mitigate UHI effects and extreme summertime temperatures in Canadian municipalities, an integrated, comprehensive analysis of their contributions is needed. As such, developing methods to quantify and evaluate NBSs’ performance and tools for the effective implementation of NBSs are required.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nature-Based Solutions for Carbon Neutral Climate Resilient Buildings and Communities)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Challenging Tendering-Phase Factors in Public Construction Projects—A Delphi Study in Saudi Arabia
by
and
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070924 - 29 Jun 2022
Abstract
Public construction projects in Saudi Arabia are fraught with several challenges threatening open and fair competition, which consequently negatively influence the decision of contractors to participate in bidding. Nevertheless, the construction sector has witnessed rapid reforms since 2016, which have resulted in the
[...] Read more.
Public construction projects in Saudi Arabia are fraught with several challenges threatening open and fair competition, which consequently negatively influence the decision of contractors to participate in bidding. Nevertheless, the construction sector has witnessed rapid reforms since 2016, which have resulted in the issuing of new legislation and regulations as well as the creation of governing bodies. Hence, the concept of open and fair competition plays a significant role in the governance of these challenges in the upstream process of construction tendering. Therefore, this paper explores challenges that are hindering contractors’ participation in the tendering phase of public construction projects in light of these new legislations and authorities. Twelve challenging factors were identified from a structured literature review of previous relevant empirical studies available in online search engines since the 1980s. Those factors were measured through Delphi survey questionnaires, which provided respondents with the option of adding new challenging factors. Thus, twenty factors were identified. A descriptive method was used to determine and prioritize these challenging factors. The survey findings indicate that the most influential hindering factors are (1) awarding contracts based on the lowest bidder, (2) inadequate or incomplete specifications, (3) poor contract documents, and (4) poor cost-estimating practices. These findings are vital in exposing the lack of relationships between the construction industry, regulators, and stakeholders for robust partnerships, thereby helping to ensure the fair participation of contractors, which boosts open and fair competition concepts for public construction projects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Construction Management – Future Innovations, Methods, Techniques and Technologies)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Fabricated Components Hoisting Activity Recognition and Collision Analysis Based on Inertial Measurement Unit IMU
by
, , , , and
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 923; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070923 - 29 Jun 2022
Abstract
The prefabricated components are an important aspect of prefabricated constructions. Based on three possible collision situations when the fabricated component is being lifted during the installation phase, the aim of this study is to investigate how to prevent effective collision between the hoist
[...] Read more.
The prefabricated components are an important aspect of prefabricated constructions. Based on three possible collision situations when the fabricated component is being lifted during the installation phase, the aim of this study is to investigate how to prevent effective collision between the hoist and the barrier, and establish the standardized operation process (SOP) of using the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) to detect the hoisting collision of fabricated building components. The (IMU) technology is used in the collection of lifting activities data. The hoisting activity will be divided into four situations: classification and recognition of stationary, ascending, advancing, and descending of components; use of the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm and the Random Forest (RF) algorithm for data processing to recognize the hoisting activities of assembled components; construction of the hoisting activity recognition model; determination of the best recognition position of the IMU; further collision analysis based on the recognition of the hoisting of assembled components. The collision is divided into direct collision, sudden stop, and detour in a specific space from obstacles. Image analysis of the three types of collision activities will be carried out to help perceive lifting activities in advance and reduce loss resulting from collisions caused by components. According to the systematic research and discussion of hoisting activity recognition and collision behavior, it provides a reasonable basis and ideas for solving hoisting collisions in prefabricated buildings and aids in the use of inertial sensors in construction to provide assistance for construction automation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
Open AccessArticle
Exploring Value Generation in Target Value Design Applying a Value Analysis Model
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 922; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070922 - 29 Jun 2022
Abstract
Target value design (TVD) is a management approach that applies target costing in the design and construction industry. TVD enables a project environment with favorable characteristics to generate value. However, because the TVD’s primary assessment is cost, target cost can be met without
[...] Read more.
Target value design (TVD) is a management approach that applies target costing in the design and construction industry. TVD enables a project environment with favorable characteristics to generate value. However, because the TVD’s primary assessment is cost, target cost can be met without necessarily achieving the project’s full value. This research applies the action research approach to implement TVD in a housing project and explores the value generation of the project using a value analysis model (VAM) to study the balance between cost and value fulfillment in the product and design process. According to the results, even though the target cost was achieved, the desired value of the project was not achieved during the project design. However, there is a tendency to increase value over time to a greater extent in the product and not so much in the process. The main contributions of this study are the possibility of comparing cost and value, identifying the emphasis of product over process and cost over value throughout the TVD project. This study enhances the literature on project value generation and maximization, offering new knowledge for a better understanding of how to conduct a value analysis in combination with costing in TVD projects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Project and Design Management in the Construction Sector)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Response Modification Factors for Multi-Span Reinforced Concrete Bridges in Pakistan
by
, , , , and
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070921 - 29 Jun 2022
Abstract
In Pakistan, updated codes covering seismic provisions for reinforced concrete bridges do not exist. The majority of the bridge design uses different versions of AASTHO-LRFD provisions. Response modification factors recommended for usage in these codes are primarily for bridges derived from conditions and
[...] Read more.
In Pakistan, updated codes covering seismic provisions for reinforced concrete bridges do not exist. The majority of the bridge design uses different versions of AASTHO-LRFD provisions. Response modification factors recommended for usage in these codes are primarily for bridges derived from conditions and bridges in the United States of America. This research focuses on the seismic assessment of three real multi-spans simply supported reinforced concrete bridges in Pakistan having multiple bents. This typology of bridges is very common in Pakistan. Non-linear static pushover analysis is performed to derive seismic capacity curves for these bridges, which were used to compute response modification factors. The study results show that response modification factors vary between 4.50 and 5.0 for the bridges in the longitudinal and transverse directions. The results of this work may serve as input in developing the seismic design code of bridges in Pakistan.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Earthquake Engineering and Urban Resilience)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Downburst-Induced Vibration Coefficient of Long-Span Roof Structures
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070920 - 29 Jun 2022
Abstract
Long-span roof structures are vulnerable to being damaged by downbursts due to the sensitivity of such structures to wind loads. However, there is still no simple and practical method for the downburst-resistant design of such structures to date. Inspired by the wind-induced vibration
[...] Read more.
Long-span roof structures are vulnerable to being damaged by downbursts due to the sensitivity of such structures to wind loads. However, there is still no simple and practical method for the downburst-resistant design of such structures to date. Inspired by the wind-induced vibration coefficient (WVC) frequently used by engineers, this paper proposes a downburst-induced vibration coefficient (DVC) to evaluate the response of a roof structure subjected to downbursts. The proposed DVC is defined as the ratio of the total response to the mean response of the structure due to the action of downburst wind loads. The influences of different parameters on the downburst-induced vibration response of a long-span single-layer spherical reticulated structure are first analyzed in detail. Then, using a statistical approach, a design DVC, which can be practically adopted for civil engineers to evaluate the total structural response, is proposed to facilitate the structural downburst-resistant design. With the influences of different structural parameters fully taken into consideration, the design DVCs of displacement and internal force are studied through orthogonal analysis. Finally, regression models of the design DVCs are presented, and their reliability is verified via the application to a case study. The verification results indicate that the proposed regression models of the design DVCs are reliable and can be utilized to simply calculate the structural downburst-induced vibration response. The results obtained can serve as a reference for the downburst-resistant design of long-span roof structures.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
Open AccessArticle
A Novel Combination of PCA and Machine Learning Techniques to Select the Most Important Factors for Predicting Tunnel Construction Performance
by
, , , , and
Buildings 2022, 12(7), 919; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070919 - 29 Jun 2022
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported the effective use of artificial intelligence approaches, particularly artificial neural networks (ANNs)-based models, to tackle tunnelling issues. However, having a high number of model inputs increases the running time and related mistakes of ANNs. The principal component analysis (PCA)
[...] Read more.
Numerous studies have reported the effective use of artificial intelligence approaches, particularly artificial neural networks (ANNs)-based models, to tackle tunnelling issues. However, having a high number of model inputs increases the running time and related mistakes of ANNs. The principal component analysis (PCA) approach was used in this work to select input factors for predicting tunnel boring machine (TBM) performance, specifically advance rate (AR). A reliable and precise forecast of TBM AR is desirable and critical for mitigating risk throughout the tunnel building phase. The developed PCAs (a total of four PCAs) were used with the artificial bee colony (ABC) method to predict TBM AR. To assess the created PCA-ANN-ABC model’s capabilities, an imperialist competitive algorithm-ANN and regression-based methods for estimating TBM AR were also suggested. To evaluate the artificial intelligence and statistical models, many statistical evaluation metrics were evaluated and generated, including the coefficient of determination (R2). The findings indicate that the PCA-ANN-ABC model (with R2 values of 0.9641 for training and 0.9558 for testing) is capable of predicting AR values with a high degree of accuracy, precision, and flexibility. The modelling approach utilized in this study may be used to other comparable studies involving the solution of engineering challenges.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
►▼
Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Buildings Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor's Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Architecture, Buildings, Land, Sustainability, Urban Science
Architectures, Materials and Urban Design
Topic Editors: Nikos A. Salingaros, Alexandros A. Lavdas, Michael W. Mehaffy, Ann SussmanDeadline: 15 October 2022
Topic in
Batteries, Buildings, Electricity, Electronics, Energies
Smart Energy Systems
Topic Editors: Rui Castro, Hugo MoraisDeadline: 30 October 2022
Topic in
Buildings, Energies, Sustainability, Urban Science
New Perspectives on Lighting
Topic Editors: Antonio Peña-García, Lambros T. Doulos, Li QinDeadline: 20 November 2022
Topic in
Energies, Buildings, Designs, Architecture
Building Energy and Environment
Topic Editors: Shi-Jie Cao, Wei FengDeadline: 30 December 2022

Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Buildings
Post-COVID Architecture Research
Guest Editor: Dirk H.R. SpennemannDeadline: 10 July 2022
Special Issue in
Buildings
Advances in Modelling and Testing the Performance of Masonry Structures
Guest Editors: Chisari Corrado, Bartolomeo PantòDeadline: 30 July 2022
Special Issue in
Buildings
Bio-Based Solutions for the Building Energy System
Guest Editors: Antonio Isalgue, Carlos Alonso-Montolio, Judit Lopez-Besora, Moritz WegenerDeadline: 31 July 2022
Special Issue in
Buildings
Computational Analytical Methods for Buildings and Cities: Space Syntax and Shape Grammar
Guest Editors: Michael Ostwald, Ju Hyun LeeDeadline: 15 August 2022
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Buildings
Structural Dynamics and Analysis of Civil Structures and Engineering Materials
Collection Editors: Giuseppina Uva, Sergio Ruggieri
Topical Collection in
Buildings
Sustainable Building Materials: Design and Digitization
Collection Editors: Shazim Memon, Arsalan Khushnood, Asad Hanif, Luciana Restuccia
Topical Collection in
Buildings
Women in Buildings
Collection Editors: Chiara Bedon, Flora Faleschini, Laura Galuppi, Linda Giresini
Topical Collection in
Buildings
Creation of a Low-Carbon Healthy Building Environment with Intelligent Technologies
Collection Editors: Shi-Jie Cao, Dahai Qi, Junqi Wang, Gwanggil Jeon