Journal Description
Buildings
Buildings
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on building science, building engineering and architecture published monthly online by MDPI. The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) is affiliated with Buildings and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Civil) / CiteScore - Q1 (Architecture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion Journal: Architecture.
Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Incorporation of Waste in Thermal Mortars—A Literature Review
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 830; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030830 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
Innovation in construction plays a fundamental role in helping us face current challenges, namely the reduction in energy consumption, the mitigation of the effects of climate change, the depletion of resources, and the generation of waste. Regarding the built environment, improving the thermal
[...] Read more.
Innovation in construction plays a fundamental role in helping us face current challenges, namely the reduction in energy consumption, the mitigation of the effects of climate change, the depletion of resources, and the generation of waste. Regarding the built environment, improving the thermal properties of the building envelope is one of the growing needs to reduce energy consumption in the building sector. In this context, thermal mortars have been a trend in the construction industry in recent years due to their ability in reducing heat transfer through the building envelope. On the other hand, the addition of waste has been studied as an alternative to improve the thermal properties of mortars and reduce the consumption of primary materials in the construction sector. This work aims to carry out a detailed review regarding the incorporation of waste in thermal mortars through the application of scientometric data analysis and a systematic literature review. To this end, the different residues incorporated into thermal mortars and the various percentages and forms of incorporation were identified throughout the publications gathered in this review. The most studied properties regarding the thermal mortars with the addition of waste were also the subject of study. A comprehensive database of thermal mortars with the incorporation of waste is presented, in which the objectives of the studies, the wastes and forms of incorporation and the measured properties are highlighted. The main results of the analysed researches are deeply discussed and the gaps in this area of the knowledge are identified to point out new directions and possible perspectives for future studies in the field of thermal mortars incorporating waste.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessReview
Enhancing Sustainable Railway Station Design in Tropical Climates: Insights from Thailand’s Architectural Theses and Case Studies
by
Suppapon Tetiranont, Wannapol Sadakorn, Napong Tao Rugkhapan and Lapyote Prasittisopin
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 829; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030829 - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
An environmentally conscious architectural design of a railway station can have a substantial influence on government spending. Nevertheless, an extensive collection of guidelines for using sustainable design principles in the construction of a railway station can provide several advantages. The goal is to
[...] Read more.
An environmentally conscious architectural design of a railway station can have a substantial influence on government spending. Nevertheless, an extensive collection of guidelines for using sustainable design principles in the construction of a railway station can provide several advantages. The goal is to review design visions for railway stations in Thailand, as reflected in student theses and government proposals, from 1983 to 2022 for sustainable design aspects in tropical climates. We perform an analysis of architectural design aspects including service areas, shape, entrances, roofing, style, and development in order to uncover design trends and possible areas that may be enhanced. Station designs are mostly characterized by curved and gable roofs, with 3D curved buildings being the next most common feature. High speed rail (HSR) stations stress local cultural elements in their major entrances while also improving passenger flow. Public buildings frequently employ curved or gabled porticos to achieve a majestic look. Although university theses place a high importance on conceptual design and functionality, it is essential to also consider cost-effectiveness. Key design considerations for future railway stations are transparency, connection, efficient mobility, and cost–time efficiency. The research uncovers deficiencies in user-centered design for thermal comfort and inclusiveness (design-for-all) in Thailand’s tropical environment. Addressing these aspects is critical for future sustainable railway station design evaluations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Creativity in Architecture)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Study on the Ultimate Load-Bearing Capacity of Disc Buckle Tall Formwork Support Considering Uncertain Factors
by
Hua Huang, Zhenfeng Peng, Jinkun Hou, Xudong Zheng, Yuxi Ding and Han Wu
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 828; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030828 - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
Disc buckle steel pipe brackets are widely used in building construction due to the advantages of its simple structure, large-bearing capacity, rapid assembling and disassembling, and strong versatility. In complex construction projects, the uncertainties affecting the stability of disc buckle steel pipe support
[...] Read more.
Disc buckle steel pipe brackets are widely used in building construction due to the advantages of its simple structure, large-bearing capacity, rapid assembling and disassembling, and strong versatility. In complex construction projects, the uncertainties affecting the stability of disc buckle steel pipe support need to be considered to ensure the safety of disc buckle steel pipe supports. A surrogate model based on a deep neural network is built and trained to predict the ultimate load-carrying capacity of a stent. The results of the finite element model calculations are used to form the sample set of the surrogate model. Then, we combined the computationally efficient DNN surrogate model with the Monte Carlo method to consider the distribution of the ultimate load capacity of the disc buckle bracket under the uncertainties of the bracket node pin wedge tightness, the wall thickness of the steel pipe, and the connection of the connecting wall member. At the same time, based on the DNN model, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) interpretability analysis method was used to study the degree of influence of various uncertainty factors on the ultimate bearing capacity of the stent. In practical engineering, the stability analysis of a disc buckle tall formwork support has shown that a surrogate model based on a deep neural network is efficient in predicting the buckling characteristic value of the support. The error rate of the prediction is less than 2%. The buckling characteristic values of the bracket vary in the range of 17–25. Among the various factors that influence the buckling characteristic value of the bracket, the joint wedge tightness has the greatest impact, followed by the bottom and top wall-connecting parts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Steel Structures Building: Mechanical Properties and Behaviour Analysis)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Towards the Uptake of Digital Technologies for Construction Information Management: A Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling Approach
by
Peter Adekunle, Clinton Aigbavboa, Opeoluwa Akinradewo, Matthew Ikuabe and Kenneth Otasowie
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030827 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
The primary objective of this study survey is to close knowledge gaps by measuring the responses from construction experts and investigating the significant effects of using digital technologies in construction information management (CIM). This is attributed to the lack of thorough knowledge among
[...] Read more.
The primary objective of this study survey is to close knowledge gaps by measuring the responses from construction experts and investigating the significant effects of using digital technologies in construction information management (CIM). This is attributed to the lack of thorough knowledge among construction professionals on the implications and efficacy of incorporating digital tools in construction information management. A thorough analysis of the literature on the use of digital technologies revealed outcomes related to digitized ways of managing construction information, which were then contextually tailored through a pilot study and presented in the form of a postulated model. A total of 257 stakeholders in the building industry were given questionnaire surveys to complete in order to gather primary data. The final model of the result of adopting digital technology was statistically validated using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). By concentrating on the quantitative contribution of the most important result to the adoption of digital technologies throughout the process of CIM, this study closes this knowledge gap. The three primary benefits that digital technologies have the most influence on are communication, operational efficiency, and market intelligence, according to this paper’s conclusions. The research showed that encouraging relationships that enable the use of digital technologies should be promoted between technology providers and construction companies. In order to adopt and improve digital solutions, construction firms and technology providers will be able to collaborate in an ecosystem. By shedding light on the implementation and impact of digital technologies in the construction sector, the study helps to close this knowledge gap. The study offers valuable information for upcoming initiatives that support digital transformation through construction methods. The results serve as instructions for the government authorities to help them focus their efforts and distribute their resources more effectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Twins in the Building Industry)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Systematic Calculation of Yield and Failure Curvatures of Reinforced Concrete Cross-Sections
by
John Bellos and Apostolos Konstantinidis
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030826 (registering DOI) - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
This paper examines and provides a robust solution to the problem of yield and failure curvatures of reinforced concrete (RC) cross-sections, taking into account cracking. At the same time, it calculates the corresponding necessary reinforcement or the moment of resistance in both yield
[...] Read more.
This paper examines and provides a robust solution to the problem of yield and failure curvatures of reinforced concrete (RC) cross-sections, taking into account cracking. At the same time, it calculates the corresponding necessary reinforcement or the moment of resistance in both yield and failure limit states. Computationally, the problem of determining the actual curvatures is reduced to the bending design problem of the cross-section in the yield and failure limit states. This study shows the researcher and the designer how to systematically calculate the strains for different concrete and steel grades and for standard or random cross-sections. This complex process is quite necessary to determine the respective curvatures. The main concept is presented with an emphasis on the “solution regions” as well as the critical cases of the “asymptotic regions”, both in yield and failure limit states. Our wide-ranging research on RC element design under biaxial bending with axial force for both yield and failure limit states has been completed and validated via sophisticated algorithms and is available for publication.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Structural and Mechanical Performances of Structures and Materials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Evaluating the Role of Green Infrastructure in Microclimate and Building Energy Efficiency
by
Amin Habibi and Nafise Kahe
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030825 - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
This study investigates how permeable and cool pavements, green roofs, and living walls affect microclimatic conditions and buildings’ energy consumption in an arid urban setting: Shiraz. The study aims to evaluate the role of green infrastructure in mitigating urban heat island effects and
[...] Read more.
This study investigates how permeable and cool pavements, green roofs, and living walls affect microclimatic conditions and buildings’ energy consumption in an arid urban setting: Shiraz. The study aims to evaluate the role of green infrastructure in mitigating urban heat island effects and enhancing outdoor conditions. By utilizing environmental modeling tools, specifically the ENVI-met 5.1.1 and Design Builder 7.0.2 software, a comprehensive analysis was conducted across various scenarios during both the summer and winter seasons. The results show that permeable pavements with 80% grass coverage reduced the mean average air temperature by 1.18 °C in summer mornings compared to the reference case. In both the summer and winter scenarios, the living wall intervention consistently emerged as the most effective strategy, showcasing substantial reductions in cooling consumption, CO2 emissions, and electricity consumption. With a 25% reduction in cooling consumption, a 14.7% decrease in CO2 emissions, and an impressive 53.4% decline in electricity consumption, the living wall excelled in its environmental impact, and it stands out for its substantial electricity savings. While the green roof and permeable pavement scenarios demonstrated more modest gains, their integration could offer a synergistic solution, warranting further exploration for optimized energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. These findings indicate the intrinsic connection between sustainable landscaping strategies and their influence on urban microclimate and building energy efficiency.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Architectural Design Based on the Influence of Indoor and Outdoor Environments)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Investigating the Effect of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) on Social Equity—Examining the Displacement of Footscray, Melbourne
by
Xinyi Wang, Yixuan Xie, Linhui Xia, Jin He and Beiyu Lin
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030824 - 19 Mar 2024
Abstract
As Melbourne faces exponential population growth, the necessity for resilient urban planning strategies becomes critical. These strategies include mixed land use, density, diversity, and sustainable transportation through transit-oriented development (TOD). While TOD promises to accommodate growing populations and address environmental concerns, it also
[...] Read more.
As Melbourne faces exponential population growth, the necessity for resilient urban planning strategies becomes critical. These strategies include mixed land use, density, diversity, and sustainable transportation through transit-oriented development (TOD). While TOD promises to accommodate growing populations and address environmental concerns, it also raises issues regarding its unintended consequences on poverty and inequality, notably through residential displacement and gentrification. This study investigates the impacts of TOD construction on inequality in Footscray, employing spatial analysis techniques like the hedonic price model (HPM), robust regression analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis. It aims to understand how spatial factors influence housing prices and their correlations. Additionally, the study uses observational spatial analysis via Google Street View (GSV) to examine indices such as housing development type, traffic signage, sanitation facilities, and house beautification. This approach seeks to build an evaluation framework to assess the extent of TOD street reconstruction and its impact on gentrification and displacement. The research adapts existing knowledge to create a tool for reviewing past planning decisions and assessing the fairness of TOD planning implementation. By providing assessment and guidance to mitigate the potential adverse impacts of TOD, this study contributes to the advancement of urban-planning practices, offering insights into mixed land use and effective strategies to balance economic development and social equity, thereby enhancing community resilience. Ultimately, this research deepens our understanding of the impacts of TOD on urban inequality and offers practical tools and insights for more equitable and sustainable urban development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Trends in Urban Planning for Building Urban Resilience)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Multidimensional Evaluation of Traditional Villages in Jiangnan Region, China: Spatial Pattern, Accessibility and Driving Factors
by
Yi Zhang, Zheng Tian, Jiacheng Du and Shibo Bi
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030823 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
Assessment of the spatial distribution and accessibility of traditional villages is closely related to their development. However, the impacts of spatial heterogeneity on the accessibility of traditional villages remain largely unknown. A total of 644 national-level traditional villages in the Jiangnan region were
[...] Read more.
Assessment of the spatial distribution and accessibility of traditional villages is closely related to their development. However, the impacts of spatial heterogeneity on the accessibility of traditional villages remain largely unknown. A total of 644 national-level traditional villages in the Jiangnan region were used to explore the spatial heterogeneity impact with a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. We found: (1) spatially, the villages exhibit a predominant aggregation distribution pattern with significant local spatial disparities (R < 1, p < 0.01), predominantly originating from the Song and Ming dynasties (59.21%). Their clustering shifts from northeast to southwest, with over 70% of the villages located on slopes ranging from 0° to 20° and within 1 km of water. (2) The accessibility of these villages is generally low, with 85.66% being accessible within 200 ~ 300 min; it decreases concentrically outwards from Changzhou and exhibits clustering autocorrelation characteristics (Moran’s I > 0, Z > 2.58). (3) Road network density, elevation, and slope are significantly correlated with accessibility (p < 0.05), demonstrating pronounced spatial heterogeneity in their effects, with these factors collectively explaining approximately 85% of the accessibility levels. These findings provide a basis for comprehensive planning and categorized strategies for traditional villages.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Flexural Performances of Novel Wet Joints with Sleeve Connections in Precast Composite Floor System
by
Wenbin Zhang, Yan Feng, Xiangqiang Zeng, Ming Xu, Liang Gong and Lijun Rui
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030822 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
A new type of assembled integral multi-ribbed composite floor system with novel wet joint and steel sleeve connections, which exhibits satisfactory strength and stiffness, was proposed in the previous study. To further study the flexural performances of the joints, six groups of specimens,
[...] Read more.
A new type of assembled integral multi-ribbed composite floor system with novel wet joint and steel sleeve connections, which exhibits satisfactory strength and stiffness, was proposed in the previous study. To further study the flexural performances of the joints, six groups of specimens, including two cast in situ concrete slabs and four composite slabs sized 4700 mm × 1200 mm × 300 mm and 2450 mm × 1200 mm × 300 mm, were investigated under four-point flexural tests. Four main influence factors were experimentally studied, i.e., casting methods, joint amounts, shear span lengths, and steel sleeve layout directions, on the failure modes, crack distributions, and deflection–load carrying capacity relationship. Test results indicated that the proposed composite slab system could provide the ultimate bearing capacity lower by 7% than that of the cast in situ concrete slabs, largely exceeding the code-predicted strength. No strain difference between the steel sleeve connections and steel rebars indicated good wet joint connection behavior. More hollow-core sections and long shear spans increased the potential of interfacial splitting cracks, leading to a shorter elastic stage and lower elastic stiffness. A finite element model was further parametrically conducted to explore the structural performances. Finite element results also indicate that the precast concrete slab had a more significant influence on the failure loads than the influences of concrete compressive strength and lap-splice steel rebar strength. These findings indicate that the proposed composite slab systems possess a satisfactory performance in the ultimate bearing capacity and deformability. Thus, such an assembled integral multi-ribbed composite floor system can be widely applied in construction.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies on Strength and Cracking of Prestressed and Reinforced Concrete Structures)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Identifying Damage in Structures: Definition of Thresholds to Minimize False Alarms in SHM Systems
by
Rocco Ditommaso and Felice Carlo Ponzo
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030821 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
In recent years, the development of quick and streamlined methods for the detection and localization of structural damage has been achieved by analysing key dynamic parameters before and after significant events or as a result of aging. Many Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems
[...] Read more.
In recent years, the development of quick and streamlined methods for the detection and localization of structural damage has been achieved by analysing key dynamic parameters before and after significant events or as a result of aging. Many Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems rely on the relationship between occurred damage and variations in eigenfrequencies. While it is acknowledged that damage can affect eigenfrequencies, the reverse is not necessarily true, particularly for minor frequency variations. Thus, reducing false positives is essential for the effectiveness of SHM systems. The aim of this paper is to identify scenarios where observed changes in eigenfrequencies are not caused by structural damage, but rather by non-stationary combinations of input and system response (e.g., wind effects, traffic vibrations), or by stochastic variations in mass, damping, and stiffness (e.g., environmental variations). To achieve this, statistical variations of thresholds were established to separate linear non-stationary behaviour from nonlinear structural behaviour. The Duffing oscillator was employed in this study to perform various nonlinear analyses via Monte Carlo simulations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geophysics for Built Environment Characterization)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Research on Prediction of EPB Shield Tunneling Parameters Based on LGBM
by
Wei Wang, Huanhuan Feng, Yanzong Li, Quanwei You and Xu Zhou
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030820 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
At present, the determination of tunnel parameters mainly rely on engineering experience and human judgment, which leads to the subjective decision of parameters and an increased construction risk. Machine learning algorithms could provide an objective theoretical basis for tunnel parameter decision making. However,
[...] Read more.
At present, the determination of tunnel parameters mainly rely on engineering experience and human judgment, which leads to the subjective decision of parameters and an increased construction risk. Machine learning algorithms could provide an objective theoretical basis for tunnel parameter decision making. However, due to the limitations of a machine learning model’s performance and parameter selection methods, the prediction model had poor prediction results and low reliability for parameter research. To solve the above problems, based on a large number of construction parameters of a composite section subway in Shenzhen, this paper combined dimensionality reduction data with service analysis to optimize the selection process of shield tunneling parameters, and determined the total propulsion force, cutter head torque, cutter head speed, and advance rate as key tunneling parameters. Based on an LGBM algorithm and Bayesian optimization, the prediction model of key tunneling parameters of an earth pressure balance shield was established. The results showed that the average error of the LGBM model on the test set was 8.18%, the average error of the cutter head torque was 13.93%, the average error of the cutter head speed was 3.16%, and the average error of advance rate was 13.35%. Compared with the RF model, the prediction effect and the generalization on the test set were better. Therefore, an LGBM algorithm could be used as an effective prediction method for tunneling parameters in tunnel construction and provide guidance for the setting of tunneling parameters.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Risk Identification and Management in Urban Built Environment)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Study on Acoustic–Electric Response Characteristics of Unsaturated Loess under Different Moisture Content
by
Jielin Li, Tong Zhang, Zhiwei Zhou, Daqian Li and Jidong Teng
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030819 - 18 Mar 2024
Abstract
In order to study the characteristics of P-wave velocity and resistivity of loess with different moisture contents, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, resistivity, and P-wave velocity tests were carried out on loess samples with 11 different moisture contents. The test results show that under
[...] Read more.
In order to study the characteristics of P-wave velocity and resistivity of loess with different moisture contents, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, resistivity, and P-wave velocity tests were carried out on loess samples with 11 different moisture contents. The test results show that under the condition of the same dry density, the water in loess exists in two forms: bound water and free water. With the increase in moisture content, the water porosity of loess increases, the proportion of free water increases, and the resistivity gradually decreases and then tends to be stable, showing a power function relationship with moisture content. When the moisture content is less than 20%, the P-wave velocity decreases with the increase in the moisture content. In comparison, when the moisture content is greater than 20%, the wave velocity increases with the increase in the moisture content. A modified relation between wave velocity and moisture content and saturation is put forward, and the relationship expression between wave velocity and resistivity of loess is established. Finally, the reliability is verified by experimental data. The research results have a certain guiding significance for real-time monitoring of loess moisture content and engineering stability analysis in the loess area.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Creativity in Project Implementation: An Empirical Study of Project Managers
by
Raghad Almashhour, Haneen Abuzaid and Sameh El-Sayegh
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030818 - 17 Mar 2024
Abstract
The construction industry is a dynamic and ever-evolving sector, continuously adapting to societal needs. Within this context, project managers play a pivotal role in steering projects from inception to completion. This study delves into the vital dimension of creativity among project managers in
[...] Read more.
The construction industry is a dynamic and ever-evolving sector, continuously adapting to societal needs. Within this context, project managers play a pivotal role in steering projects from inception to completion. This study delves into the vital dimension of creativity among project managers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and its substantial contribution to the growth of the construction industry in the region. Research in the broader field of construction and project management has traditionally concentrated on factors such as scheduling, cost control, and risk management. However, a noticeable gap exists in the exploration of the relationship between project manager creativity and project success. Hence, the objective of this study is to comprehensively explore various dimensions of project managers’ creativity and evaluate its influence, alongside other criteria, on the outcomes of construction projects. Dimensions and indicators of creativity are derived from a meticulous literature review, and online survey questionnaires were employed to gather insights from individuals engaged in construction projects. The resulting hypothetical model underwent rigorous statistical analysis, employing confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Findings indicate a positive impact of tacit knowledge sharing and emotional intelligence on the creativity of construction project managers in the UAE. Moreover, the study establishes that project managers’ creativity, combined with other criteria, significantly contributes to the success of construction projects in the region. These insights are instrumental for fostering creativity among project managers and enhancing overall project success within the construction industry. The study’s originality lies in its distinct contribution to the discourse on creativity in the construction sector.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
Open AccessArticle
Comparative Study of the Performance of Underwater Concrete between Anionic and Nonionic Anti-Washout Admixtures
by
Xiaoyun Song, Heping Zheng, Lei Xu, Tingting Xu and Qiuyu Li
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030817 - 17 Mar 2024
Abstract
An investigation was carried out to study the influence of two types of anti-washout admixtures (AWAs) on the performance of underwater concrete, specifically, workability and washout resistance. The tested AWAs were hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) as nonionic AWAs and carboxymethyl starch
[...] Read more.
An investigation was carried out to study the influence of two types of anti-washout admixtures (AWAs) on the performance of underwater concrete, specifically, workability and washout resistance. The tested AWAs were hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and polyacrylamide (PAM) as nonionic AWAs and carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and polyanionic cellulose (PAC) as anionic AWAs. Rheological properties (slump and slump flow), washout resistance, and compressive strength were measured to evaluate the properties of the fresh and hardened concrete. The results indicate that anionic AWAs are more effective at improving workability and strength than nonionic AWAs in anti-washout underwater concrete. When the nonionic AWA dosage exceeded 0.3% (W/C = 0.45), the fluidity and air content were negatively impacted. Additionally, nonionic AWAs more readily alter the morphological structure of cement paste, affecting cement particle hydration and underwater concrete properties. Regarding the mechanical properties, compared with those of concrete without AWAs and with nonionic AWAs, the 28-day compressive strength of concrete with anionic AWAs reached 37 MPa, an increase of 151% and 131%, respectively. Compared with nonionic AWAs, concrete with anionic AWAs is more stable.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Approaches to Building Repair)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Nonlinear Analysis of Bearing Characteristics of Stiffened Deep Cement Mixing Piles under Vertical Loading
by
Yongzhi Jiu, Yunfeng Gao, Fuguang Lei, Yanzhi Zhu and Zhizeng Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030816 - 17 Mar 2024
Abstract
Stiffened deep cement mixing (SDCM) piles are composite piles that combine the advantages of single large-diameter deep cement mixing (DCM) and precast concrete piles. They comprise precast concrete piles as the core and cast-in-place DCM piles as the outer layer. This study evaluates
[...] Read more.
Stiffened deep cement mixing (SDCM) piles are composite piles that combine the advantages of single large-diameter deep cement mixing (DCM) and precast concrete piles. They comprise precast concrete piles as the core and cast-in-place DCM piles as the outer layer. This study evaluates the bearing characteristics of SDCM piles under vertical loading. The composite modulus of elasticity of SDCM piles is first introduced and determined using the area-weighted average method. Then, the reliability of the proposed method is described by comparing the calculated results with the findings of the existing literature. Furthermore, a nonlinear simplified analysis method based on the load transfer method is proposed for vertical bearing characteristics of equal- and short-core SDCM piles under vertical loading. This method is developed by the finite difference method. The accuracy of the simplified method is validated by comparing its results with those from existing tests, theoretical analysis, and finite element simulations. The results of their study indicated that the area-weighted average method calculates the composite modulus of elasticity of the composite pile section of the SDCM piles with an error below 0.5% compared to the analytical method. This finding represents sufficient accuracy. The simplified calculation method established in this study is computationally stable. When the iteration factor is set to 10−6, as the number of discrete nodes n on the pile increases, the calculation results are stable with a good convergence when n > 30. The vertical bearing capacity and pile top stiffness of SDCM piles increased with the length of the core piles. There was a reasonable core-to-length ratio for SDCM piles in specific scenarios. An excessively long DCM pile section made its lower part force-free for a given length of core piles. The appropriate length of core piles should be determined in actual projects to avoid unnecessary material waste. An optimum ratio of core piles for SDCM piles was determined. Beyond this optimal value, an increase in the ratio of core piles controlled the pile settlement in a limited manner.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Commercial Interior Version 4 (LEED-CI v4) Gold-Certified Office Space Projects: A Pairwise Comparative Analysis between Three Mediterranean Countries
by
Svetlana Pushkar
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030815 - 17 Mar 2024
Abstract
Over the past five years, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Commercial Interior version 4 (LEED-CI v4)-certified office projects have been intensively studied in the USA and China, but they have not yet been studied in the Mediterranean region. The purpose of this
[...] Read more.
Over the past five years, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Commercial Interior version 4 (LEED-CI v4)-certified office projects have been intensively studied in the USA and China, but they have not yet been studied in the Mediterranean region. The purpose of this study was to explore office building certification strategies for LEED-CI v4-certified projects in the Mediterranean region. The study design included pairwise comparative analyses between Spain (number of projects (n) n1 = 14), Türkiye (n2 = 13), and Israel (n3 = 11). Cliff’s δ and exact Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests were used to process ordinal and discrete data, while the natural logarithm of the odds ratio and 2 × 2 Fisher’s exact tests were used to handle dichotomous data. It was found that Spain and Türkiye outperformed Israel in the Location and Transportation (LT) category due to their desire to reduce the use of private transport. Spain and Türkiye were ahead of Israel in the LTc5 “reduced parking footprint” credit (p = 0.008 and 0.0005, respectively). Israel outperformed Spain and Türkiye in the Energy and Atmosphere (EA) category due to the sum of all six EA credits (p = 0.086 and 0.010). Spain overtook Türkiye and Israel in the Materials and Resources (MRs) category due to Spain’s increased use of environmental product declarations. Spain and Türkiye were ahead of Israel in the following four MRs credits: MRc1 “long-term commitment” (p = 0.030), MRc2 “interiors life cycle impact reduction” (p = 0.037), MRc3 “building product disclosure and optimization—environmental product declarations” (p = 0.029), and MRc5 “building product disclosure and optimization—material ingredients” (p = 0.034). Spain, Türkiye, and Israel showed similarly low levels of achievement in the Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) category (p ≥ 0.405). However, Spain and Türkiye outperformed Israel in the following two credits: EQc1 “enhanced indoor air quality strategies” and EQc2 “low-emitting materials” (p = 0.001 and 0.060, respectively). In parallel, Israel outperformed Türkiye in the EQc3 “construction indoor air quality management plan” (p = 0.026), and Israel outperformed Spain in the EQc8 “quality views” credit (p = 0.066). As a result, a pairwise comparison of the three Mediterranean countries showed that each country has a unique LEED certification strategy. Knowledge of the above green building strategies will be helpful for LEED professionals.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Documentation and Evaluation of Grouting Process, through the Fusion of Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation Information—The Case Study of the Katholikon of the Monastery of Panagia Varnakova
by
Stergios Roumeliotis, Kyriakos Lampropoulos, Ekaterini Delegou, Elisavet Tsilimantou, Vasileios Keramidas, Asterios Bakolas and Antonia Moropoulou
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030814 - 16 Mar 2024
Abstract
The restoration of historic buildings and structures involves a wide range of scientific and technical fields. The grouting process is among an array of rehabilitation and preservation interventions and aims to homogenize the structure after the implementation of strengthening measures. The process can
[...] Read more.
The restoration of historic buildings and structures involves a wide range of scientific and technical fields. The grouting process is among an array of rehabilitation and preservation interventions and aims to homogenize the structure after the implementation of strengthening measures. The process can provide important information regarding the state of preservation of the examined structure and correlate the progress of the process with the pathology of the monument. To achieve this, the analysis of typical raw grouting data is progressively fused with additional information from the diagnostic studies, non-destructive testing, geospatial information, and from the calculation and analysis of grouting indices. The restoration project of the Katholikon of the Monastery of Panagia Varnakova in Fokida, Greece was selected as the case study, due to its large scale and the severe earthquake damage it has sustained, which has necessitated comprehensive strengthening interventions and extensive grouting. The implementation of an integrated methodological approach validated the enhanced level of co-analysis, revealing information that is not readily deduced from a typical approach. Selected sub-areas of the Katholikon are presented, demonstrating how the observed pathology can be correlated with the results of the grouting process, while incorporating 3D data, and findings from structural and non-destructive analyses.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Preservation of Buildings and Infrastructure)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Evaluating Airborne Sound Insulation in Dwellings Constructed with Hollow Ceramic Blocks under Brazilian Housing Policies
by
Rodrigo Scoczynski Ribeiro, Marc Arnela, Manuel Teixeira Braz-César, Rúbia Mara Bosse, Laura Silvestro, Gustavo de Miranda Saleme Gidrão, Mariane Kempka, Dyorgge Alves Silva and Marcela Maier Farias Czap
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030813 - 16 Mar 2024
Abstract
In Brazil, there is a shortage of approximately 5.80 million residences, a challenge that intensified during the pandemic. Since 2013, there has been a mandate to implement specific performance criteria in residential constructions. However, many construction firms face difficulties in meeting these standards,
[...] Read more.
In Brazil, there is a shortage of approximately 5.80 million residences, a challenge that intensified during the pandemic. Since 2013, there has been a mandate to implement specific performance criteria in residential constructions. However, many construction firms face difficulties in meeting these standards, especially concerning sound insulation in partition elements. This work aims to assess the airborne sound insulation performance and compliance with legal standards in new residential buildings through measurements and simulations. In particular, subsidized housing units for low-income populations are studied, which are eligible for reduced taxes on building loans. These buildings are typically made of hollow ceramic blocks with vertical perforations as separating walls, a commonly used national building material. Three buildings located in Guarapuava, a southern city in Brazil with a population of approximately 183,000 residents, were selected for this purpose. Measurements were conducted following ISO 16283-1 guidelines, whereas simulations were performed using ISO 12354-1, initially assuming a uniform plate but also exploring an alternative model that considers orthotropic behavior with analytical expressions. The calculations considered both static and dynamic moduli of elasticity. The results indicated that all the units failed to meet the specified standards. The measured values were below the required thresholds, obtaining 42 < 45 dB for Building B1, 40 < 45 dB for Building B2, and 38 < 40 dB for Building B3. The predicted values agreed well with the measured values when considering orthotropy with a dynamic elastic modulus. However, discrepancies were observed in the spectral analysis, especially at lower and higher frequencies. The findings suggest refraining from employing single-leaf partition walls made of vertical hollow ceramic blocks in such buildings. Improving sound insulation necessitates embracing a comprehensive strategy that takes into account the separating element, flanking paths, and the room geometries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Acoustics and Noise Control in Buildings)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Seasonality on the Temperature Regime of Extensive Roofs in Central Europe
by
Marek Chabada, Pavol Durica and Peter Juras
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030812 - 16 Mar 2024
Abstract
Current building envelope greening systems are not just areas covered with vegetation. Today’s systems can maximise the functional contribution of vegetation to a building’s performance and become part of a sustainable urban renewal strategy. The impact of the vegetation layer directly affects the
[...] Read more.
Current building envelope greening systems are not just areas covered with vegetation. Today’s systems can maximise the functional contribution of vegetation to a building’s performance and become part of a sustainable urban renewal strategy. The impact of the vegetation layer directly affects the building in its immediate vicinity, from the outside, while also having a significant impact on the indoor environment. Green roofs are the most widespread vegetated structures worldwide. This paper aims to demonstrate the behaviour of the temperature regime of an extensive green roof over a production hall and an administrative area in comparison to that of a roof without vegetation cover. In evaluating the results, a period with weather representative of winter and summer was selected to show the importance of seasonality. The fact that this is a new building, and that the extensive roof is not fully covered with vegetation, is very well reflected in the results, as the absence of a vegetated area significantly affects the temperature of as well as the heat flux through the roof structure. The dark colour of the substrate absorbs significantly more solar radiation than the light surface of the waterproofing, resulting in an increase in temperature and heat flux into the structure.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Research on the Permeability and Pore Structure Distribution Characteristics of High-Performance Mortar for Surface Treatment of Bridge Piers and Columns
by
Xianzheng Yu, Hua Liu, Xiaolin Fan, Liangyu Zhu, Chengqi Zhang and Shiyi Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(3), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030811 - 16 Mar 2024
Abstract
In marine environments, bridge piers and columns are prone to corrosion caused by harmful media, particularly chloride ions. This corrosion can lead to cracking of the steel bars in the protective layer of the bridge piers. To enhance the corrosion resistance of concrete
[...] Read more.
In marine environments, bridge piers and columns are prone to corrosion caused by harmful media, particularly chloride ions. This corrosion can lead to cracking of the steel bars in the protective layer of the bridge piers. To enhance the corrosion resistance of concrete in bridge piers, this article introduces the use of nanoclay-modified cement mortar. This innovative material offers high-performance surface treatment options that can effectively slow down the erosion process of harmful media and reduce the risk of bridge pier column cracking. To evaluate the ion erosion resistance of this nanoclay-modified cement mortar, we conducted detailed experiments on the pore structure of cement paste. The pore structure of cement paste with different dosages of nano-kaolinite clay and the dispersion method was studied using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The fractal dimension of the pore surface area of the net cement paste was calculated from the fractal model based on thermodynamic relationships of the pore structure-related parameters obtained with mercury pressure experiments. The relationship among the multiple fractal dimensions, pore structure parameters, dispersion mode, and permeability is explored. The results show that the addition of nano-kaolinite clay particles can improve the internal pore structure of cement materials. When 1.5% nano-kaolinite clay is mechanical dispersed, the total specific pore volume and the most probable pore size are reduced by 47.83% and 56.87%, respectively, compared with the control group. The fractal dimension image of cement-based materials with nano-kaolinite clay has a range of singular points and does not have fractal characteristics in this range. Nano-kaolinite clay has a significant effect on the fractal dimension of pore size range I. The fractal dimension of the whole pore size range is not suitable for the analysis of permeability, and the fractal dimension calculated by selecting less than the critical pore size range has a good correlation with permeability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Buildings Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Buildings, Energies, Processes, Sustainability, Thermo
New Development for Decarbonization in Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning in Buildings
Topic Editors: Yuehong Su, Michele Bottarelli, Carlos Jimenez-Bescos, Jingyu Cao, Jae-Weon Jeong, Devrim AydinDeadline: 30 March 2024
Topic in
Buildings, JMSE, Materials, Remote Sensing, Sustainability
Advances in Intelligent Construction, Operation and Maintenance
Topic Editors: Guangdong Zhou, Songhan Zhang, Jian LiDeadline: 31 March 2024
Topic in
Buildings, Forests, Land, Remote Sensing, Smart Cities, Sustainability
Biophilic Cities and Communities: Towards Natural Resources, Environmental and Social Sustainability
Topic Editors: Xin-Chen Hong, Baojie He, Jiang Liu, Jinda Qi, Guangyu Wang, Shi ChengDeadline: 30 April 2024
Topic in
Buildings, Infrastructures, Materials, Smart Cities, Sustainability
Smart Material and Smart Construction Technologies for Urban Development
Topic Editors: Sathees Nava, Kate NguyenDeadline: 14 May 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Buildings
Study on Influencing Factors of Construction Management Sustainability
Guest Editors: Rashid Maqbool, Xiaodong Li, Jingfeng YuanDeadline: 20 March 2024
Special Issue in
Buildings
Thermal Performance of the Building Envelope—Original Methods and Advanced Solutions
Guest Editors: Gianpiero Evola, Elena LucchiDeadline: 31 March 2024
Special Issue in
Buildings
Sustainable Buildings, Resilient Cities and Infrastructure Systems
Guest Editors: Ashwani Kumar, Chandan Swaroop MeenaDeadline: 20 April 2024
Special Issue in
Buildings
Characterization and Structural Rehabilitation of Ancient Masonry Buildings
Guest Editors: Fernando F. S. Pinho, Humberto VarumDeadline: 30 April 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Buildings
Strategies for Sustainable Urban Development
Collection Editors: Liyin Shen, Jorge Ochoa, Haijun Bao
Topical Collection in
Buildings
Green and Sustainable Building Materials
Collection Editors: João Gomes Ferreira, Ana Isabel Marques
Topical Collection in
Buildings
Seismic Safety Assessment and Strengthening of Existing Constructions
Collection Editor: Xavier Romão
Topical Collection in
Buildings
Innovation of Materials and Technologies in Civil Construction
Collection Editors: Bingxiang Yuan, Yong Liu, Xudong Zhang, Yonghong Wang