Buildings

22 pages, 1312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Mean Radiant Temperature (T_mrt) on Outdoor Thermal Comfort Based on Urban Renewal: A Case Study of the Panjiayuan Antique Market in Beijing, China

by Chenxiao Liu, Yani Fang, Yanglu Shi, Mingli Wang, Mo Han and Xiaobing Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2398; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142398 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Like other mega cities in China, Beijing is undergoing a large-scale urban renewal process. However, in the context of global warming and the goal of promoting human health and well-being, urban renewal should follow the principle of minimal intervention, draw inspiration from the [...] Read more.

Like other mega cities in China, Beijing is undergoing a large-scale urban renewal process. However, in the context of global warming and the goal of promoting human health and well-being, urban renewal should follow the principle of minimal intervention, draw inspiration from the condition of the climate and environment itself, and pursue the goal of common health and development between humans and non-human beings. This study takes the Panjiayuan Antique Market as the research object. Unlike previous studies that focused on the behavior patterns of vendors and buyers, this study focuses on the increase in users’ expectation on environmental thermal comfort when the Panjiayuan Antique Market transforms from a conventional commercial market into an urban public space. This study aimed to find a minimal intervention strategy suitable for urban public space renewal from the perspective of the microclimate, encouraging people to use outdoor public spaces more, thereby promoting physical and mental health, as well as social well-being. We used a mixed-methods approach comprising microclimate measurements, questionnaires (n = 254), and field measurements. Our results show that the mean radiant temperature (T_mrt) is the key factor that affects thermal comfort, and it is a comprehensive concept that is associated with other microclimate factors. Linking the quantitative sun-related factors, such as the solar position angle (SAA), the shadow area ratio (SAR), and direct sun hours (DSHs), we also found that the correlation between the T_mrt and physical spatial characteristics, such as the ratio of the visible sky (SVF), the aspect ratio (H/W), and orientation of the building layout, helped us to generate design strategies oriented by regulating microclimate, such as controlling thermal mass/radiant heating, solar radiation, and air convection. One of the significances of this study is its development of a design method that minimizes intervention in urban public spaces from the perspective of regulating the microclimate. In addition, this study proposes a new perspective of promoting people’s health and well-being by improving outdoor thermal comfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

22 pages, 6876 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Traditional Villages in the Qinling-Daba Mountains

by Tianshu Chu and Chenchen Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2397; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142397 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Traditional villages are irreplaceable cultural heritages, embodying complex human–environment interactions. This study uses historical geography analysis, kernel density estimation, centroid migration modeling, and Geodetector techniques to analyze the 2000-year spatiotemporal evolution and formation mechanisms of 224 nationally designated traditional villages in China’s Qinling-Daba [...] Read more.

Traditional villages are irreplaceable cultural heritages, embodying complex human–environment interactions. This study uses historical geography analysis, kernel density estimation, centroid migration modeling, and Geodetector techniques to analyze the 2000-year spatiotemporal evolution and formation mechanisms of 224 nationally designated traditional villages in China’s Qinling-Daba Mountains. The findings are as follows: (1) These villages significantly cluster on sunny slopes of hills and low mountains with moderate gradients. They are also closely located near waterways, ancient roads, and historic cities. (2) From the embryonic stage during the Qin and Han dynasties, through the diffusion and transformation phases in the Wei, Jin, Song, and Yuan dynasties, to the mature stage in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the spatial center of these villages shifted distinctly southwestward. This migration was accompanied by expansion along waterway transport corridors, an enlarged spatial scope, and a decrease in directional concentration. (3) The driving forces evolved from a strong coupling between natural conditions and infrastructure in the early stage to human-dominated adaptation in the later stage. Agricultural innovations, such as terraced fields, and sociopolitical factors, like migration policies, overcame environmental constraints through the synergistic effects of cultural and economic networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

32 pages, 4846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Special Cement-Based Grouting Material for Subway Structure Repair During Operation Performance Sensitivity Analysis

by Wei Song, Xiaokai Niu, Zhitian Xie, He Wang, Jie Su and Chentao Xu

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2396; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142396 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study uses ordinary Portland–sulfate–silicate composite cement as the matrix and investigates the effects of water–cement ratio, HPMC dosage, and PCS dosage on the performance of specialized grouting materials for subway structure repair during operation through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments. Multifactorial variance [...] Read more.

This study uses ordinary Portland–sulfate–silicate composite cement as the matrix and investigates the effects of water–cement ratio, HPMC dosage, and PCS dosage on the performance of specialized grouting materials for subway structure repair during operation through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments. Multifactorial variance analysis was employed to quantitatively evaluate the sensitivity of each factor and their interactions to slurry flowability, setting time, anti-dispersibility, and compressive strength. The results show that the water–cement ratio is the most critical factor affecting the performance of the grouting material, with extremely significant impacts on all performance indicators; HPMC dosage significantly affects flowability, setting time, and anti-dispersibility; PCS dosage primarily influences 2 h compressive strength; the interaction between water–cement ratio and HPMC dosage has a significant impact on anti-dispersibility. Principal component analysis revealed the trade-off relationship between flowability, setting time, and strength. The study established a sensitivity ranking for the performance of specialized grouting materials: water–cement ratio > HPMC dosage > PCS dosage > interaction, providing a theoretical basis and methodological reference for the formulation optimization of specialized grouting materials for subway structure repair during operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

33 pages, 5572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Based Methods for the Seismic Damage Classification of RC Buildings

by Sung Hei Luk

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2395; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142395 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of machine learning methods for the vulnerability assessment of buildings and structures. Traditionally, the seismic performance of buildings and structures is determined through a non-linear time–history analysis, which is an accurate but time-consuming process. As an [...] Read more.

This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of machine learning methods for the vulnerability assessment of buildings and structures. Traditionally, the seismic performance of buildings and structures is determined through a non-linear time–history analysis, which is an accurate but time-consuming process. As an alternative, structural responses of buildings under earthquakes can be obtained using well-trained machine learning models. In the current study, machine learning models for the damage classification of RC buildings are developed using the datasets generated from numerous incremental dynamic analyses. A variety of earthquake and structural parameters are considered as input parameters, while damage levels based on the maximum inter-story drift ratio are selected as the output. The performance and effectiveness of several machine learning algorithms, including ensemble methods and artificial neural networks, are investigated. The importance of different input parameters is studied. The results reveal that well-prepared machine learning models are also capable of predicting damage levels with an adequate level of accuracy and minimal computational effort. In this study, the XGBoost method generally outperforms the other algorithms, with the highest accuracy and generalizability. Simplified prediction models are also developed for preliminary estimation using the selected input parameters for practical usage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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26 pages, 6801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Mechanical Behavior of a New Stainless Steel Formwork

by Fankui Zeng, Shuxin Yang, Kaiqi Gao and Qi Xiao

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2394; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142394 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

To support national goals of carbon peaking and neutrality, and to promote green, low-carbon development, this study examines the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of a novel stainless steel wall formwork under real-world concrete casting conditions. Field experiments were conducted on an active [...] Read more.

To support national goals of carbon peaking and neutrality, and to promote green, low-carbon development, this study examines the mechanical behavior and deformation characteristics of a novel stainless steel wall formwork under real-world concrete casting conditions. Field experiments were conducted on an active construction site to monitor stress distribution and displacement during concrete placement. A finite element model was established to simulate the mechanical response and validated against field data and theoretical calculations. The results show that the maximum stress and displacement occur mainly in the mid-to-lower regions of the formwork panel. The differences among numerical simulation, theoretical analysis, and field measurements were within 8%, confirming the model’s reliability. Further parametric analysis investigated the effects of varying panel thickness and rib dimensions on mechanical performance. The optimal configuration—panel thickness of 1.25 mm, horizontal ribs measuring 15 mm × 35 mm, and vertical ribs 25 mm × 9 mm—achieved a 10.32% reduction in steel usage compared to the original design, without compromising structural integrity. These findings provide a technical basis for optimizing formwork systems and contribute to resource-efficient and sustainable construction practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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20 pages, 4049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation of Shear-Bearing Capacity of Aluminum Alloy-Concrete Composite Beam

by Chenghua Li and Ziliang Lu

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2393; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142393 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the shear bearing capacity of aluminum alloy–concrete composite beams to address the limitations caused by the low elastic modulus of aluminum alloys. A finite element model was developed using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model for concrete and validated through [...] Read more.

This study investigates the shear bearing capacity of aluminum alloy–concrete composite beams to address the limitations caused by the low elastic modulus of aluminum alloys. A finite element model was developed using the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model for concrete and validated through parametric analysis. Key factors such as concrete strength, stirrup spacing, and cross-sectional dimensions were examined. An improved shear capacity formula was derived based on the tension–compression bar model and the superposition method. The proposed formula achieved an average ratio of 1.018 to finite element results, with a standard deviation of 0.151, and the proposed formula was validated against 22 FEA models, demonstrating excellent agreement with numerical results and confirming its reliability for practical engineering applications. This work provides a practical analytical approach for the shear design of aluminum–concrete composite structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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21 pages, 4581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deformation Response and Load Transfer Mechanism of Collar Monopile Foundations in Saturated Cohesive Soils

by Zhuang Liu, Lunliang Duan, Yankun Zhang, Linhong Shen and Pei Yuan

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142392 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Collar monopile foundation is a new type of offshore wind power foundation. This paper explores the horizontal bearing performance of collar monopile foundation in saturated cohesive soil through a combination of physical experiments and numerical simulations. After analyzing the deformation characteristics of the [...] Read more.

Collar monopile foundation is a new type of offshore wind power foundation. This paper explores the horizontal bearing performance of collar monopile foundation in saturated cohesive soil through a combination of physical experiments and numerical simulations. After analyzing the deformation characteristics of the pile–soil system under horizontal load through static load tests, horizontal cyclic loading tests were conducted at different cycles to study the cumulative deformation law of the collar monopile. Based on a stiffness degradation model for soft clay, a USDFLD subroutine was developed in Fortran and embedded in ABAQUS. Coupled with the Mohr–Coulomb criterion, it was used to simulate the deformation behavior of the collar monopile under horizontal cyclic loading. The numerical model employed the same geometric dimensions and boundary conditions as the physical test, and the simulated cumulative pile–head displacement under 4000 load cycles showed good agreement with the experimental results, thereby verifying the rationality and reliability of the proposed simulation method. Through numerical simulation, the distribution characteristics of bending moment and the shear force of collar monopile foundation were studied, and the influence of pile shaft and collar on the horizontal bearing capacity of collar monopile foundation at different loading stages was analyzed. The results show that as the horizontal load increases, cracks gradually appear at the bottom of the collar and in the surrounding soil. The soil disturbance caused by the sliding and rotation of the collar will gradually increase, leading to plastic failure of the surrounding soil and reducing the bearing capacity. The excess pore water pressure in shallow soil increases rapidly in the early cycle and then gradually decreases with the formation of drainage channels. Deep soil may experience negative pore pressure, indicating the presence of a suction effect. This paper can provide theoretical support for the design optimization and performance evaluation of collar monopile foundations in offshore wind power engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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24 pages, 4583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Forensic Analysis of Construction Project Delays Through Digital Interventions

by Serife Ece Boyacioglu, David Greenwood, Kay Rogage and Andrew Parry

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2391; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142391 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Project delays remain a persistent challenge in the construction industry, having significant financial implications and contributing to disputes between project participants. Forensic Delay Analysis (FDA) has emerged as a specialised function that identifies the root causes of such delays, quantifies their duration, and [...] Read more.

Project delays remain a persistent challenge in the construction industry, having significant financial implications and contributing to disputes between project participants. Forensic Delay Analysis (FDA) has emerged as a specialised function that identifies the root causes of such delays, quantifies their duration, and assigns responsibility to the appropriate parties. While FDA is a widely practised process, it has yet to fully exploit the potential of emerging technologies. This study explores the integration of both existing and emerging technologies for enhancing FDA processes. A Design Science Research (DSR) approach is adopted, with data collection methods that involve the use of the literature, archival materials, case studies and survey methods. The research demonstrates how the use of technologies, such as database management systems (DBMSs), building information modelling (BIM), artificial intelligence (AI) and games engines, can improve the analytical efficiency, data management, and presentation of findings through a case study. The study showcases the transformative potential of these interventions in streamlining FDA processes, ultimately leading to more accurate and efficient resolution of construction disputes. The proposed process is exemplified by the development of a prototype: the Forensic Information Modelling Visualiser (FIMViz). The FIMViz is a practical tool that has received positive evaluation by FDA experts. The prototype and the enhanced FDA process model that underpins it demonstrate significant advancement in FDA practices, promoting improved decision-making and collaboration between project participants. Further development is needed, but the results could ultimately streamline the FDA process and minimise the uncertainties in FDA outcomes, thus reducing the incidence of costly disputes to the wider economic benefit of the industry generally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative Horizons: Digital Technologies in Modern Construction and Infrastructure)

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21 pages, 6773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Tunnel Secondary Lining Structure and Optimization of Support Parameters

by Zijian Wang, Yunchuan Wang, Xiaorong Wang, Baosheng Rong, Bin Zhang, Liming Wu, Chaolin Jia and Zihang Huang

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2390; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142390 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

To enhance the economic and safety aspects of tunnel structural design, this study optimizes the mix proportion of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). It investigates the stress characteristics and support parameters of SFRC secondary lining structures via small-scale model tests and finite element analysis. [...] Read more.

To enhance the economic and safety aspects of tunnel structural design, this study optimizes the mix proportion of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC). It investigates the stress characteristics and support parameters of SFRC secondary lining structures via small-scale model tests and finite element analysis. The research focuses on the cracking process, deformation, and stress characteristics of SFRC linings under various loads. Compared with conventional reinforced concrete tunnels, SFRC tunnels show a significant increase in lining stiffness and load capacity, with a 20% reduction in reinforcement yielding load. When the damage factor is 0.43, the addition of steel fibers increases compressive stress by 22.18%. Using ABAQUS, simulations of SFRC linings with thicknesses ranging from 400 mm to 600 mm and reinforcement ratios of 0% to 0.28% were conducted. The results indicate that a 450 mm thick SFRC lining matches the mechanical performance of a 600 mm thick conventional reinforced concrete lining. Notably, an SFRC lining with a 0.20% circumferential reinforcement ratio equals a conventional lining with a 0.28% reinforcement ratio in overall mechanical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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30 pages, 5420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Urban Design Control Methods for Intermontane Basin “Bazi” City in Southwest China During Territorial Space Planning: A Case Study of Mile City, Yunnan Province

by Hongyu Chen, Difei Zhao, Lanxi Zhang, Shanshan Zhang, Rongxuan You, Wei Zhang and Yi Yang

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2389; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142389 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

As major countries around the world have successively proposed the construction goal of “Beautiful National Land Space”, how to effectively integrate urban design with spatial control in specific geographical environments and use urban design to achieve efficient spatial control has become a new [...] Read more.

As major countries around the world have successively proposed the construction goal of “Beautiful National Land Space”, how to effectively integrate urban design with spatial control in specific geographical environments and use urban design to achieve efficient spatial control has become a new research trend. The process of planning the national territory is constrained by the legal framework, involving multiple planning stages and multiple stakeholders. In an ideal state, these planning stages and stakeholders should coordinate with each other, but during the actual implementation of the plan, these factors are often not coordinated enough, making it difficult for the plan to play a role. In this study, Mile City in Yunnan Province, a representative city in the unique intermontane basin area of Southwestern China, was used as a case to explore how to use urban design methods in territorial spatial planning to achieve more efficient spatial control. This study provides scientific support for establishing an indicator control system for urban design methods by combining multiple data collection methods such as text analysis, image analysis, and interview methods. The distinctive features of Mile City have been further enhanced by optimizing its spatial layout through urban design, and it has been scientifically integrated into the territorial spatial planning system. The results indicate that the successful implementation of urban design highly relies on the reform willingness of local governments, clear control frameworks, and the coordinated integration of regional ecological resources and landscape features. This study proposed a set of urban design control methods suitable for intermontane basin-type cities and formed a comprehensive control framework including city, town, and landscape. In addition, it will provide methodological support and references for improving the scientific management of “Beautiful Land” in the special geographical environment of Southwest China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)

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16 pages, 3215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proactive and Data-Driven Decision-Making Using Earned Value Analysis in Infrastructure Projects

by Bayram Ateş and Mohammad Azim Eirgash

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2388; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142388 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Timely and informed decision-making is essential for the successful execution of construction projects, where delays and cost overruns frequently pose significant risks. Earned value analysis (EVA) provides a robust, integrated framework that combines scope, schedule, and cost performance to support proactive project control. [...] Read more.

Timely and informed decision-making is essential for the successful execution of construction projects, where delays and cost overruns frequently pose significant risks. Earned value analysis (EVA) provides a robust, integrated framework that combines scope, schedule, and cost performance to support proactive project control. This study investigates the effectiveness of EVA as a decision-support tool by applying it to two real-life construction case studies. Key performance indicators, including Cost Performance Index (CPI), Schedule Performance Index (SPI), Estimate at Completion (EAC), and Estimate to Complete (ETC), are calculated and analyzed over a specific monitoring period. The analysis revealed a 15.36% cost savings and a 10.42% schedule improvement during the monitored period. By comparing planned and actual performance data, the study demonstrates how EVA enables early detection of deviations, thereby empowering project managers to implement timely corrective actions. The findings highlight EVA’s practical utility in improving project transparency, enhancing cost and schedule control, and supporting strategic decision-making in real-world construction environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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20 pages, 6132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation Method of Axial Compressive Capacity of 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloy Rectangular Tubes Based on Continuous Strength Method

by Zhiguan Huang, Hailin Li, Cheng Zhang and Junli Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142387 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study systematically investigates the axial compression capacity calculation method for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy rectangular hollow section (RHS) members based on the Continuous Strength Method (CSM). Axial compression tests were conducted on nine RHS specimens using a YAW-500 electro-hydraulic servo testing machine, and [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigates the axial compression capacity calculation method for 7075-T6 aluminum alloy rectangular hollow section (RHS) members based on the Continuous Strength Method (CSM). Axial compression tests were conducted on nine RHS specimens using a YAW-500 electro-hydraulic servo testing machine, and nonlinear finite element models considering material plasticity and geometric imperfections were established using ABAQUS/CAE. The numerical results showed good agreement with experimental data, verifying the model’s reliability. Parametric analysis was then performed on RHS members, leading to the development of a CSM-based capacity calculation method and a modified curve for predicting the stability reduction factors of square hollow section members. The approach combining this modified curve with Chinese codes is termed the Modified Chinese Code Method. The axial capacities calculated by the CSM-based method, Modified Chinese Code Method, EN 1999-1-1, and AASTM were compared for accuracy evaluation. The conclusions indicate that the proposed modified curve provides more accurate predictions of stability coefficients for square tubes, and the CSM-based method yields more precise capacity predictions than existing international design codes, though it may overestimate the capacity for Class 4 cross-section members and thus requires further refinement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Materials and Resilient Structures: Interdisciplinary Approaches)

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24 pages, 15390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Part Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash for Soft Soil Stabilization: Freeze-Thaw Durability Assessment and Mechanism Elucidation

by Li Liu, Mengjie Yuan, Xiyao Zheng and Jun Wu

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142386 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The climate in extremely cold regions is becoming increasingly unstable, resulting in more frequent freeze-thaw cycles. These cycles significantly degrade the mechanical properties of soft soil foundations, reducing their bearing capacity and ultimately compromising the safety and lifespan of construction and infrastructure. To [...] Read more.

The climate in extremely cold regions is becoming increasingly unstable, resulting in more frequent freeze-thaw cycles. These cycles significantly degrade the mechanical properties of soft soil foundations, reducing their bearing capacity and ultimately compromising the safety and lifespan of construction and infrastructure. To mitigate these effects, soil stabilization technology is commonly employed to reinforce soft soil in cold regions. However, evaluating the durability of stabilized soft soil, particularly its resistance to freezing in extremely cold environments, remains a critical challenge. This study investigates the use of industrial waste raw materials, such as slag and fly ash (FA), in combination with a solid alkali activator (NaOH), to develop one-part alkali-activated cementitious materials (ACMs) for soft soil stabilization. The effects of different raw material ratios, freeze-thaw temperatures, and the number of freeze-thaw cycles on the freezing resistance of one-part alkali-activated slag/FA (OP-ASF) stabilized soft soil were examined. Mass loss, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and pH value were conducted to assess soil deterioration and structural integrity under freeze-thaw conditions. Additionally, microstructure analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze hydration product formation and internal structure characteristics. Image-pro plus (IPP) was also employed for structure looseness evolution, providing deeper insights into the freezing resistance mechanisms of OP-ASF stabilized soft soil. The results indicated that as the freezing temperature decreases and the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, both mass loss and UCS loss become more pronounced. When the ratio of slag to fly ash was optimized at 80:20, OP-ASF stabilized soft soil exhibited the highest freezing resistance, characterized by the lowest mass loss and UCS loss, along with the highest UCS and pH value. Furthermore, structure looseness remained at its lowest across all freeze-thaw temperatures and cycles, highlighting the beneficial role of slag and FA in OP-ASF. These findings contribute to the advancement of sustainable and durable construction materials by demonstrating the potential of one-part alkali-activated slag/fly ash for stabilizing soft soils in seasonally frozen regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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13 pages, 2372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Healthcare Infrastructure: Design-Phase Evaluation of LEED Certification and Energy Efficiency at Istanbul University’s Surgical Sciences Building

by Cemil Akçay and Mahmut Sarı

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142385 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The rapid growth of the global population and associated increases in resource consumption have accelerated environmental degradation, making sustainable design and construction processes increasingly essential. The construction sector holds significant potential for reducing environmental impacts, especially through sustainability-focused certification systems such as LEED. [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of the global population and associated increases in resource consumption have accelerated environmental degradation, making sustainable design and construction processes increasingly essential. The construction sector holds significant potential for reducing environmental impacts, especially through sustainability-focused certification systems such as LEED. This study evaluates the projected energy efficiency and sustainability performance of the Surgical Sciences Building at Istanbul University’s Çapa Campus, which was designed with the goal of achieving LEED Gold certification. The assessment is based on design-phase data and conducted prior to construction. Energy performance analyses were carried out using DesignBuilder software, supported by the LEED Assessment Report and Energy Audit Report. According to simulation results, approximately 30% savings in energy consumption and water usage are expected. In addition, the process-oriented LEED approach is expected to result in a total CO₂ emission savings of approximately 570 tonnes, while renewable energy systems are expected to meet approximately 13% of the building’s primary energy demand and reduce CO₂ emissions by approximately 151 tonnes per year. Waste management strategies developed for both the construction and operational phases are aligned with LEED criteria and aim to achieve up to 80% recycling rates. The findings demonstrate that LEED certification, when employed as a process-oriented design and decision-making tool rather than a result-oriented label, can enable sustainable strategies to be integrated from the earliest stages of project development. Particularly for complex healthcare buildings, embedding LEED principles into the design process has strong potential to enhance environmental performance. Although based on a single case study, this research provides valuable insight into the broader applicability of LEED in diverse building types and geographic contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability in Construction Project Management and Infrastructure)

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19 pages, 3169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effects of Almond Husk Ash on the Engineering Properties of Expansive Soil

by Abdulkadir Ürünveren, Baki Bağrıaçık and Esma Kahraman

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142384 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the use of waste materials for soil improvement has gained increasing importance due to sustainability concerns and the need for effective waste disposal. Almond husk ash (AHA), though considered a major environmental pollutant, is classified as a non-hazardous and noninert [...] Read more.

In recent years, the use of waste materials for soil improvement has gained increasing importance due to sustainability concerns and the need for effective waste disposal. Almond husk ash (AHA), though considered a major environmental pollutant, is classified as a non-hazardous and noninert waste. One of the primary challenges associated with such industrial wastes is their storage; therefore, environmentally safe disposal methods are essential. This study aimed to investigate the potential of AHA in improving expansive soil (ES). The findings revealed that ES can be effectively stabilized using AHA and geogrids, both individually and in combination. The optimal conditions for soil improvement were identified as follows: 25% AHA content, a zone depth of 1.5 units, and three layers of geogrids. The bearing capacity ratios showed significant improvement under various conditions: a 2.56-fold increase with AHA alone, a 2.87-fold increase with geogrids alone, and a 5.60-fold increase when both AHA and geogrids were used together. The greatest enhancement was achieved through the combined application of AHA and geogrids. AHA was thus demonstrated to be an effective, economical, and environmentally sustainable additive for the stabilization of expansive soils. Furthermore, microstructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) supported the improvements observed in the experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Foundations Engineering and Construction Materials—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 9284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tunnels in Gediminas Hill (Vilnius, Lithuania): Evaluation of a New Tunnel Found in 2019

by Šarūnas Skuodis, Mykolas Daugevičius, Jurgis Medzvieckas, Arnoldas Šneideris, Aidas Jokūbaitis, Justinas Rastenis and Juozas Valivonis

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142383 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This article provides a concise overview of the existing tunnels located within the historic cultural heritage site of Gediminas Hill in Vilnius, with particular emphasis on the implications of a recently discovered tunnel. This newly identified tunnel is of particular interest due to [...] Read more.

This article provides a concise overview of the existing tunnels located within the historic cultural heritage site of Gediminas Hill in Vilnius, with particular emphasis on the implications of a recently discovered tunnel. This newly identified tunnel is of particular interest due to its location beneath a retaining wall in close proximity to an adjacent structure. Long-term structural monitoring data indicate that the building has experienced displacement away from the retaining wall. Although the precise cause of this movement remains undetermined, the discovery of the tunnel adjacent to the structure has raised concerns regarding its potential role in the observed displacements. To investigate this hypothesis, a previously developed numerical model was employed to simulate the tunnel’s impact. The simulation results suggest that the tunnel’s construction was executed with careful consideration. During the excavation phase, the retaining wall exhibited displacements in a direction opposite to the expected ground pressure, indicating effective utilization of the wall’s gravitational mass. However, historical records indicate that no retaining structures were present in the area during the tunnel’s initial period of existence. Consequently, an additional simulation phase was introduced to model the behavior of the surrounding loose soil in the absence of retaining support. The results from this phase revealed that the deformations of the retaining wall and the adjacent building were elastically interdependent. The simulated deformation patterns closely matched the temporal trends observed in the monitoring data. These findings support the hypothesis that the tunnel’s construction may have contributed to the displacement of the nearby building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

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12 pages, 2798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macro-Mesoscale Submodeling Approach for Analysis of Large Masonry Structures

by S. Pietruszczak and P. Przecherski

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2382; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142382 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this work, a sub-modeling technique is proposed for the analysis of large-scale masonry structures. The approach couples an anisotropic macroscale formulation, derived by incorporating the notion of a fabric tensor for an orthotropic material, with mesoscale analysis. The latter employs distinct inelastic [...] Read more.

In this work, a sub-modeling technique is proposed for the analysis of large-scale masonry structures. The approach couples an anisotropic macroscale formulation, derived by incorporating the notion of a fabric tensor for an orthotropic material, with mesoscale analysis. The latter employs distinct inelastic constitutive relations assigned to the brick material and brick-mortar interfaces, which enable the tracing of localized damage propagation. The mechanical properties at the macro-level are identified from the ‘virtual’ set of data generated through mesoscale analysis, ensuring consistency between the two approaches in representing the masonry material across different scales. In the numerical analysis, the macroscale approach is first applied over the entire domain to interpolate the kinematic boundary conditions in a local region of interest, which is then re-analyzed based on the mesoscale framework. The developed strategy is illustrated by simulating the shear response of a large-scale unreinforced masonry wall with multiple window openings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling and Testing the Performance of Masonry Structures)

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28 pages, 4039 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Core Ontology for Whole Life Costing in Construction Projects

by Adam Yousfi, Érik Andrew Poirier and Daniel Forgues

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2381; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142381 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Construction projects still face persistent barriers to adopting whole life costing (WLC), such as fragmented data, a lack of standardization, and inadequate tools. This study addresses these limitations by proposing a core ontology for WLC, developed using an ontology design science research methodology. [...] Read more.

Construction projects still face persistent barriers to adopting whole life costing (WLC), such as fragmented data, a lack of standardization, and inadequate tools. This study addresses these limitations by proposing a core ontology for WLC, developed using an ontology design science research methodology. The ontology formalizes WLC knowledge based on ISO 15686-5 and incorporates professional insights from surveys and expert focus groups. Implemented in web ontology language (OWL), it models cost categories, temporal aspects, and discounting logic in a machine-interpretable format. The ontology’s interoperability and extensibility are validated through its integration with the building topology ontology (BOT). Results show that the ontology effectively supports cost breakdown, time-based projections, and calculation of discounted values, offering a reusable structure for different project contexts. Practical validation was conducted using SQWRL queries and Python scripts for cost computation. The solution enables structured data integration and can support decision-making throughout the building life cycle. This work lays the foundation for future semantic web applications such as knowledge graphs, bridging the current technological gap and facilitating more informed and collaborative use of WLC in construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies and Workflows for BIM and Digital Construction)

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24 pages, 24243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Damage Mechanism of Five-Story and Three-Span Underground Complex in Soft Soil Site

by Yikun Liu, Qingjun Chen, Xi Chen and Cong Liao

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2380; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142380 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Investigating the seismic damage mechanism of large underground complexes is essential for the safe development of urban underground space. This paper examines a five-story and three-span underground complex situated in a soft soil site. Shaking table tests were designed and conducted on both [...] Read more.

Investigating the seismic damage mechanism of large underground complexes is essential for the safe development of urban underground space. This paper examines a five-story and three-span underground complex situated in a soft soil site. Shaking table tests were designed and conducted on both the free field and the soil–underground complex interaction system. The time–frequency evolution of the free field under various seismic motions was investigated. A combined experimental and numerical simulation approach was employed to examine the seismic response of the soil–underground complex interaction system. The structural deformation evolution, stress distribution, and development process of plastic damage under different seismic motions were analyzed. The results reveal that soft soil exhibits a significant energy amplification effect under far-field long-period ground motions. Structural deformation is mainly governed by horizontal shear. Under strong seismic excitation, plastic damage first initiates at the end of the bottom-story columns and extends to column-to-slab and wall-to-slab connections, where abrupt stiffness changes occur. Under the far-field long-period ground motion, the structural deformation, stress distribution, and plastic damage are significantly greater than those under the Shanghai artificial wave. These findings provide valuable insights for the seismic design of large underground complexes in soft soil sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

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