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Instantaneous Photocarrier Transport at the Interface in Perovskite Solar Cells to Generate Photovoltage
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Fano Resonance Hybrid Waveguide-Coupled Plasmonic Sensor Using Transparent Conductive Oxide in the Near-Infrared Range
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Topology-Abstraction-Based Protection Scheme in Quantum Key Distribution Networks with Partially Trusted Relays
Journal Description
Photonics
Photonics
is an international, scientific, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the science and technology of optics and photonics, published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and many other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Optics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 14.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2021).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journal: Optics.
Impact Factor:
2.676 (2020)
;
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.276 (2020)
Latest Articles
Cavity Length Sequence Matching Algorithm Based on Combined Valley Peak Positioning for Fiber-Optic Fabry-Perot Sensors
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070451 - 28 Jun 2022
Abstract
To solve the problem of low demodulation accuracy of conventional peak-to-peak algorithm for fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (FP) sensors due to failure of determining the interference order, a novel cavity length sequence matching demodulation algorithm based on a combined valley peak positioning is proposed. Firstly,
[...] Read more.
To solve the problem of low demodulation accuracy of conventional peak-to-peak algorithm for fiber-optic Fabry-Perot (FP) sensors due to failure of determining the interference order, a novel cavity length sequence matching demodulation algorithm based on a combined valley peak positioning is proposed. Firstly, a pair of a peak and its neighboring valley in the reflection spectrum is selected and positioned, and two groups of interference orders are supposed to generate two groups of cavity length sequences. Finally, these cavity lengths are compared to find the real interference order of the peak and valley for the extraction of the accurate cavity length. In order to verify the feasibility and performance of the proposed algorithm, simulations and experiments were carried out for fiber-optic FP sensors with cavity lengths in the range of 15–115 μm. A demodulation accuracy better than 8.8 nm was found. The proposed algorithm can achieve highly accurate cavity length demodulation of fiber-optic FP sensors.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Advance and Applications of Fiber Optic Measurement)
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Open AccessReview
Sensing by Dynamics of Lasers with External Optical Feedback: A Review
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070450 - 27 Jun 2022
Abstract
External optical feedback (EOF) has great impacts on the properties of lasers. It influences the stable operation of lasers. However, various applications based on lasers with EOF have been developed. One typical example is self-mixing interferometry technology, where modulated steady-state laser intensity is
[...] Read more.
External optical feedback (EOF) has great impacts on the properties of lasers. It influences the stable operation of lasers. However, various applications based on lasers with EOF have been developed. One typical example is self-mixing interferometry technology, where modulated steady-state laser intensity is utilized for sensing and measurement. Other works show that laser dynamics can also be used for sensing, and the laser in this case is more sensitive to EOF. This paper reviews the sensing technology that uses the dynamics of lasers with EOF. We firstly introduce the basic operating principles of a laser with EOF and discuss the noise properties of and intensity modification in lasers induced by EOF. Then, sensing applications using laser dynamics are categorized and presented, including sensing by frequency-shifted optical feedback, relaxation oscillation frequency, and dynamics with self-mixing interferometry signals and laser optical chaos. Lastly, we present an analysis of the transient response waveform and spectrum of a laser with EOF, showing its potential for sensing.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Laser Diode and LED)
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Open AccessArticle
SCDeep: Single-Channel Depth Encoding for 3D-Range Geometry Compression Utilizing Deep-Learning Techniques
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070449 - 27 Jun 2022
Abstract
Recent advances in optics and computing technologies have encouraged many applications to adopt the use of three-dimensional (3D) data for the measurement and visualization of the world around us. Modern 3D-range scanning systems have become much faster than real-time and are able to
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Recent advances in optics and computing technologies have encouraged many applications to adopt the use of three-dimensional (3D) data for the measurement and visualization of the world around us. Modern 3D-range scanning systems have become much faster than real-time and are able to capture data with incredible precision. However, increasingly fast acquisition speeds and high fidelity data come with increased storage and transmission costs. In order to enable applications that wish to utilize these technologies, efforts must be made to compress the raw data into more manageable formats. One common approach to compressing 3D-range geometry is to encode its depth information within the three color channels of a traditional 24-bit RGB image. To further reduce file sizes, this paper evaluates two novel approaches to the recovery of floating-point 3D range data from only a single-channel 8-bit image using machine learning techniques. Specifically, the recovery of depth data from a single channel is enabled through the use of both semantic image segmentation and end-to-end depth synthesis. These two distinct approaches show that machine learning techniques can be utilized to enable significant file size reduction while maintaining reconstruction accuracy suitable for many applications. For example, a complex set of depth data encoded using the proposed method, stored in the JPG 20 format, and recovered using semantic segmentation techniques was able to achieve an average RMS reconstruction accuracy of 99.18% while achieving an average compression ratio of 106:1 when compared to the raw floating-point data. When end-to-end synthesis techniques were applied to the same encoded dataset, an average reconstruction accuracy of 99.59% was experimentally demonstrated for the same average compression ratio.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical 3D Sensing Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Design and Performance Analysis of Hybrid Multidimensional OAM-DM-WDM-OFDM-PON System with High-Capacity and Long-Distance Transmission
by
, , , , , , , and
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070448 - 27 Jun 2022
Abstract
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) with mutually orthogonal advantage attribute to break through the high capacity and long-reach transmission limited in the classical passive optical network (PON). Employing Laguerre Gaussian (LG) mode as the orthogonal OAM excitation, a more dimensional multiplexing PON system is
[...] Read more.
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) with mutually orthogonal advantage attribute to break through the high capacity and long-reach transmission limited in the classical passive optical network (PON). Employing Laguerre Gaussian (LG) mode as the orthogonal OAM excitation, a more dimensional multiplexing PON system is proposed to creatively hybridize OAM division multiplexing (OAM-DM) based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). By utilizing the compatibility of OAM-DM and WDM, data of Gbit/s OFDM signals is successfully transmitted in 80 km multimode fiber (MMF) with low crosstalk. Within this hybrid system, the effects of different wavelengths and different modes on the bit error rate (BER) are discussed at varying transmission distances. Moreover, the performance of several subsystems carrying quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), on-off keying (OOK), and OFDM modulation signals is also compared at a BER less than . It is observed that the proposed OAM-DM-WDM-OFDM-PON system has favorable performance, which is a reasonable solution for large-capacity PON architecture.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Fiber Optic Communication)
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Open AccessArticle
The Design of a Low-Loss, Fast-Response, Metal Thermo-Optic Phase Shifter Based on Coupled-Mode Theory
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070447 - 25 Jun 2022
Abstract
A thermo-optic phase shifter is of great importance in silicon photonics. However, it is difficult to simultaneously achieve a good performance in insertion loss and in response speed by using traditional thermal tuning through a metallic heater. In this paper, based on coupled-mode
[...] Read more.
A thermo-optic phase shifter is of great importance in silicon photonics. However, it is difficult to simultaneously achieve a good performance in insertion loss and in response speed by using traditional thermal tuning through a metallic heater. In this paper, based on coupled-mode theory, we propose a method to place high-loss materials close to the optical waveguide while maintaining the low loss of the optical device, which ensures the low insertion loss (~0.78 dB) of the phase shifter. Additionally, thanks to the very short distance between the rib waveguide and the chromium (Cr) heater, the phase shifter exhibits a high response speed (1.15 μs in rise time and 2.18 μs in decay time) with a measured bandwidth (BW) of 186 kHz. Moreover, we further optimize the structure of phase shifters, leading to the reduction of π-shift power consumption from 25.1 mW to 13.6 mW. Our proposed phase shifters have great potential in large-scale silicon photonic integrated circuits.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chip-Scale Photonic Devices for Optical Communication and Information Processing)
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Open AccessArticle
Analysis of Scintillation Effects on Free Space Optical Communication Links in South Africa
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070446 - 25 Jun 2022
Abstract
The performance of free space optical communication (FSOC) systems is severely degraded by certain atmospheric conditions prevalent in places where they are deployed, in spite of their numerous advantages. In clear weather conditions, the random fluctuation in the atmosphere’s refractive index causes substantial
[...] Read more.
The performance of free space optical communication (FSOC) systems is severely degraded by certain atmospheric conditions prevalent in places where they are deployed, in spite of their numerous advantages. In clear weather conditions, the random fluctuation in the atmosphere’s refractive index causes substantial scintillation losses to transmitted optical signals. It is therefore imperative to estimate the potential losses due to atmospheric turbulence in locations where FSOC links are to be deployed. This will provide the necessary fade margin for FSOC systems so that designed links withstand such atmospheric disturbances. In this paper, statistical analysis of wind speed data collected for various cities of South Africa is used for calculating the corresponding refractive index structure parameter ( ). These values, as well as the zero inner scale and infinite outer scale model and finite inner and finite outer scale model, are used in computing the scintillation indices not exceeding 50%, 99%, 99.9%, and 99.99% of the time for the investigated locations. The Lognormal and Gamma–gamma distribution models are then employed for the computational analysis of the irradiance fluctuations and channel characteristics while considering the effect of pointing errors for weak and moderate to strong turbulence regimes. Finally, derived mathematical expressions for outage probabilities and bit error rate (BER) performances for FSOC links, employing various intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) schemes, are presented.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Free Space Optical Communications and Optical Turbulence Modeling)
Open AccessArticle
Beam Smoothing Based on Prism Pair for Multistep Pulse Compressor in PW Lasers
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070445 - 23 Jun 2022
Abstract
Ultra-short, ultra-intense lasers provide unprecedented experimental tools and extreme physical conditions, enabling the exploration of the frontiers of basic physics. Recently, a multistep pulse compressor (MPC) method was proposed to overcome the limitations of the size and the damage threshold of gratings in
[...] Read more.
Ultra-short, ultra-intense lasers provide unprecedented experimental tools and extreme physical conditions, enabling the exploration of the frontiers of basic physics. Recently, a multistep pulse compressor (MPC) method was proposed to overcome the limitations of the size and the damage threshold of gratings in the compressor for the realization of a higher-peak-power laser. In the MPC method, beam smoothing is an important process in the pre-compressor. In this study, beam smoothing based on prism pairs is investigated, and the spatial profiles, as well as spectral dispersion properties, are analyzed. The simulation results demonstrate that the prism pair can effectively smooth the laser beam. Furthermore, beam smoothing is found to be more efficient with a shorter separation distance if two prism pairs are arranged to induce spatial dispersion in one or two directions. The beam smoothing results obtained in this study will help optimize optical designs in petawatt (PW) laser systems, thereby improving their output and operational safety.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Applications of Photonics, Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics)
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Open AccessCommunication
Analysis of Combination Frequencies Arising from the Ionization of Gases by Multicolor Femtosecond Pulses
by
and
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070444 - 23 Jun 2022
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Ionization-induced multiwave mixing is attracting much interest nowadays due to the possibility of generating short pulses of secondary radiation over a very wide spectral range, from terahertz to far ultraviolet. This paper presents an analytical method for calculating the amplitudes of arbitrary spectral
[...] Read more.
Ionization-induced multiwave mixing is attracting much interest nowadays due to the possibility of generating short pulses of secondary radiation over a very wide spectral range, from terahertz to far ultraviolet. This paper presents an analytical method for calculating the amplitudes of arbitrary spectral components of free electron currents arising under the action of multicolor ionizing laser pulses. We show that this method can be used to obtain the dependences of characteristics of a frequency-tunable third harmonic of the intense component of a three-color pulse obtained in an optical parametric generator. The obtained results are in good agreement with quantum mechanical calculations.
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Open AccessArticle
Multi-Mode Correlation in a Concurrent Parametric Amplifier
by
and
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070443 - 23 Jun 2022
Abstract
A concurrent parametric amplifier consisting of two pump beams is used to investigate the possibility of generating multi-mode correlation and entanglement. The existence of three-mode entanglement is demonstrated by analyzing the violation degree of three-mode entanglement criteria, including the sufficient criterion, i.e., two-condition
[...] Read more.
A concurrent parametric amplifier consisting of two pump beams is used to investigate the possibility of generating multi-mode correlation and entanglement. The existence of three-mode entanglement is demonstrated by analyzing the violation degree of three-mode entanglement criteria, including the sufficient criterion, i.e., two-condition and optimal single-condition criterion, and necessary and sufficient criterion, i.e., positivity under partial transposition (PPT) criterion. Besides, two-mode entanglement generated from any pair is also studied by using the Duan criterion and PPT criterion. We find that three-mode entanglement and two-mode entanglement of the two pairs are present in the whole parameter region. Our results pave the way for the realization and application of multi-mode correlation and entanglement based on the concurrent parametric amplifiers.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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Open AccessArticle
Parametric Excitation of Ultracold Sodium Atoms in an Optical Dipole Trap
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070442 - 22 Jun 2022
Abstract
Parametric modulation is an effective tool to measure the trap frequency and investigate the atom dynamics in an optical dipole trap or lattices. Herein, we report on experimental research of parametric resonances in an optical dipole trap. By modulating the trapping potential, we
[...] Read more.
Parametric modulation is an effective tool to measure the trap frequency and investigate the atom dynamics in an optical dipole trap or lattices. Herein, we report on experimental research of parametric resonances in an optical dipole trap. By modulating the trapping potential, we have measured the atomic loss dependence on the frequency of the parametric modulations. The resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations at the resonant frequency have been demonstrated and compared under three modulation waveforms (sine, triangle and square waves). A phenomenological theoretical simulation has been performed and shown good accordance with the observed resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations. The theoretical analysis can be easily extended to a complex waveform modulation and reproduce enough of the experiments.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Application of Optical Manipulation)
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Open AccessReview
Rotational Doppler Effect in Vortex Light and Its Applications for Detection of the Rotational Motion
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070441 - 22 Jun 2022
Abstract
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The linear Doppler effect has been widely used to detect the translational motion of objects. However, it suffers difficulties in measuring the angular motion of a rotating target. In recent years, the rotational Doppler effect based on a vortex beam has been helpful
[...] Read more.
The linear Doppler effect has been widely used to detect the translational motion of objects. However, it suffers difficulties in measuring the angular motion of a rotating target. In recent years, the rotational Doppler effect based on a vortex beam has been helpful to solve the problem of rotational measurement and has attracted extensive attention in remote sensing. This paper expounds the theoretical and experimental basis of the rotational Doppler effect and briefly summarizes its development for the detection of macro and micro targets. Specifically, the properties and analysis methods of a rotational Doppler shift when the vortex beam is misaligned with the rotation axis are described in detail. In addition, the existing problems and further developments in rotation detection based on the rotational Doppler effect are discussed.
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Open AccessArticle
Finite Temperature Ultraviolet-Visible Dielectric Functions of Tantalum Pentoxide: A Combined Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and First-Principles Study
by
, , , , , , and
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070440 - 22 Jun 2022
Abstract
Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) has demonstrated promising applications in gate dielectrics and microwave communication devices with its intrinsically high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. Although there are numerous studies on the dielectric properties of Ta2O5,
[...] Read more.
Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) has demonstrated promising applications in gate dielectrics and microwave communication devices with its intrinsically high dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. Although there are numerous studies on the dielectric properties of Ta2O5, few studies have focused on the influence of external environmental changes (i.e., temperature and pressure) on the dielectric properties and the underlying physics is not fully understood. Herein, we synthesize Ta2O5 thin films using the magnetron sputtering method, measure the ultraviolet-visible dielectric function at temperatures varying from 300 to 873 K by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and investigate the temperature influence on the dielectric function from first principles. SE experiments observe that temperature has a nontrivial influence on the ultraviolet-visible dielectric function, accompanying the consistently decreased amplitude and increased broadening width for the dominant absorption peak. First-principles calculations confirm that the dominant absorption peak originates from the aggregated energy states near the valence band maximum (VBM) and conduction band minimum (CBM), and the theoretically predicted dielectric functions demonstrate good agreement with the SE experiments. Moreover, by performing first-principles molecular dynamics simulations, the finite-temperature dielectric function is predicted and its change trend with increasing temperature agrees overall with the SE measurements. This work explores the physical origins of temperature influence on the ultraviolet-visible dielectric function of Ta2O5, aimed at promoting its applications in the field of micro-/nanoelectronics.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Optical and Optoelectronic Materials and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Prediction of the Quality of Thermally Sprayed Copper Coatings on Laser-Structured CFRP Surfaces Using Hyperspectral Imaging
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070439 - 21 Jun 2022
Abstract
With the progressive replacement of metallic parts by high-performance fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) components, typical properties of metals are required to be placed on the material’s surface. A metallic coating applied to the FRP surface by thermal spraying, for instance, can fulfill these requirements,
[...] Read more.
With the progressive replacement of metallic parts by high-performance fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) components, typical properties of metals are required to be placed on the material’s surface. A metallic coating applied to the FRP surface by thermal spraying, for instance, can fulfill these requirements, including electrical conductivity. In this work, laser pre-treatments are utilized for increasing the bond strength of metallic coatings. However, due to the high-precision material removal using pulsed laser radiation, the production-related heterogeneous fiber distribution in FRP leads to variations in the structuring result and consequently to different qualities of the subsequent coating. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technologies in conjunction with deep learning were applied to carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) structured by nanosecond pulsed laser. HSI-based prediction models could be developed, which allow for reliable prediction, with an accuracy of around 80%, of which laser-treated areas will successfully be coated and which will not. By using this objective and automatic evaluation, it is possible to avoid large amounts of rejects before further processing the parts and also to optimize the adhesion of coatings. Spatially resolved data enables local reworking during the laser process, making it feasible for the manufacturing process to achieve zero waste.
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(This article belongs to the Section Lasers, Light Sources and Sensors)
Open AccessCommunication
High-Efficiency and High-Power Multijunction InGaAs/InP Photovoltaic Laser Power Converters for 1470 nm
by
and
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070438 - 21 Jun 2022
Abstract
The high-efficiency capabilities of multijunction laser power converters are demonstrated for high-power applications with an optical input of around 1470 nm. The InP-based photovoltaic power converting III-V semiconductor devices are designed here, with 10 lattice-matched subcells (PT10-InGaAs/InP), using thin InGaAs absorbing layers connected
[...] Read more.
The high-efficiency capabilities of multijunction laser power converters are demonstrated for high-power applications with an optical input of around 1470 nm. The InP-based photovoltaic power converting III-V semiconductor devices are designed here, with 10 lattice-matched subcells (PT10-InGaAs/InP), using thin InGaAs absorbing layers connected by transparent tunnel junctions. The results confirm that such long-wavelength power converter devices are capable of producing electrical output voltages greater than 4–5 V. The characteristics are compatible with common electronics requirements, and the optical input is well suited for propagation over long distances through fiber-based optical links. Conversion efficiencies of ~49% are measured at electrical outputs exceeding 7 W for an input wavelength of 1466 nm at 21 °C. The Power Converter Performance Chart has been updated with these PT10-InGaAs/InP results.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Papers Related to OWPT 2019-22 on the Topics of Photovoltaic Components, Devices and Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Performance Analysis of Dual-Hop FSO Cooperative Systems over F Turbulence with Pointing Errors
by
and
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070437 - 21 Jun 2022
Abstract
Recently, atmospheric-turbulence-induced fading in free-space optical (FSO) communication with pointing error impairment was modeled and studied using the Fisher–Snedecor distribution with a good fit to experimental data. In this letter, we investigate the end-to-end performance of dual-hop FSO fixed-gain relaying systems operating
[...] Read more.
Recently, atmospheric-turbulence-induced fading in free-space optical (FSO) communication with pointing error impairment was modeled and studied using the Fisher–Snedecor distribution with a good fit to experimental data. In this letter, we investigate the end-to-end performance of dual-hop FSO fixed-gain relaying systems operating over turbulence channels. More specifically, we present closed-form expressions for the cumulative distribution function and the probability density function of the end-to-end signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio of the proposed system. Consequently, the outage probability, ergodic capacity, and average bit error rate performance are derived with tight asymptotic results in high-SNR regimes to gain more insight into the impacts of system parameters and channel turbulence conditions. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are provided to validate the analytical results, revealing a significant performance gain compared to a single FSO link in the medium- to high-SNR range by using dual-hop FSO relaying.
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Open AccessArticle
High-Power, High-Efficiency Red Laser Diode Structures Grown on GaAs and GaAsP Metamorphic Superlattices
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070436 - 21 Jun 2022
Abstract
Three types of GaAsP metamorphic buffer layers, including linearly graded, step graded, and metamorphic superlattices, were compared for the purposes of virtual substrates for red laser diode heterostructures. Laser diodes were fabricated on GaAs substrates and relaxed GaAsP metamorphic superlattice virtual substrates. A
[...] Read more.
Three types of GaAsP metamorphic buffer layers, including linearly graded, step graded, and metamorphic superlattices, were compared for the purposes of virtual substrates for red laser diode heterostructures. Laser diodes were fabricated on GaAs substrates and relaxed GaAsP metamorphic superlattice virtual substrates. A laser diode structure with a tensile-strained quantum well on a standard miscut GaAs substrate achieved TM-polarized emission at a 638 nm wavelength with 45% peak power conversion efficiency (PCE) at a 880 mW continuous wave (CW) output power with T0 = 77 K and T1 = 266 K. An analogous laser diode structure with a compressively strained quantum well on the metamorphic superlattice emitted TE-polarized 639 nm light with 35.5% peak PCE at 880 mW CW with T0 = 90 K and T1 = 300 K.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Optical and Optoelectronic Materials and Applications)
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Open AccessCommunication
Ultra-Broadband and Low-Loss Silicon-Based Power Splitter Based on Subwavelength Grating-Assisted Multimode Interference Structure
Photonics 2022, 9(7), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9070435 - 21 Jun 2022
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High-performance and compact power splitters are fundamental components in on-chip photonic integrated circuits (PICs). We propose a silicon-based power splitter based on a subwavelength grating (SWG)-assisted multimode interference (MMI) structure. To shorten the device size and enhance the device performance, an inverse-tapered SWG
[...] Read more.
High-performance and compact power splitters are fundamental components in on-chip photonic integrated circuits (PICs). We propose a silicon-based power splitter based on a subwavelength grating (SWG)-assisted multimode interference (MMI) structure. To shorten the device size and enhance the device performance, an inverse-tapered SWG is embedded in the central region of the MMI and two rows of uniform SWG are embedded on both sides, together with two right-angled cutting structures on the input side. According to the results, the MMI length was obviously reduced to 3.2 μm (5.2 μm for conventional MMI structure under the same waveguide width), while the insertion loss (IL) and reflection loss were 0.08 dB and <−35 dB, respectively. Moreover, the allowable working bandwidth could be extended to 560 nm by keeping IL <0.6 dB, covering the whole optical communication band. On the basis of these features, we believe that such a power splitter is very promising for building on-chip large-scale PICs where power splitting is indispensable.
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Open AccessArticle
Self-Supervised Monocular Depth Estimation Based on Channel Attention
Photonics 2022, 9(6), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060434 - 20 Jun 2022
Abstract
Scene structure and local details are important factors in producing high-quality depth estimations so as to solve fuzzy artifacts in depth prediction results. We propose a new network structure that combines two channel attention modules in a deep prediction network. The structure perception
[...] Read more.
Scene structure and local details are important factors in producing high-quality depth estimations so as to solve fuzzy artifacts in depth prediction results. We propose a new network structure that combines two channel attention modules in a deep prediction network. The structure perception module (spm) uses a frequency channel attention network. We use frequencies from different perspectives to analyze the channel representation as a compression process. This enhances the perception of the scene structure and obtains more feature information. The detail emphasis module (dem) adopts the global attention mechanism. It improves the performance of deep neural networks by reducing irrelevant information and magnifying global interactive representations. Emphasizing important details effectively fuses features at different scales to achieve more accurate and clearer depth predictions. Experiments show that our network produces clearer depth estimations, and our accuracy rate on the KITTI benchmark has improved from 98.1% to 98.3% in the δ < 1.253 metric.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical 3D Sensing Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Simulation Study of Acoustic-Resolution-Based Photoacoustic Microscopy for Imaging Complex Blood Vessel Networks
Photonics 2022, 9(6), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060433 - 18 Jun 2022
Abstract
The high-quality imaging of vascular networks in biological tissue is significant to accurate cancer diagnosis with acoustic-resolution-based photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM). So far, many new back-projection (BP) models have been proposed to improve the image quality of AR-PAM in the off-focal regions. However, many
[...] Read more.
The high-quality imaging of vascular networks in biological tissue is significant to accurate cancer diagnosis with acoustic-resolution-based photoacoustic microscopy (AR-PAM). So far, many new back-projection (BP) models have been proposed to improve the image quality of AR-PAM in the off-focal regions. However, many essential arguments are still open regarding the effectiveness of these methods. To settle these remaining questions and explore the potential and adaptability of these BP methods in vascular network imaging, we conducted extensive simulations of a complex vascular network based on a GPU-based data generation framework. Results show that the SAFT-CF algorithm effectively improves the reconstructed image but mainly highlights point targets. In contrast, the STR-BP algorithm can effectively balance the computational cost, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and consistency of target intensity for both point and line targets. Results proved that data interpolation for more A-line numbers would not improve the image quality due to information lost. Thus, the detector number in the scan should be sufficiently large. Results also showed that the STR-BP method improved the PSNR of the image by 4.7 to 7.5 dB, which helps the image withstand a noise level of higher than 25%. The proposed simulation framework and the intuitive findings will guide the design of AR-PAM systems and image reconstruction.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoacoustic Imaging for Biomedical Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Low Power FPGA Implementation of a Smart Building Free Space Optical Communication System
Photonics 2022, 9(6), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9060432 - 18 Jun 2022
Abstract
Free Space Optical (FSO) communication systems have extensively invaded the speed of smart city evolution due to the current surge in demand for wireless communication spots that can match recent challenges due to high technical leaps in smart city evolution. As the number
[...] Read more.
Free Space Optical (FSO) communication systems have extensively invaded the speed of smart city evolution due to the current surge in demand for wireless communication spots that can match recent challenges due to high technical leaps in smart city evolution. As the number of users is vastly increasing throughout all networks in the form of machines, devices, and variously distinct objects, FSO is a hugely recommended robust communication system that mitigates a lot of RF disadvantages on the field with no need for licensing, fast rollout time, and low cost. This paper shows an exploit of a Low Power Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based FSO communication system designed for Line of Sight (LOS) Building to Building Communication over a distance of 12 m using a 650 nm Visible Light (VL) red laser source via On-Off Keying (OOK) and higher-level Intensity Modulation (IM)/Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) schemes. The implemented system reached a doubled data rate than OOK of 230 kbps using the IM technique. Traffic monitoring and building security status can be frequently updated between adherent buildings, each scanning its zone real-time conditions and sharing them with the neighboring links.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Optical and Optoelectronic Materials and Applications)
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Applied Sciences, Coatings, Materials, Photonics, Sensors
Optical and Optoelectronic Materials and Applications
Topic Editors: Fabian Ambriz Vargas, Jianzhong ZhangDeadline: 20 December 2022
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Crystals, Electronics, Materials, Photonics
Liquid Crystal Photonics
Topic Editors: Wei Hu, Zhigang ZhengDeadline: 31 January 2023
Topic in
Automation, Fibers, Metrology, Photonics, Sensors
Advance and Applications of Fiber Optic Measurement
Topic Editors: Flavio Esposito, Stefania Campopiano, Agostino IadiciccoDeadline: 31 March 2023

Conferences
29 August–2 September 2022
The 16th International Conference on Near-Field Optics, Nanophotonics and Related Techniques (NFO16)

Special Issues
Special Issue in
Photonics
Biomedical and Biological Optical Device
Guest Editors: Pablo Zubiate, Quero Giuseppe, Patrizio VaianoDeadline: 30 June 2022
Special Issue in
Photonics
Novel Nonlinear Phenomena with Strong Laser Fields
Guest Editors: Bonggu Shim, Xiaohui GaoDeadline: 15 July 2022
Special Issue in
Photonics
Photonic Application in the Automotive Industry
Guest Editor: Sergio RestainoDeadline: 25 July 2022
Special Issue in
Photonics
Materials, Methods and Models for Holographic Optical Elements
Guest Editors: Suzanne Martin, Friedrich-Karl BruderDeadline: 31 July 2022