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The Microstructure and Properties of Laser-Cladded Ni-Based Self-Fluxing Alloy Coatings Reinforced by TiC Particles
Green Biocomposites Reinforced with Sida hermaphrodita Fibers
Dual-Function Nanostructured Coatings for Spinal Screws to Prevent Biofilms and Implant Failure
Super-Hydrophobic Photothermal Copper Foam for Multi-Scenario Solar Desalination: Integrating Anti-Icing, Self-Cleaning, and Mechanical Durability
Particle Deposition in Liquid Cold Spray

Journal Description

Coatings

Coatings is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on coatings and surface engineering published monthly online by MDPI. The Korean Tribology Society (KTS) and The Chinese Society of Micro-Nano Technology (CSMNT) are affiliated with Coatings and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, Ei Compendex, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Physics, Applied) / CiteScore - Q2 (Surfaces, Coatings and Films)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Sections: published in 14 topical sections.
Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Coatings.

Impact Factor: 2.8 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.0 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2079-6412

Latest Articles

4026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grain Refinement Caused by Dynamic Recrystallization Under Pulsed-Wave Laser Multi-Layer Cyclic Thermal Load

by Manping Cheng, Xi Zou, Yuan Zhu, Tengfei Chang, Qi Cao, Houlai Ju, Jiawei Ning, Yang Ding and Lijun Qiang

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 788; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070788 - 3 Jul 2025

In the Direct Energy Deposition (DED) process, the deposited material experiences intricate thermo-mechanical processes. Subsequent thermal cycling can trigger Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX) under suitable conditions, with specific strain and temperature parameters facilitating grain refinement and homogenization. While prior research has examined the impact [...] Read more.

In the Direct Energy Deposition (DED) process, the deposited material experiences intricate thermo-mechanical processes. Subsequent thermal cycling can trigger Dynamic Recrystallization (DRX) under suitable conditions, with specific strain and temperature parameters facilitating grain refinement and homogenization. While prior research has examined the impact of thermal cycling in continuous wave (CW) lasers on DRX in 316 L stainless steel deposits, this study delves into the effects of pulsed wave (PW) laser thermal cycling on DRX. Here, the thermo-mechanical response to PW cyclic thermal loading is empirically assessed, and the evolution of microstructure, grain morphology, geometric dislocation density (GND), and misorientation map during PW DED of 316 L stainless steel is scrutinized. Findings reveal that DRX is activated between the 8th and 44th thermal cycles, with temperatures fluctuating in the range of 680 K–750 K–640 K and grains evolving within a 5.6%–6.2%–5.2% strain range. After 90 thermal cycles, the grain microstructure undergoes significant alteration. Throughout the thermal cycling, dynamic recovery (DRV) occurs, marked by sub-grain formation and low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs). Continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) accompanies discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX), with LAGBs progressively converting into high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs). Elevated temperatures and accumulated strain drive dislocation movement and entanglement, augmenting GND. The study also probes the influence of frequency and duty cycle on grain microstructure, finding that low pulse frequency spurs CDRX, high pulse frequency favors DRV, and the duty cycle has minimal impact on grain microstructure under PW cyclic thermal load. Full article

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4450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Evaluation of Waterborne Epoxy Resin-Reinforced SBS, Waterborne Acrylate or SBR Emulsion for Road

by Hao Fu and Chaohui Wang

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 787; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070787 - 3 Jul 2025

To obtain waterborne polymer-modified emulsified asphalt materials with better comprehensive performance, waterborne polymer modifiers including waterborne epoxy resin (WER)-reinforced styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer (SBS), waterborne acrylate (WA) or styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) emulsion were prepared. The mechanical strength, toughness, adhesion and impact resistance of [...] Read more.

To obtain waterborne polymer-modified emulsified asphalt materials with better comprehensive performance, waterborne polymer modifiers including waterborne epoxy resin (WER)-reinforced styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymer (SBS), waterborne acrylate (WA) or styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) emulsion were prepared. The mechanical strength, toughness, adhesion and impact resistance of these waterborne polymers were evaluated. Furthermore, the correlation between the performance indicators of the waterborne polymers was analyzed. Based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, the mechanism of WER-modified SBS and WA was characterized. The results show that adding 10%–15% WER can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the waterborne polymer. The performances of modified SBS and WA are better than that of modified SBR. When the content of WER is 10%, the tensile strength, elongation at break and pull-off strength of WER-modified SBS and WA are 4.80–6.38 MPa, 476.3%–579.6% and 1.62–1.70 MPa, respectively. The mechanical strength and breaking energy of the waterborne polymers show a significant linear correlation with their application properties such as adhesion, bonding and impact resistance. FTIR and TG analyses indicate that WER-modified SBS or WA prepared via emulsion blending undergo primarily physical modifications, enhancing thermal stability while promoting crosslinking and curing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Asphalt Materials—Surface Engineering and Applications)

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1841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Silane-Modified Diatomite-Magnetic Nanocomposite Superhydrophobic Coatings Using Multi-Scale Composite Principle

by Dan Li, Mei Wu, Rongjun Xia, Jiwen Hu and Fangzhi Huang

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070786 - 3 Jul 2025

To address the challenges of cotton cellulose materials being susceptible to environmental humidity and pollutant erosion, a strategy for constructing superhydrophobic functional coatings with biomimetic micro–nano composite structures was proposed. Through surface silanization modification, diatomite (DEM) and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were [...] Read more.

To address the challenges of cotton cellulose materials being susceptible to environmental humidity and pollutant erosion, a strategy for constructing superhydrophobic functional coatings with biomimetic micro–nano composite structures was proposed. Through surface silanization modification, diatomite (DEM) and Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were functionalized with octyltriethoxysilane (OTS) to prepare superhydrophobic diatomite flakes (ODEM) and OFe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Following the multi-scale composite principle, ODEM and OFe₃O₄ nanoparticles were blended and crosslinked via the hydroxyl-initiated ring-opening polymerization of epoxy resin (EP), resulting in an EP/ODEM@OFe₃O₄ composite coating with hierarchical roughness. Microstructural characterization revealed that the micrometer-scale porous structure of ODEM and the nanoscale protrusions of OFe₃O₄ form a hierarchical micro–nano topography. The special topography combined with the low surface energy property leads to a contact angle of 158°. Additionally, the narrow bandgap semiconductor characteristic of OFe₃O₄ induces the localized surface plasmon resonance effect. This enables the coating to attain 80% light absorption across the 350–2500 nm spectrum, and rapidly heat to 45.8 °C within 60 s under 0.5 sun, thereby demonstrating excellent deicing performance. This work provides a theoretical foundation for developing environmentally tolerant superhydrophobic photothermal coatings, which exhibit significant application potential in the field of anti-icing and anti-fouling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion, Wear and Erosion)

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7525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Crack-Induced Stress Fields in Thermal Barrier Coatings with Varying Crack Geometries

by Linxi Zhang, Ruifeng Dou, Ningning Liu, Jian Sun, Xunliang Liu and Zhi Wen

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 785; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070785 - 3 Jul 2025

Under service conditions, randomly distributed cracks in the top coat (TC) layer of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) lead to local stress concentrations, which serve as the primary drivers of crack propagation and coating delamination. This study systematically analyzes the influence of crack defects [...] Read more.

Under service conditions, randomly distributed cracks in the top coat (TC) layer of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) lead to local stress concentrations, which serve as the primary drivers of crack propagation and coating delamination. This study systematically analyzes the influence of crack defects on the thermal stress distribution in TBCs, based on their microstructural characteristics, using a multi-physics-coupled finite element model. Numerical analysis of crack characteristics reveals that crack length significantly influences the stress distribution in the coatings, with the maximum tensile stress at the crack tip increasing from 104.02 to 238.51 MPa as the crack half-length extends from 400 to 1000 μm. Shorter cracks induce lower tensile stresses, thereby retarding crack propagation and delaying coating delamination. Crack depth also influences the stress distribution, with the maximum tensile stress decreasing from 205.88 to 101.65 MPa as the crack is buried deeper, from 50 to 200 μm, indicating a more stable stress state less prone to propagation in deeper cracks. For inclined cracks, increasing the inclination angle induces a shift in stress from tensile to compressive, with larger inclination angles exhibiting greater stability. Accordingly, this study proposes a laser scribing strategy to mitigate crack-tip stress concentration, which is validated through comparison with two-dimensional crack models. Laser scribing shortens crack length by interrupting crack continuity, relieves localized thermal expansion strain, effectively suppresses crack growth, and significantly enhances the crack resistance and thermal shock stability of the coating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic and Glass Material Coatings)

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3861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating the Rheological Impact of USP Warm Mix Modifier on Asphalt Binder

by Yali Liu, Jingfei Ping, Hao Guo, Yikai Kang and Yali Ye

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070784 - 3 Jul 2025

USP (usual temperature pitch)-modified asphalt optimizes its rheological properties through reactions between the modifier and the asphalt. This significantly enhances the high- and low-temperature adaptability and environmental friendliness of asphalt. It has now become an important research direction in the field of highway [...] Read more.

USP (usual temperature pitch)-modified asphalt optimizes its rheological properties through reactions between the modifier and the asphalt. This significantly enhances the high- and low-temperature adaptability and environmental friendliness of asphalt. It has now become an important research direction in the field of highway engineering. This article systematically investigates the impact of different dosages of USP warm mix modifier on asphalt binders through rheological and microstructural analysis. Base asphalt and SBS-modified asphalt were blended with USP at varying ratios. Conventional tests (penetration, softening point, ductility) were combined with dynamic shear rheometry (DSR, AASHTO T315) and bending beam rheometry (BBR, AASHTO T313) to characterize temperature/frequency-dependent viscoelasticity. High-temperature performance was quantified via multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR, ASTM D7405), while fluorescence microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy elucidated modification mechanisms. Key findings reveal that (1) optimal USP thresholds exist at 4.0% for base asphalt and 4.5% for SBS modified asphalt, beyond which the rutting resistance factor (G*/sin δ) decreases by 20–31% due to plasticization effects; (2) USP significantly improves low-temperature flexibility, reducing creep stiffness at −12 °C by 38% (USP-modified) and 35% (USP/SBS composite) versus controls; (3) infrared spectroscopy displays that no new characteristic peaks appeared in the functional group region of 4000–1300 cm⁻¹ for the two types of modified asphalt after the incorporation of USP, indicating that no chemical changes occurred in the asphalt; and (4) fluorescence imaging confirmed that the incorporation of USP led to disintegration of the spatial network structure of the control asphalt, explaining the reason for the deterioration of high-temperature performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatments and Coatings for Asphalt and Concrete)

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15 pages, 7044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure, Wear and Corrosion Properties of Inconel 718-CeO₂ Composite Coatings

by Yu Liu, Guohui Li, Hui Liang, Zhanhui Zhang, Zeyu Li and Haiquan Jin

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 783; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070783 - 2 Jul 2025

Based on laser cladding technology, six composite coatings with different amounts of Inconel 718 and 0~5% CeO₂ were successfully prepared on the 316L stainless steel substrate. The effect of different amounts of CeO₂ particles was investigated and discussed, such as microstructure, [...] Read more.

Based on laser cladding technology, six composite coatings with different amounts of Inconel 718 and 0~5% CeO₂ were successfully prepared on the 316L stainless steel substrate. The effect of different amounts of CeO₂ particles was investigated and discussed, such as microstructure, phases, elemental distribution, microhardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The results show that the phases are composed of γ~(Fe, Ni), Ni₃Nb, (Nb_0.03Ti_0.97)Ni₃, and MC_X(M = Cr, Nb and Mo). When the amount of CeO₂ particles is higher than 1%, some Ce₂O₃ compounds can be detected in coatings. The average microhardness values of N0~N5 are 604.6, 754.5, 771.6, 741.4, 694.5 and 677.3 HV_0.2, respectively. There is a trend that the microhardness increases firstly and then decreases, because an appropriate amount of CeO₂ can improve the solid solution strength. The average wear rate values of N0~N5 are 2.97 × 10⁻⁵, 1.22 × 10⁻⁵, 0.94 × 10⁻⁵, 1.53 × 10⁻⁵, 1.81 × 10⁻⁵ and 2.26 × 10⁻⁵ mm³∙N⁻¹∙min⁻¹, respectively. The N2 coating has the smallest corrosion current density of 2.05 × 10⁻⁴ A·cm⁻², which is about 56% of the N0 coating. When the amount of CeO₂ particles is 2%, the coating has the best wear resistance and corrosion resistance due to fine grains and Cr, Nb and Mo compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Metallic Components for Hard Coatings, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 2438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effect of Organic Silane and Water Glass Solution on Simultaneously Enhancing the Structural Strength and Water Resistance of Loess Blocks for the Water Conservancy Projects

by Yueyang Xu, Bangzheng Jiang, Kai Zhang, Gang Zhang, Hao Jin, Jun Zhao, Xing Zhou, Li Xie and Hui Zhang

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 782; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070782 - 2 Jul 2025

Because the loess widely used in the channel water conservancy projects in the Loess Plateau has a loose structure, low mechanical strength, and is prone to collapse when immersed in water, its comprehensive properties, such as structural strength and water resistance, must be [...] Read more.

Because the loess widely used in the channel water conservancy projects in the Loess Plateau has a loose structure, low mechanical strength, and is prone to collapse when immersed in water, its comprehensive properties, such as structural strength and water resistance, must be greatly improved. Based on our previous work on the modification of Aga soil in Tibet, China, this study added hydrophobic n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane (WD10) to water glass solution (the main components are potassium silicate (K₂SiO₃) and silicic acid (H₂SiO₃) gel, referred to as PS) to obtain a composite coating PS-WD10, which was sprayed on the surface of loess blocks to achieve a full consolidation effect. We not only systematically investigated the morphology, chemical composition, and consolidation mechanism of the composite coating but also conducted in-depth and detailed research on its application performance such as friction resistance (structural strength), hydrophobicity, resistance to pure water and salt water immersion, and resistance to freeze–thaw cycles. The results showed that the PS-WD10 composite coating had better consolidation performance for loess blocks than the single coating of PS solution and WD10. For the loess block samples coated with the composite coatings, after 50 friction cycles, the weight loss rate was less than 15 wt%, and the water contact angle was above 120°. The main reason is that the good permeability of the PS solution and the excellent hydrophobicity of WD10 produce a good synergistic effect. The loess blocks coated with this composite coating are expected to replace traditional functional materials for water conservancy projects, such as cement and lime, in silt dam water conservancy projects, and also have better environmental protection and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effective Coating Barriers for Protection of Reinforced Concrete, 2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 7665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Sustainability, Resilience, and Climate Adaptability of Modular and Panelized Buildings with a Lightweight Envelope Integrating Active Thermal Protection: Part 2—Design and Implementation of an Experimental Prototype of a Building Module for Modular Buildings

by Daniel Kalús, Veronika Mučková, Zuzana Straková, Rastislav Ingeli, Naďa Antošová, Patrik Šťastný, Marek Ďubek, Mária Füri and Martin Bolček

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 781; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070781 - 2 Jul 2025

The integration of energy-active elements into the building envelope in the form of large-area heating/cooling, active thermal protection (ATP), thermal barriers (TB), and TABS represents a technical solution that is consistent with the principles of energy sustainability, resilience, and adaptability to climate change [...] Read more.

The integration of energy-active elements into the building envelope in the form of large-area heating/cooling, active thermal protection (ATP), thermal barriers (TB), and TABS represents a technical solution that is consistent with the principles of energy sustainability, resilience, and adaptability to climate change and ensures affordable and clean energy for all while protecting the climate in the context of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The aim and innovation of our research is to develop energy multifunctional facades (EMFs) that are capable of performing a dual role, which includes the primary known energy functions of end elements and the additional innovative ability to serve as a source of heat/cooling/electricity. This new function of EMFs will facilitate heat dissipation from overheated facade surfaces, preheating of hot water, and electricity generation for the operation of building energy systems through integrated photovoltaic components. The theoretical assumptions and hypotheses presented in our previous research work must be verified by experimental measurements with predictions of the optimal operation of building energy systems. Most existing studies on thermal barriers are based on calculations. However, there are few empirical measurements that quantify the benefits of ATP in real operation and specify the conditions under which different types of ATP are feasible. In this article, we present the development, design, and implementation of an experimental prototype of a prefabricated building module with integrated energy-active elements. The aim is to fill the knowledge gaps by providing a comprehensive framework that includes the development, research, design, and implementation of combined energy systems for buildings. The design of energy systems will be developed in BIM. An important result of this research is the development of a technological process for the implementation of a contact insulation system with integrated ATP in modular and panel buildings with a lightweight envelope. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Engineering for Energy Harvesting, Conversion, and Storage)

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18 pages, 5928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Direct Aging on TiB₂/Al–Si–Mg Composites Fabricated by LPBF: Residual Stress, Mechanical Properties and Microstructure

by Peng Rong, Xin Fang, Yirui Chang, Yong Chen, Dan Huang and Yang Li

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 780; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070780 - 2 Jul 2025

This study systematically investigates the effects of various direct aging (DA) treatments on the residual stress, mechanical properties, and microstructure of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) fabricated TiB₂/AlSi7Mg composites. The results demonstrate that during aging at 120 °C, the hardness exhibits [...] Read more.

This study systematically investigates the effects of various direct aging (DA) treatments on the residual stress, mechanical properties, and microstructure of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) fabricated TiB₂/AlSi7Mg composites. The results demonstrate that during aging at 120 °C, the hardness exhibits a typical age-hardening behavior. The residual stress relief rate increased to 45.1% after 336 h, although the stress relief rate significantly diminished over time. Increasing the aging temperature effectively enhanced residual stress removal efficiency, with reductions of approximately 40% and 62% observed after aging at 150 °C for 4 h and 190 °C for 8 h, respectively. Regarding mechanical properties, aging at 150 °C for 4 h resulted in an optimal synergy in yield strength (YS = 358 MPa) and elongation (EL = 9.2%), followed by aging at 190 °C for 8 h with YS of 320 MPa and EL of 7.0%. Microstructural analysis revealed that low temperature aging promotes the formation of nanoscale Si precipitates, which enhance strength through the Orowan mechanism. In contrast, high temperature annealing disrupts the metastable cellular structure, leading to the loss of strengthening effects. This work provides fundamental insights for effective residual stress management and performance optimization of LPBF Al–Si–Mg alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Surface Technology and Application)

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25 pages, 5330 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time Shift Multiscale Ensemble Fuzzy Dispersion Entropy and its Application in Bearing Fault Diagnosis

by Juntong Li, Shunrong Chen, Yuting Shi, Rou Guan, Hua Chen, Shi Yang, Jingyuan Ma, Qilin Wu and Chengjiang Zhou

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070779 - 2 Jul 2025

Accurate detection of surface defects such as wear, cracks, and flaws in metallic components is critical for equipment reliability and longevity, representing a core challenge in surface integrity engineering. To solve the information loss, low estimation accuracy and poor noise immunity associated with [...] Read more.

Accurate detection of surface defects such as wear, cracks, and flaws in metallic components is critical for equipment reliability and longevity, representing a core challenge in surface integrity engineering. To solve the information loss, low estimation accuracy and poor noise immunity associated with Multiscale Dispersion Entropy (MDE) are utilized to address the sensitivity to parameter selection and overfitting susceptibility of the Least Squares Twin Support Vector Machines (LSTSVM). A brand new fault diagnosis method which combined Time Shift Multiscale Ensemble Fuzzy Dispersion Entropy (TSMEFuDE) with binary tree LSTSVM (BT LSTSVM) was proposed. Firstly, a time shift method based on Higuchi Fractal Dimension was introduced to TSMEFuDE, resolving the continuity loss between coarse-grained levels. Second, four mapping techniques, linear, NCDF, tansig and logsig, are introduced. This synergetic combination of each advantage results in the improvement of entropy output stability. Furthermore, triangular and trapezoidal membership functions are incorporated into dispersion patterns and abolished in the round function, therefore enhancing the boundaries between the classes after signal mapping to discrete classes. Lastly, the proposed BT LSTSVM algorithm decomposes the multi-classification problem to a binary classification problem, which promotes the robustness of the algorithm. Simulation experiments maintain that TSMEFuDE has stronger adaptability, higher stability, and better noise resistance. In the fault diagnosis experiment, when compared to the Multiscale Fuzzy Dispersion Entropy (MFuDE) combined with the BT TSVM method, the TSMEFuDE combined with BT LSTSVM method improved the accuracy of bearing fault diagnosis by 5.65% and 2.82%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Automation Design and Intelligent Manufacturing)

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17 pages, 3854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pulsed Current Electrodeposition of Gold–Copper Alloys Using a Low-Cyanide Electrolyte

by Mohamed Amazian, Teresa Andreu and Maria Sarret

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 778; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070778 - 30 Jun 2025

The development of stable, non-toxic electrolytes is essential for electrodepositing large-area coatings. This study presents a novel low-cyanide electrolyte, offering a viable alternative to traditional cyanide-based solutions for the electroplating of gold–copper alloys. Compared to conventional baths, the new formulation offers safer handling [...] Read more.

The development of stable, non-toxic electrolytes is essential for electrodepositing large-area coatings. This study presents a novel low-cyanide electrolyte, offering a viable alternative to traditional cyanide-based solutions for the electroplating of gold–copper alloys. Compared to conventional baths, the new formulation offers safer handling and environmental compatibility without compromising performance. Electrolyte compositions were optimized via cyclic voltammetry, and coatings were deposited using direct current, pulse current, and reverse pulse current methods. The novel low-cyanide electrolyte system achieved a 99.1% reduction in cyanide use compared with the commercial formulation. Coatings produced with pulse current and reverse pulse current deposition exhibited structural, morphological, and mechanical properties comparable to those obtained from cyanide-based electrolytes. Overall, the low-cyanide electrolyte represents a safer, high-performance alternative to traditional cyanide-based systems. Full article

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22 pages, 3617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical and Experimental Study of Enhanced Heat Dissipation Performance of Graphene-Coated Heating Cables

by Zhenzhen Chen, Chenchen Xu, Feilong Zhang and Tao Sun

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 777; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070777 - 30 Jun 2025

Low-temperature radiant heating systems utilizing heating cables face challenges including low heat dissipation efficiency and high energy consumption, hindering widespread application. Graphene coatings, characterized by high thermal conductivity and far-infrared radiation properties, offer a novel approach to enhance cable heat dissipation efficiency. This [...] Read more.

Low-temperature radiant heating systems utilizing heating cables face challenges including low heat dissipation efficiency and high energy consumption, hindering widespread application. Graphene coatings, characterized by high thermal conductivity and far-infrared radiation properties, offer a novel approach to enhance cable heat dissipation efficiency. This study systematically investigates the effects of coating position, thickness, and ambient temperature on cable heat dissipation using numerical simulations and experiments. A three-dimensional heat transfer model of the heating cable was established using Fluent software (2022R1). The radiation heat transfer equation was solved using the Discrete Ordinates (DO) model, and the coating position and thickness parameters were optimized. The reliability of the simulation results was validated using a temperature-rise experimental platform. The results indicate that graphene coatings significantly improve the heat dissipation performance of cables. Under optimal parameters (coating thickness: 100 μm, coating position: aluminum fin surface, initial temperature: 5 °C), the heat flux increased by approximately 26%, aluminum fin surface temperature decreased to 41.5 °C, and experimental temperature-rise efficiency improved by nearly 50%. The discrepancy between simulated and experimental results was within 8.5%. However, when coating thickness exceeded 100 μm, interfacial thermal resistance increased, reducing heat dissipation efficiency. Additionally, higher ambient temperatures suppressed heat dissipation. These findings provide a theoretical basis for optimizing the energy efficiency of low-temperature radiant heating systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification)

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20 pages, 3483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of CF-NiO-PANI Electrodes and Study on the Efficiency of MFC in Recovering Potato Starch Wastewater

by Yiwei Han, Jingyuan Wang, Liming Jiang, Jiuming Lei, Wenjing Li, Tianyi Yang, Zhijie Wang, Jinlong Zuo and Yuyang Wang

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 776; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070776 - 30 Jun 2025

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a novel bioelectrochemical system that catalyzes the oxidation of chemical energy in organic waste and converts it directly into electrical energy through the attachment and growth of electroactive microorganisms on the electrode surface. This technology realizes the synergistic [...] Read more.

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) is a novel bioelectrochemical system that catalyzes the oxidation of chemical energy in organic waste and converts it directly into electrical energy through the attachment and growth of electroactive microorganisms on the electrode surface. This technology realizes the synergistic effect of waste treatment and renewable energy production. A CF-NiO-PANI capacitor composite anode was prepared by loading polyaniline on a CF-NiO electrode to improve the capacitance of a CF electrode. The electrochemical characteristics of the composite anode were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the electrode materials were analyzed comprehensively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy diffusion spectrometer (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). MFC system based on CF-NiO-PANI composite anode showed excellent energy conversion efficiency in potato starch wastewater treatment, and its maximum power density increased to 0.4 W/m³, which was 300% higher than that of the traditional CF anode. In the standard charge–discharge test (C1000/D1000), the charge storage capacity of the composite anode reached 2607.06 C/m², which was higher than that of the CF anode (348.77 C/m²). Microbial community analysis revealed that the CF-NiO-PANI anode surface formed a highly efficient electroactive biofilm dominated by electrogenic bacteria (accounting for 47.01%), confirming its excellent electron transfer ability. The development of this innovative capacitance-catalytic dual-function anode material provides a new technical path for the synergistic optimization of wastewater treatment and energy recovery in MFC systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

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15 pages, 6168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lightweight and High-Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers Based on Hollow Glass Microspheres and Carbon-Supported Ni-Co Composites

by Qian Sun, Song Li, Longlong Jin, Jingyao Xiao, Tuoya Wulin, Xianbin Hou and Xianhui Zhang

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070775 - 30 Jun 2025

With the continuous advancement of electromagnetic protection technologies, the development of lightweight electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials with excellent absorption performance has become a critical challenge in the field. In this study, commercially available hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) were employed as templates, and Ni²⁺ [...] Read more.

With the continuous advancement of electromagnetic protection technologies, the development of lightweight electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials with excellent absorption performance has become a critical challenge in the field. In this study, commercially available hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) were employed as templates, and Ni²⁺/Co²⁺ metal ions were used to catalyze the polymerization of dopamine (PDA), forming HGM@Ni_xCo_y/PDA precursors. Subsequent high-temperature pyrolysis yielded lightweight composite absorbing materials, denoted as HGM@Ni_xCo_y/C. This material integrates dielectric loss, conductive loss, magnetic loss, and resonance absorption mechanisms, exhibiting outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption properties. The absorption performance can be effectively tuned by adjusting the Ni-to-Co ratio, with the optimal performance observed at an atomic ratio of 2:3. At a filler loading of 20 wt.%, HGM@Ni₂Co₃/C achieved an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.83 GHz (ranging from 10.53 to 17.36 GHz) and a minimum reflection loss (RL_min) of −27.26 dB. These results demonstrate that the synergistic combination of hollow glass bubbles and carbon-based magnetic components not only significantly reduces the material density and required filler content but also enhances overall absorption performance, highlighting its great potential in the development of lightweight and high-efficiency electromagnetic wave absorbers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Engineering for Energy Harvesting, Conversion, and Storage)

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16 pages, 3542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calculation Method for Failure Pressure of Oil and Gas Pipelines with Multiple Corrosion Defects

by Jian Chen, Ying Zhen, Yuanyuan Liu, Dekang Zhang, Yuguang Cao, Yaya He and Qiankun Zhao

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070774 - 30 Jun 2025

In the structural integrity assessment of pipelines with multiple defects, conventional methods such as the DNV and MTI approaches demonstrate notable predictive biases. Specifically, the burst capacity estimated by the MTI model frequently exceeds experimental test values, whereas DNV calculations tend to be [...] Read more.

In the structural integrity assessment of pipelines with multiple defects, conventional methods such as the DNV and MTI approaches demonstrate notable predictive biases. Specifically, the burst capacity estimated by the MTI model frequently exceeds experimental test values, whereas DNV calculations tend to be overly conservative, possibly resulting in unnecessary maintenance expenses. To address these challenges, this study employs nonlinear finite element analysis to reassess the failure pressure of pipelines with multiple corrosion defects. Initially, the interaction limit spacing between adjacent corrosion defects is computed to determine their potential for interaction. For adjacent corrosion defects exhibiting interaction, a merging limit criterion is introduced to evaluate their feasibility for merging. For those adjacent defects that satisfy the merging limit criterion, the DNV method is employed to merge them, followed by recalculating the failure pressure using the relevant formula. Finally, this study proposes a novel approach for assessing the failure pressure of pipelines with multiple corrosion defects. Through comparative analysis and validation, the proposed evaluation method exhibits enhanced accuracy in predicting the failure pressure of pipelines with multiple corrosion defects. The findings of this study provide a more precise methodology for assessing the residual strength of pipelines affected by multiple corrosion defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion, Wear and Erosion)

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15 pages, 2424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Influencing Factors in the Preparation Process of Solid Waste-Based Ternesite Sulphoaluminate Cement

by Dunlei Su, Xin Liu, Haojian Tang, Yani Hao, Jiahui Wang, Dejin Xing, Hongxing Liu, Mingxin Yang and Weiyi Kong

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070773 - 30 Jun 2025

Based on a novel ternesite sulphoaluminate cement (NTSAC), the effects of various influencing factors on the calcination of clinker were studied, including mineral composition of clinker, grinding fineness of raw materials, molding technology of samples, and cooling methods of clinker. The research was [...] Read more.

Based on a novel ternesite sulphoaluminate cement (NTSAC), the effects of various influencing factors on the calcination of clinker were studied, including mineral composition of clinker, grinding fineness of raw materials, molding technology of samples, and cooling methods of clinker. The research was carried out by taking the calcination system and mineral content of clinker as evaluation indexes, and using RSM and QXRD as analytical means. The results indicate that the optimal calcination temperature of clinker varies with the design mineral composition, while the holding time remains basically unchanged. Clinker with high CaSO₄ content has a relatively lower calcination temperature. The use of a calcination system of 1175 °C-49 min can control the mineral content error of the cement below 15%. Moreover, the molding pressure, molding methods, grinding fineness of raw materials, and cooling methods of clinker have significant effects on the clinker preparation to varying degrees, with the order of influence from high to low being molding methods, grinding fineness of raw materials, molding pressure, and cooling methods of clinker. Within the range of experimental parameters, the better preparation conditions are compression molding (molding method), 15 MPa (molding pressure), and 20 μm (grinding fineness). The above research conclusions provide reference data for cement preparation in the laboratory, offering useful guidance for developing novel types of cement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Concrete and Construction Coatings: Materials, Mechanical Properties, Applications)

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19 pages, 3281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Self-Supporting Hollow Carbon Nanofiber Membranes with Co/Co₂P Heterojunctions via Continuous Coaxial Co-Spinning for Efficient Overall Water Splitting

by Ruidan Duan, Jianhang Ding, Jiawei Fan and Linzhou Zhuang

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070772 - 30 Jun 2025

To address mass transport limitations in carbon nanofiber membrane electrodes for overall water splitting, a self-supporting nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanofiber membrane embedded with Co/Co₂P heterojunctions (Co/Co₂P-NCNFs-H) was fabricated via continuous coaxial electrospinning. The architecture features uniform hollow channels (200–250 [...] Read more.

To address mass transport limitations in carbon nanofiber membrane electrodes for overall water splitting, a self-supporting nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanofiber membrane embedded with Co/Co₂P heterojunctions (Co/Co₂P-NCNFs-H) was fabricated via continuous coaxial electrospinning. The architecture features uniform hollow channels (200–250 nm diameter, 30–50 nm wall thickness) and a high specific surface area (254 m² g⁻¹), as confirmed by SEM, TEM, and BET analysis. The Co/Co₂P heterojunction was uniformly dispersed on nitrogen-doped hollow carbon nanofibers through electrospinning, leverages interfacial electronic synergy to accelerate charge transfer and optimize the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Electrochemical tests demonstrated exceptional catalytic activity, achieving current densities of 100 mA cm⁻² at ultralow overpotentials of 405.6 mV (OER) and 247.9 mV (HER) in 1.0 M KOH—surpassing most reported transition metal catalysts for both half-reactions. Moreover, the electrode exhibited robust long-term stability, maintaining performance for nearly 20 h at 0.6 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) (OER) and over 250 h at −1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) (HER), attributed to the mechanical integrity of the hollow architecture and strong metal–carbon interactions. This work demonstrates that integrating hollow nanostructures (enhanced mass transport) and heterojunction engineering (optimized electronic configurations) creates a scalable strategy for designing efficient bifunctional catalysts, offering significant promise for sustainable hydrogen production via water electrolysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coatings as Key Materials in Catalytic Applications)

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12 pages, 9598 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrothermal Calcification of Sand-Blasted/Acid-Etched Titanium with Improved Corrosion Resistance and Cytocompatibility

by Yijing Mu, Kai Hua, Zeying Liu, Yantao Zhao, Hongling Fan and Tao Fu

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070771 - 29 Jun 2025

Preparing a bioactive surface with a hierarchical micro/nanostructure can improve the osseointegration of titanium implants. In this study, titanium was sand blasted and etched in H₂SO₄ solution to obtain micro-rough morphology. The samples were then hydrothermally treated in the concentrated [...] Read more.

Preparing a bioactive surface with a hierarchical micro/nanostructure can improve the osseointegration of titanium implants. In this study, titanium was sand blasted and etched in H₂SO₄ solution to obtain micro-rough morphology. The samples were then hydrothermally treated in the concentrated CaHPO₄ solution at 120–200 °C for 24 h to grow films consisting of anatase TiO₂ and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (size 80–240 nm). The hydrothermally calcified (200 °C) sample exhibited much better corrosion resistance in the salt solution, as well as similar cellular viability and a higher alkaline phosphatase level in the cell tests using MC3T3-E1 cells, in comparison with the polished titanium sample. The hybrid treatment is a facile and effective method to a form bioactive surface with a hierarchical micro/nanostructure on titanium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioactive Coatings and Biointerfaces)

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15 pages, 4112 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal–Alkaline Etching of SiC Nanoparticles for Colloidal Stabilization and Enhanced Wear Resistance in Electrodeposited Co/SiC Coatings

by Mengnan Wu, Qipeng Bao, Rui Qin and Zhongwei Zhan

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070770 - 29 Jun 2025

Composite electrodeposited coatings hold significant potential for marine and aerospace applications due to their synergistic corrosion resistance and wear durability, yet nanoparticle agglomeration and interfacial incompatibility persistently undermine their performance. Conventional dispersion techniques—mechanical agitation, surfactants, or high-energy methods—fail to resolve these issues, often [...] Read more.

Composite electrodeposited coatings hold significant potential for marine and aerospace applications due to their synergistic corrosion resistance and wear durability, yet nanoparticle agglomeration and interfacial incompatibility persistently undermine their performance. Conventional dispersion techniques—mechanical agitation, surfactants, or high-energy methods—fail to resolve these issues, often introducing residual stresses, organic impurities, or thermal damage to substrates. This study addresses these challenges through a novel thermal-assisted alkaline etching (TAE) protocol that synergistically removes surface oxides and enhances colloidal stability in β-SiC nanoparticles. By combining NaOH-based etching with low-temperature calcination (250 °C), the method achieves oxide-free SiC surfaces with elevated hydrophilicity and a ζ-potential of −25 mV, enabling submicron clustering (300 nm) without surfactants. Electrodeposited Co/SiC coatings incorporating TAE-SiC exhibited current-modulated reinforcement, achieving optimal SiC incorporation (5.9 at% Si) at 8 A/dm² through electrophoretic–hydraulic synergy, along with uniform cross-sectional distribution validated by SEM. Tribological assessments revealed shorter wear tracks in TAE-SiC-enhanced coatings compared to their untreated counterparts, suggesting enhanced interfacial coherence despite a comparable mass loss. Demonstrating scalability through cost-effective aqueous-phase chemistry, this methodology provides a generalized framework applicable to other ceramic-reinforced systems (e.g., Al₂O₃ and TiC), offering transformative potential for next-generation protective coatings in harsh operational environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Corrosion, Wear and Erosion)

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14 pages, 8001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Transparent MTMS/BNNS Composite Siloxane Coatings with Anti-Biofouling Properties

by Lu Cao, Zhutao Ding, Qi Chen, Yefeng Ji, Ying Xiong, Yun Gao and Zhongyan Huo

Coatings 2025, 15(7), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15070769 - 29 Jun 2025

With the rapid development of marine renewable energy, especially offshore photovoltaic systems, the problem of biofouling of photovoltaic equipment in the marine environment has become increasingly prominent. The attachment of marine organisms such as algae will significantly affect the photoelectric conversion efficiency of [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of marine renewable energy, especially offshore photovoltaic systems, the problem of biofouling of photovoltaic equipment in the marine environment has become increasingly prominent. The attachment of marine organisms such as algae will significantly affect the photoelectric conversion efficiency of photovoltaic panels, thereby reducing the stability and economy of the system. In this study, a composite siloxane coating was designed and prepared. Methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) was used as the organosilicon component. The negative potential of the coating was significantly enhanced by incorporating hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNS). This negative potential and the negative charge on the surface of marine organisms, especially algae, would produce electrostatic repulsion, which can effectively reduce the attachment of organisms. The results show that the prepared coating exhibits excellent performance in anti-biofouling, adhesion, chemical stability, transparency, and self-cleaning properties. The transparency of the coating reached 92.7%. After immersion with Chlorella for 28 days, the coverage percentage on the coating surface was only 0.98%, while the coverage percentage on the blank sample was 23.25%. The corrosion resistance and salt resistance of the coating also ensure its stability in complex marine environments, and it has broad application prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Coatings: Materials, Methods, and Applications)

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