Coatings

21 pages, 5512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure Evolution and Properties of ZrC–NbC System Titanium Matrix Composites Based on Experiments and ANSYS Simulations

by Juan Wang, Dayu Zhang, Baiqing Zhou, Haijun Zhang and Zhong Yang

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060626 (registering DOI) - 23 May 2025

Abstract

The extreme environment of aerospace requires severe material properties, and in situ autogenous ZrC–NbC dual-phase reinforced titanium matrix composites have attracted much attention. In this study, TiC/Ti composites (TMC1–TMC4) with different NbC contents (0–9 wt%) were prepared and investigated in depth by various [...] Read more.

The extreme environment of aerospace requires severe material properties, and in situ autogenous ZrC–NbC dual-phase reinforced titanium matrix composites have attracted much attention. In this study, TiC/Ti composites (TMC1–TMC4) with different NbC contents (0–9 wt%) were prepared and investigated in depth by various means and ANSYS simulations. The results show that the variation in NbC content significantly changes the TiC morphology from fine needles at 0 wt% to needles with a small amount of ellipsoidal grains at 3 wt%, to an ideal uniform distribution (mostly granular or nearly spherical) at 6 wt%, and to a large number of aggregates (dendritic or coarse rod-like) at 9 wt%. In terms of mechanical properties, the compressive strength and elongation firstly increased and then decreased, and reached the optimum at 6 wt% NbC, with the ultimate compressive strength as high as 1379.50 MPa, the compressive yield strength at 817.3 MPa, the compressive strain up to 38.73%, and typical ductile fracture characteristics; at 9 wt%, it transformed into a mixed fracture mode, with a decrease in performance. ZrC and NbC synergistically stabilize the microstructure, with the best synergistic effect at 6 wt% NbC, which effectively improves the overall performance and meets the requirements of aerospace applications. The simulation is highly compatible with the experiment and verifies the experiment; this helps to reveal the mechanism, provides guidance for the design of high-performance materials, and promotes the development of materials technology in the aerospace field. Full article

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26 pages, 1790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Rheological Properties and Modification Mechanisms of MWCNTs-OH/SBS-Modified Asphalt Binder

by Manman Su, Qi Ding, Zuohong He, Xuling Huang, Leilei He and Enlong Zhao

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060625 (registering DOI) - 23 May 2025

Abstract

The objective of this study is to explore the high-temperature rheological properties and microscopic interaction mechanisms of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) composite-modified asphalt with hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-OH). SBS-modified asphalt, MWCNT-modified asphalt and MWCNT/SBS composite-modified asphalt were prepared with high-speed shearing apparatus and machine [...] Read more.

The objective of this study is to explore the high-temperature rheological properties and microscopic interaction mechanisms of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) composite-modified asphalt with hydroxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-OH). SBS-modified asphalt, MWCNT-modified asphalt and MWCNT/SBS composite-modified asphalt were prepared with high-speed shearing apparatus and machine mixer. Physical property tests, dynamic shear rheological (DSR) tests, multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy analyses were carried out to systematically compare the differences in macroscopic performance and changes in microscopic structure of different types of asphalts. According to the results of physical property tests, DSR tests and MSCR tests, the composite-modified asphalt was superior to the single-component-modified asphalt in terms of complex modulus (G*) and rutting factor (G*/sin δ). Its creep recovery rate (R) and unrecoverable compliance (Jnr) exhibited better anti-deformation ability under high temperatures, verifying the synergistic effect of SBS and MWCNTs-OH. XRD analysis showed that composite modification reduced the disorder degree of the crystalline phase of asphalt. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that there were changes in the vibration of chemical bonds between the modifier and asphalt, indicating that the modifier and asphalt acted on the asphalt system through physical dispersion and chemical cross-linking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

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Graphical abstract

35 pages, 10511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Characterization of Surface Texture in Laser Bamboo Engraving: A Metrological Approach

by Maria A. Sáenz-Nuño, Cristina Puente and Eva María Rubio

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060624 - 23 May 2025

Abstract

Laser engraving is a widely used technique for bamboo applications. However, the literature lacks a recommended standard roughness parameter or a numerical comparison between samples for a quantitative assessment of surface texture post-engraving. In this research, we systematically evaluated well-known 2D roughness parameters [...] Read more.

Laser engraving is a widely used technique for bamboo applications. However, the literature lacks a recommended standard roughness parameter or a numerical comparison between samples for a quantitative assessment of surface texture post-engraving. In this research, we systematically evaluated well-known 2D roughness parameters typically used for metal parts and measured them for laser bamboo engraving under various laser conditions. We utilized a pulsed laser with a 450 nm wavelength and 5.5 W power to engrave bamboo specimens, examining the surface roughness at different speed and power combinations. We utilized all available parameters with calibrated equipment to compare the results and identify the most relevant ones for characterizing the final texture with sufficient resolution for bamboo specimens. Unlike existing studies, which were limited by testing materials and laser conditions, we propose only two 2D measurement parameters that can be evaluated and compared across different materials and engraving lasers, not just under specific conditions. These selected combinations of R and P parameters can determine the quality of the engraved surface with a single measurement. In this paper the Rz parameter is proposed as the quantitative parameter to characterize the engraving. Full article

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23 pages, 16849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Corrosion Resistance Research of Eco-Friendly Strong Penetration Sealant for Fe-Based Amorphous Coatings

by Guangyu Wang, Yinfang Jiang, Zehua Zhou, Jianhua Sun, Yang Cheng, Shenghua Zhang and Yuzhi Tang

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060623 - 23 May 2025

Abstract

Sealing treatment is widely used as a simple and low-cost process to improve the long-term corrosion resistance of Fe-based amorphous coatings. In this study, an eco-friendly graphene modified waterborne acrylic sealant(WFS) with strong permeability was prepared by emulsion polymerization and GO@SiO₂ was [...] Read more.

Sealing treatment is widely used as a simple and low-cost process to improve the long-term corrosion resistance of Fe-based amorphous coatings. In this study, an eco-friendly graphene modified waterborne acrylic sealant(WFS) with strong permeability was prepared by emulsion polymerization and GO@SiO₂ was introduced as a reinforcing material to increase the withstand resistance of the hybrid sealant to Cl⁻. A combination of ultrasonic excitation and vacuum sealing effectively promotes the penetration of the waterborne hybrid sealant into the pores of the coating. A 3D X-ray scan confirmed the sealant penetration depth of 160 μm. The natural properties of the emulsion were characterized by a particle size analyzer, FTIR, TGA-DSC and TEM. Potentiodynamic polarization curves and AC impedance spectroscopy analysis showed that GO@SiO₂ has a strong blocking ability to Cl⁻, which greatly promotes the integrity of the passive film. It is anticipated that the novel eco-friendly waterborne hybrid sealants with strong permeability will find applications in a variety of porous hard coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Thin Films)

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18 pages, 4489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concentration-Optimized Minocycline-Modified Antimicrobial Coatings on Polyetheretherketone for the Prevention of Implant-Associated Infections

by Yongheng Zhang, Longyu Zhang, Yuehong Zhang, Pingping Yu, Qisheng Hu, Ying Liu and Yanyan Zheng

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 622; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060622 - 22 May 2025

Abstract

Implant-associated infections (IAIs) are major complications in dental and orthopedic implants, potentially compromising osseointegration and eventually causing implant loosening or removal. Thus, early prevention of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation is critical for successful long-term osseointegration. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) exhibits excellent physicochemical properties and [...] Read more.

Implant-associated infections (IAIs) are major complications in dental and orthopedic implants, potentially compromising osseointegration and eventually causing implant loosening or removal. Thus, early prevention of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation is critical for successful long-term osseointegration. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) exhibits excellent physicochemical properties and an elastic modulus similar to bone tissue, making it a promising material for dental and orthopedic implants. However, its inherent lack of antibacterial properties limits its ability to prevent IAIs. Herein, an antibacterial coating with controlled drug release and excellent biocompatibility is designed by immobilizing minocycline (Mino)-doped carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) onto the PEEK surface via a polydopamine (PDA)-mediated Michael addition and Schiff base reaction. The coating is characterized by SEM, XPS, water contact angle measurements, and in vitro Mino release assays. Antibacterial activity is evaluated using the zone of inhibition (ZOI), turbidity, and colony counting assays, while biocompatibility is assessed through a SEM analysis of cell morphology and CCK-8 assay. The results show that the Mino-modified coating is successfully fabricated on the PEEK surface, achieving sustained Mino release for up to 14 days. Among the three Mino concentrations, the PEEK-0.5Mino group demonstrates the best balance of antibacterial activity and biocompatibility, highlighting its potential for preventing IAIs in orthopedic and dental applications. Full article

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16 pages, 2796 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Icephobic Properties of Superhydrophobic Coatings Developed for Aeronautical Applications

by Filomena Piscitelli, Matteo Fanciullo, Antonella Sarcinella, Mario Costantini and Mariaenrica Frigione

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060621 - 22 May 2025

Abstract

Ice accumulation poses a significant hazard to aviation safety, particularly in cold weather conditions, as it can compromise aerodynamic performance, increase structural weight, and diminish lift, occasionally resulting in severe stall incidents. At present, such risks are managed through the use of energy-demanding [...] Read more.

Ice accumulation poses a significant hazard to aviation safety, particularly in cold weather conditions, as it can compromise aerodynamic performance, increase structural weight, and diminish lift, occasionally resulting in severe stall incidents. At present, such risks are managed through the use of energy-demanding active ice protection systems (IPSs), which operate either by inhibiting ice formation (anti-icing) or by removing existing ice (de-icing). Nonetheless, in the context of future sustainable aviation, there is a pressing need to develop IPSs with lower energy requirements. A promising approach involves hybrid IPSs that integrate conventional active systems with passive superhydrophobic or icephobic surface treatments, which are capable of preventing, delaying, or minimizing ice buildup. These systems offer the potential to substantially decrease the energy consumption and consequently the CO₂ emissions. Furthermore, in accordance with FAA regulations, active IPSs are not permitted to operate during takeoff and initial flight stages to prevent any reduction in engine thrust. These two reasons emphasize the critical importance of developing efficient coatings that, on the one hand, promote the mobility of water droplets, hereby preventing ice formation, as achieved by superhydrophobic surfaces, and on the other hand, facilitate ice detachment, as required for icephobic performance. In this context, the primary objective of the present work is to emphasize the icephobic properties of two superhydrophobic coatings. To achieve this, an extensive characterization is first conducted, including wettability, Surface Free Energy (SFE), and surface roughness, to confirm their superhydrophobic nature. This is followed by an assessment of their icephobic performance, specifically in terms of ice adhesion strength, with comparisons made against a commercial aeronautical coating. The results revealed a significant reduction in both the wettability and SFE of the developed coatings compared to the reference, along with a marked decrease in ice adhesion strength, thereby demonstrating their icephobic properties. Future activities will focus on the combination of coatings with active IPS in order to assess the energy efficiency under extensive icing conditions where both superhydrophobic and icephobic properties are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress and Application of Super-hydrophobic Anti-icing Surface)

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5 pages, 153 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Self-Healing Anti-Corrosion Coatings: Challenges and Opportunities from Laboratory Breakthroughs to Industrial Realization

by Wei Tian, Jiajia Deng, Shimaa Anwer Higazy, Mohamed Sayed Selim and Huichao Jin

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060620 - 22 May 2025

Abstract

Global economic losses due to corrosion exceed $700 billion annually, representing more than 3% of the world’s GDP [...] Full article

20 pages, 2813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Steel Chimney Retrofitted with Nanocoating Under Earthquake Excitation Using FEM

by Sertaç Tuhta and Furkan Günday

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060619 - 22 May 2025

Abstract

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of nanocoating retrofitting on the dynamic responses of industrial steel chimneys. A 20 m high industrial steel chimney was selected for nanocoating retrofitting. First, a three-dimensional finite element model of the chimney was [...] Read more.

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of nanocoating retrofitting on the dynamic responses of industrial steel chimneys. A 20 m high industrial steel chimney was selected for nanocoating retrofitting. First, a three-dimensional finite element model of the chimney was created, and modal analysis was performed in SAP2000 software, and frequency values and mode shapes were obtained. Later, linear analyses of the chimney were made using the 1995 Kobe earthquake ground motion recording. Then, the outer surface of the chimney was retrofitted with a 1 mm MgO nanocoating, and dynamic analyses were made. Finally, the chimney’s dynamic responses before and after the MgO retrofit, such as minimum–maximum von Mises stresses and displacements, were compared. At the end of the study, it was observed that the displacements along the chimney height, especially maximum displacements, decreased from 150 mm to 140 mm, and the minimum von Mises stress at the bottom of the chimney decreased from 37.20 kPa to 30.19 kPa, and the maximum von Mises stress from 1519.27 kPa to 1332.33 kPa stresses in the analyses results. The decrease in frequency values revealed that MgO nanocoating had a positive effect on the stiffness of the chimney. It can be understood from this study that nanocoatings will be very useful in retrofitting industrial steel chimneys and have an effect on dynamic parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Manufacturing of Nano-Composites and Nano-Composite Coatings)

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10 pages, 4803 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for Preparing Electrically Conductive SiC Ceramics Through Hot-Press Sintering Followed by Nitrogen Pressure Heat Treatment

by Yuanzhuo Shen, Xiaojiao Wang and Juanjuan Xing

Coatings 2025, 15(6), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15060618 - 22 May 2025

Abstract

This paper demonstrates a novel method for preparing electrically conductive silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics by combining hot-press sintering and nitrogen pressure heat treatment. By incorporating graphite and AlN-Y₂O₃ sintering additives, conductive SiC ceramics with intergranular regions containing Y, C, and [...] Read more.

This paper demonstrates a novel method for preparing electrically conductive silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics by combining hot-press sintering and nitrogen pressure heat treatment. By incorporating graphite and AlN-Y₂O₃ sintering additives, conductive SiC ceramics with intergranular regions containing Y, C, and O elements were fabricated via low-temperature hot-pressing in a hot-press furnace. Following this, the samples were subjected to heat treatment in nitrogen atmosphere at varying temperatures using a gas pressure sintering furnace. It is revealed that Y and N elements were successfully dissolved into SiC grains, enhancing electrical conductivity. Additionally, localized nitridation occurred, and the Y₂Si₄CN₆ phase—a newly identified phase in nitrided regions—was discovered for the first time, potentially contributing to reduced resistivity. After heat treatment, the sample resistivity decreased significantly from an initial 3.1 × 10⁻¹ Ω·cm to the minimum of 7.56 × 10⁻³ Ω·cm. Full article

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17 pages, 2733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Mechanism and Control Technology of Biodeterioration at the Sanyangzhuang Earthen Site

by Xiang Chang, Yu Ye, Qingwen Ma, Haitao Yan, Zhining Li and Fang Guo

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 617; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050617 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

Biodeterioration poses a significant challenge in the conservation of cultural heritage, particularly for earthen sites in humid environments, which are highly susceptible due to their inherent material properties. To address the diverse biological threats affecting such sites, we developed a novel broad-spectrum biocide, [...] Read more.

Biodeterioration poses a significant challenge in the conservation of cultural heritage, particularly for earthen sites in humid environments, which are highly susceptible due to their inherent material properties. To address the diverse biological threats affecting such sites, we developed a novel broad-spectrum biocide, FACA, formulated by combining phenylcarbamoylthiazoles and isothiaquinolones to achieve triple efficacy: antimicrobial, anti-algal, and anti-lichen effects. Laboratory assessments demonstrated FACA’s rapid efficacy in eliminating molds, algae, and lichens. A 12-month field application at the Sanyangzhuang earthen site (Neihuang, Henan) yielded excellent results, confirming long-term protection against biological colonization without recurrence. Crucially, the treatment exhibited no adverse effects on the earthen sites, enabling sustainable coexistence between the heritage site and its surrounding ecosystem. These findings support the applicability of FACA for surface treatment across various humid earthen archeological sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

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17 pages, 7884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of USRP-Composite DLC Coating on Bearing Fatigue Life

by Longtai Chen, Yanshuang Wang, Shuhui Xu, Mingyu Zhang and Guanghui Zheng

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 616; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050616 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

Based on rolling contact fatigue life experiments, this study systematically investigates the effect of ultrasonic surface rolling processing (USRP) with a composite diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating on the rolling contact fatigue life of bearings through characterization and analysis. The results show that the [...] Read more.

Based on rolling contact fatigue life experiments, this study systematically investigates the effect of ultrasonic surface rolling processing (USRP) with a composite diamond-like carbon (DLC) coating on the rolling contact fatigue life of bearings through characterization and analysis. The results show that the USRP-composite DLC coating forms a synergistic mechanism between the coating and the substrate on the surface of specimens: the DLC coating resists surface wear with its high hardness and low friction coefficient, while USRP reduces substrate deformation and crack growth by decreasing surface roughness, increasing substrate hardness, and introducing residual compressive stress. Additionally, USRP enhances the adhesion between the coating and the substrate. The average wear volume of the USRP-composite DLC-coated specimens is 3.73 × 10¹¹ μm³, which is 30.95% lower than that of USRP-treated specimens and 85.38% lower than that of untreated specimens. The average fatigue life of the USRP-composite DLC-coated specimens is 6.55 × 10⁶ cycles, which is 94.94% higher than that of USRP-treated specimens and 208.24% higher than that of untreated specimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Topography Measurement Analysis of Additively Manufactured Modern Materials and Coatings)

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11 pages, 3207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Surface Rolling Process on the Tribological and Electrical Behavior of T2 Copper Elastic Contact Pairs

by Zhenghai Yang, Mengfeng Zhao, Xiaowei Wang, Xiaojun Tian, Kaifeng Hu, Wenbo Li and Yongzhen Zhang

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050615 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

Given the significant impact of the initial surface layer of materials on their tribological performance, this study uses a wire–plate reciprocating friction pair to investigate the effects of surface mechanical rolling process on the elastic current-carrying friction performance. The plate specimens were subjected [...] Read more.

Given the significant impact of the initial surface layer of materials on their tribological performance, this study uses a wire–plate reciprocating friction pair to investigate the effects of surface mechanical rolling process on the elastic current-carrying friction performance. The plate specimens were subjected to rolling processing with varying feed rates under different load conditions, using a self-designed current-carrying friction and wear testing machine. The results show that as the feed rate and load increase, the contact resistance varies within the range of 0.0065 Ω to 0.0310 Ω, with a standard deviation ranging from 0.01 Ω to 0.07 Ω, indicating good electrical conductivity. As the feed rate of the surface mechanical rolling increases, the wear rate of the material significantly decreases. Under all test conditions, the material wear marks exhibit plowing wear, and with the increase in surface mechanical rolling feed rate, the occurrence and intensification of adhesive wear are delayed. When the feed rate is 100 μm and the load is 0.025 N, the material wear rate is the lowest, reduced by 63.1% compared to the untreated condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Surface Characterization, Deposition and Modification)

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23 pages, 7954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of the Effects of Superhydrophobic and Superhydrophilic Coatings on Dust Deposition Mitigation for Photovoltaic Module Surfaces

by Huaxu Tuo, Chuanxiao Zheng, Hao Lu, Yubo Liu, Chenyang Xu, Jiamin Cui and Yuhang Chen

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050614 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

To comparatively evaluate the suitability of superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic coatings for photovoltaic (PV) module surfaces in arid and low-rainfall regions, this study investigates their dust deposition mitigation performance under anhydrous conditions and assesses the impact of dust reduction on PV power generation efficiency. [...] Read more.

To comparatively evaluate the suitability of superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic coatings for photovoltaic (PV) module surfaces in arid and low-rainfall regions, this study investigates their dust deposition mitigation performance under anhydrous conditions and assesses the impact of dust reduction on PV power generation efficiency. An experimental platform for dust deposition and a PV output measurement system were constructed to evaluate the performance of coated PV modules. The open-circuit voltage (U_oc), short-circuit current (I_sc), maximum power (P_max), and dust deposition mass were measured before and after dust exposure. Additionally, the influence of coating properties on dust deposition behavior and the correlation between dust deposition density and PV output power were systematically examined. The experimental data reveal a linear relationship between PV output power loss and dust deposition density. Dust accumulation decreases monotonically with panel tilt angle, while displaying a non-monotonic response to wind speed, peaking at 3.9 m/s. Under optimal conditions (60° tilt angle and 5.2 m/s wind speed), minimal dust deposition densities were observed: 0.25 g/m² for superhydrophobic coated PV modules versus 1.11 g/m² for superhydrophilic coated surfaces. Both superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic coatings demonstrated effective dust deposition inhibition in anhydrous environments. However, the dust deposition mitigation efficiency of the superhydrophobic coating (88.7%) is significantly better than that of the superhydrophilic coating (46.2%) under the working conditions of a large inclination angle (60°) and high wind speed (5.2 m/s). These findings provide critical experimental evidence for optimizing self-cleaning coating selection in PV modules deployed in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Functional Polymer Coatings and Films)

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17 pages, 3217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Robust Adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by GLDA-Intercalated ZnAl-LDH: Structural Engineering, Mechanistic Insights, and Environmental Applications

by Kai Zheng, Zhengkai Guang, Zihan Wang, Yangu Liu, Xiaoling Cheng and Yuan Liu

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 613; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050613 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

The rapid pace of industrialization has led to widespread heavy metal contamination in water and soil, highlighting the need for efficient remediation strategies. Among various approaches, adsorption has proven to be an effective method for treating contaminated environments. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is [...] Read more.

The rapid pace of industrialization has led to widespread heavy metal contamination in water and soil, highlighting the need for efficient remediation strategies. Among various approaches, adsorption has proven to be an effective method for treating contaminated environments. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) is frequently used in such applications. However, its adsorption efficiency remains limited. In this study, glutamic acid diacetate tetrasodium salt (GLDA) was incorporated into ZnAl LDH via a straightforward co-precipitation and ion exchange method, yielding a modified material, GLDA-LDH, which was subsequently applied for the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II). Adsorption behavior was investigated through kinetic and isothermal models, with results indicating that the process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and fit well with the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting chemisorption onto monolayer surface. The maximum adsorption capacities reached 219.2 mg/g for Pb(II) and 121.9 mg/g for Cd(II). Furthermore, GLDA-LDH exhibited a strong retention capability for metal ions with minimal desorption and remained effective in the presence of hard water and contaminated soils. XPS analysis revealed distinct interaction mechanisms; surface oxygen and carboxyl groups played a key role in Pb(II) adsorption, whereas nitrogen coordination was involved in Cd(II) uptake. These results point to the potential of GLDA-LDH as a reliable material for addressing heavy metal pollution and provide insights into the design of enhanced LDH-based adsorbents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

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12 pages, 2235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Anisotropic Microstructures on the Ice Adhesion Performance of Rubber Surfaces

by Fangyuan Zhang, Xiaosen Wang, Shilin Zhang, Xiaoqing Cao, Qiang He and Lu Li

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 612; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050612 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

Anti-icing and de-icing technologies are crucial in modern aviation, with optimising ice adhesion performance on material surfaces being a key challenge. This study proposes a straightforward method for fabricating hydrophobic silicone rubber surfaces using a mesh to construct microstructures. The influence of microstructure [...] Read more.

Anti-icing and de-icing technologies are crucial in modern aviation, with optimising ice adhesion performance on material surfaces being a key challenge. This study proposes a straightforward method for fabricating hydrophobic silicone rubber surfaces using a mesh to construct microstructures. The influence of microstructure size and anisotropy on surface wettability and ice adhesion performance is systematically investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that introducing microstructures significantly enhances the hydrophobicity of silicone rubber surfaces, achieving a maximum static contact angle of 149.3 ± 1.3°. For microstructures with identical shapes, dimensional variations affect surface roughness and functional performance. Although the structure with the most significant dimension (600#-SR) exhibits the highest surface roughness, smaller structures (e.g., 1400#-SR) demonstrate superior hydrophobicity and lower ice adhesion strength, likely due to enhanced air entrapment and reduced effective solid–liquid and solid–ice contact areas. Furthermore, due to anisotropic microstructures, a marked directional difference in ice adhesion strength is observed: the lowest strength in the X direction is 38.6 kPa, compared to 63.3 kPa in the Y direction. Fine-tuning the size and configuration of microstructures effectively minimises the ice adhesion strength and enables targeted optimisation of surface properties. This research offers theoretical support for developing innovative, energy-efficient materials with superior anti-icing properties and provides new insights for crafting solutions tailored to various anti-icing needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress and Application of Super-hydrophobic Anti-icing Surface)

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30 pages, 10815 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Performance, Sustainable Applications, and Research Challenges of Limestone-Calcined Clay-Cement (LC3) Systems

by Jingjing Shao, Shun Guo and Haibo Wang

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 611; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050611 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic review of the progress of the research on limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3), focusing on its low-carbon characteristics, sustainable applications, and performance. LC3 can be used to address the high carbon emission problem in the cement industry, as its [...] Read more.

This paper presents a systematic review of the progress of the research on limestone-calcined clay cement (LC3), focusing on its low-carbon characteristics, sustainable applications, and performance. LC3 can be used to address the high carbon emission problem in the cement industry, as its use significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions (by 30%–40%) due to clinker being partially replaced with calcined clay and limestone in its fabrication. Studies have shown that the hydration reaction of LC3 generates calcium-aluminum-silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H), carbon-aluminate, and calcium alumina, which optimize its microstructure and endow it with comparable mechanical properties (28 day compressive strength close to or exceeding that of OPC) and better durability (outstanding resistance to sulfate erosion and carbonation) compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). LC3 has been used in 3D printing, ocean engineering, geotechnical reinforcement, and other applications, all of which have verified its engineering feasibility. Despite the significant environmental and economic advantages of LC3, its high-temperature performance, freeze–thaw resistance, and long-term durability still need to be further investigated. This paper provides theoretical support and practical references for the development and promotion of low-carbon cement materials. Full article

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17 pages, 1888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Coating Thickness and Aggregate Size on the Damping Properties of Concrete: A Numerical Simulation Approach

by Yisihak Gebre Tarekegn, Tom Lahmer, Abrham Gebre Tarekegn and Esayas Gebreyouhannes Ftwi

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 610; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050610 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

Concrete properties are investigated using intensive physical testing processes that require large amounts of labor and materials that are costly and time-consuming. Properly validated computer models can replace most of the existing physical testing procedures with computer simulations that are relatively quick and [...] Read more.

Concrete properties are investigated using intensive physical testing processes that require large amounts of labor and materials that are costly and time-consuming. Properly validated computer models can replace most of the existing physical testing procedures with computer simulations that are relatively quick and inexpensive. Therefore, in this study, the effects of coating thickness and aggregate size on the damping properties of concrete were investigated using numerical simulation with Abaqus/CAE 6.14-1 software. Two different groups of aggregates were used in the simulation, with maximum aggregate sizes of 25 mm and 32 mm. The coating thickness ranged from 0.4 mm to 5.0 mm, using epoxy, silicone, and rubber coatings. The results showed that coatings with smaller aggregate size led to an increase in the damping ratio compared to those with larger aggregate size. Moreover, replacing 20% of coarse aggregates with rubber-coated aggregates results in a damping ratio of 5.75% to 6.21%, reflecting an increase of 22.8% to 32.7%. This variation occurs with coating thicknesses ranging from 0.4 mm to 5.0 mm, with the optimal thickness of 5.0 mm leading to the maximum increase (32.7%) in the damping ratio of concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Aspects in Colloid and Interface Science)

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12 pages, 1707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Multi-Orbital Scanning Laser Bending Process of Polyvinyl Chloride Sheets

by Fuchao Kan, Haojie Xu, You Zhou, Kangmei Li and Jun Hu

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 609; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050609 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

To make up for the lack of research on the laser bending process in the field of non-metals, this paper innovatively proposes a method to achieve controlled bending deformation of non-metallic components using laser processing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) thin sheets. The main [...] Read more.

To make up for the lack of research on the laser bending process in the field of non-metals, this paper innovatively proposes a method to achieve controlled bending deformation of non-metallic components using laser processing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) thin sheets. The main processing parameters affecting the deformation were analyzed by experimental comparison, and the multi-orbital laser application bending process was carried out with the illumination length and the thickness of the sheet as the variables, which revealed the deformation mechanism of PVC sheets under the laser effect. The surface morphology examinations of the exploration results were also compared to confirm the damage status of the objects. The bending mechanism was revealed by using the change in molecular chain status in the theory of polymer phase transition. This study proves the reliability of laser multi-orbital scanning of PVC sheets to achieve controlled bending deformation, providing a fundamental theoretical and experimental basis for the laser bending process of non-metallic components. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Technology of Thin Film and Coatings)

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23 pages, 6820 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Erosion Mechanism of Biological Crusts and Eco-Protection Technology Using Composite Biofilms for Traditional Rammed Earth Dwellings in Songyang County

by Jiahui Yang, Ning Wang, Zebiao Huang, Yue Huang, Weilu Lv and Shuai Yang

Coatings 2025, 15(5), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15050608 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

A typical county for traditional village conservation in China is Songyang County. It is renowned for its ancient rammed earth dwellings, which exhibit a unique microclimate and possess significant historical value. However, high precipitation and acid rain under the subtropical monsoon climate have [...] Read more.

A typical county for traditional village conservation in China is Songyang County. It is renowned for its ancient rammed earth dwellings, which exhibit a unique microclimate and possess significant historical value. However, high precipitation and acid rain under the subtropical monsoon climate have caused severe surface erosion, including cracking and spalling. This study focuses on traditional rammed earth dwellings in Chenjiapeng Village, Songyang County, combining field surveys, experimental analysis, and microscopic characterization to systematically investigate erosion mechanisms and protection strategies. Techniques, such as drone aerial photography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and microbial diversity detection, were employed to elucidate the anti-erosion mechanisms of gray–green biological crusts on rammed earth surfaces. The results indicate that algal crusts enhance surface compressive strength and shear resistance through macroscopic coverage (reducing raindrop kinetic energy and moisture retention) and microscopic extracellular polysaccharide-cemented soil particles forming a three-dimensional network. However, acidic environments induce metabolic acid release from algae, dissolving cementing materials and creating a “surface protection-internal damage” paradox. To address this, a “transparent film-biofiber-acid inhibition layer” composite biofilm design is proposed, integrating a biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) mesh, algal attachment substrates, and calcium carbonate microparticles to dynamically neutralize acidic substances, achieving synergistic ecological protection and cultural heritage authenticity. This study provides innovative solutions for the anti-erosion protection of traditional rammed earth structures, emphasizing environmental compatibility and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Earthen Site Conservation: Methods, Techniques, Management, and Key Case Studies)

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