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Volume 18
Issue 23
10.3390/ma18235382
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Structural Evaluation of Steel/CFRP Hybrid Part Using Progressive Damage Model and Cohesive Zone Model

by
Jae-Chang Ryu
1,†,
Min-Gi Kim
2,†,
Joon-Young Seo
2,
Chan-Joo Lee
3,
Do-Hoon Shin
4 and
Dae-Cheol Ko
2,*
1
Industrial Liaison Innovation Center, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Nanomechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
3
Advanced Mobility Components Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea
4
Aerostructure Business Department, Korea Air Lines, Busan 46712, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors equally contributed to this work.
Materials 2025, 18(23), 5382; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235382 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 31 October 2025 / Revised: 26 November 2025 / Accepted: 27 November 2025 / Published: 28 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) is a typical lightweight material used in the aerospace industry. However, the automotive industry has focused on the application of composite materials in vehicle components for weight reduction. In particular, hybrid parts consisting of CFRP reinforcement and a steel outer have been investigated in many studies as a solution to satisfy weight reduction and high strength. In this paper, a steel/CFRP hybrid part was evaluated by impact analysis using several material models, such as the Johnson–Cook model, progressive damage analysis (PDA), and cohesive zone model (CZM). First, the mechanical properties of the steel were determined under different strain rates to assess collision effects. Subsequently, the material properties of the CFRP were evaluated to predict the failure of composite material in the tensile and compressive directions. In addition, the cohesive properties of adhesive film were evaluated under normal and shear modes. Finally, impact analysis using the obtained material properties was conducted to predict the behavior and strength of the steel/CFRP hybrid part under collisions, and the results were compared with the experimental results for verification.
Keywords: hybrid part; impact analysis; progressive damage analysis; cohesive zone model hybrid part; impact analysis; progressive damage analysis; cohesive zone model

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ryu, J.-C.; Kim, M.-G.; Seo, J.-Y.; Lee, C.-J.; Shin, D.-H.; Ko, D.-C. Structural Evaluation of Steel/CFRP Hybrid Part Using Progressive Damage Model and Cohesive Zone Model. Materials 2025, 18, 5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235382

AMA Style

Ryu J-C, Kim M-G, Seo J-Y, Lee C-J, Shin D-H, Ko D-C. Structural Evaluation of Steel/CFRP Hybrid Part Using Progressive Damage Model and Cohesive Zone Model. Materials. 2025; 18(23):5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235382

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ryu, Jae-Chang, Min-Gi Kim, Joon-Young Seo, Chan-Joo Lee, Do-Hoon Shin, and Dae-Cheol Ko. 2025. "Structural Evaluation of Steel/CFRP Hybrid Part Using Progressive Damage Model and Cohesive Zone Model" Materials 18, no. 23: 5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235382

APA Style

Ryu, J.-C., Kim, M.-G., Seo, J.-Y., Lee, C.-J., Shin, D.-H., & Ko, D.-C. (2025). Structural Evaluation of Steel/CFRP Hybrid Part Using Progressive Damage Model and Cohesive Zone Model. Materials, 18(23), 5382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18235382

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