Veterinary Sciences

18 pages, 5812 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals Differences in Intercellular Spread Among Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 Mutants

by Weiwei Lin, Xianglin Zhang, Qian Jiang, Hongtao Kang, Yijing Li, Honglin Jia and Jiasen Liu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121185 - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is taxonomically classified within the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Varicellovirus, and species Felid alphaherpesvirus 1. The genome of FHV-1 is 135,797 bp in length and encodes 74 proteins. Among these proteins, serine/threonine protein kinase (pK) and thymidine kinase (TK) [...] Read more.

Feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) is taxonomically classified within the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, genus Varicellovirus, and species Felid alphaherpesvirus 1. The genome of FHV-1 is 135,797 bp in length and encodes 74 proteins. Among these proteins, serine/threonine protein kinase (pK) and thymidine kinase (TK) have been identified as potential virulence factors in alphaherpesviruses, although these kinases are dispensable for viral replication. As kinases, regulating phosphorylation modification is one of their functions, while the mechanism by which phosphorylation modification affects cell physiological functions and thereby influences viral replication remains unclear. In this study, we generated pK- and TK-deficient FHV-1 mutants by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated homologous recombination. The pK-deficient virus produced significantly smaller plaques than the TK-deficient virus. The replication kinetics of the pK-deficient virus were attenuated in multistep growth compared to the TK-deficient virus. These results indicate that deletion of the pK gene markedly reduces the replicative capacity of FHV-1. We applied data-independent acquisition (DIA) quantitative proteomics to profile changes in global protein expression and phosphorylation in F81 cells upon infection with TK⁻, pK^−, and wild-type FHV-1 strain. The pK-deficient virus exhibited 3632 differentially phosphorylated proteins containing 11,936 modification sites; the TK-deficient virus showed 4529 differentially phosphorylated proteins with 19,225 phosphorylation sites. Functional characterization through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses identified significant involvement of phosphoproteins in spliceosome pathways in pK-deficient virus and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling pathway in TK-deficient virus. Notably, several splicing regulators—including Ess-2 and CDK13, which modulate host spliceosomal function—displayed significantly reduced phosphorylation levels in pK-deficient viruses. A significant enrichment of ATP-dependent factors, such as SMARCA5 and RSF1, was observed in the TK-deficient virus. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation into the effects of FHV-1 infection on the host cell phosphoproteome. These data offer new insights into the phosphoregulatory circuits and signaling networks triggered by FHV-1 and may enhance our understanding of the FHV-1 replication mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 3908 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Regulators for Antigen-Specific CD8⁺ T Cells in African Swine Fever Virus-Restored Pigs

by Fanghong Zhang, Siqi Niu, Alegria Agostinho Francisco, Beneque Alberto Anzol, Min Yao, Guopin Liu, Jianwu Wang and Tinghua Huang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121184 - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Individual differences in immune responses to African swine fever virus (ASFV), whether induced by vaccination or natural infection, may be linked to genetic variation in the genes involved in antigen presentation. Methods: A total of nine pigs from the 112-population were selected [...] Read more.

Background: Individual differences in immune responses to African swine fever virus (ASFV), whether induced by vaccination or natural infection, may be linked to genetic variation in the genes involved in antigen presentation. Methods: A total of nine pigs from the 112-population were selected for RNA-seq analysis. To pinpoint key transcription factors (TFs) regulating gene expression in the lymph nodes, weighted Kendall’s Tau rank correlation analysis was performed to link the TF binding potential with the extent of differential expression of target genes. Results: CD8⁺ T cells expressing a specific epitope of the ASFV p72 protein (ACD8⁺) accounted for 41% of the total CD8⁺ T cells in peripheral blood. A total of 2062 transcripts were identified as differentially expressed across the nine pigs (q-value < 1 × 10⁻⁸). Differential expression levels of the target genes for MECP2, ETS1, ZBTB33, ELK4, and E2F4 were significantly correlated with their TF binding potential (p < 0.05). Six SNPs were identified in the promoter region of ELK4. Analysis of the 112-pig population revealed that SNPs at S.-404A>G and S.-668C>T loci were significantly associated with ACD8⁺ levels (q-value < 0.01). Individuals with the AA genotype at S.-404A>G had significantly higher ACD8⁺ counts compared to those with AG and GG genotypes (q-value < 0.05). At the S.-668C>T locus, ACD8⁺ levels were highest in the CC genotype, followed by CT and TT genotypes, with CC showing notably higher ACD8⁺ counts (q-value < 0.05). Notably, the S.-404A>G site overlaps with potential binding sites for TFs FOXA2, GATAs, and TRPS1, while the S.-668C>T site lies within the binding regions for NR1H3, RARA, VDR, and NR1I3. Conclusion: These mutations may disrupt TFs binding to the ELK4 promoter, potentially reducing ELK4 expression and impairing antigen processing and presentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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11 pages, 709 KB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Since-Deposition Signatures for Canine Blood Based on Cellular Autofluorescence

by Alysia Townsley, Gabrielle Wolfe, Madison Smith, Arianna DeCorte, Amanda Elswick Gentry and Christopher J. Ehrhardt

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121183 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Animal cruelty investigations can be hampered by not knowing when a biological sample was deposited at a crime scene, i.e., the sample’s time-since-deposition (TSD). The goal of this study was to characterize a new signature system for estimating the TSD of canine blood [...] Read more.

Animal cruelty investigations can be hampered by not knowing when a biological sample was deposited at a crime scene, i.e., the sample’s time-since-deposition (TSD). The goal of this study was to characterize a new signature system for estimating the TSD of canine blood samples based on changes in the autofluorescence spectra of cell populations that occur over time. The results showed that the intensity of cellular autofluorescence measured in two detector channels (523/30 nm and 695/50 nm; 488 nm excitation) could clearly differentiate older blood deposits (i.e., samples with a TSD of either 6 months or 1 year) from younger samples that had a TSD of less than three months. Further, cellular autofluorescence was strongly correlated with time when the sample TSD was between one day and three months, with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.83 and 0.91. A multiple linear regression model based on autofluorescence variation was tested on mock casework samples and yielded residual errors between 2 days and 35 days, with the lowest residuals observed in samples that have a TSD less than 6 days. This information can provide probative leads during an investigation of an illicit canine fighting event or an individual injury and also allow animal cruelty agencies to triage blood samples based on their TSD for downstream analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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17 pages, 1237 KB

Open AccessReview

Inflammation in the Transition Period of Dairy Cows: New Paradigms

by Alexandro Fritzen and Aleksandro Schafer da Silva

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121182 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

By analyzing new findings from the literature on immunometabolism during the transition period, as well as classical concepts, we aim to propose a new approach to the inflammation paradigm in cows transitioning from gestation to lactation. The purpose of this review, based on [...] Read more.

By analyzing new findings from the literature on immunometabolism during the transition period, as well as classical concepts, we aim to propose a new approach to the inflammation paradigm in cows transitioning from gestation to lactation. The purpose of this review, based on data from scientific articles and reviews, is to characterize the immunometabolism of the transition period, highlighting the main characteristics of the inflammatory response in dairy cows and listing the mechanisms that govern inflammatory tone and coordinate the resolution of inflammation, with a view of new paradigms and analysis of non-classical pathways. We also seek to analyze inflammation and the role of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum in the genesis of diseases, proposing approaches for modulating inflammatory tone. This review analyzes the classical theoretical approach using mechanistic views anchored in knowledge produced in other species and based on new evidence from the bovine field, determining new paradigms. This study highlights the constant inflammatory condition during the transition period and its effect on metabolism and demonstrates the role of dysregulation of inflammation resolution as a central factor in the genesis of diseases. Purinergic and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways have been little explored in cattle, but it is believed that the role of these pathways in maintaining homeostasis represents a great opportunity for understanding and modulating the phenomenon of inflammation in dairy cows. Dysregulation of the stress axis shows elucidative potential regarding the dysregulation of inflammatory resolution, with mitochondrial health and endoplasmic reticulum stress being dividing factors between homeorhetic and pathological states. Modulating inflammation and establishing inflammatory resolution presents challenges with classic anti-inflammatory drugs due to the paradoxical role of prostaglandin E2 in inflammation and resolution. Phytoactives offer new possibilities for modulating inflammation without disrupting inflammatory resolution and ensuring antioxidant effects, associated with strategies for formulating less inflammatory diets. Full article

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15 pages, 1243 KB

Open AccessArticle

Movement Dynamics and Habitat Use of Owned and Unowned Free-Roaming Dogs on a Two-Square-Kilometer Tourist Island in Southern Thailand

by Thanidtha Te-Chaniyom, Kittisakdi Choomalee, Kyaw Ko Ko Htet, Anuwat Wiratsudakul and Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121181 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Free-roaming dogs are a neglected population that poses public health concerns in tourist areas. This study, conducted during both the high and low tourist seasons, aimed to (i) investigate the movement patterns of free-roaming dogs on the Lipe tourist destination island, southern Thailand, [...] Read more.

Free-roaming dogs are a neglected population that poses public health concerns in tourist areas. This study, conducted during both the high and low tourist seasons, aimed to (i) investigate the movement patterns of free-roaming dogs on the Lipe tourist destination island, southern Thailand, focusing on their daily distance, and (ii) identify habitat land type preferences. Between September and December 2024, eight owned and seven unowned dogs were fitted with Catlog GPS devices. Tracking data were collected for the dog’s coordinates every 15 min for at least four consecutive days. Data analysis and visualization were performed using R software. On average, dogs traveled 5300 m daily. Unowned dogs exhibited their highest speed on beaches (median = 70, IQR = 44–79 m per 15 min). Free-roaming dogs spent most of their time in human habitats. The time of day influenced dogs’ appearance across different land types. In conclusion, free-roaming dogs on the island traveled longer distances than in most previous studies. The dogs mostly preferred being around human habitats. Land types influenced dogs’ speed. Dogs appeared on different land types at different times of day. Guided by these data, we recommend (i) better dog registration and other measures to reduce free-roaming activities of dogs and (ii) regular blanket coverage of dog rabies immunization to make the island safer for tourists and residents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

8 pages, 1313 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Genomic Features of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence in Multidrug-Resistant Vibrio furnissii

by Xuemei Wu, Wenhui Zhang, Ming Liu, Zhiqiang Wang and Ruichao Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121180 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

V. furnissii is a marine bacterium capable of infecting both invertebrates and humans. However, the mechanisms underlying its drug resistance and virulence remain largely elusive. In this study, we isolated a multidrug-resistant V. furnissii strain, MT14, from bivalve mollusks. Genomic analysis revealed that [...] Read more.

V. furnissii is a marine bacterium capable of infecting both invertebrates and humans. However, the mechanisms underlying its drug resistance and virulence remain largely elusive. In this study, we isolated a multidrug-resistant V. furnissii strain, MT14, from bivalve mollusks. Genomic analysis revealed that MT14 carries a novel pAQU-type plasmid, designated pMT14, which harbors six antibiotic resistance genes: qnrS2, qnrVC6, dfrA31, tetA; sul2, and bla_GMA-1. Notably, bla_GMA-1 and its variants confer resistance to penicillin-class antibiotics, including ampicillin, amoxicillin, and carbenicillin. Comparative genomic analysis further revealed that V. furnissii strains commonly encode T6SS1, T6SS2, and the hemolysin gene vfh, while only five sequenced strains carry zot toxin gene. To our knowledge, this is the first report of zot in V. furnissii. In addition, the absence of drug resistance genes in the majority of genomes (73.3%, 22/30) suggests that such traits are not intrinsic to the species but have been acquired by specific strains, likely through plasmid transfer or other mobile genetic elements. The emergence of bla_GMA-1 and zot in V. furnissii represents a potential public health concern, underscoring the need for enhanced surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in marine pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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17 pages, 3153 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification, Isolation, and In Vitro Culture Trials of Ovarian Germ Stem Cells from Different Teleost Fish Species

by Caterina Varvara, Gianluca Ventriglia, Chrysovalentinos Pousis, Teresa Di Gioia, Rosa Zupa, Deborah Maria Del Frassino, Aldo Corriero and Tiziana Martinello

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121179 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Germ cell xenotransplantation is a promising tool for enhancing aquaculture production and supporting the conservation of declining fish species. A major limitation is the reliable identification of germ stem cells, which remains challenging due to the scarcity of validated molecular markers. This study [...] Read more.

Germ cell xenotransplantation is a promising tool for enhancing aquaculture production and supporting the conservation of declining fish species. A major limitation is the reliable identification of germ stem cells, which remains challenging due to the scarcity of validated molecular markers. This study assessed the suitability of different immunohistochemical approaches for identifying ovarian germ stem cells (OGSCs) in three Mediterranean species of commercial interest: European hake (Merluccius merluccius), meagre (Argyrosomus regius), and flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). Among the antibodies tested (anti-OCT4, anti-VASA, anti-Sox2), only anti-VASA and anti-Sox2 labeled cells with morphological features consistent with OGSCs, although staining intensity, specificity, and cross-reactivity with early oocytes varied across species. In parallel, preliminary protocols for OGSC isolation and in vitro proliferation were developed for European hake and meagre. Enzymatic dissociation with collagenase, followed by Ficoll-Paque density separation and culture in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum at 25 °C, resulted in the highest OGSC recovery and detectable increases in proliferating cells. A sequential pre-plating step enhanced enrichment in meagre but caused substantial cell loss in hake. Overall, this study provides a comparative evaluation of female germline stem cell markers in these species, contributing to future surrogate reproduction and germplasm conservation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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14 pages, 1709 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Safety of Camel Milk After Albendazole and Ivermectin Treatment

by Gaukhar Konuspayeva, Zauresh Bilal, Nurlan Akhmetsadykov, Shynar Akhmetsadykova, Zhaidar Musyaev, Farida Amutova, Zaira Kabdullina, Dariga Utemuratova and Bernard Faye

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121178 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

The problem of Albendazole and Ivermectin medicine residues in milk is a current question in food safety. With no data being available, the present study aimed to assess the risk of antiparasitic residues in camel milk after injection at curative dose. For the [...] Read more.

The problem of Albendazole and Ivermectin medicine residues in milk is a current question in food safety. With no data being available, the present study aimed to assess the risk of antiparasitic residues in camel milk after injection at curative dose. For the experiment, 10 camels were allocated to two groups, treated with Albendazole and Ivermectin, respectively; milk samples were taken every day for the first 4 days, then approximately every 2 weeks for 6 months. In addition, blood samples were taken for the Albendazole group. The samples were analysed by HPLC. On average, for Albendazole, the maximum concentration appeared on day 2 (52 ± 65.2 µg/mL) and day 48 (50 ± 63.1 µg/mL). After 210 days, the residues remained at around 11 µg/mL (MRL = 0.1 µg/mL). The kinetic assessment in the blood samples showed a slight shift in relation to that of milk during the first days of the experiment, but there was no significant difference between them. For Ivermectin, only one peak appeared on day 101 (0,96 ± 1,19 µg/mL), and after 172 days, the mean concentration was still 0.12 µg/mL (MRL = 0.01 µg/mL). The persistence of the residues for a long time after injection leads us to consider that specific guidelines should be proposed for ensuring the safety of camel milk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)

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17 pages, 6244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Host-Adapted Ruminal Microbiota Investigation and Functional Validation of Duolang Sheep-Derived Ligilactobacillus salivarius KS1018

by Zixuan Wang, Yuchen Jia, Shiyu Duan, Hui Jiang, Cong Peng, Mingwei Mao, Yiping Zhu and Jing Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121177 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study characterized the rumen microbiota of Duolang sheep, a Xinjiang local breed, to identify potential probiotics for Hu sheep. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Duolang sheep possessed a distinct rumen microbial structure (beta-diversity, p < 0.05), lower diversity (higher Simpson index, p [...] Read more.

This study characterized the rumen microbiota of Duolang sheep, a Xinjiang local breed, to identify potential probiotics for Hu sheep. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Duolang sheep possessed a distinct rumen microbial structure (beta-diversity, p < 0.05), lower diversity (higher Simpson index, p < 0.01), and a higher Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio compared to Hu sheep. Subsequently, a Duolang-derived strain, Ligilactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) KS1018, was evaluated in a 56-day feeding trial with Hu sheep. Supplementation enhanced systemic immunity (serum IgG and IgM) and antioxidant status (SOD) (p < 0.05). Metabolic profiles were also modified, with serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) level increasing significantly in both medium-dose (p < 0.001) and high-dose (p < 0.05) groups, whereas BUN and lipid markers (TG, CHOL) elevated significantly in the medium-dose (p < 0.05) and high-dose group (p < 0.05), respectively. The strain with medium- and high-dose also reduced fecal crude fat (p < 0.01) and influenced mucosal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) by increasing levels in the duodenum while decreasing them in the rumen (p < 0.05). Ruminal histology was also altered (p < 0.01). Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 was positively correlated with serum BUN (p < 0.001), IgM (p < 0.05), BHB (p < 0.01), and SOD (p < 0.01). Overall, L. salivarius KS1018 improved antioxidant capacity, systemic and mucosal immunity, and ruminal structure in Hu sheep, demonstrating its potential to influence host–microbe interactions in livestock. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Homeostasis and Its Regulatory Role in Animal Growth and Development)

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15 pages, 4068 KB

Open AccessArticle

Let-7f-5p Inhibits PRRSV Replication by Regulating Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming in Infected Cells

by Dongfeng Jiang, Jin Huang, Xiaotong Wang, Guangwei Zhao, Congcong Li, Liyu Yang, Xiangge Meng and Qiuliang Xu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121176 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Lipids provide essential membrane components and energy sources for viral replication, playing multiple roles in viral infection. However, the mutual influence between lipid metabolism and PRRSV proliferation remains unclear. Using transcriptomics, lipidomics, BODIPY staining, and Western blot (WB) analysis, our findings revealed that [...] Read more.

Lipids provide essential membrane components and energy sources for viral replication, playing multiple roles in viral infection. However, the mutual influence between lipid metabolism and PRRSV proliferation remains unclear. Using transcriptomics, lipidomics, BODIPY staining, and Western blot (WB) analysis, our findings revealed that PRRSV infection significantly altered the abundance of lipid-metabolism-associated genes and lipid metabolites in cells. qRT-PCR confirmed that PRRSV infection dose-dependently upregulated SREBP2 expression (p < 0.01), while BODIPY staining demonstrated a significant increase in intracellular lipid droplets post-infection (p < 0.01). Let-7f-5p significantly reduced lipid droplet accumulation and suppressed PRRSV N protein expression. Notably, 15 lipid species that were upregulated during PRRSV infection were downregulated by let-7f-5p overexpression. These lipids were enriched in pathways related to phosphatidylcholines, monounsaturated fatty acids, and C16-C18 fatty acid metabolism. Exogenous palmitic acid (C16:0) treatment reversed the inhibitory effects of let-7f-5p on SREBP2 expression and viral replication, demonstrating that viral proliferation can be regulated by modulating host lipid metabolism. This study reveals that PRRSV hijacks host lipid metabolism to facilitate viral replication, whereas let-7f-5p exerts antiviral effects through dual mechanisms. These findings provide new insights into host-directed antiviral strategies against PRRSV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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15 pages, 867 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of qPCR and Digital PCR for the Detection of Nosema ceranae in Honey Bees

by Cecilia Guasco, Paola Mogliotti, Roberto Zoccola, Maria Goria, Alessandro Gamberoni, Paola Ghisellini, Patrizia Garbati, Cristina Rando, Stefano Ottoboni, Raffaella Barbieri and Roberto Eggenhöffner

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121175 - 10 Dec 2025

Abstract

Apis mellifera honey bees are keystone species for agriculture and global biodiversity, yet their populations are increasingly affected by multiple stressors, including the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae. Early and accurate detection of this pathogen is critical to prevent colony losses and sustain [...] Read more.

Apis mellifera honey bees are keystone species for agriculture and global biodiversity, yet their populations are increasingly affected by multiple stressors, including the microsporidian parasite Nosema ceranae. Early and accurate detection of this pathogen is critical to prevent colony losses and sustain pollination services. This study compares qPCR and ddPCR for detecting N. ceranae in bees and hive debris. qPCR is suitable for routine screening, whereas ddPCR offers higher sensitivity and precise quantification. The high diagnostic concordance between the two assays in bee samples, coupled with ddPCR’s enhanced detection capability in debris, underscores their complementary value in apicultural monitoring. This study provides the first experimental comparison between qPCR and ddPCR applied to matched field samples of bees and hive debris, establishing a sensitive and practical diagnostic framework for Nosema ceranae surveillance. The findings support improved diagnostic accuracy and early detection in apicultural health programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 541 KB

Open AccessArticle

Active Learning in Veterinary Anatomy Education: Investigating the Impact of Peer-Led Q&A Games and Multimedia on Student Perceptions

by Alejandra Escudero, María Socorro Simó-Martínez, María José Morera, Ana Navarro-Serra and María García-Manzanares

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121174 - 9 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study explores the pedagogical impact of a student-led teaching strategy in veterinary education, centered on the implementation of a monitored question-and-answer (Q&A) game integrated with multimedia content. Conducted in a classroom setting, the intervention encouraged students to actively formulate and pose questions [...] Read more.

This study explores the pedagogical impact of a student-led teaching strategy in veterinary education, centered on the implementation of a monitored question-and-answer (Q&A) game integrated with multimedia content. Conducted in a classroom setting, the intervention encouraged students to actively formulate and pose questions to their peers—questions that could potentially appear on future assessments. The sessions were recorded and transformed into multimedia resources, enabling content review beyond the classroom. Results indicate a high student participation during practical activities (89.33%), as well as enhanced engagement with course material outside scheduled sessions. Students’ perceptions were collected in a survey (Cronbach’s alpha 0.920), revealing that more than sixty percent of answers fostered collaborative learning and anatomy assessments preparation. Moreover, fifty percent of students affirmed that the activity enhanced their participation and motivation and stimulated peer-to-peer interaction. These results could suggest that gamified student-led questioning combined with digital content creation can effectively support active learning and deeper understanding in veterinary anatomy education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Anatomy Teaching: New Concepts, Innovations and Applications)

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9 pages, 307 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii in Goats from Central and Western Thailand: Implications for Zoonotic Disease Surveillance and Control

by Niorn Ratanapob, Preeda Lertwatcharasarakul, Siriluk Jala, Decha Pangjai, Kridakorn Vongtongsalee and Theera Rukkwamsuk

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121173 - 9 Dec 2025

Abstract

Goats are important reservoirs of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever in humans. Monitoring infection in goats is therefore essential for effective human disease prevention. However, epidemiological data on C. burnetii infection in Thai goats remain limited, particularly in the [...] Read more.

Goats are important reservoirs of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever in humans. Monitoring infection in goats is therefore essential for effective human disease prevention. However, epidemiological data on C. burnetii infection in Thai goats remain limited, particularly in the central and western regions, where goat farming has expanded. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection in goats raised in these two regions. A total of 947 serum samples from 101 herds were collected and tested using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Individual- and herd-level seroprevalence were calculated. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to compare infection proportions between regions (central vs. western) and herd types (meat vs. dairy), with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Overall, individual- and herd-level seroprevalence were 22.39% and 58.42%, respectively. Individual seroprevalence in the central and western regions was 25.16% and 19.71%, while herd-level seroprevalence was 71.15% and 44.90%, respectively. The proportions of infection at both levels were significantly higher in the central region (p = 0.044 and p = 0.007). In contrast, no significant differences were observed between meat and dairy herds: individual-level seroprevalence was 22.81% and 25.25% (p = 0.586), and herd-level seroprevalence was 56.98% and 60.00% (p = 0.855), respectively. These findings highlighted the urgent need to strengthen control measures for C. burnetii infection in goats in central and western Thailand to protect human, animal, and environmental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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8 pages, 837 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Successful Surgical Excision of a Chronic Abscess in a Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata): A Case Report

by Da Sol Park, Hee Jun Ko, Jiho Park, Sib Sankar Giri, Mae Hyun Hwang, Jae Hong Park, Eun Jae Park and Se Chang Park

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121172 - 9 Dec 2025

Abstract

In sea turtles, soft tissue abscesses typically present with a solid, caseous consistency and respond poorly to pharmacological treatment. A hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) exhibited a chronic subcutaneous mass near the cloacal region that had persisted for three years. Histopathological examination [...] Read more.

In sea turtles, soft tissue abscesses typically present with a solid, caseous consistency and respond poorly to pharmacological treatment. A hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) exhibited a chronic subcutaneous mass near the cloacal region that had persisted for three years. Histopathological examination confirmed the existence of an abscess composed of concentric necrotic layers and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, with no detectable pathogens. The lesion was surgically excised under local anesthesia with a radiofrequency electrosurgical unit, minimizing bleeding and operation time. Postoperative management consisted of oral antibiotic administration to minimize handling stress. The turtle recovered uneventfully, with no complications or recurrence during the two-month follow-up period. This case highlights that chronic abscesses in sea turtles require surgical excision as the most effective therapeutic approach and provides practical insights for marine reptile medicine. Full article

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21 pages, 4277 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Infestation and Distribution of Ectoparasitic Insects on the White-Footed Indochinese Rat (Rattus nitidus) in Southwest China

by Ya-Nan Li, Xue-Jiao Zhu, Xian-Guo Guo, Tian-Guang Ren, Yong-Guang Jing, Lei Zhang and Ti-Jun Qian

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121171 - 9 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Ectoparasitic insects (fleas and sucking lice) on rodents can serve as vectors of some zoonotic diseases. Objective: To investigate the insect infestation and distribution on white-footed Indochinese rats (Rattus nitidus) in southwest China, a focus of zoonotic diseases. Methods: Field [...] Read more.

Background: Ectoparasitic insects (fleas and sucking lice) on rodents can serve as vectors of some zoonotic diseases. Objective: To investigate the insect infestation and distribution on white-footed Indochinese rats (Rattus nitidus) in southwest China, a focus of zoonotic diseases. Methods: Field investigations were conducted at 116 survey sites between 2000 and 2024. Insects were identified under a microscope, and a series of calculations was conducted. Results: From 836 R. nitidus rat hosts, 3322 insects were identified as 24 species, including eight vector species. Fleas had more species (22) and fewer individuals (539) than sucking lice (two species with 2783 individuals). Male and adult hosts had higher insect infestations than females and juveniles (p < 0.05), and insect infestations varied in different environments. The insect spatial coefficients were higher than the critical values for determining aggregated distribution. The association coefficient between fleas and lice was V = 0.07 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Rattus nitidus is susceptible to insect infestation, with the coexistence of multiple vector species. Fleas have much higher species diversity than sucking lice. Insect infestations exhibit sex and age biases of hosts as well as environmental heterogeneity. Fleas and lice are of aggregated and mutually independent distribution on R. nitidus. Multiple vector species on R. nitidus would probably increase the potential risk of transmission and focus persistence of related zoonotic diseases in southwest China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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11 pages, 7223 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Primary Pericardial Well-Differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma in a Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)

by Louise van der Weyden, Dewald Keet and Nicolize O’Dell

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121170 - 9 Dec 2025

Abstract

There have been few reports of neoplasia in hyenas to date. In this report, we describe a captive adult female spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) that developed inappetence, lethargy and marked abdominal distension over a 3-day period. The hyena was chemically immobilised [...] Read more.

There have been few reports of neoplasia in hyenas to date. In this report, we describe a captive adult female spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) that developed inappetence, lethargy and marked abdominal distension over a 3-day period. The hyena was chemically immobilised to allow clinical investigation of the severe symptoms; however, she died before any internal examination occurred. At necropsy, severe serosanguinous hydropericardium was evident, as well as pulmonary congestion and oedema, ascites and chronic passive congestion of the liver with mild fibrosis. Histopathological examination of the pericardial surface revealed fibrous proliferations lined by mostly a single layer of large proliferating neoplastic mesothelial cells forming papillary projections into the lumen of the pericardial sac as well as infiltration into the pericardial connective tissue, with innumerable haemosiderin-laden macrophages in places, suggestive of chronic haemorrhage. The liver revealed severe congestion and interstitial fibrosis, and the lung revealed congestion and oedema, with moderate numbers of alveolar macrophages and marked anthracosis. The diagnosis was pericardial well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma, with death under anaesthesia caused by cardiogenic shock due to pericardial mesothelioma-associated cardiac tamponade. As primary pericardial mesothelioma (PPM) is a rare tumour type for both animals and humans, and this is the first report of a PPM in a hyena, we compare the clinical findings with those seen in other species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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14 pages, 1637 KB

Open AccessArticle

Orthodontic Implants: Novelty and Evolution in Veterinary Orthodontics—Retrospective Case Series Report

by Raluca-Ioana Nedelea, Mihai Marian Borzan, Cristinel Cezar Mătură and Ioan Marcus

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121169 - 9 Dec 2025

Abstract

Orthodontic implants (OIs) are endosseous devices designed to provide stable skeletal anchorage in orthodontic treatment. A variety of terms have been proposed for these devices; however, such terminology may lead to OIs being confused with conventional dental implants. Therefore, the similarities and distinctions [...] Read more.

Orthodontic implants (OIs) are endosseous devices designed to provide stable skeletal anchorage in orthodontic treatment. A variety of terms have been proposed for these devices; however, such terminology may lead to OIs being confused with conventional dental implants. Therefore, the similarities and distinctions between OIs and dental implants will be examined in this research. Three representative clinical cases will be presented, illustrating the application of OIs for mandibular incisor teeth lingualizations, distalization of a maxillary canine tooth, and palatal flap protection for palatoschizis closure in a cat, describing a custom-made protection shield held in place with four OIs. This article will cover the criteria for OI selection, the determination of optimal insertion sites, and the placement technique. Given that a key prerequisite for a successful outcome is primary stability, several complications may occur such as local inflammation, injury to adjacent anatomical structures, implant fracture, loss of stability, or challenges in attaching elastic chains due to interference from surrounding soft tissues. The prevention and management of such complications will be addressed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 1148 KB

Open AccessArticle

Precision Glyco-Modulation of Macrophages with EF-M2 (Immutalon^TM) Improves Function and Lowers Inflammatory Biomarkers in Aging Dogs: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

by Evgeny Pokushalov, Dmitry Kudlay, Claire Garcia, John Smith, Nikolai Revkov, Anastasya Shcherbakova and Richard Miller

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1168; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121168 - 9 Dec 2025

Abstract

We evaluated whether macrophage-targeted glyco-modulation can improve day-to-day function in aging companion animals. In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 client-owned geriatric dogs (≥10 years) received subcutaneous EF-M2 (0.1 μg/kg, every 72 h for 4 weeks; protocolized, blinded step-up to every 48 [...] Read more.

We evaluated whether macrophage-targeted glyco-modulation can improve day-to-day function in aging companion animals. In a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 client-owned geriatric dogs (≥10 years) received subcutaneous EF-M2 (0.1 μg/kg, every 72 h for 4 weeks; protocolized, blinded step-up to every 48 h at day 14 for partial responders) or matched placebo, followed by 4 weeks off-treatment. Two prespecified co-primary endpoints were tested hierarchically: change in accelerometer-measured active minutes/day at week 1 and change in a day-28 vitality composite (z-score of inverted CBPI-PSS, HRQL-vitality, and appetite VAS). EF-M2 was superior to placebo on both: +23.05 min/day at week 1 (95% CI, 18.16–27.94; p < 0.001) and +2.01 z-units at day 28 (95% CI, 1.52–2.50; p < 0.001). Key secondaries favored EF-M2, including greater week-4 activity (+33.00 min/day, 26.83–39.18; p < 0.001), lower BAER auditory threshold (−5.28 dB, −7.53 to −3.04; p < 0.001), and reduced transepidermal water loss (−1.35 g/m²·h, −2.45 to −0.25; p = 0.02); multiplicity was controlled with Holm–Bonferroni procedures. Owner-reported global improvement was more frequent with EF-M2 at day 28 (93.3% vs. 10.0%) and remained higher at day 56 off-treatment (50.0% vs. 16.7%). Prespecified pharmacodynamic markers shifted in directions consistent with M2-skewing (ARG1:iNOS ratio and IL-10 increased; TNF-α decreased) by day 7. Adverse events were infrequent, mild, and similar to placebo; no treatment-related withdrawals or serious events occurred. These findings support macrophage-targeted glyco-modulation as a promising approach to rapidly improve real-world activity and multidomain vitality in older dogs, with short-term signals persisting off-treatment; longer, adequately powered trials are warranted to define durability, structural outcomes, and phenotype-specific benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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11 pages, 2238 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Pancreatic Endocrine Reprogramming in Diabetic Cats

by Lune D. Geurts, Alice Zanon, Eylem E. Akyurek, Silvia Ferro, Roberta Sacchetto, Mila Della Barbera, Carolina Callegari, Gabriele Gerardi, Federico Fracassi, Hans S. Kooistra, Thomas A. Lutz and Eric Zini

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(12), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12121167 - 8 Dec 2025

Abstract

Transcription factors control the development of the endocrine pancreas in various mammals. In humans, paired box-4 (PAX4) and aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) allocate endocrine progenitor cells toward β-cell and α-cell specification, respectively. In adulthood, PAX4 contributes to reprogramming α-cells into β-cells and exocrine into [...] Read more.

Transcription factors control the development of the endocrine pancreas in various mammals. In humans, paired box-4 (PAX4) and aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) allocate endocrine progenitor cells toward β-cell and α-cell specification, respectively. In adulthood, PAX4 contributes to reprogramming α-cells into β-cells and exocrine into endocrine cells; induction of ARX in β-cells drives them to reprogram into α-cells. Feline diabetes mellitus has a similar pathophysiology to human type 2 diabetes, but information about the role of these transcription factors is unavailable in diabetic cats. The study aim was to test whether diabetic cats have an increased number of pancreatic cells expressing developmental markers of β- and α-cells, respectively, suggesting reprogramming. In 9 diabetic and 9 well-matched control cats, pancreas was collected, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded. Tissue slides were labelled for insulin, glucagon, PAX4, and ARX. Positive cells for each marker and double-positive cells for their combinations were counted in the pancreas and compared between groups. Against controls, diabetic cats had fewer insulin-positive cells in the islets (p = 0.001) and exocrine pancreas (p = 0.038); glucagon-positive cells were similar. In the islets, diabetic cats had higher counts of insulin/glucagon-positive cells (p = 0.024), PAX4-positive cells (p = 0.038), as well as PAX4/insulin-positive cells (p = 0.027). In conclusion, in diabetic cats, the increased number of islet cells expressing PAX4 leads to the hypothesis that β-cells change to an earlier stage of differentiation or that novel β-cells are formed. Furthermore, the higher count of islet insulin/glucagon-positive cells might indicate that α-cells transform into β-cells or vice versa. Hence, reprogramming seems possible in diabetic cats, specifically in the islets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Morphology and Histopathology in Veterinary Medicine)

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