Veterinary Sciences

15 pages, 2323 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Outcome Analysis of a Horse with Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fracture Complicated by Flexor Tendinitis

by Zhiyuan Zhang, Yang Yang, Yuhui Ma, Zhanhai Mai, Han Fu, Xutian Wang, Xiongjian Cao, Tianqing Li, Jianlong Li and Qingyong Guo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010040 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

With the growing popularity of equestrian sports, the incidence of athletic injuries in horses has also risen. Among these injuries, proximal sesamoid bone fracture (PSBF) and flexor tendinitis are particularly common in the forelimbs of sport horses and represent major causes of musculoskeletal [...] Read more.

With the growing popularity of equestrian sports, the incidence of athletic injuries in horses has also risen. Among these injuries, proximal sesamoid bone fracture (PSBF) and flexor tendinitis are particularly common in the forelimbs of sport horses and represent major causes of musculoskeletal impairment. A 5-year-old horse presented with obvious symptoms such as swelling at the left fetlock joint and metacarpal region after exercise. Through lameness assessment, diagnostic imaging, and hematological testing, the horse was diagnosed with PSBF complicated by flexor tendinitis. The affected horse was treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs combined with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) therapy. After treatment, local microcirculation at the fracture and flexor tendon sites was improved, tissue healing was accelerated, and clinical indicators were stabilized. This case report demonstrates the potential of LIPUS-assisted therapy in promoting the recovery of horses with PSBF and concurrent flexor tendinitis, providing a valuable clinical reference for the management of complex musculoskeletal injuries in veterinary practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Progress of Equine Medical Research in China and Beyond—Second Edition)

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23 pages, 360 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Use of Agro-Industrial By-Products as Feed in Finishing Pigs

by Georgios Magklaras, Ioannis Skoufos, Eleftherios Bonos, Christos Zacharis, Konstantina Nikolaou, Evangelia Gouva, Ιlias Giannenas, Ioannis Giavasis and Athina Tzora

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010039 - 2 Jan 2026

Abstract

In modern animal production systems, the use of alternative feed sources is essential for reducing production costs, protecting natural resources, and improving meat quality. This study evaluated the impact of a unique silage—one produced by agro-industrial by-products—on the growth, meat quality, and health [...] Read more.

In modern animal production systems, the use of alternative feed sources is essential for reducing production costs, protecting natural resources, and improving meat quality. This study evaluated the impact of a unique silage—one produced by agro-industrial by-products—on the growth, meat quality, and health parameters of finishing pigs. Eighteen pigs (120 days old, 59.47 ± 0.85 kg) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments containing 0% (A), 5% (B), or 10% (C) silage. After 60 days, blood samples were collected for hematological and biochemical analyses; this was followed by slaughter for the collection of muscle tissues (triceps brachii, external abdominal oblique) and intestinal digesta (ileum, cecum). Final body weight did not differ among groups (124.54 ± 1.51 kg), and meat composition (fat, protein, collagen, and ash) and pH were unaffected (p > 0.05). ALT levels were significantly lower in group C than in A (p = 0.030). In the ileum, Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci populations decreased, whereas Lactobacilli increased in B and C (p ≤ 0.05). Cecal Enterococci were reduced in both B and C (p ≤ 0.01), with a tendency for increased Lactobacilli in B. Group C showed higher total phenolic content (p ≤ 0.05) and an improved ω-6/ω-3 ratio (15.09 vs. 17.54 in A). The TBARS values did not differ among treatments. Campylobacter jejuni counts were lower in treatment C, and no Salmonella or Listeria monocytogenes were detected in any samples. The meat color of the triceps brachii was redder in treatments B and C (p = 0.001). Overall, the innovative silage increased phenolic content, supported improvements in gut microbiota, and maintained meat quality, indicating its potential as a sustainable feed ingredient. Full article

12 pages, 884 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of 2.0 and 3.5 mm Cortical Bone Screw Dimensions

by William T. McCartney, Ciprian Ober, Bryan J. Mac Donald and Christos Yiapanis

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010038 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Investigation and quality assessment of veterinary orthopaedic implants are seldom undertaken, despite their critical role in clinical outcomes. Dimensional accuracy is particularly important for screw–bone interface stability. This study aimed to evaluate the dimensional consistency of commonly used veterinary bone screws. Sixty unused [...] Read more.

Investigation and quality assessment of veterinary orthopaedic implants are seldom undertaken, despite their critical role in clinical outcomes. Dimensional accuracy is particularly important for screw–bone interface stability. This study aimed to evaluate the dimensional consistency of commonly used veterinary bone screws. Sixty unused stainless steel cortical screws (2.0 mm and 3.5 mm) were randomly selected from larger batches. Each screw was examined microscopically, and six measurements were obtained from three distinct regions along the screw length. Major (outer) diameter and pitch were recorded and compared against standard tolerance ranges. For 2.0 mm screws, 28.6% of major diameter and 75% of pitch measurements were outside the tolerance range. For 3.5 mm screws, only 56% (major diameter) and 26% (pitch) of measurements fell within tolerance. With the exception of the major diameter of the 2.0 mm screws, most screws exhibited dimensional variation along their length. This study demonstrates considerable variability in screw dimensions within and between individual screws of the same classification. While tolerance ranges are expected between different screws, dimensional uniformity is essential along the length of a single screw. The observed variability indicates suboptimal manufacturing quality, which may compromise screw–bone interface integrity and clinical performance. These findings highlight the need for improved quality control in the production of veterinary orthopaedic implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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13 pages, 12016 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Multidisciplinary Surgical Treatment of Hepatic Abscess in a Geriatric Dog with Congenital Extrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

by Kyu-Duk Yeon, Jin-Young Choi, Ji-Hyeok Seo, Joong-Yeon Choi, Chang-Hun Moon and Jung-Hyun Kim

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010037 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Hepatic abscesses are uncommon in dogs and typically develop secondary to biliary tract disease or ascending bacterial infections. Although congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS) is known to impair hepatic perfusion and immune clearance, its potential role in predisposing geriatric dogs to hepatic abscess [...] Read more.

Hepatic abscesses are uncommon in dogs and typically develop secondary to biliary tract disease or ascending bacterial infections. Although congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS) is known to impair hepatic perfusion and immune clearance, its potential role in predisposing geriatric dogs to hepatic abscess formation has not been previously reported. This case report describes the diagnostic approach, therapeutic decision-making, and clinical outcome of a geriatric dog in which a multidrug-resistant hepatic abscess occurred in association with congenital EHPSS, and to propose a pathophysiologic link between chronic portal hypoperfusion and intrahepatic infection. An 11-year-old neutered male Maltese dog with a known EHPSS presented with acute anorexia and lethargy. Diagnostic imaging revealed a hepatic abscess adjacent to the gallbladder, and cytology confirmed a septic process. Despite targeted meropenem therapy based on antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the abscess failed to regress and C-reactive protein levels continued to rise. Concern for persistent biliary contamination and impaired hepatic immune clearance led to surgical intervention. A combined procedure—partial hepatic lobectomy, cholecystectomy, and shunt attenuation—was performed. Postoperative hypotension was managed successfully with vasopressors and transfusion. The patient recovered uneventfully, and at four-month follow-up, hepatic enzyme activities normalized and liver size increased. These findings highlight the need to evaluate hepatic infections in dogs with EHPSS as a potential consequence of impaired hepatic immune clearance rather than an incidental finding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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17 pages, 3309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effects of Sanguinarine and Achyranthes bidentata Polysaccharides on Growth and Immunity in Yellow-Feathered Broilers

by Xiaolong Wang, Zhuying Liu, Longteng Ma and Wenbin Chen

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010036 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

The search for natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics is a central focus in sustainable poultry production. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of Sanguinarine (SA) and Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides (ABPS), two bioactive compounds derived from Chinese herbs, on the growth performance [...] Read more.

The search for natural alternatives to in-feed antibiotics is a central focus in sustainable poultry production. This study investigated the individual and combined effects of Sanguinarine (SA) and Achyranthes bidentata polysaccharides (ABPS), two bioactive compounds derived from Chinese herbs, on the growth performance and immune function of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 1728 one-day-old female broilers were randomly allocated to 36 treatment groups in a 6 × 6 factorial arrangement, with factors being six levels of SA (0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.75 mg/kg) and six levels of ABPS (0, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 mg/kg). Over an 8-week period, growth performance indicators, including average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR), were monitored. Immune status was assessed through relative weights of immune organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, spleen) and lymphocyte proliferation at 4 and 8 weeks of age. The results demonstrated that SA supplementation significantly improved ADG during the initial 0–2-week period, while its effects on ADFI and FCR varied across different growth stages. ABPS supplementation was most effective in reducing FCR throughout the experiment, with the optimal effect observed at 500 mg/kg. Regarding immune parameters, SA at 0.7 mg/kg yielded the highest relative immune organ weights and lymphocyte proliferation at 4 weeks, whereas 0.5 mg/kg was most effective for lymphocyte proliferation at 8 weeks. ABPS at 500 mg/kg consistently promoted immune organ development and lymphocyte proliferation. A significant synergistic interaction between SA and ABPS was identified for several key outcomes. This interaction influenced ADG and ADFI at 8 weeks of age, relative thymus weight at 4 weeks, and lymphocyte proliferation at both 4 and 8 weeks. Notably, the combination of SA at 0.5 mg/kg and ABPS at 300 mg/kg (A₃B₃) produced a marked enhancement in lymphocyte proliferation. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with SA, ABPS, or their combination can modulate growth performance and enhance immune function in yellow-feathered broilers. The effects are dose-dependent and can be synergistic, with the combination of 0.5 mg/kg SA and 300 mg/kg ABPS showing particular promise for boosting cell-mediated immunity. These findings support the potential of SA and ABPS as beneficial natural feed additives for antibiotic-free poultry production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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24 pages, 491 KB

Open AccessArticle

Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology (ALIVE): Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, (Euglycaemic) Diabetic Ketosis/Ketoacidosis, and Diabetic Remission—A Modified Delphi-Method-Based System to Create Consensus Definitions

by Stijn J. M. Niessen, Robert Shiel, Astrid Wehner, Miguel Campos, Sylvie Daminet, Federico Fracassi, Peter Graham, Jérémie Korchia, Patty Lathan, Rodolfo Leal, Diego Daniel Miceli, Carmel T. Mooney, Maria de los Doloros Perez Alenza, Mark E. Peterson, Johan P. Schoeman and on behalf of the ESVE/SCE membership

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010035 - 1 Jan 2026

Abstract

Companion animal endocrinology has benefited from international standardisation of disease terminology for diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s syndrome, and hypoadrenocorticism through Project Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology (ALIVE). A group of 14 experts and one chair convened for the third cycle of Project ALIVE, focusing [...] Read more.

Companion animal endocrinology has benefited from international standardisation of disease terminology for diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s syndrome, and hypoadrenocorticism through Project Agreeing Language in Veterinary Endocrinology (ALIVE). A group of 14 experts and one chair convened for the third cycle of Project ALIVE, focusing on thyroid disease terminology. The cycle employed the modified Delphi approach from previous cycles, augmented by procedural refinements—such as inclusion of an off-site chair and stricter adherence to timelines —to improve efficiency and flexibility. Novel in this round was the integration of feedback from a previous cycle, which resulted in updated definitions for diabetes mellitus originally developed in ALIVE Cycle 1. Outcomes: A 100% consensus was achieved among panellists and 91.4–100% among 105 members of international veterinary endocrinology societies (32% of total memberships) over 78 thyroid-related terminology items and five revised definitions pertaining to diabetes mellitus. These standardised definitions are expected to facilitate clearer communication and education, enhance diagnostic consistency, support research comparability, and improve clinical care in feline and canine endocrine diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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11 pages, 1124 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Road to Cancer Care: Understanding How Far Owners Travel for Their Pets’ Oncology Treatment

by Angus Lane, Kelly L. Bowlt Blacklock and Laura Blackwood

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010034 - 31 Dec 2025

Abstract

Access to specialist veterinary oncology services may be influenced by geographic, demographic, and patient-related factors. Understanding travel burden is important for identifying potential barriers to care and designing more equitable service delivery models. This study quantified the distance travelled by owners seeking specialist [...] Read more.

Access to specialist veterinary oncology services may be influenced by geographic, demographic, and patient-related factors. Understanding travel burden is important for identifying potential barriers to care and designing more equitable service delivery models. This study quantified the distance travelled by owners seeking specialist oncology care at a UK veterinary teaching hospital and examined whether species, age, breed, and insurance status were associated with travel patterns. A retrospective review was conducted of all dogs and cats presenting to the Oncology Service at the Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh, between 1 December 2018 and 31 October 2025. Owner postcodes were used to calculate distances from residence to the hospital. Distances were compared across species (dog vs. cat), breed (pure-breed vs. mixed-breed), age (<7 vs. ≥7 years), and insurance status (insured vs. uninsured). A total of 3074 cases were included. In univariate analysis, dogs travelled significantly further than cats (p < 0.001), pure-breed animals travelled significantly further than mixed-breed animals (p < 0.001), and younger animals travelled significantly further than older animals (p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, species, age, and insurance status were significant, with dogs (p < 0.001), younger animals (p = 0.012), and uninsured animals (p = 0.008) travelling further. These findings highlight potential geographic inequities in access to specialist care and underscore the need for alternative service-delivery strategies to improve accessibility, particularly for cats and younger animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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18 pages, 2902 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Functional Analysis of Porcine CR1-like Proteins in C4b-Mediated Immune Responses

by Wei Yin, Nan Wang, Jingze Li, Haoxiang Yao, Qiongyu Li, Hongquan Li, Kuohai Fan, Jia Zhong, Zhenbiao Zhang, Na Sun, Panpan Sun, Huizhen Yang, Jianzhong Wang and Yaogui Sun

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010033 - 30 Dec 2025

Abstract

The complement system is crucial for immune defense, linking innate and adaptive immunity. In the classical and lectin pathways, C4 is split into C4b, triggering opsonization, lysis, and the removal of pathogens and damaged cells. Dysregulated activation of C4 and other components of [...] Read more.

The complement system is crucial for immune defense, linking innate and adaptive immunity. In the classical and lectin pathways, C4 is split into C4b, triggering opsonization, lysis, and the removal of pathogens and damaged cells. Dysregulated activation of C4 and other components of the classical pathway can lead to tissue damage and heightened inflammation, whereas appropriate regulation of C4b activity serves to mitigate excessive inflammation and prevent injury. ELISA analysis demonstrated C4 activation and cleavage during the co-incubation of PRRSV with fresh porcine serum. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that porcine red blood cells could immunologically adhere to PRRSV, and C4b was involved in this adhesion process. BLAST (NCBI BLAST+ 2.14.1) analysis revealed that porcine CR1-like CCPs 1-3, CR1-like CCPs 12-14, and CR1-like CCPs 19-21 share high similarity with the CCP 1-3 region of human CR1, which mediates C4b binding. Yeast two-hybrid assays confirmed that all three CR1-like fragments bind C4b. To elucidate the interaction mechanism, homology models of C4b and CR1-like fragments were constructed, followed by molecular docking and dynamics simulations, identifying 18 key amino acids in porcine CR1-like involved in C4b binding. Surface plasmon resonance further validated the binding affinity of CR1-like CCPs 1-3, its mutant 118I, and C4b. These results enhance our understanding of complement regulation and provide a foundation for developing therapeutic strategies targeting complement-related diseases. Full article

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19 pages, 3273 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of an H3N2 Canine Influenza Virus Isolated from a Dog in Jiangsu, China, in 2025

by Jingwen Peng, Xinyu Miao, Xinyi Zhang, Zhifan Li, Yiling Wang, Guofang Liu, Lei Na, Nuo Xu and Daxin Peng

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010032 - 29 Dec 2025

Abstract

To investigate the molecular characteristics of H3N2 canine influenza viruses circulating in Jiangsu, China, we isolated a H3N2 strain (A/Canine/Nanjing/CnNj01-2025) from a dog presenting with respiratory signs at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Nanjing Agricultural University. All eight gene segments were sequenced and [...] Read more.

To investigate the molecular characteristics of H3N2 canine influenza viruses circulating in Jiangsu, China, we isolated a H3N2 strain (A/Canine/Nanjing/CnNj01-2025) from a dog presenting with respiratory signs at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Nanjing Agricultural University. All eight gene segments were sequenced and compared with those of two human H3N2 strains and five avian H3N2 strains. Antigenicity and receptor-binding properties were also assessed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the canine isolate descended from the avian lineage and formed an independent evolutionary clade, while the human strains were more distantly related to the avian lineage. Glycosylation analysis of the HA protein revealed that the canine strain carried seven N-glycosylation sites, including a unique site at residue 97/81 (HA/H3 numbering), which serves as a molecular signature of the canine strain. Several amino-acid substitutions were identified in major antigenic sites, including D97/81N, A176/160T, N204/188D, V212/196I, and W237/222L. Analysis of internal genes showed that the canine strain harbored PB2 292T and 590S mammalian adaptation mutations, which are also present in human strains. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays of the canine strain indicated moderate serologic cross-reactivity with a human H3N2 antiserum (16-fold reduction), whereas avian strains showed no cross-reactivity. Receptor-binding assays demonstrated that the virus retained predominant α-2,3 sialic acid binding, comparable to that of avian influenza viruses, and gained a modest affinity for human-type α-2,6 sialic acid receptors. Therefore, the canine H3N2 virus has undergone significant antigenic drift, developed partial serological cross-reactivity with human strains, and acquired detectable but limited binding affinity for human-type receptors. Overall, our findings suggest that the current canine H3N2 influenza virus exhibits distinct genetic and antigenic variations from human and avian strains. Continuous molecular and serological surveillance of canine influenza viruses is therefore warranted to monitor their evolutionary trends and assess the potential for cross-species transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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12 pages, 1605 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Coexistence of Rete Ovarii Cysts and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia in a Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)—A Detailed Clinical Case Report

by Mario García-González, Victoria Valiño-Cultelli, Silvia Fernández-Martín, Mónica Vila-Pastor and Antonio González-Cantalapiedra

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010031 - 28 Dec 2025

Abstract

Reproductive system diseases are common in guinea pigs, but cases presenting with the coexistence of ovarian cysts and cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) are poorly documented. This case describes a two-year-old female with abdominal tenderness and an ultrasonographic diagnosis of bilateral ovarian cysts and [...] Read more.

Reproductive system diseases are common in guinea pigs, but cases presenting with the coexistence of ovarian cysts and cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) are poorly documented. This case describes a two-year-old female with abdominal tenderness and an ultrasonographic diagnosis of bilateral ovarian cysts and CEH, structured accordingly to the CARE guidelines. An ovariohysterectomy was performed via a ventral midline approach under multimodal anaesthesia and analgesia. Histopathological examination confirmed rete ovarii cysts and cystic endometrial hyperplasia. The postoperative course was uneventful, with complete recovery achieved within 21 days. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report, structured accordingly to the CARE guidelines, to provide complete clinical aspects, diagnostic testing (including imaging), treatment, and final confirmation of the diagnosis of both lesions in the same patient. Abdominal ultrasonography proved to be an essential tool for the simultaneous diagnosis of ovarian and uterine abnormalities in guinea pigs. Surgical management combined with multimodal anaesthesia ensured safe outcomes and satisfactory recovery. This case report also highlights the importance and value of structuring veterinary case reports according to the CARE guidelines, thereby improving the quality, transparency, and reproducibility of clinical reporting in exotic animal medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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29 pages, 4569 KB

Open AccessReview

Biochemical and Hepatic Determinants of Reproductive Failure in Reptiles: A Review of Dystocia Pathophysiology and Management

by Margot Morel, Michaela Gumpenberger, Hermann Kempf, Sarah Green, Remco A. Nederlof and Jaco Bakker

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010030 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

Dystocia represents a multifactorial and clinically significant reproductive disorder affecting a broad spectrum of reptilian species. Commonly resulting from prolonged vitellogenesis, endocrine disruption, or hepatic lipidosis, dystocia is often exacerbated by suboptimal husbandry or concurrent disease. This review critically evaluates the etiology, diagnostic [...] Read more.

Dystocia represents a multifactorial and clinically significant reproductive disorder affecting a broad spectrum of reptilian species. Commonly resulting from prolonged vitellogenesis, endocrine disruption, or hepatic lipidosis, dystocia is often exacerbated by suboptimal husbandry or concurrent disease. This review critically evaluates the etiology, diagnostic criteria, and therapeutic interventions associated with this condition. Emphasis is placed on the interplay between metabolic exhaustion and hepatic compromise, which may lower the threshold for surgical intervention. The efficacy and limitations of oxytocin-based protocols are discussed in the context of hormonal receptor variability and response attenuation. Advanced diagnostic modalities, including ultrasonography, radiography/CT, and biochemical profiling, are reviewed for their utility in case stratification. Finally, surgical management options are considered for cases refractory to medical treatment, with attention paid to timing, anesthetic risk, and post-operative care. Collectively, this synthesis aims to inform evidence-based clinical decision-making and promote improved standards of care in reptile reproductive medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 1282 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Sentinel Role of Erinaceus europaeus in Zoonotic Diseases Across Urban and Rural Environments: A One Health Perspective

by Sofia Rosa, Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira and Felisbina Pereira Queiroga

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010029 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

The western-European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is widely distributed across Europe and increasingly interacts with humans and domestic animals due to urban expansion and habitat fragmentation. This review synthesize current knowledge on the zoonotic agents associated with E. europaeus and evaluates its [...] Read more.

The western-European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is widely distributed across Europe and increasingly interacts with humans and domestic animals due to urban expansion and habitat fragmentation. This review synthesize current knowledge on the zoonotic agents associated with E. europaeus and evaluates its potential role as a sentinel species within a One Health framework. Numerous bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths have been reported in this species, reflecting its ecological adaptability and continuous exposure to diverse environmental sources of infection. The hedgehog’s ability to thrive in both rural and urban settings makes it a valuable bioindicator of environmental health, pathogen circulation and anthropogenic pressures. Understanding the ecological interactions and pathogen dynamics of E. europaeus contributes to improving surveillance strategies, supporting integrated approaches to disease prevention and control, and reinforcing the importance of wildlife in One Health initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Wildlife Health: Surveillance and Management of Infectious Diseases)

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24 pages, 3702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dandelion Extracts on the Ruminal Microbiota, Metabolome, and Systemic Inflammation in Dairy Goats Fed a High-Concentrate Diet

by Mussa Suleiman Mgeni, Li Zhang, Yu Chen, Xianwen Dong, Ziqing Xiu, Junqiu Zhang, Juncai Chen and Yawang Sun

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010028 - 27 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study examined the effect of dandelion extracts on the ruminal microbiota, metabolome, and inflammatory response in dairy goats fed a high-concentrate diet. Eighteen Guanzhong dairy goats were assigned to three groups: low-concentrate diet group (L group, F:C = 60:40), high-concentrate diet group [...] Read more.

This study examined the effect of dandelion extracts on the ruminal microbiota, metabolome, and inflammatory response in dairy goats fed a high-concentrate diet. Eighteen Guanzhong dairy goats were assigned to three groups: low-concentrate diet group (L group, F:C = 60:40), high-concentrate diet group (H group, F:C = 35:65), and dandelion group (D) with 1% dandelion extracts based on the H group. Over six weeks, milk, blood, and ruminal fluid were collected to analyze pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), inflammatory markers, microbiome, and metabolome. Feed intake was significantly higher in the H and D groups than in the L group. Ruminal pH decreased in the H group, acetate was significantly higher in the L and D groups, and serum IgA was higher in D group. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were dominant rumen phyla, and dandelion supplementation significantly increased Proteobacteria. Prevotella abundance was enriched in the L and D groups and showed a positive correlation with acetate. Dandelion extracts also increased the production of trans-3-Hydroxy-L-proline and 7-Ethyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dimethylazulene in the rumen while improving amino acid and lipid metabolism. Overall, supplementation of dandelion extracts positively influenced rumen microbiota, enhanced production of beneficial metabolites, and positively influenced immune function in dairy goats fed high-concentrate diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Feeds and Additives on Metabolic or Metabolomic Research on Animal Production)

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18 pages, 3331 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Prevalence and Genotypic Diversity of Theileria equi in Xinjiang, China, Based on Three Genes

by Sinan Qin, Telieke Kulabieke, Duman Mizhamuhan, Mengyuan Zhang, Min Jin, Gulibositan Abula, Mengjie Pi, Haorui Wang, Yang Zhang and Qingyong Guo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010027 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Equine theileriosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria equi, represents a significant economic threat to the equine industry. In Xinjiang, China, an endemic area for this disease, systematic research on the genetic diversity of T. equi has been notably lacking. The aim [...] Read more.

Equine theileriosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria equi, represents a significant economic threat to the equine industry. In Xinjiang, China, an endemic area for this disease, systematic research on the genetic diversity of T. equi has been notably lacking. The aim of this study was to obtain molecular epidemiological data pertaining to the parasite in selected regions of Xinjiang, China, and analyze the genetic characteristics (including 18S rRNA, EMA-1, and COI genes) and genotype distribution patterns of isolates from these regions, providing a scientific basis for developing targeted prevention and control strategies. Blood samples were collected from 440 horses across four regions (Altay, Ili, Tacheng, and Urumqi) and subjected to PCR assays. Positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic and haplotype network analyses, and genetic diversity indices were calculated. The overall infection rate of T. equi was 38.41% (169/440), with Tacheng having the highest prevalence (86.27%) and Altay the lowest (20.88%); these regional differences were statistically significant. Phylogenetic analysis identified two genotypes of the 18S rRNA gene: genotype E (predominant) and genotype A. All EMA-1 sequences clustered exclusively within genotype A. Notably, all COI gene sequences formed a monophyletic group, exhibiting closer genetic relationships to isolates from France and Senegal. This study presents the first comprehensive genotyping of T. equi in Xinjiang based on three target genes and constructs an associated haplotype network. The analysis identified 18S rRNA genotype E and EMA-1 genotype A as the predominant genotypes. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of T. equi was found to be higher in Urumqi than in the other regions studied. Full article

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12 pages, 732 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Identification, Occurrence, and Risk Factors for Small Babesia Species Among American Stafford Terriers in Serbia

by Dajana Davitkov, Milica Kovačević Filipović, Dimitrije Glišić, Elmin Tarić, Anja Ilić Bozović, Milena Radaković and Darko Davitkov

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010026 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

In Serbia, Babesia canis is the predominant cause of canine babesiosis, while B. gibsoni and B. vulpes have been reported only sporadically. Limited awareness of these small Babesia species often leads to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. International reports indicate that American Staffordshire Terriers [...] Read more.

In Serbia, Babesia canis is the predominant cause of canine babesiosis, while B. gibsoni and B. vulpes have been reported only sporadically. Limited awareness of these small Babesia species often leads to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. International reports indicate that American Staffordshire Terriers (ASTs) and related breeds are particularly affected. This study examined 101 ASTs over a two-year period to determine the occurrence of small Babesia species and identify dog- and owner-related risk factors. Collected data included age, sex, body condition score (BCS), clinical signs, presence of scars, history of vector-borne diseases (VBD), living conditions, antiparasitic prophylaxis, and tick exposure. Molecular identification using PCR and Sanger sequencing revealed that 37 dogs were positive for Babesia spp.; among them, 36 were infected with B. gibsoni and one with B. vulpes. Significant risk factors associated with infection included the presence of scars, low BCS, history of VBDs, tick exposure, and living in rural areas. These findings demonstrate a notably high occurrence of B. gibsoni and the presence of B. vulpes in ASTs in Serbia. The results highlight the need for improved awareness, accurate molecular diagnostics, and targeted preventive and therapeutic measures. Additionally, observed risk factors suggest chronic infection and support transmission pathways linked to dog bites and tick exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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29 pages, 1902 KB

Open AccessReview

Therapeutic Agents Targeting the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway to Combat Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Inflammation in Veterinary and Translational Medicine

by Muhammad Zahoor Khan, Shuhuan Li, Abd Ullah, Yan Li, Mohammed Abohashrh, Fuad M. Alzahrani, Khalid J. Alzahrani, Khalaf F. Alsharif, Changfa Wang and Qingshan Ma

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010025 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

This review synthesizes research on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in intestinal health across human, livestock, and mouse models. The Nrf2 signaling pathway serves as a master regulator of cellular antioxidant defenses and a key therapeutic target for intestinal inflammatory disorders, [...] Read more.

This review synthesizes research on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in intestinal health across human, livestock, and mouse models. The Nrf2 signaling pathway serves as a master regulator of cellular antioxidant defenses and a key therapeutic target for intestinal inflammatory disorders, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The interplay between oxidative stress, Nrf2 signaling, and NF-κB inflammatory cascades represents a critical axis in the pathogenesis and resolution of intestinal inflammation. Under normal physiological conditions, Nrf2 remains sequestered in the cytoplasm by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), which facilitates its ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. However, during oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrophilic compounds modify critical cysteine residues on Keap1, disrupting the Keap1-Nrf2 interaction and enabling Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Once in the nucleus, Nrf2 binds to antioxidant response elements (ARE) in the promoter regions of genes encoding phase II detoxifying enzymes and antioxidant proteins, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and glutamate-cysteine ligase. This comprehensive review synthesizes current evidence demonstrating that activation of Nrf2 signaling confers protection against intestinal inflammation through multiple interconnected mechanisms: suppression of NF-κB-mediated pro-inflammatory cascades, enhancement of cellular antioxidant capacity, restoration of intestinal barrier integrity, modulation of immune cell function, and favorable alteration of gut microbiota composition. We systematically examine a diverse array of therapeutic agents targeting Nrf2 signaling, including bioactive peptides, natural polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, probiotics, and synthetic compounds. The mechanistic insights and therapeutic evidence presented underscore the translational potential of Nrf2 pathway modulation as a multi-targeted strategy for managing intestinal inflammatory conditions and restoring mucosal homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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15 pages, 3721 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Oviducts in Wanyue Black Pigs with Different Parities Based on RNA-Seq

by Hanyu Zhou, Huibin Zhang, Ping Wu, Fang Tian, Jinyu Guan, Yifan Sun, Xiaodong Zhang and Zongjun Yin

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010024 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying parity’s impact on sow reproductive function by comparing the transcriptome profiles of high-parity (9 parities) and low-parity (1 parity) Wanyue Black pigs. Oviduct tissues were collected and subjected to RNA-seq analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were [...] Read more.

This study investigates the molecular mechanisms underlying parity’s impact on sow reproductive function by comparing the transcriptome profiles of high-parity (9 parities) and low-parity (1 parity) Wanyue Black pigs. Oviduct tissues were collected and subjected to RNA-seq analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the DESeq2 algorithm. A total of 4218 DEGs were detected, with 2421 up-regulated and 1797 down-regulated genes. Functional enrichment analysis using GO and KEGG revealed that these DEGs were significantly associated with reproductive pathways, including cilium movement, oocyte maturation, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis highlighted key genes such as HSD3B1 and DNAI1, which play central roles in the parity differences. The expression patterns of selected candidate genes were further validated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the results were consistent with the RNA-seq data, confirming the reliability of our findings. This study provides valuable insights into the molecular regulation of parity in sows and offers a theoretical basis for optimizing reproductive management and breeding strategies in pig production. Full article

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9 pages, 1375 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Molecular Characterization of Avulaviruses Isolated from Mallard Ducks in Moscow in 2008–2024

by Anastasia Treshchalina, Elizaveta Boravleva, Daria Gordeeva and Alexandra Gambaryan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010023 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Species of the orders Charadriiformes and Anseriformes serve as the primary long-distance disseminators of various avulaviruses. The most economically significant among them is Newcastle disease virus (NDV), or Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOAV-1), which causes diseases of varying severity in both domestic and wild [...] Read more.

Species of the orders Charadriiformes and Anseriformes serve as the primary long-distance disseminators of various avulaviruses. The most economically significant among them is Newcastle disease virus (NDV), or Avian orthoavulavirus 1 (AOAV-1), which causes diseases of varying severity in both domestic and wild birds. Other avulaviruses have been studied to a much lesser extent, and for most of them, only single isolates are known, which does not allow a comprehensive assessment of their potential threat. To evaluate the biological diversity and potential risks posed by avian paramyxoviruses spread by wild waterfowl during autumn migration, fecal samples from mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) (n = 3604) were collected at water bodies in Moscow and the Moscow Region between 2008 and 2024. From these samples, AOAV-1 (n = 4) and Avian paraavulavirus 4 (APMV-4) (n = 9) were isolated and partially sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all AOAV-1 isolates belong to genotype 1 of class II, while all APMV-4 isolates belong to the Eurasian subgenotype of genotype 1. Analysis of the F protein cleavage site motif indicated conformity with the consensus sequences characteristic of lentogenic and non-pathogenic avian paramyxoviruses in all isolates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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13 pages, 769 KB

Open AccessArticle

Milk Biomarkers and Herd Welfare Status in Dairy Cattle: A Machine Learning Approach

by Daniela Elena Babiciu, Anamaria Blaga Petrean, Sorana Daina, Daniela Mihaela Neagu, Eva Andrea Lazar and Silvana Popescu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13010022 - 25 Dec 2025

Abstract

Routine milk-recording data may provide valuable insights into dairy cow welfare, although their ability to accurately reflect herd-level welfare outcomes remains unclear. This study explored the associations between routinely collected milk biomarkers and farm-level welfare status using a comparative machine learning approach. Using [...] Read more.

Routine milk-recording data may provide valuable insights into dairy cow welfare, although their ability to accurately reflect herd-level welfare outcomes remains unclear. This study explored the associations between routinely collected milk biomarkers and farm-level welfare status using a comparative machine learning approach. Using the Welfare Quality^® (WQ^®) protocol, 43 commercial dairy farms were classified as Enhanced, Acceptable, or Not Classified. Farm-level milk variables included somatic cell count (SCC), differential somatic cell count (DSCC), fat-to-protein ratio (FPR), fat, protein, casein, lactose, urea, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), acetone, total plate count (TPC), and morning milk yield. Kruskal–Wallis tests revealed significant differences among welfare classes for DSCC, SCC, lactose, and milk yield (False Discovery Rate-adjusted p < 0.05). Six machine learning algorithms were trained using 10-fold stratified cross-validation. The Elastic-Net (ENET) model showed the highest mean performance (Accuracy = 0.72 ± 0.19; Kappa = 0.56 ± 0.31), followed by Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron (Accuracy = 0.70). Model accuracy exhibited substantial variability across cross-validation folds, reflecting the limited sample size and class imbalance. Across models, the most influential variables were SCC, DSCC, lactose, milk yield, FPR, fat, and urea. Overall, the findings provide preliminary and exploratory evidence that routine milk biomarkers capture welfare-relevant patterns at the herd level, supporting their potential role as complementary indicators within data-driven welfare assessment frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Barn to Table: Animal Health, Welfare, and Food Safety)

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