Veterinary Sciences

26 pages, 842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Effects of Using Natural Fermented Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotics on Fattening Performance, Blood Parameters, and Intestinal Microflora in Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress

by Sadık Serkan Aydin, Mehmet Avci, Nurcan Kirar, Ahmet Oruç, Mehmet Savrunlu and Aydin Daş

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050488 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2026

Abstract

Heat stress is a major environmental challenge in poultry production, negatively affecting growth performance, physiological functions, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics prepared from meadow grass with molasses (PJFM) and commercial probiotics (TP) on [...] Read more.

Heat stress is a major environmental challenge in poultry production, negatively affecting growth performance, physiological functions, and intestinal health in broiler chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotics prepared from meadow grass with molasses (PJFM) and commercial probiotics (TP) on fattening performance, blood parameters, and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens under heat stress. A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (initial body weight: 46.72 ± 0.18 g) were used in a 42-day trial. The chicks were divided into six groups of 10 birds each, with four replicates. The study groups were divided into six groups: control (TNC) under normal environmental conditions (TN), PFJM (TNPJFM) and commercial probiotic (TNTP) supplemented in their drinking water, and control (HSC), HSPFJM, and HSTP under heat stress (HS) conditions. Temperature (34.5–36.2 °C) was applied for 42 days. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were 1.2 × 10¹² cfu/mL in PFJM, and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was the predominant species. Probiotics were added to the chicks’ drinking water at 0.5 mL/L. The control groups’ water was free of probiotics. This study revealed a decrease in body weight and body weight gain and a worse feed conversion ratio in the HSC group. The lowest carcass weight under heat stress was in the HSC group, and the highest was in the HSPFJM group. The lowest gizzard and highest bursa Fabricius percentages were in the probiotic-containing groups. Blood glucose and uric acid decreased in the HSPFJM group. In the HSC group, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) decreased, while E. coli, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (TAB), enterobacteria, and yeast increased. In the probiotic-supplemented groups, LAB increased, while E. coli, yeast, and enterobacteria decreased. The study results suggest that PJFM supplementation may positively impact intestinal health in chickens exposed to heat stress, supporting growth performance and health parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Fermentation and Animal Health: Nutrition and Metabolism)

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17 pages, 2279 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Analysis of Domestic Ducks’ Proventriculus Infected with Eustrongylides tubifex (Nitzsch 1819) Jägerskiöld 1909

by Cuilan Hao, Yujiao Bai, Shenzhen Xia, Cheng Yue, Adili Abudu, Jianyong Hu and Wei Guo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050487 (registering DOI) - 18 May 2026

Abstract

Gastric nematodes can cause severe diarrheal diseases of waterfowl and threaten waterfowl health and productivity. The immune response mechanism of the host against this parasite is unclear. We investigated the transcriptomic changes, immune related pathways and adaptive molecular responses in infected ducks. RNA [...] Read more.

Gastric nematodes can cause severe diarrheal diseases of waterfowl and threaten waterfowl health and productivity. The immune response mechanism of the host against this parasite is unclear. We investigated the transcriptomic changes, immune related pathways and adaptive molecular responses in infected ducks. RNA sequencing of the gastric tissues of infected and control ducks was followed by differential expression using DESeq2, and functional enrichment and protein–protein interaction networks were constructed. There were 1983 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1317 upregulated genes and 666 downregulated genes. GO and KEGG analyses showed considerable enrichment in immune response, extracellular matrix organization, and chemotaxis and cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, suggesting systemic immune activation and tissue remodeling. The protein–protein interaction network indicated several hub genes that might be central to host defense. Validation by RT-qPCR showed consistent expression trends for some DEGs. These results systematically outline the transcriptomic landscape of ducks infected with Eustrongylides tubifex, offering new insights into host–parasite interactions and immune modulation. The results enhance our understanding of anti-helminth immunity in waterfowl and may inform strategies for disease control in poultry production. Full article

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24 pages, 13201 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Potential Pathways Underlying Onion-Mediated Regulation of Spleen Immune Function in Liangshan Black Sheep

by Zengwen Huang, Jing Wang, Zhiqiu Huang, Gang Lv, Hehua Wang, Chaoyun Yang, Shengwang Jiang, Guiying Hao and Yi Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050486 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Feed additives play a crucial role in boosting livestock immunity, but their underlying molecular mechanisms are often incompletely understood. This study used integrated proteomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the immunomodulatory effects of dietary fermented onion (FO) on the spleen of Liangshan Black [...] Read more.

Feed additives play a crucial role in boosting livestock immunity, but their underlying molecular mechanisms are often incompletely understood. This study used integrated proteomics and metabolomics to systematically investigate the immunomodulatory effects of dietary fermented onion (FO) on the spleen of Liangshan Black Sheep. Results showed that FO supplementation significantly improved systemic antioxidant capacity and immune function, indicated by a higher spleen index and increased serum concentrations of SOD, MCP-1, and IL-2 (p < 0.05). Multi-omics profiling of spleen tissues identified 169 differentially expressed proteins and 168 differential metabolites. Integrated pathway enrichment revealed calcium signaling and purine metabolism as potential core regulatory hubs for the observed immunomodulation. This molecular remodeling correlated with key molecules including protein F2R and metabolites adenosine and hypoxanthine, which may form a coordinated regulatory network. Overall, our findings suggest potential pathways linking dietary FO supplementation to enhanced splenic immune function in Liangshan Black Sheep, likely via synergistic regulation of specific signaling pathways. This work supports FO as a promising functional feed additive and provides a molecular framework for developing novel immunomodulatory strategies in livestock production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies to Improve Animal Health and Immunity)

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14 pages, 1300 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Clinical, Pathological, and Antimicrobial Characteristics of Pasteurella multocida Infections in Extensively Reared Rabbits in Western Romania

by Vlad Iorgoni, Livia Stanga, Paula Nistor, Alexandru Gligor, Janos Degi, Bogdan Florea, Gabriel Orghici, Ionica Iancu, Cosmin Horatiu Maris, Ioan Cristian Dreghiciu and Viorel Herman

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050485 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Pasteurellosis is a major bacterial disease of domestic rabbits, commonly associated with respiratory disorders, abscesses, reproductive pathology, and systemic infections. This study investigated the occurrence, clinical manifestations, pathological lesions, and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates obtained from rabbits raised in traditional extensive systems [...] Read more.

Pasteurellosis is a major bacterial disease of domestic rabbits, commonly associated with respiratory disorders, abscesses, reproductive pathology, and systemic infections. This study investigated the occurrence, clinical manifestations, pathological lesions, and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates obtained from rabbits raised in traditional extensive systems in western Romania, with identification of Pasteurella multocida performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). A total of 308 rabbits from 23 holdings were clinically examined, necropsied when applicable, and subjected to bacteriological analysis. Clinical signs compatible with pasteurellosis were observed in 132 rabbits (42.9%), including respiratory diseases, abscess formation, otitis, and reproductive disorders. Samples collected from affected and deceased rabbits were cultured and analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS, confirming 87 isolates as P. multocida. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the VITEK 2 system revealed high resistance to tetracyclines (63.22%) and beta-lactams (55.17%), while higher susceptibility was observed for enrofloxacin (91.95%), gentamicin (89.66%), ciprofloxacin (86.21%), and florfenicol (80.46%). The presence of multidrug-resistant isolates highlights the need for laboratory-guided antimicrobial therapy and improved biosecurity measures in traditional rabbit holdings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Barn to Table: Animal Health, Welfare, and Food Safety)

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25 pages, 1794 KB

Open AccessReview

Application of Gene Editing Technology in Poultry

by Ruyu Liao, Rong Ran, Yixin Liu, Xinyi Zhou, Min Tan, Qigui Wang, Haiwei Wang and Xi Lan

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050484 (registering DOI) - 17 May 2026

Abstract

Gene editing technology, a revolutionary tool in molecular biology, enables precise modifications of genomic sequences and gene expression patterns, thereby conferring desired traits to cells or organisms. Since 2014, CRISPR/Cas9 has rapidly become the most widely used gene editing method in agricultural animals [...] Read more.

Gene editing technology, a revolutionary tool in molecular biology, enables precise modifications of genomic sequences and gene expression patterns, thereby conferring desired traits to cells or organisms. Since 2014, CRISPR/Cas9 has rapidly become the most widely used gene editing method in agricultural animals due to its high editing efficiency. Subsequently, the development of novel gene editing systems, such as base editors and prime editors, has provided enhanced precision and reduced off-target effects. These advancements have facilitated the transition of gene editing from laboratory research to clinical and agricultural applications. Gene editing has been extensively utilized to enhance production traits, improve disease resistance, facilitate disease detection, and establish disease models. This review outlines the development of gene editing technologies, discusses the advantages and limitations of key gene editing tools, and explores their applications in poultry. Furthermore, it examines the challenges and future prospects of gene editing in animal husbandry, including off-target effects, ethical concerns, and technical complexities. Full article

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21 pages, 1803 KB

Open AccessReview

Evidence and Clinical Applications of Natural Products in Veterinary Medicine: A Systematic Review of Clinoptilolite, Ozone Therapy, Propolis, and Phytotherapy

by Dražen Đuričić, Ivona Žura Žaja, Alicja Kowalczyk, Ksenija Vlahović, Hrvoje Valpotić, Mislav Kovačić, Marko Pećin and Marko Samardžija

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 483; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050483 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

The increasing demand for sustainable and antibiotic-free veterinary practices has stimulated interest in natural products such as clinoptilolite, ozone therapy, bee-derived products, and phytotherapy. This systematic review evaluates evidence from 2010 to 2026 regarding their clinical efficacy and mechanisms of action. A comprehensive [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for sustainable and antibiotic-free veterinary practices has stimulated interest in natural products such as clinoptilolite, ozone therapy, bee-derived products, and phytotherapy. This systematic review evaluates evidence from 2010 to 2026 regarding their clinical efficacy and mechanisms of action. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CAB Abstracts, Google Scholar, and regional veterinary journals using predefined keywords related to natural alternatives in veterinary medicine. These studies were critically appraised due to frequent methodological limitations, including lack of randomization and control groups. From 1124 identified records, 842 studies were screened after duplicates were removed, 214 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. A total of 96 studies meeting the predefined inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. Clinoptilolite consistently improved gastrointestinal health and detoxification in livestock. Ozone therapy demonstrated broad antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects, though standardized protocols are lacking. Bee-derived products, especially propolis exhibited strong antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, with variable clinical translation. Phytotherapy emerged as a promising alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Overall, the available evidence suggests that these natural interventions may serve as promising adjuncts in veterinary practice; however, their current application is constrained by heterogeneity, limited randomized controlled trials, and lack of standardized protocols. Consequently, they should be considered supportive rather than definitive alternatives to conventional therapies. Further well-designed, standardized clinical studies are required to confirm efficacy, optimize application, and support evidence-based integration into modern veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products in Veterinary Therapy: Evidence, Applications, and Integrative Approaches to Improve Animal Health and Welfare)

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19 pages, 917 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Shock Proteins 60 and 70, Ki67 and Caspase 3 Are Differentially Expressed in the Canine Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Uterus and Ovaries

by Schäfer-Somi Sabine, Binli Firdevs, Kaya Duygu, Karadag Muhammed Ali, Ay Serhan, Findik Murat and Aslan Selim

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050482 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) fulfil protective tasks in the whole organism; in pregnant dogs, they are expressed in the ovary, placenta and preimplantation embryo. Our objective was to compare the expression of HSP60 and -70, along with indicators of proliferation and apoptosis, in [...] Read more.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) fulfil protective tasks in the whole organism; in pregnant dogs, they are expressed in the ovary, placenta and preimplantation embryo. Our objective was to compare the expression of HSP60 and -70, along with indicators of proliferation and apoptosis, in the non-pregnant and pregnant uterus/placenta and ovaries. Tissues were obtained after ovariohysterectomy and examined by means of immunohistochemistry. There were differences between pregnant and non-pregnant tissues: the expression level of HSP70 during preimplantation in superficial cells was significantly lower than that in early diestrus, with similar results observed for Ki67. The immunosignal for HSP70 was significantly decreased during the postimplantation stage in almost all cell types, whilst the number of HSP60-positive cells did not change. In pregnant animals, the number of Ki67-positive cells significantly increased until the postimplantation stage. In the placenta and trophoblast, the expression of HSP60 and -70 was strong, while no HSP70 signal was detected in endometrial epithelial cells. The caspase 3 immunosignal in the uterus and placenta was generally weak. In the corpora lutea, HSP60, HSP70 and caspase 3 were mainly detected in theca lutein cells, while no signal for KI67 was seen. In follicles, caspase 3 and KI67 expression was low, except in granulosa cells of tertiary follicles and oocytes. We conclude that the different expression of HSPs in pregnant and non-pregnant animals may point towards different regulatory and/or protective tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

10 pages, 731 KB

Open AccessArticle

Breed-Specific Dental Variations in Dogs Assessing Malocclusions Using Computed Tomography (CT)

by Hamza Habib, Mumta Soothar, Xiaoxuan Pan, Mingfei Ding, Chengli Zheng, Ming Zhang and Ziyao Zhou

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 481; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050481 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

Dental malocclusions are common and often underdiagnosed situations in dogs, which might result in oral trauma, impaired mastication, and periodontal disease. Nevertheless, scientific investigations into breed-specific variations in dentition remain scarce. To evaluate breed-specific dental variations in dogs, a retrospective cross-sectional analysis was [...] Read more.

Dental malocclusions are common and often underdiagnosed situations in dogs, which might result in oral trauma, impaired mastication, and periodontal disease. Nevertheless, scientific investigations into breed-specific variations in dentition remain scarce. To evaluate breed-specific dental variations in dogs, a retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 92 clinical canine head computed tomography (CT) scans obtained in Chengdu, China, representing a range of breeds and skull morphologies. Dental alignment and occlusal relationships were calculated using standardized malocclusion classification criteria. As a result, malocclusions were found and identified in 46.7% of dogs. Among them, brachycephalic breeds indicated a high prevalence of malocclusion, with Shiba Inu dogs demonstrating the highest malocclusion rate (66.7%), whereas Golden Retrievers and Akitas showed the lowest prevalence (16.7%). Class I malocclusions characterized by dental crowding were most common (44.19%), followed by Class II malocclusions (overbite) (30.23%), and Class III malocclusions (underbite) (20.93%). Our findings demonstrated a strong association between skull morphology and dental alignment abnormalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—3rd Edition)

12 pages, 1691 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emerging Goatpox Virus Threat in Wild Ruminants: First Documented Outbreak in the United Arab Emirates, 2024

by Christiana Hebel, Ajith Kumar, Sunitha Joseph, Joerg Kinne, Nissy Annie Georgy Patteril, Florian Pfaff, Bernd Hoffmann, Rolf Schuster, Francois Le Grange and Ulrich Wernery

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 480; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050480 (registering DOI) - 16 May 2026

Abstract

The goatpox virus (GPV) is a highly contagious pathogen primarily affecting domestic small ruminants in endemic regions of Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. This study reports the first confirmed outbreak of GPV in captive wild ruminants in the United Arab Emirates [...] Read more.

The goatpox virus (GPV) is a highly contagious pathogen primarily affecting domestic small ruminants in endemic regions of Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. This study reports the first confirmed outbreak of GPV in captive wild ruminants in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The outbreak occurred in a fenced 900-hectare mountainous reserve following a period of heavy rainfall, and Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx), and Scimitar oryx (Oryx dammah) were affected. Clinical signs included generalized cutaneous nodules, mucopurulent nasal discharge, respiratory distress, weakness, and emaciation. Over a three-month period, 71 animals died or were euthanized. Histopathological findings were consistent with GPV infection in goats, although typical inclusion bodies were missing. Real-time PCR confirmed GPV DNA in multiple tissues with a high viral genome load. Virus isolation was successful only in lamb testis cells. Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that the isolates were genetically identical and clustered within the Central and Western Asia lineage, showing closest similarity to a Turkish field strain. The finding highlights the potential for cross-species transmission of GPV into wildlife and emphasizes the importance of surveillance, as well as molecular diagnostic and preventative vaccination strategies at the wildlife–livestock interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infections in Wild and Domestic Animals)

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19 pages, 3244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lactobacillus and Bacillus Improve Egg Production in Zhedong White Geese via Gut Microbiota–Metabolite–Endocrine Axis Modulation

by Ruilong Song, Biao Wang, Wan Zhang, Xiao Zhou, Shuyan Rui, Qi Wang, Hehuan Li, Xishuai Tong, Hui Zou, Yonggang Ma, Shufang Chen and Zongping Liu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 479; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050479 (registering DOI) - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Enhancing egg production in geese without antibiotics remains a challenge in poultry science. This study compared the effects of Lactobacillus (LAB) and Bacillus (BAC) probiotics on laying performance, gut microbiota, and serum metabolism in Zhedong White geese. Birds were fed a control diet [...] Read more.

Enhancing egg production in geese without antibiotics remains a challenge in poultry science. This study compared the effects of Lactobacillus (LAB) and Bacillus (BAC) probiotics on laying performance, gut microbiota, and serum metabolism in Zhedong White geese. Birds were fed a control diet or diets supplemented with LAB or BAC. Egg production and quality were monitored throughout the trial. Serum metabolomics and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were integrated with KEGG enrichment and correlation analyses to uncover functional mechanisms. Both probiotics improved laying performance and egg quality. Total egg production of the LAB group was 8.5% higher than that of the BAC group (p < 0.05). The LAB group’s advantage in egg production was consistent with its stronger activation of the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway (elevated serum corticosterone and tetrahydrocorticosterone indicated an overall enhancement of steroidogenic flux). Simultaneously, the LAB group exhibited a more efficient conversion of L-phenylalanine to catecholamine precursors, which drove activation of the neuroendocrine reproductive axis. The BAC group showed more significant changes in nitrogen and energy metabolism pathways and a more pronounced expansion of energy-harvesting Firmicutes. These findings reveal two strain-specific regulatory pathways: LAB functions through the “aromatic amino acid–neuroendocrine–steroid hormone axis,” while BAC relies on the “gut microbiota–energy metabolism” pathway, with direct implications for the precise application of probiotics under antibiotic-free farming conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Homeostasis and Its Regulatory Role in Animal Growth and Development)

9 pages, 203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laterality and Breed Distribution of Cryptorchidism in 251 Dogs: A Retrospective Clinical Study

by Rafalska Agata and Domosławska Anna

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050478 (registering DOI) - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Cryptorchidism is one of the most frequently diagnosed developmental disorders of the male canine reproductive system, defined as the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Physiologically, testicular descent is typically completed by six to eight weeks of age, [...] Read more.

Cryptorchidism is one of the most frequently diagnosed developmental disorders of the male canine reproductive system, defined as the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Physiologically, testicular descent is typically completed by six to eight weeks of age, although some authors extend this period to sixteen weeks. Failure of testicular descent beyond this timeframe is considered pathological. The condition has multiple causes and affects between 1% and 10% of the canine population. Genetics is the most significant factor, indicating the hereditary basis of cryptorchidism. In addition, increasing attention has been directed toward the potential impact of environmental and epigenetic factors on the incidence of cryptorchidism, suggesting that the condition may result from complex interactions between genetic predisposition and external influences. The effect of hormones (such as INSL3 and testosterone), mechanical factors (including narrowing of the inguinal canal, abnormalities of the gubernaculum, and shortening of the spermatic cord), and environmental factors (for example, exposure to external estrogens and maternal stress during pregnancy) all contribute to the development of this disorder. Recent results have emphasized the role of the orexin system, particularly the OX2R receptor, in regulating endocrine and reproductive functions in cryptorchid testes. Computed tomography is increasingly utilized in complex cases due to its high precision in localizing retained testes. Clinically, cryptorchidism may present unilaterally or bilaterally. Unilateral cryptorchidism may preserve partial fertility, whereas bilateral cryptorchidism results in complete infertility. Undescended testes may be located in the abdominal cavity or inguinal canal. Major complications include an increased risk of testicular cancer (Sertoli cell tumors and seminomas) and endocrine disorders leading to feminization. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination and imaging modalities such as ultrasound. Orchiectomy, involving the removal of both the retained and normally descended testicles, is thought to be the gold standard for treatment. This method helps avoid complications and the transmission of the defect to offspring. According to Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) standards, affected individuals should not be used for breeding or shows. Early detection, surgical intervention, and consistent exclusion from breeding programs are the primary strategies for reducing the incidence of this disorder in the canine population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Veterinary Reproductive Physiology, Endocrinology, Management and Diseases)

17 pages, 1434 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Hepatic Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Metabolic Regulatory Differences Between Qilian and Oula Sheep

by Yaxiong Ren, Qi-Tala An, Xiaohua Du, Xia Liu, Fanhong Gao, Yuan Li, Ying Xu, Liangwei Yao and Wenhao Li

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050477 (registering DOI) - 15 May 2026

Abstract

Qilian sheep are an important indigenous Tibetan sheep breed adapted to cold and hypoxic environments. To explore hepatic nutrient metabolism in Qilian sheep, this study compared liver transcriptomic profiles between Qilian sheep and Oula sheep raised under similar natural grazing and management conditions. [...] Read more.

Qilian sheep are an important indigenous Tibetan sheep breed adapted to cold and hypoxic environments. To explore hepatic nutrient metabolism in Qilian sheep, this study compared liver transcriptomic profiles between Qilian sheep and Oula sheep raised under similar natural grazing and management conditions. Six 10-month-old ewes from each breed were selected, and three high-quality liver RNA samples from each group were used for transcriptome sequencing. A total of 1640 differentially expressed genes were identified using the thresholds of |log2FoldChange| > 1 and false discovery rate < 0.05, including 922 upregulated and 718 downregulated genes in Qilian sheep compared with Oula sheep. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly associated with lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, the PPAR signaling pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis, and fatty acid β-oxidation. qRT-PCR validation confirmed the differential expression of 11 candidate genes, including RGN, LPGAT1, BHMT2, SDS, GK, PC, MIOX, HMGCS2, PNPLA3, ACAA2, and HADHA. These results suggest that Qilian sheep and Oula sheep differ in hepatic gene expression patterns related to lipid utilization, amino acid metabolism, and energy regulation, providing candidate genes and pathways for understanding breed-associated hepatic metabolic characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies to Improve Animal Health and Immunity)

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18 pages, 15058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ferulic Acid Alleviates the Hepatotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 on Broilers by Conjugating and Down-Regulating Chicken CYP1A5 and CYP2W1

by Xinghe Wang, Weiwei Li, Jianan Dai, Meng Jia, Lingfang Na, Wenyang Xu, Changde Wu and Mingchun Liu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050476 - 14 May 2026

Abstract

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induces hepatocellular damage through its metabolite aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), which is produced in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. To investigate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on AFB1-induced broiler liver damage, one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were exposed [...] Read more.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) induces hepatocellular damage through its metabolite aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), which is produced in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. To investigate the effect of ferulic acid (FA) on AFB1-induced broiler liver damage, one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were exposed to AFB1 (4 mg/kg) and treated with different doses of FA (60 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg, and 240 mg/kg) continuously for 28 days. The production performance, biochemical indicators, morphological changes, CYP450 enzymes’ expression in ER, interactions between small molecules and CYP450 enzymes, and CYP450 enzymes’ protein secondary structure were investigated. The results showed the following: (I) FA promoted broiler growth and reduced AFBO production. (II) AFB1-induced changes in serological indicators (AST, ALT, ALP, γ-GT, TBA, TG) and biochemical parameters (GST, SOD, MDA, ROS), which were reversed by FA. (III) AFB1-induced liver morphological changes and apoptosis were obviously alleviated by FA. (IV) AFB1-induced up-regulation of CYP1A5, CYP2A6, CYP2W1, and CYP3A4 in ER were reduced by FA. (V) The binding affinity of FA to CYP1A5 is lower than that of AFB1 to CYP1A5, and the binding affinity of FA to CYP2W1 is similar to that of AFB1 to CYP2W1. (VI) The contents of α helix, β sheet, β turn, and random coil in chicken CYP1A5 were 59.6%, 7.8%, 13.6%, and 19.0% respectively, and those in chicken CYP2W1 were 32.2%, 17.1%, 16.8%, and 33.9% respectively. In conclusion, FA can promote broiler growth and alleviate AFB1-induced hepatotoxicity via inhibiting and conjugating CYP450 enzymes, thus reducing AFBO formation and oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Innovative Approaches in Veterinary Health)

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16 pages, 1659 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Safe Corridors for External Fixation Pin Insertion in the Distal Long Bones: An Ex Vivo Anatomical Study in Neonatal Simmental Calves

by Kamil Serdar İnal and Can Nacar

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050475 - 14 May 2026

Abstract

External skeletal fixation (ESF) is a versatile method for fracture management in neonatal calves but confers a significant risk of iatrogenic injury to vital structures. The aim of this ex vivo study was to systematically define safe, hazardous, and unsafe corridors for transcortical [...] Read more.

External skeletal fixation (ESF) is a versatile method for fracture management in neonatal calves but confers a significant risk of iatrogenic injury to vital structures. The aim of this ex vivo study was to systematically define safe, hazardous, and unsafe corridors for transcortical pin placement in the distal long bones (radius-ulna, tibia, metacarpus, and metatarsus) of Simmental calves to provide precise anatomical guidance. Six fresh Simmental calf cadavers without orthopaedic problems were included in the study. The forearm and hindlimb were disarticulated from the shoulder and hip joints, respectively. The radius-ulna, tibia, and metacarpal and metatarsal bones were dissected transversely from five anatomical levels. Safe, hazardous, and unsafe corridors were determined in each section. No safe corridor was found in the proximal metaphysis and proximal diaphysis of the radius-ulna. Safe corridors were found on the medial side of the radius-ulna, from the mid-diaphysis to the distal metaphysis. The metacarpal and metatarsal bones showed lateral and medial safe corridors. The tibia provided a continuous medial safe corridor. In conclusion, precise topographic mapping is vital for safe ESF. While anatomically safe corridors are the primary choice for ESF, hazardous corridors are viable alternatives if meticulously utilized. By contrast, unsafe corridors must be strictly avoided to prevent severe iatrogenic trauma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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16 pages, 954 KB

Open AccessArticle

Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) Score and Clinical Determinants of Survival in Dogs and Cats with Traumatic Injuries in Thailand

by Kritjit Phannithi, Suwicha Kasemsuwan, Narudee Kashemsant and Monchanok Vijarnsorn

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050474 - 14 May 2026

Abstract

Trauma is a major cause of emergency presentation in small animal practice, and accurate early assessment is essential for prognosis. The Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) score is widely applied in Western veterinary settings but has been less frequently evaluated in Asian veterinary institutions. [...] Read more.

Trauma is a major cause of emergency presentation in small animal practice, and accurate early assessment is essential for prognosis. The Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) score is widely applied in Western veterinary settings but has been less frequently evaluated in Asian veterinary institutions. This prospective observational study assessed the prognostic value of the ATT score and of relevant clinical variables in 184 dogs and cats presenting with traumatic injuries to a university veterinary teaching hospital in Thailand. ATT scores, clinicopathological parameters, and management variables were analyzed in relation to survival outcome. The overall mortality rate was 35.3%. Higher ATT scores, lower blood pH, lower ionized calcium concentrations, and increasing age were independently associated with non-survival (p < 0.05). An ATT score ≥ 5 was associated with increased odds of non-survival (OR = 4.207, 95% CI: 1.903–9.301), yielding a sensitivity of 86.2% and specificity of 40.3% for identifying high-risk patients. Among animals with documented surgical indications, those that did not undergo surgery demonstrated higher mortality than those receiving surgical intervention; however, this finding should be interpreted cautiously because treatment allocation was influenced by clinical stability and owner-related factors. These results demonstrate the clinical usefulness of the ATT score as a triage instrument when interpreted in context with clinical laboratory parameters, age, and treatment responses. Full article

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22 pages, 2183 KB

Open AccessReview

β-Casein Polymorphism as a Potential Evolutionary Trade-Off: The Rise of A1 Under Intensive Selection and Its Implications for Gastrointestinal Tolerance and Agroecological Resilience

by András József Tóth, Szilvia Kusza, Gergő Sudár, Atilla Kunszabó, Márton Battay, Miklós Süth and András Bittsánszky

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050473 - 13 May 2026

Abstract

This narrative review summarizes evidence on the bovine β-casein (CSN2) A1/A2 polymorphism as a case study of how intensive dairy selection and global gene flow can reshape allele frequencies in ways that matter for consumers, processing and agroecological resilience. We draw [...] Read more.

This narrative review summarizes evidence on the bovine β-casein (CSN2) A1/A2 polymorphism as a case study of how intensive dairy selection and global gene flow can reshape allele frequencies in ways that matter for consumers, processing and agroecological resilience. We draw together evidence from (i) population-genetic surveys of CSN2 in contrasting cattle populations, including a descriptive summary of published genotype-frequency studies; (ii) controlled human studies that separate A1-containing from A2-only dairy exposure; and (iii) dairy technology and the authenticity literature relevant to identity-preserved A2 value chains. Across intensively selected Holstein-Friesian populations, A1 was consistently present at substantial frequency (approximately one-third), whereas indigenous, beef and zebu-adjacent populations were typically A2-enriched, highlighting the role of historical breed formation and modern introgression in shaping apparent geographic and climatic patterns. Human intervention studies most consistently support improved short-term gastrointestinal tolerance with A2-only milk in susceptible individuals, while evidence for longer-horizon systemic outcomes remains mixed and insufficient for causal disease claims. Processing and analytical studies suggest that β-casein genotype can modestly affect coagulation and product behavior in a context-dependent manner and that validated proteoform quantification coupled with traceability is essential for credible A2 labeling at scale. We discuss implications for breeding programs, including staged A2 selection that avoids performance trade-offs, and emphasize governance of artificial insemination and supply-chain segregation as levers to limit inadvertent allele diffusion while supporting climate-relevant genetic resources in locally adapted breeds. Collectively, the reviewed evidence suggests that A1/A2 β-casein can be usefully interpreted within a One Health framework spanning animal genetics, dairy systems and human tolerance research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intestinal Homeostasis and Its Regulatory Role in Animal Growth and Development)

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11 pages, 933 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Case Report of Urethral Stenting in a Dog with Multifactorial Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction Associated with Suspected Transitional Cell Carcinoma and Severe Cystolithiasis

by Shin-Ho Lee, Jeong-Hyun Seo, Youngkwang Ryu and Jae-Hyeon Cho

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050472 - 13 May 2026

Abstract

A 14-year-old spayed female Maltese dog presented with hematuria, pollakiuria, decreased urine volume per voiding, and prolonged urination time, and was diagnosed with multifactorial urinary obstruction involving suspected trigonal neoplasia and extensive urolithiasis affecting the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Diagnosis was based [...] Read more.

A 14-year-old spayed female Maltese dog presented with hematuria, pollakiuria, decreased urine volume per voiding, and prolonged urination time, and was diagnosed with multifactorial urinary obstruction involving suspected trigonal neoplasia and extensive urolithiasis affecting the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Diagnosis was based on serum biochemical analysis, radiography, and ultrasonography, which revealed diffuse urolithiasis, urethral involvement, and a trigonal mass consistent with a suspected neoplastic lesion. Due to the multifocal nature of obstruction, surgical management was considered impractical. The patient underwent urethral stent placement as a minimally invasive palliative intervention. Following the procedure, rapid restoration of urine flow was achieved, and significant improvement in renal parameters, including blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, was observed within 3 days. During follow-up, the stent remained well positioned without migration. Although transient deterioration, including hydronephrosis and increased renal parameters, was noted at day 52, subsequent improvement was observed by day 64, suggesting a dynamic course of obstruction. This case demonstrates that urethral stenting can be an effective treatment option for managing complex, multifactorial lower urinary tract obstruction in dogs, providing rapid clinical improvement and sustained urinary patency. However, progressive changes in the upper urinary tract may occur, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive evaluation and continuous monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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12 pages, 1082 KB

Open AccessReview

Resilience Ontologies in Veterinary Science: How They Shape the Way We Address Resilience

by Hannah Keens Caballero, Heather Browning, Sarah Lambton, Damian Maye and Emma Roe

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050471 - 13 May 2026

Abstract

This narrative conceptual review aims to examine how veterinary science intertwines with the different ontologies of resilience. As resilience has increasingly become an influential yet conceptually diverse framework, its different ontologies shape and are shaped by veterinary science thinking. This paper will begin [...] Read more.

This narrative conceptual review aims to examine how veterinary science intertwines with the different ontologies of resilience. As resilience has increasingly become an influential yet conceptually diverse framework, its different ontologies shape and are shaped by veterinary science thinking. This paper will begin with a brief overview of the origins of the resilience concept and its three major ontologies: engineering, psychological, and ecological resilience. Following these different ontologies, the paper then explores animal-level resilience, where engineering framings emphasise disease response and production stability, while welfare-oriented perspectives frame resilience in terms of the affective experience and the lived realities of animals. It then considers veterinary professional resilience, highlighting how emotional labour, workload pressures and structural constraints shape wellbeing across the profession. Finally, it analyses how veterinary science contributes to socio-ecological resilience through One Health approaches in public health, food systems and climate adaptation. Across these domains, resilience is often framed as a desirable attribute, yet it remains a value-laden concept that can obscure inequities or normalise preventable harms. This paper calls for critical, justice-oriented engagement with resilience to ensure it supports ethically grounded veterinary practice and promotes healthier, happier animals, more equitable systems, and sustainable professional environments. Full article

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18 pages, 785 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary α-Ketoglutarate Supplementation on the Performance, Gut Health, Gene Expression, Antioxidant Capacity, and Hematology in Broilers

by Hagar Elashry, Husam H. Nafea, Ahmed Khalid Ahmed, Noor Naji Alhayani, Mostafa Elashry, Rania Elsayed Mahmoud, Tarek Ibrahim, Abeer Aziza and Mutassim Mohamed Abdelrahman

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050470 - 13 May 2026

Abstract

Background: Due to α-Ketoglutaric acid (AKG)’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it may serve as a beneficial feed supplement for broilers. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of AKG supplementation in broiler diets on growth efficiency, blood indicators, and histological status. Methods: Two [...] Read more.

Background: Due to α-Ketoglutaric acid (AKG)’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it may serve as a beneficial feed supplement for broilers. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of AKG supplementation in broiler diets on growth efficiency, blood indicators, and histological status. Methods: Two hundred sixteen unsexed, one-day-old broilers were randomly assigned to three experimental groups utilizing a completely randomized design. Each treatment was then subdivided into six replicates, each consisting of twelve chicks. In the experiment, the 1st group received a control (basal diet); the 2nd group received the basic diet supplemented with 0.5% AKG; and the 3rd group received the basal diet supplemented with 1.0% AKG. Results: The findings indicate that the addition of 0.5% and 1% AKG to broiler feed significantly (p < 0.05) improved BW, BWG, and FCR, particularly during the early stages of growth. The 0.5% AKG group had better feed efficiency and less FI, which means they grew faster and used nutrients better. AKG administration significantly (p < 0.05) increased TP and albumin levels in avian subjects, while simultaneously decreasing MDA and elevating CAT concentrations. Adding AKG to the broiler diet raises the levels of RBC, Hb, and PCV, but lowers RDW_CV. The results indicate that AKG lowers inflammation by raising IL-10 levels and lowering IL-1β levels. It also raises levels of antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT. Microscopic analysis revealed normal jejunal mucosa, submucosa, and muscular layers across all groups, including those receiving AKG supplements. The jejunal villus height, crypt depth, and their ratio were unchanged. The structure and function of the intestinal lining showed no significant changes when compared to the control. Conclusions: Adding AKG to broiler feed helps their growth, biochemical, and immune system indicators, but it does not hurt their histological conditions. Full article

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