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Isolation, Genomic Characterization and Evolution of Six Porcine Rotavirus A Strains in a Pig Farming Group
A Reference Interval for CT-Based Liver Volume in Dogs without Hepatic Disease

Journal Description

Veterinary Sciences

Veterinary Sciences is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on veterinary sciences published monthly online by MDPI.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, PubAg, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Veterinary Sciences) / CiteScore - Q2 (General Veterinary)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 20.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 2.0 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.2 (2023)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2306-7381

Latest Articles

10 pages, 1709 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First Report of Microplastics in Wild Long-Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Feces at Kosumpee Forest Park, Maha Sarakham, Thailand

by Penkhae Thamsenanupap, Natapol Pumipuntu, Tawatchai Tanee, Pensri Kyes, Apichat Karaket and Randall C. Kyes

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120642 - 11 Dec 2024

Microplastic pollution is a global concern arising from the extensive production and use of plastics. The prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment is escalating due in large part to the excessive use of plastics in various human-related activities. Consequently, animals are being [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution is a global concern arising from the extensive production and use of plastics. The prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in the environment is escalating due in large part to the excessive use of plastics in various human-related activities. Consequently, animals are being exposed to MPs through dietary intake, which poses significant health risks to the wild populations. The objective of the study was to assess the concentration of MPs in the feces of wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in the Kosumpee Forest Park (KFP) located in Northeast Thailand. KFP is situated in close proximity to the town of Kosum Phisai and experiences considerable human–primate interaction. Fresh fecal drops from 50 adult macaques were collected and sampled. MP presence in the feces was measured using density separation through visual identification under a stereomicroscope. We found a total of 396 MP particles in the feces with an average of 7.9 particles/macaque. Two forms of MPs were found in the macaques’ feces including fibers (391 pieces; 98.73%) and asymmetric fragments (5 pieces; 1.27%), with sizes mostly ranging under 1000 µm. The most observed color of MPs was blue (152 pieces; 38.48%). This study highlights the impact of anthropogenic waste and the potential health problems that can be caused to wild animals via microplastic pollution. The results contribute to the ongoing discussions on environmental health within the One Health framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One Health Challenges and Opportunities—Animals, Humans and Their Interconnected Ecosystems)

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11 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Demographics of Feline Lymphoma in Australian Cat Populations: 1705 Cases

by Peter Bennett, Peter Williamson and Rosanne Taylor

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120641 - 11 Dec 2024

Lymphoma is the most common haematopoietic cancer in cats with few large studies evaluating breed and sex as risk factors for the disease. Australia’s geographic isolation and quarantine rules have led to a potentially restricted genetic pool and, currently, there have not been [...] Read more.

Lymphoma is the most common haematopoietic cancer in cats with few large studies evaluating breed and sex as risk factors for the disease. Australia’s geographic isolation and quarantine rules have led to a potentially restricted genetic pool and, currently, there have not been any large local epidemiological studies reported. A total of 1705 lymphoma cases were identified from several sources and compared to a reference population of 85,741 cats, and represent cats that are presented to veterinary clinics. Odds ratios were calculated for each breed that included lymphoma cases, as well as sex, retroviral status, and immunophenotype. The distributions of age and weight in the lymphoma and control populations and proportions of lymphoma cases in anatomic locations were compared. Eight breeds were identified as displaying increased potential risk of lymphoma and three at decreased risk. Male cats were found to be at increased risk (OR 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1 to 1.3, p = 0.002). The lymphoma cases were older, with a median age of 11.7 years compared to 9.0 years (p < 0.0001), and weighed less, with a median weight of 3.7 kg compared to 4.0 kg (p = 0.010), than the control population. Several breeds were found to have significant variations in the proportions of anatomical presentations including the Siamese, Burmilla, Australian mist, ragdoll, British shorthair, and domestic cats. These findings require confirmation in future studies that address the limitations of this study, as outlined in the discussion. Full article

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17 pages, 735 KiB

Open AccessReview

Stress Biomarkers in Pigs: Current Insights and Clinical Application

by Vasileios G. Papatsiros, Georgios Maragkakis and Georgios I. Papakonstantinou

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120640 - 10 Dec 2024

Our study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the stress process in pigs to better assess and control their stress levels. Nowadays, pigs in intensive farming are exposed to several stress factors, such as weaning, transportation, diseases and vaccinations. As a result, [...] Read more.

Our study aimed to contribute to the understanding of the stress process in pigs to better assess and control their stress levels. Nowadays, pigs in intensive farming are exposed to several stress factors, such as weaning, transportation, diseases and vaccinations. As a result, the animals experience significant stress responses and inflammatory reactions that affect their health, growth and productivity. Therefore, it is crucial to assess their stress levels, and the use of stress biomarkers could be useful in their evaluation. An up-to-date overview of the different biomarkers that can be used for the assessment of stress is given. It also discusses the methods used to investigate these biomarkers, particularly non-invasive approaches, such as saliva sampling, as practical tools for monitoring animal welfare. In conclusion, our study highlights the importance of using multiple biomarkers for a comprehensive evaluation of stress and points to the need for further research to standardize the sampling procedures and improve stress management in pig farming. Full article

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10 pages, 1756 KiB

Open AccessEssay

Mycoplasma synoviae Induces Apoptosis in Chicken Oviduct Cells

by Xudong Zhang, Xiaochun Wu, Yuting Zhang, Yulu Chen, Tingwen Li, Yuan Shi and Shijun Bao

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120639 - 10 Dec 2024

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogen that can cause respiratory diseases in poultry and birds, leading to serious economic losses in the world and impacting the development of the poultry industry. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of MS infection are still unclear, resulting [...] Read more.

Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) is an important pathogen that can cause respiratory diseases in poultry and birds, leading to serious economic losses in the world and impacting the development of the poultry industry. However, the pathogenic mechanisms of MS infection are still unclear, resulting in a lack of effective diagnosis and treatment strategies. This study aimed to uncover the infection effect caused by MS in chicken oviduct cells. MS-infected chicken oviduct cells with different infection times and doses were collected, and DAPI staining was performed to monitor the morphological changes of cell nuclei. Cell viability was detect by CCK-8 assay. The expression of marker genes of cell apoptosis was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blotting assay, respectively. The results showed that MS infection significantly inhibited the growth of chicken oviduct cells, caused the nuclear shrinkage and rupture, activated the expression of apoptosis marker genes Caspase 3 and Beclin-1, and increased the apoptosis rate. These results indicated that MS infection inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in chicken oviduct cells, which provided a basis for further revealing the MS pathogenic mechanism and provided a foundation for the future development of anti-infection strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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22 pages, 3283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Tick Species Infesting Cattle in South Africa

by Tsireledzo Goodwill Makwarela, Nkululeko Nyangiwe, Tracy Madimabi Masebe, Appolinaire Djikeng, Lucky Tendani Nesengani, Rae Marvin Smith and Ntanganedzeni Olivia Mapholi

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120638 - 10 Dec 2024

Ticks are a significant threat to livestock globally, with certain species displaying distinct host preferences at various developmental stages. Accurate species-level identification is essential for studying tick populations, implementing control strategies, and understanding disease dynamics. This study evaluated ticks infesting cattle across six [...] Read more.

Ticks are a significant threat to livestock globally, with certain species displaying distinct host preferences at various developmental stages. Accurate species-level identification is essential for studying tick populations, implementing control strategies, and understanding disease dynamics. This study evaluated ticks infesting cattle across six provinces in South Africa using morphological and molecular methods. Ticks were preserved, examined morphologically using an Olympus Digital Camera Microscope, and identified using the 16S rRNA gene. The study identified four genera, namely Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Ixodes, and Rhipicephalus, comprising 15 ixodid species. Amblyomma hebraeum was the most prevalent species, with an infestation rate of 54.4%. Molecular analysis revealed genetic relationships among tick species, with genetic distances ranging from 0.00 to 0.13, and phylogenetic analysis clustered species into distinct genera with high bootstrap support. Principal Component Analysis highlighted clear genetic relatedness among species. These findings enhance our understanding of tick diversity, morphology, and distribution in South Africa’s cattle populations, emphasizing their economic significance. The study provides critical baseline data for monitoring and developing effective strategies to manage tick-borne diseases, ensuring improved livestock health and productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control Strategies of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)

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14 pages, 3212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Targeted Metabolomics Analysis of Small Molecular Metabolites in Refrigerated Goose Breast Meat

by Dongzhi Miao, Xuebei Wu, Kui Zuo, Jing Chen, Ying Wang, Junhua Pu, Haiming Yang and Zhiyue Wang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120637 - 9 Dec 2024

Poultry represents a rich source of multiple nutrients. Refrigeration is commonly employed for poultry preservation, although extended storage duration can adversely affect the meat quality. Current research on this topic has focused on the analysis of biochemical indices in chilled goose meat, with [...] Read more.

Poultry represents a rich source of multiple nutrients. Refrigeration is commonly employed for poultry preservation, although extended storage duration can adversely affect the meat quality. Current research on this topic has focused on the analysis of biochemical indices in chilled goose meat, with limited information on changes in metabolites that influence the quality of the meat during storage. This study used non-targeted metabolomics and the random forest algorithm to investigate metabolite changes in goose meat over an extended storage period. The results showed a significant change in the composition of the meat as the duration of storage increased, with the identification of 121 distinct metabolites. Further analysis identified 18 metabolites that could be used as indicators of the degradation of carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids. These metabolites could be used as markers to monitor the deterioration process. These intermediate metabolites tended to be transformed into lower-level products involving pyruvate, acetyl coenzyme A, and fumaric acid, used in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, performing substance transformation. This comprehensive analysis of metabolites provides a valuable reference for monitoring the freshness of goose meat, potentially improving the safety of domestic poultry products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Poultry Science: Nutritional Aspects of Poultry Production)

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18 pages, 2634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Canine Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Reduce Cell Viability and Migration of Metastatic Canine Oral Melanoma Cell Lines In Vitro

by Fwu Shing Teng, Patricia de Faria Lainetti, Mayara Simão Franzoni, Antonio Fernando Leis Filho, Cristina de Oliveira Massoco Salles Gomes, Renée Laufer-Amorim, Rogério Martins Amorim and Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120636 - 9 Dec 2024

Canine oral melanoma (COM) is a promising target for immunomodulatory therapies aimed at enhancing the immune system’s antitumor response. Given that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties through cytokine release, we hypothesized that co-culturing Ad-MSCs and canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells [...] Read more.

Canine oral melanoma (COM) is a promising target for immunomodulatory therapies aimed at enhancing the immune system’s antitumor response. Given that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) possess immunomodulatory properties through cytokine release, we hypothesized that co-culturing Ad-MSCs and canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) could stimulate interleukin (IL) production against melanoma cell lines (MCCLs) and help identify therapeutic targets. This study evaluated IL-2, IL-8, and IL-12 expressions in co-culture with MCCL, Ad-MSCs, and PBMCs and assessed the relationship between gene expression, cell viability, and migration. Using four experimental groups in a Transwell insert system to separate cell types, we found that Ad-MSCs can reduce MCCL migration and viability, though the effect may vary depending on each cell line’s susceptibility. Furthermore, Ad-MSCs modified IL expression profiles in co-cultured cells. Our findings suggest that Ad-MSCs could have therapeutic potential for COM by inhibiting cell migration and reducing viability. However, deeper insights into Ad-MSC interactions with the tumor microenvironment and melanoma-specific factors will be essential to optimize therapeutic efficacy. Full article

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17 pages, 308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Gestation in Beef Heifers on Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Colostrum and Immune Responses in Naturally and Artificially Reared Calves

by Jennifer L. Hurlbert, Friederike Baumgaertner, Kerri A. Bochantin-Winders, Isabella M. Jurgens, Kevin K. Sedivec and Carl R. Dahlen

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120635 - 7 Dec 2024

Two experiments assessed the effects of providing a vitamin and mineral supplement to gestating beef heifers on concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) in colostrum and calf serum 24 h after feeding maternal colostrum (Exp. 1) or a colostrum-replacement product (Exp. 2). Angus-based heifers ( [...] Read more.

Two experiments assessed the effects of providing a vitamin and mineral supplement to gestating beef heifers on concentrations of immunoglobulins (Ig) in colostrum and calf serum 24 h after feeding maternal colostrum (Exp. 1) or a colostrum-replacement product (Exp. 2). Angus-based heifers (n = 31, Exp. 1; n = 14, Exp. 2) were fed a basal diet (CON) or were fed a basal diet plus a vitamin and mineral supplement (VTM) from breeding (Exp. 1) or 60 d pre-breeding (Exp. 2) through calving. Colostrum was collected at calving, and serum was collected from calves 24 h after colostrum consumption to evaluate passive transfer. Serum was collected from calves in Exp. 1 to determine serum titers in response to vaccination at birth, pasture turn out, weaning, and 14 d after vaccination. Concentrations of IgG, IgM, or IgA in colostrum or in calf serum at 24 h were not impacted by dam treatment (p ≥ 0.21); however, concentrations of Ig in calf serum at 24 h were greater (p ≤ 0.01) in calves receiving maternal colostrum than those receiving a colostrum replacer. Calves born to VTM heifers had greater antibody titers at birth, pasture turn out, and weaning for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVD-2), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), respectively. Our results suggest that the programming of immune function in calves via prenatal nutrition appears to extend postnatally in CON and VTM offspring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Nutrition on Ruminants Production Performance and Health)

7 pages, 690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of the Nitroblue Tetrazolium Test in Blood Granulocytes for Discriminating Bacterial and Non-Bacterial Neutrophilic Dermatitis

by Marina García, Icíar Martínez-Flórez, Laia Solano-Gallego, Nuria García and Laura Ordeix

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120634 - 7 Dec 2024

This study aimed to evaluate differences in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by peripheral blood neutrophils in healthy dogs, dogs with superficial pyoderma, and dogs with sterile neutrophilic dermatitis using the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test. Additionally, the study assessed the [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate differences in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by peripheral blood neutrophils in healthy dogs, dogs with superficial pyoderma, and dogs with sterile neutrophilic dermatitis using the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test. Additionally, the study assessed the potential of the NBT reduction test as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between these clinical conditions. A total of 28 dogs were divided into three groups: healthy (n = 10), superficial pyoderma (n = 10), and sterile neutrophilic dermatitis (n = 8). The results showed significantly higher neutrophil activation in dogs with sterile neutrophilic dermatitis (19 ± 10%) compared with healthy dogs (7.3 ± 5%) (p < 0.01) and dogs with superficial pyoderma (10 ± 2.8%) (p < 0.05). Dogs with sterile neutrophilic dermatitis and a high positive result for Leishmania spp. antibodies (n = 3) exhibited even higher NBT reduction rates (30 ± 4.6%) compared with seronegative dogs with sterile neutrophilic dermatitis (n = 5) (13 ± 5.3%) (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the NBT reduction test could be useful for detecting systemic neutrophil activation in sterile neutrophilic dermatitis, especially when associated with Leishmania infection. However, no significant differences were observed between healthy dogs and those with superficial pyoderma, indicating that the test may not be effective in detecting systemic neutrophil activation in superficial bacterial infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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14 pages, 3160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Hydroxyapatite Filling Volume for the Treatment of Post-Extraction Alveoli Based on Measurements of Alveolar Volume in Relation to the Body Weight of Dogs

by Anna Misztal-Kunecka, Przemysław Prządka, Maja Jeż and Stanisław Dzimira

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120633 - 7 Dec 2024

Filling post-extraction alveoli with hydroxyapatite-based materials is becoming an increasingly common procedure in veterinary dentistry. In dogs, tooth roots vary in structure depending on the weight of the dog, but data on tooth length and volume have not yet been described. This study [...] Read more.

Filling post-extraction alveoli with hydroxyapatite-based materials is becoming an increasingly common procedure in veterinary dentistry. In dogs, tooth roots vary in structure depending on the weight of the dog, but data on tooth length and volume have not yet been described. This study aimed to establish reference data on tooth root length and post-extraction alveolar volume for mature maxillary and mandibular incisors and canines in dogs. We determined the mean length and volume of these teeth in dogs in the weight ranges of 1–5 kg, 5–10 kg, 10–20 kg, and over 20 kg. The obtained values given showed a correlation between tooth length and alveolar volume in a specific weight range. A review of the commercially available hydroxyapatite-based bone substitute materials was then conducted. A table is presented which shows how to calculate the volume of bone substitute material required to fill a post-extraction alveolus with a given material. Statistics were used to assess significant differences between the mass of the bone substitute product used (μL) for specific weight ranges and to demonstrate the correlation between tooth length and alveolar volume for a specific weight range. The data obtained in this study can serve as reference values for tooth crown length and alveolar volume, allowing operators to plan a specific volume of bone substitute material for filling post-extraction alveoli. This research is interesting because it shows that the weight of an animal is an important aspect in planning the amount of bone substitute material for tooth extraction. In clinical work, it is much easier to weigh an animal than it is to make calculations based on the length of the tooth root. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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9 pages, 4544 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Intestinal Osteosarcoma with Liver Metastasis in a Dog with a History of Recurrent Cotton-Based Toy Fragment Ingestion

by Andrada Negoescu, Claudiu Gal, Andrei Mihaila, Constantin Mihaila, Cornel Cătoi and Marian Taulescu

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120632 - 7 Dec 2024

Canine extraskeletal osteosarcomas are mesenchymal, osteoid producing tumors that can arise in soft tissues without initial involvement of the bones. An 8-year-old intact male Beagle dog presented with anorexia, abdominal pain, intermittent vomiting and melena. The patient had a history of recurrent ingestion [...] Read more.

Canine extraskeletal osteosarcomas are mesenchymal, osteoid producing tumors that can arise in soft tissues without initial involvement of the bones. An 8-year-old intact male Beagle dog presented with anorexia, abdominal pain, intermittent vomiting and melena. The patient had a history of recurrent ingestion of cotton based-toy fragments, but no prior surgical procedures involving the abdominal cavity. During the exploratory laparotomy, a mass was identified in the jejunal wall. Surgical resection was performed, and tissue samples were collected for pathological examination. Histologically, the mass was diagnosed as osteoblastic osteosarcoma with fragments of cotton fiber material. The neoplastic cells were immunolabeled for vimentin and BMP-2, further supporting the morphological diagnosis. Seven months after the surgery, metastatic nodules were identified in the liver. The dog died ten months after intestinal mass resection. This case represents the first documented instance of metastatic intestinal osteosarcoma potentially caused by ingestion of cotton fiber material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals)

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15 pages, 2804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Frequency of Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex Bacterial and Viral Agents Using Multiplex Real-Time qPCR in Quebec, Canada, from 2019 to 2023

by Sébastien Buczinski, André Broes and Christian Savard

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120631 - 7 Dec 2024

The bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) is a multifactorial disease caused by various bacterial and viral pathogens. Using rapid pathogen detection techniques is helpful for tailoring therapeutic and preventive strategies in affected animals and herds. The objective of this study was to report [...] Read more.

The bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) is a multifactorial disease caused by various bacterial and viral pathogens. Using rapid pathogen detection techniques is helpful for tailoring therapeutic and preventive strategies in affected animals and herds. The objective of this study was to report the frequency of 10 pathogens by multiplex RT-qPCR on samples submitted for BRD diagnosis to a diagnostic laboratory (Biovet Inc., QC, Canada) in the Province of Quebec, Eastern Canada. From the 1st of January 2019 to the 31st of December 2023, a total of 1875 samples were analyzed. Most samples collected were individual samples (1547 of 1860 samples for which information was available (83.17%)), and the rest were from pooled samples of 2 (8.55%, n = 159) or ≥3 specimens (8.28%, n = 154). In 19.3% of the samples (n = 362), no pathogen was found, whereas 54.1% of samples had two or more different pathogens. Among the viruses, bovine coronavirus (BCV) was the most commonly found (27.5% of samples, n = 516), followed by bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) (17.7%, n = 332), whereas, for bacteria, Pasteurella multocida (50.1%, n = 940) and Mannheimia haemolytica (26.9%, n = 505) were the most common. The frequency of samples positive for Histophilus somni, Mycoplasmopsis bovis, influenza type D virus (IDV), bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPI3V), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was 22.6%, 22.4%, 4.6%, 4.3%, 2.7%, and 0.9%, respectively. In the multivariable Poisson regression model, the total number of pathogens increased with the number of animals in the pool, with an incidence risk ratio (IRR) of 1.15 (95% CI 1.02–1.29) and 1.32 (1.18–1.47) for 2 individuals in the pool and ≥3 individuals vs. individual samples, respectively. An increased number of pathogens were isolated in the winter season (IRR = 1.28 (95% CI 1.17–1.40)) compared to fall, and a lower number of pathogens were isolated in the summer compared to fall (IRR = 0.82 (95% CI 0.73–0.92)). These seasonal differences were mostly driven by the number of viruses isolated. This study gives interesting insights on the circulation of BRD pathogens in cattle from Eastern Canada. Full article

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14 pages, 1966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Assessment of Pelvic Longitudinal Rotation Using Computer Vision in Canine Hip Dysplasia Screening

by Pedro Franco-Gonçalo, Pedro Leite, Sofia Alves-Pimenta, Bruno Colaço, Lio Gonçalves, Vítor Filipe, Fintan McEvoy, Manuel Ferreira and Mário Ginja

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 630; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120630 - 7 Dec 2024

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) screening relies on accurate positioning in the ventrodorsal hip extended (VDHE) view, as even mild pelvic rotation can affect CHD scoring and impact breeding decisions. This study aimed to assess the association between pelvic rotation and asymmetry in obturator [...] Read more.

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) screening relies on accurate positioning in the ventrodorsal hip extended (VDHE) view, as even mild pelvic rotation can affect CHD scoring and impact breeding decisions. This study aimed to assess the association between pelvic rotation and asymmetry in obturator foramina areas (AOFAs) and to develop a computer vision model for automated AOFA measurement. In the first part, 203 radiographs were analyzed to examine the relationship between pelvic rotation, assessed through asymmetry in iliac wing and obturator foramina widths (AOFWs), and AOFAs. A significant association was found between pelvic rotation and AOFA, with AOFW showing a stronger correlation (R² = 0.92, p < 0.01). AOFW rotation values were categorized into minimal (n = 71), moderate (n = 41), marked (n = 37), and extreme (n = 54) groups, corresponding to mean AOFA ± standard deviation values of 33.28 ± 27.25, 54.73 ± 27.98, 85.85 ± 41.31, and 160.68 ± 64.20 mm², respectively. ANOVA and post hoc testing confirmed significant differences in AOFA across these groups (p < 0.01). In part two, the dataset was expanded to 312 images to develop the automated AOFA model, with 80% allocated for training, 10% for validation, and 10% for testing. On the 32 test images, the model achieved high segmentation accuracy (Dice score = 0.96; Intersection over Union = 0.93), closely aligning with examiner measurements. Paired t-tests indicated no significant differences between the examiner and model’s outputs (p > 0.05), though the Bland–Altman analysis identified occasional discrepancies. The model demonstrated excellent reliability (ICC = 0.99) with a standard error of 17.18 mm². A threshold of 50.46 mm² enabled effective differentiation between acceptable and excessive pelvic rotation. With additional training data, further improvements in precision are expected, enhancing the model’s clinical utility. Full article

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20 pages, 392 KiB

Open AccessReview

Is There Anything New in Canine AGASACA?

by Marzia Cino and Marina Martano

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120629 - 6 Dec 2024

Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is a locally invasive tumor with a high potential for early metastasis. The most recent studies indicate that 23.4–83% of dogs have metastases to the iliosacral lymph nodes (LNs), and 2.1–31% have distant metastases to other organs [...] Read more.

Apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma (AGASACA) is a locally invasive tumor with a high potential for early metastasis. The most recent studies indicate that 23.4–83% of dogs have metastases to the iliosacral lymph nodes (LNs), and 2.1–31% have distant metastases to other organs at the time of first presentation. Usually, only one anal sac is affected, but bilateral involvement has been reported in 4–20% of dogs. About 16–53% of dogs present with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. The most recent studies show an overall improvement in median survival time (MST) (15–28 months) for dogs with different stages of AGASACA treated with surgery and adjuvant therapy compared to those treated with chemotherapy alone (6.9 to 8.7 months). The highest MST (22–32 months) was reported when radiation therapy (RT) was selected as a sole or adjunctive treatment. Several studies have been published to identify the subset of tumors with more aggressive behavior and higher metastatic potential. The main negative prognostic factors are the size of the primary tumor, metastatic regional lymphadenopathy at first presentation, the size and the number of the metastatic lymph nodes, distant metastases at the time of diagnosis, and the histological characteristics of the primary tumor. In this critical review, the latest advancements in histological diagnosis, staging, treatment, and prognosis of AGASACA are described. The aim is to provide a full overview of this neoplasm, focusing on the latest advancements on prognostic variables and treatments. Full article

8 pages, 1129 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

APAVAC Immunotherapy for the Adjuvant Treatment of a Canine Mucosal Melanoma

by Valentina Rinaldi, Laura Bongiovanni, Paolo Emidio Crisi, Massimo Vignoli, Renato Ennio Peli, Stefano Masci, Andrea Boari and Riccardo Finotello

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120628 - 6 Dec 2024

An 11-year-old spayed female Beagle presented with tenesmus and was identified with a rectal wall mass. Diagnostic imaging (abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography) localised the mass in the right rectal wall and documented no evidence of metastatic disease. Subsequently, the dog underwent surgery [...] Read more.

An 11-year-old spayed female Beagle presented with tenesmus and was identified with a rectal wall mass. Diagnostic imaging (abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography) localised the mass in the right rectal wall and documented no evidence of metastatic disease. Subsequently, the dog underwent surgery for tumour excision. A histopathological diagnosis of melanoma was performed. To confirm the tumour histotype, immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-Melan A and anti-Ki67. Neoplastic cells exhibited focal Melan A immunoreactivity and widespread nuclear immunoreactivity for Ki67 with a Ki67 index of 27%. Adjuvant immunotherapy with APAVAC^® was initiated. After APAVAC administration, no local or systemic acute adverse events were observed. Four pre- and post-contrast computed tomography (CT) studies were performed in an 18-month follow-up period every 4–5 months. Follow-up rectal palpation and conscious visualisation of the surgical site have also resulted in no macroscopic signs of tumour recurrence. The dog remains alive and with no clinical evidence of tumour recurrence and/or distant progression at the time of writing, therefore, surviving over 540 days from the diagnosis. Full article

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30 pages, 3305 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Evolution and Role of Molecular Tools in Measuring Diversity and Genomic Selection in Livestock Populations (Traditional and Up-to-Date Insights): A Comprehensive Exploration

by Hosameldeen Mohamed Husien, Ahmed A. Saleh, Nada N. A. M. Hassanine, Amr M. A. Rashad, Mahmoud A. Sharaby, Asmaa Z. Mohamed, Heba Abdelhalim, Elsayed E. Hafez, Mohamed Osman Abdalrahem Essa, Saber Y. Adam, Ning Chen and Mengzhi Wang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120627 - 6 Dec 2024

Distinctive molecular approaches and tools, particularly high-throughput SNP genotyping, have been applied to determine and discover SNPs, potential genes of interest, indicators of evolutionary selection, genetic abnormalities, molecular indicators, and loci associated with quantitative traits (QTLs) in various livestock species. These methods have [...] Read more.

Distinctive molecular approaches and tools, particularly high-throughput SNP genotyping, have been applied to determine and discover SNPs, potential genes of interest, indicators of evolutionary selection, genetic abnormalities, molecular indicators, and loci associated with quantitative traits (QTLs) in various livestock species. These methods have also been used to obtain whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data, enabling the implementation of genomic selection. Genomic selection allows for selection decisions based on genomic-estimated breeding values (GEBV). The estimation of GEBV relies on the calculation of SNP effects using prediction equations derived from a subset of individuals in the reference population who possess both SNP genotypes and phenotypes for target traits. Compared to traditional methods, modern genomic selection methods offer advantages for sex-limited traits, low heritability traits, late-measured traits, and the potential to increase genetic gain by reducing generation intervals. The current availability of high-density genotyping and next-generation sequencing data allow for genome-wide scans for selection. This investigation provides an overview of the essential role of advanced molecular tools in studying genetic diversity and implementing genomic selection. It also highlights the significance of adaptive selection in light of new high-throughput genomic technologies and the establishment of selective comparisons between different genomes. Moreover, this investigation presents candidate genes and QTLs associated with various traits in different livestock species, such as body conformation, meat production and quality, carcass characteristics and composition, milk yield and composition, fertility, fiber production and characteristics, and disease resistance. Full article

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21 pages, 2178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evolution of Sow Productivity and Evaluation Parameters: Spanish Farms as a Benchmark

by Santos Sanz-Fernández, Pablo Rodríguez-Hernández, Cipriano Díaz-Gaona, Llibertat Tusell, Raquel Quintanilla and Vicente Rodríguez-Estévez

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120626 - 6 Dec 2024

This study examines the global evolution of sow productivity, with a particular focus on Spain. The analysis is based on key performance metrics such as piglets weaned per sow per year (PWSY), prolificacy, and pre-weaning mortality, utilizing data from literature reviews, the InterPIG, [...] Read more.

This study examines the global evolution of sow productivity, with a particular focus on Spain. The analysis is based on key performance metrics such as piglets weaned per sow per year (PWSY), prolificacy, and pre-weaning mortality, utilizing data from literature reviews, the InterPIG, and BDporc^® databases. Globally, significant advancements in genetic selection and management practices have led to productivity increases across major pig-producing countries, with notable improvements in prolificacy. However, higher prolificacy has been accompanied by rising piglet mortality rates during lactation, posing sustainability challenges. In Spain, the average productivity of commercial sows increased from 23.78 PWSY in 2009 to 29.45 PWSY in 2023, while Iberian sows reached an average of 17.44 PWSY. Despite these gains, Spain’s figures remain slightly below the European Union average. The study highlights the need for new benchmarks, such as non-productive days, piglet survival, and sow longevity, to more accurately assess farm efficiency. These indicators, combined with considerations for animal welfare and environmental sustainability, are crucial for addressing current challenges such as piglet mortality, sow culling, and the carbon footprint. The findings emphasize the importance of adopting comprehensive management strategies that balance productivity with growing social and environmental demands on the swine industry. Full article

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17 pages, 3136 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester on Embryonic Development Through Regulation of Mitochondria and Endoplasmic Reticulum

by Chu-Man Huang, Hui-Mei Huang, Ying-Hua Li, Xing-Wei Liang, Nam-Hyung Kim and Yong-Nan Xu

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 625; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120625 - 6 Dec 2024

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is one of the main active components of the natural medicine propolis, which has antioxidant, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aimed to analyze the effects and underlying mechanisms of CAPE added to the medium of in vitro [...] Read more.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is one of the main active components of the natural medicine propolis, which has antioxidant, anti-tumor, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aimed to analyze the effects and underlying mechanisms of CAPE added to the medium of in vitro cultures on the developmental competence, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum of porcine embryos. The results demonstrated that 1 nM of CAPE significantly improved the quality of porcine embryos, increased the rate of blastocyst formation, and enhanced the proliferation ability. It also enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing the level of mitochondrial membrane potential and expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis-related protein PPARgamma coactivator 1 alpha and beta (PGC1 alpha and beta), regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, and increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content. In addition, CAPE alleviated oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in embryos by decreasing ROS accumulation and increasing glutathione content, as well as elevating Nrf2 and reducing GRP78 (ER stress marker) expression levels. Moreover, CAPE reduced the levels of apoptosis and autophagy in the cultivated embryos. These results indicate that CAPE improves the quality and enhances the mitochondrial function of in vitro-produced porcine embryos by alleviating oxidative and ER stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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13 pages, 1210 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ehrlichia canis Vaccine Development: Challenges and Advances

by Bruna Samara Alves-Ribeiro, Raiany Borges Duarte, Zara Mariana de Assis-Silva, Ana Paula Carvalho Gomes, Yasodaja Assis Silva, Lizandra Fernandes-Silva, Alice Caroline da Silva Rocha, Iago de Sá Moraes, Klaus Casaro Saturnino, Dirceu Guilherme de Souza Ramos, Isis Indaiara Gonçalves Granjeiro Taques and Ísis Assis Braga

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120624 - 5 Dec 2024

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is an infectious disease caused by Ehrlichia canis, a globally recognized obligate intracellular bacterium. In addition to dogs, other animals, including humans, may be affected. Despite its epidemiological importance and impact on public health, there is currently no [...] Read more.

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is an infectious disease caused by Ehrlichia canis, a globally recognized obligate intracellular bacterium. In addition to dogs, other animals, including humans, may be affected. Despite its epidemiological importance and impact on public health, there is currently no commercial vaccine against E. canis. This study aimed to present relevant aspects of the challenges and advances encountered in the development of vaccines for CME and highlight perspectives for future investigations. High genetic variability, along with the various evasion mechanisms employed by E. canis, has hindered the identification of an antigen that targets Th1 cells and is immunogenic to most E. canis isolates, considering their genotypic and phenotypic characteristics. The vaccine must predominantly confer cellular and humoral immunity to achieve robust immune responses. Early production efforts have been challenging due to low immunogenicity, difficulties in establishing long-term protection, and limitations of the techniques used. However, with the refinement of bioinformatic tools, research in this area will be facilitated, thereby accelerating the development of effective vaccines for CME. According to these authors, this vaccine should consist of multiple epitopes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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7 pages, 4404 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Taenia martis Cysticercosis in a Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

by Martina Bleyer, Lena Erffmeier, Olga Batura and Christian Roos

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(12), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11120623 - 4 Dec 2024

Taenia martis cysticercosis is a rare but recently more frequently reported disease that can affect both human and non-human primates as aberrant hosts. A common marmoset was noticed as being affected by advancing weight loss that did not respond to therapy and finally [...] Read more.

Taenia martis cysticercosis is a rare but recently more frequently reported disease that can affect both human and non-human primates as aberrant hosts. A common marmoset was noticed as being affected by advancing weight loss that did not respond to therapy and finally had to be euthanized due to poor prognosis. A complete necropsy with gross evaluation and subsequent histological and molecular analyses was performed, revealing the presence of a cysticercosis in the thoracic and pelvic cavity and in the mesentery. Molecular analysis identified the cestode as Taenia martis. This is the fifth case of Taenia martis cysticercosis in a non-human primate and the first case in a platyrrhine primate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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