Veterinary Sciences

12 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leptospira spp. Antibody Seroprevalence in Stray Dogs and Cats: A Study in Milan, Northern Italy

by Joel Filipe, Stefania Lauzi, Flavia Bullo, Mario D’Incau, Gabriele Meroni, Piera Anna Martino, Sonia Magistrelli, Maurizio Restelli and Paola Dall’Ara

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100478 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2024

Abstract

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis recognised as a re-emerging infectious disease in both humans and dogs, yet the actual seroprevalence of Leptospira in pets in Italy is relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate Leptospira antibody prevalence in dogs and [...] Read more.

Leptospirosis is a widespread zoonosis recognised as a re-emerging infectious disease in both humans and dogs, yet the actual seroprevalence of Leptospira in pets in Italy is relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate Leptospira antibody prevalence in dogs and cats from a shelter by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), the gold standard test in leptospiral serology, and to assess risk factors for Leptospira infection. This seroepidemiological study investigated the prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in a cohort of 106 dogs and 51 cats housed in a municipal shelter in Milan. Blood samples were collected from the animals during two sampling periods: spring/summer 2014 and autumn/winter 2016/2017. Eight serogroups were evaluated: L. Australis, L. Ballum, L. Canicola, L. Grippotyphosa, L. Icterohaemorrhagiae, L. Pomona, L. Sejroe, and L. Tarassovi. Antibody titres ranged from 1:100 to 1:6400. The results indicated that 21.7% of dogs had antibodies against serogroups L. Icterohaemorrhagiae and L. Australis, making them the most often found. Conversely, none of the cats showed any presence of antibodies. Seropositivity was higher in the spring/summer period (32.7%) than in autumn/winter (11.1%), and no statistically significant results were found regarding sex or age. These findings underscore the importance of ongoing serological surveillance and biosecurity measures in shelter environments to mitigate the zoonotic risk posed by leptospirosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

13 pages, 1672 KiB

Open AccessReview

Text Mining and Topic Analysis for Ostriches’ Welfare Based on Systematic Literature Review from 1983 to 2023

by Annalisa Previti, Vito Biondi, Mehmet Erman Or, Bengü Bilgiç, Michela Pugliese and Annamaria Passantino

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100477 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2024

Abstract

Ostriches can be utilized as multipurpose animals suitable for producing meat, eggs, feathers, and leather. This growing interest in ostrich farming leads to an increased demand for comprehensive information on their management. But, little attention is paid to the consequences for their welfare. [...] Read more.

Ostriches can be utilized as multipurpose animals suitable for producing meat, eggs, feathers, and leather. This growing interest in ostrich farming leads to an increased demand for comprehensive information on their management. But, little attention is paid to the consequences for their welfare. The study aimed to perform a research literature analysis on ostriches’ welfare using the text mining (TM) and topic analysis (TA) methods. It identifies prevailing topics, summarizes their temporal trend within the last forty years, and highlights potential research gaps. According to PRISMA guidelines, a literature exploration was achieved using the Scopus^® database, retaining keywords about ostriches’ welfare. Papers distributed in the English language from 1983 to 2023 were included. Descriptive statistics, TM, and TA were applied to a total of n. 122 documents included. The findings revealed an increasing trend in research records since 1994. TM recognized the terms with the highest weighted frequency and TA identified the main topics of the research area, in the following order: “health and management”, “feeding and nutrition”, “welfare reproduction”, “egg production”, and “welfare during transport”. The study confirms the increased focus on ostriches’ welfare but shows that further studies are required to ensure the welfare of this species. Full article

10 pages, 734 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Phenotypic Shift of an Inflammatory Eosinophil Subset into a Steady-State Resident Phenotype after 2 Years of Vaccination against IL-5 in Equine Insect Bite Hypersensitivity

by Elio Schwarz, Fadi Jebbawi, Giulia Keller, Tanya Rhiner, Anna Fricker, Nina Waldern, Fabia Canonica, Angelika Schoster and Antonia Fettelschoss-Gabriel

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100476 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2024

Abstract

Eosinophils play a key role in allergic diseases such as insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH). Together with Th2 cells, they shape the course of inflammation in associated type I/IVb allergies. Therefore, a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine targeting equine interleukin-5 (eIL-5), eIL-5-CuMV-TT, was developed to [...] Read more.

Eosinophils play a key role in allergic diseases such as insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH). Together with Th2 cells, they shape the course of inflammation in associated type I/IVb allergies. Therefore, a virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccine targeting equine interleukin-5 (eIL-5), eIL-5-CuMV-TT, was developed to interfere with the IL-5 dependency of eosinophils by inducing the production of anti-self-IL-5 antibodies and alleviating clinical signs in IBH-affected horses. A previous study highlighted the presence of two eosinophil subsets, steady-state resident eosinophils (rEos) and inflammatory eosinophils (iEos), circulating in the blood of healthy and IBH-affected horses, distinguishable by the expression of integrin CD49f. Furthermore, eIL-5-CuMV-TT 1st year vaccination showed a significant decrease of total eosinophils and, in particular, iEos. Nevertheless, the very few remaining eosinophils still shared an iEos phenotype, reflected by bigger size and higher granularity. The aim of this study was to follow up on the phenotype of eosinophils in the 2nd year of vaccination of IBH-affected horses with eIL-5-CuMV-TT. Using flow cytometry analysis of the blood of healthy, IBH, IBH-placebo, and IBH-vaccinated horses, the percentage and count of cells were compared between groups with a focus on pair analysis of eosinophils in 1st and 2nd year vaccinated horses. Our data showed comparably low levels of iEos and a significant increase of rEos in 2nd year compared to 1st year vaccinated horses, suggesting a phenotypic shift toward a resident-like eosinophil population, primarily associated with the phenotype of healthy horses. The reduction of size, granularity, and expression of integrin CD49f in the 2nd year suggests a benefit of long-term treatment with the eIL-5-CuMV-TT vaccine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases in Horses)

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13 pages, 753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Flemish Laying Hen Farmers and Private Bird Keepers Comply with and Think about Measures to Control Avian Influenza?

by Femke Delanglez, Bart Ampe, Anneleen Watteyn, Liesbeth G. W. Van Damme and Frank A. M. Tuyttens

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100475 (registering DOI) - 5 Oct 2024

Abstract

Competent authorities of many countries, including Belgium, impose control measures (preventing wild bird access to feeders and water facilities, indoor confinement of captive birds, or fencing off outdoor ranges with nets) on professional and non-professional keepers of birds to prevent the spread of [...] Read more.

Competent authorities of many countries, including Belgium, impose control measures (preventing wild bird access to feeders and water facilities, indoor confinement of captive birds, or fencing off outdoor ranges with nets) on professional and non-professional keepers of birds to prevent the spread of avian influenza (AI). Flemish laying hen farmers (FAR, n = 33) and private keepers of captive birds (PRI, n = 263) were surveyed about their opinion on and compliance with AI measures legally imposed during the most recent high-risk period before this survey in 2021. Participants answered questions on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = the worst, 3 = neutral, and 5 = the best). FAR indicated better compliance with the AI measures than PRI, except for net confinement. FAR indicated that they and other poultry farmers complied better with AI measures than PRI. Additionally, PRI indicated that they better complied than other PRI keepers. FAR regarded the AI measures as more effective than PRI. To prevent the spread of AI more effectively, national authorities could focus on information campaigns explaining to private bird keepers the need for the various control measures that they impose. If these campaigns fail, local authorities may need stricter enforcement or alternative ways to increase compliance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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24 pages, 8003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined Dietary Spirulina platensis and Citrus limon Essential Oil Enhances the Growth, Immunity, Antioxidant Capacity and Intestinal Health of Nile Tilapia

by Safaa E. Abdo, Abeer F. El-Nahas, Rabab E. Abdellatif, Radi Mohamed, Mohamed A. Helal, Mahmoud M. Azzam, Alessandro Di Cerbo and Seham El-Kassas

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100474 - 4 Oct 2024

Abstract

The dietary presence of feed additives is crucial for boosting fish growth and immunity. Accordingly, this feeding trial aimed to investigate the effects of the separate and concurrent dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis (SP) and bitter lemon (Citrus limon) peel essential [...] Read more.

The dietary presence of feed additives is crucial for boosting fish growth and immunity. Accordingly, this feeding trial aimed to investigate the effects of the separate and concurrent dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis (SP) and bitter lemon (Citrus limon) peel essential oil (LEO) on the growth, immunity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four groups of male Nile tilapia were employed. The first group (control) was given the basal diet, while the second and third groups received the basal diet supplemented with LEO extract (1%) and SP (1 g/kg diet), respectively. The fourth group received the basal diet supplemented with a mix of LEO (1%) and SP at 1 g/kg. After two months of feeding, using LEO or/and SP improved the overall growth and immunological parameters, with their combination yielding the best outcomes. The supplementation of LEO or/and SP improved the Nile tilapia’s growth metrics and transcriptomic levels of growth-regulating genes such as (oligo-peptide transporter 1 (Pep1), growth hormone receptors 1 (GHR1), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF1). The improved growth performance was linked to significant increases in the expression levels of mucin and fat metabolism-related genes. Moreover, fish supplemented with LEO, SP, or their combination showed enhanced non-specific immunological measures, including phagocytic and lysozyme activities and the mRNA copies of its regulating genes. Additionally, remarkable increases in the antioxidant enzyme activities and the mRNA levels of their related genes were detected. The complement (C3) gene’s transcriptomic level was also significantly increased. Furthermore, the dietary supplementation of LEO, SP, or their combination improved the histological structures of the spleen, hepatopancreas, and intestine. The enhanced effects of LEO, SP, or their combination on fish immunity and growth are suggested to be due to their contents of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Thus, using the LOE and SP blends as feed additives is recommended for better growth and immunity of Nile tilapia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology, Biosecurity and Aquatic Animals Health)

11 pages, 7497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-Mediated Rapid, Sensitive, and Onsite Detection of Newcastle Disease in Pigeons

by Libin Liang, Dou Wang, Zhen Gao, Jiao Tang, Xing Li, Pengfei Ren, Ying Wang, Shimin Gao, Xingchen Wu, Yanna Guo, Bo Yang and Junping Li

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100473 - 4 Oct 2024

Abstract

Pigeon Newcastle disease, caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1), is a significant infectious disease in pigeons that can result in substantial mortality and poses a severe threat to the pigeon industry. The rapid and accurate onsite diagnosis of pigeon disease is crucial [...] Read more.

Pigeon Newcastle disease, caused by pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1), is a significant infectious disease in pigeons that can result in substantial mortality and poses a severe threat to the pigeon industry. The rapid and accurate onsite diagnosis of pigeon disease is crucial for timely diagnosis and the implementation of effective prevention and control measures. In this study, we established a rapid detection method for PPMV-1 based on recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) and CRISPR/Cas12a. The RAA primers target the conserved regions of the L gene for preamplification in clinical nucleic acid samples, followed by CRISPR/Cas12a detection of the target gene. Visualization could be achieved by combination with a lateral flow dipstick (LFD). This method demonstrated high specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with non-PPMV-1 samples. The sensitivity of the method assessed by fluorescence analysis reached 10⁰ copies/µL, and when it was combined with an LFD, the sensitivity was 10³ copies/µL. The constructed RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-LFD visual detection method was applied to clinical sample testing and was found to enable the rapid and accurate detection of swab samples and tissue specimens. Its sensitivity was consistent with the current gold standard, quantitative real-time PCR results. The RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a-LFD detection method we developed provides a novel approach for the rapid, simple, precise, and specific onsite diagnosis of pigeon Newcastle disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 2269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Description and Outcomes of an Ultrasound-Guided Technique for Catheter Placement in the Canine Quadratus Lumborum Plane: A Cadaveric Tomographic Study and Clinical Case Series

by Massimiliano Degani, Géraldine Bolen, Chiara Talarico, Stéphanie Noël, Kris Gommeren, Chiara Di Franco and Charlotte Sandersen

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100472 - 2 Oct 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to describe an ultrasound-guided technique for implanting catheters for local anesthetic administration into the quadratus lumborum (QL) inter-fascial plane in canine cadavers and assessing the spread along the vertebral bodies (VBs) by computed tomography (CT). Phase 1: eight canine cadavers [...] Read more.

This study aimed to describe an ultrasound-guided technique for implanting catheters for local anesthetic administration into the quadratus lumborum (QL) inter-fascial plane in canine cadavers and assessing the spread along the vertebral bodies (VBs) by computed tomography (CT). Phase 1: eight canine cadavers received one catheter per hemiabdomen, followed by injection of contrast media solution [low volume (L_V) 0.3 mL kg⁻¹ or high volume (H_V) 0.6 mL kg⁻¹]. Phase 2: postoperative pain of five dogs was managed by injecting 0.3 mL kg⁻¹ of ropivacaine 0.5% through QL catheters every eight hours, up to 72 h after abdominal surgery. Pain was assessed using the Short Form of the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale, and methadone 0.2 mg kg⁻¹ was administered intravenously when the pain score was ≥6. The number of VBs stained by the contrast solution between the QL and psoas minor muscles was significantly higher in group H_V than group L_V. The catheter tip was visualized in the retroperitoneal space in 1/16 and 2/10 hemiabdomens in phases 1 and 2, respectively. Rescue analgesia was required in 3/5 dogs during the postoperative period. The QL catheter placement technique appears feasible and may be included in a multimodal analgesic approach for dogs undergoing abdominal surgeries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Small-Animal Anaesthesia and Analgesia)

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11 pages, 1736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Productive Aptitude and Age Affect Circulating Serotonin, Total Thyroid Hormones, and Cortisol Patterns in Cows?

by Giuseppe Bruschetta, Arianna Bionda, Renato Paolo Giunta, Giovanna Lucrezia Costa, Esterina Fazio, Patrizia Licata and Fabio Bruno

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100471 - 2 Oct 2024

Abstract

Cattle productivity, whether in terms of meat yield or milk production, is intricately regulated by a multitude of factors. Among them, hormone concentrations play a significant role, reflecting the complex interplay between endocrine regulation and physiological processes that ultimately determine the efficiency and [...] Read more.

Cattle productivity, whether in terms of meat yield or milk production, is intricately regulated by a multitude of factors. Among them, hormone concentrations play a significant role, reflecting the complex interplay between endocrine regulation and physiological processes that ultimately determine the efficiency and yield of production. High concentrations of 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT) are associated with a reduced metabolic load at the onset of lactation and a lower milk yield. Thyroid hormones (THs) and cortisol also affect several metabolic pathways, including carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to assess if milk or meat aptitudes and age influence circulating 5-HT, THs, and cortisol concentrations, investigating the possible interactions among these parameters. The research was performed on 46 healthy cows of three different breeds. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods were used to quantify circulating 5-HT and cortisol concentrations, and an immunochemiluminescent analyzer was used for THs. For parameters exhibiting non-normal distributions, an ANCOVA model using age, aptitude, and their interaction as fixed factors was applied. Significant lower T3 concentrations were recorded in dairy cows than in meat cows. Moreover, T4 significantly decreased with advancing age both in cows aimed at milk and meat production. Lastly, T4 was positively correlated with T3 and 5-HT in meat production-oriented cows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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16 pages, 643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stability of Fly Maggot Peptides and Its Alleviating Effect on Lipopolysaccharide Combined with Hemocoagulase Oxidative Stress in Arbor Acres Chicks

by Qin Wang, Pingfei Qiu, Zeru Peng, Junlong Wu, Ruiying Bao, Liangmin Huang, Xiaochun Li, Huiyu Shi, Haiwen Zhang and Xuemei Wang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100470 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Recently, there has been fast-growing interest among researchers in discovering bioactive peptides from insects and evaluating their potential applications in livestock production. The present study aimed to assess the antioxidant properties and stability of fly maggot peptide (FMP) and its effects on Arbor [...] Read more.

Recently, there has been fast-growing interest among researchers in discovering bioactive peptides from insects and evaluating their potential applications in livestock production. The present study aimed to assess the antioxidant properties and stability of fly maggot peptide (FMP) and its effects on Arbor Acres (AA) broilers' oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hemocoagulase (HC). A total of 108 one-day-old AA broilers were randomly divided into six groups: CG (normal saline, basal diet), DG (LPS + HC, basal diet), VG (DG + vitamin C 50 ug/kg), LPG (DG + FMP 5 mg/kg), MPG (DG + FMP 15 mg/kg), and HPG (DG + FMP 25 mg/kg). The results showed that the addition of FMP to the diet promoted LPS+ HC-induced increases in average daily gain (ADG), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Meanwhile, FMP regulated the intestinal morphology. Additionally, FMP decreased the increase in the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), the relative weight of immune organs, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In conclusion, this research suggested that the addition of FMP can relieve the LPS+ HC-induced oxidative stress of AA broilers and the recommended dose of FMP is 25 mg/kg. This study presents a theoretical foundation for the addition of an FMP supplement for the purpose of protecting broilers’ growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Animal Diseases in Agricultural Production Systems, 2nd Edition)

19 pages, 1157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli from Fecal Samples of Wild Animals

by Carolina Sabença, Mario Romero-Rivera, Raquel Barbero-Herranz, Roberto Sargo, Luís Sousa, Filipe Silva, Filipa Lopes, Ana Carolina Abrantes, Madalena Vieira-Pinto, Carmen Torres, Gilberto Igrejas, Rosa del Campo and Patrícia Poeta

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100469 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from wildlife is crucial for monitoring the spread of this microorganism in the environment and for developing effective AMR control strategies. Wildlife can act as carriers of AMR bacteria and spread them to other [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from wildlife is crucial for monitoring the spread of this microorganism in the environment and for developing effective AMR control strategies. Wildlife can act as carriers of AMR bacteria and spread them to other wildlife, domestic animals, and humans; thus, they have public health implications. A total of 128 Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from 66 of 217 fecal samples obtained from different wild animals using media without antibiotic supplementation. Antibiograms were performed for 17 antibiotics to determine the phenotypic resistance profile in these isolates. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was tested using the double-disc synergy test, and 29 E. coli strains were selected for whole genome sequencing. In total, 22.1% of the wild animals tested carried multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates, and 0.93% (2/217) of these wild animals carried E. coli isolates with ESBL-encoding genes (bla_CTX-M-65, bla_CTX-M-55, and bla_EC-1982). The E. coli isolates showed the highest resistance rates to ampicillin and were fully susceptible to amikacin, meropenem, ertapenem, and imipenem. Multiple resistance and virulence genes were detected, as well as different plasmids. The relatively high frequency of multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates in wildlife, with some of them being ESBL producers, raises some concern regarding the potential transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among these animals. Gaining insights into antibiotic resistance patterns in wildlife can be vital in shaping conservation initiatives and developing effective strategies for responsible antibiotic use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

14 pages, 2719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Solid-State Fermentation Products of Lactobacillus plantarum, Candida utilis, and Bacillus coagulans on Growth Performance of Broilers and Prevention of Avian Colibacillosis

by Fangfang Li, Bing Lv, Jiakun Zuo, Saqib Nawaz, Zhihao Wang, Liyan Lian, Huifang Yin, Shuming Chen, Xiangan Han and Haidong Wang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100468 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of the solid-state fermentation products of Lactobacillus plantarum, Candida utilis, and Bacillus coagulans (LCBs) on the growth characteristics, immune function, intestinal morphology, cecum microbial community, and prevention of avian colibacillosis in broilers. One hundred and twenty [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of the solid-state fermentation products of Lactobacillus plantarum, Candida utilis, and Bacillus coagulans (LCBs) on the growth characteristics, immune function, intestinal morphology, cecum microbial community, and prevention of avian colibacillosis in broilers. One hundred and twenty Hyland Brown broilers (aged one day) were divided randomly into three groups (four replicates of ten broilers per group). (1) The CON group was fed a basal diet. (2) The MOD group was fed a basal diet. On day 40, APEC strain SX02 (1.1 × 10⁵ CFU/g) was administered to the breasts of chickens in this group. (3) The LCBs group was fed a basal diet supplemented with fermentation products (98.5% basal diet + 0.5% Lactobacillus plantarum and Candida utilis solid-state fermentation products + 1.0% Bacillus coagulans solid-state fermentation products). On day 40, the LCBs group received the same treatment as the MOD group. The experiment lasted 43 days. This study found that the average daily gain (ADG) of the LCBs group was significantly higher than that of the MOD group (p < 0.05), indicating that LCBs can significantly increase the ADG of broilers and improve the feed conversion ratio. Furthermore, compared to the MOD group, the heart bacterial load was significantly reduced in the LCBs group (p < 0.05), and the lesions less severe in the heart, liver, and jejunum were observed (p < 0.05). Additionally, the detection of intestinal flora showed a significant increase in the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the cecum of the LCBs group, while the number of Escherichia coli and Shigella decreased significantly. In conclusion, the solid fermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum, Candida utilis, and Bacillus coagulans can improve the growth performance of broilers while also protecting against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection. This demonstrates the potential usefulness of these LCBs in feed production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug Resistant Bacteria in Companion and Food Animals)

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10 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Arrhythmogenic Profile of Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease in Stages B1 and B2

by Beatriz Almeida Santos, Jaqueline Valença Corrêa, Carolina Dragone Latini, Miriam Harumi Tsunemi, Angélica Alfonso, Luiz Henrique de Araújo Machado and Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100467 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most prevalent cardiac disease in dogs. This study aimed to compare the arrhythmogenic profile and heart rate variability (HRV) of dogs with MMVD in stages B1 and B2. Electrocardiographic exams and the medical records of 60 [...] Read more.

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most prevalent cardiac disease in dogs. This study aimed to compare the arrhythmogenic profile and heart rate variability (HRV) of dogs with MMVD in stages B1 and B2. Electrocardiographic exams and the medical records of 60 dogs were analyzed, and HRV, P wave dispersion, QT interval dispersion, and QT interval instability parameters were determined. The results showed significantly increased values in stage B2 compared with stage B1 (p < 0.05) regarding P wave maximum and minimum duration (Pmax and Pmin) and short-term instability (STI). In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed regarding HRV parameters, P wave dispersion, or QT interval dispersion. Our findings showed that cardiac remodeling in stage B2 could not significantly alter the sympathovagal balance and showed little interference with the predisposition of arrhythmias in dogs with MMVD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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12 pages, 2971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Evaluation of a Semi-Nested PCR Method Based on the 18S ribosomal RNA Gene for the Detection of Babesia aktasi Infections in Goats

by Mehmet Can Ulucesme, Sezayi Ozubek and Munir Aktas

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100466 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

We developed and evaluated a semi-nested PCR assay for the detection of Babesia aktasi infection in goats based on the sequence of the B. aktasi 18S ribosomal RNA gene. Following in silico screening, the specificity of the primers was assessed using reference DNA [...] Read more.

We developed and evaluated a semi-nested PCR assay for the detection of Babesia aktasi infection in goats based on the sequence of the B. aktasi 18S ribosomal RNA gene. Following in silico screening, the specificity of the primers was assessed using reference DNA samples, including B. ovis, B. motasi, B. crassa, B. venatorum, B. divergens, B. capreoli, Theileria ovis, and T. annulata. To determine the sensitivity of the method, blood infected with 2% parasitemia of B. aktasi was diluted to 10-fold serial dilutions. The method specifically amplified a 438 bp fragment of B. aktasi DNA, but did not demonstrate cross-amplification with the other hemoparasites tested. The sensitivity assay indicated that this PCR method was able to detect infection at a dilution of 10⁻⁸ of 2% parasitemia (0.074 parasites/200 µL). Ninety-seven blood samples collected from goats were used to analyze for B. aktasi, and the infection was detected in 18.5% of the goats. Additionally, the method was also applied to 44 field DNA samples that were detected to be positive for B. aktasi by reverse line blotting (RLB), and showed 84.1% agreement. The findings revealed that newly developed semi-nested PCR can detect B. aktasi infections in goats with high sensitivity and specificity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)

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14 pages, 3546 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Integration of Veterinary Medicine and Behavioral Management in the Care of Captive Pigtail Macaques (Macaca nemestrina)

by Jessica E. Toscano, Sarah A. Hart and Carolyn M. Malinowski

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100465 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

The Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) maintains the largest domestic breeding colony of pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) in the United States, with animals housed in small to medium-sized social groups. As part of the animal care plan, a programmatic framework [...] Read more.

The Washington National Primate Research Center (WaNPRC) maintains the largest domestic breeding colony of pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) in the United States, with animals housed in small to medium-sized social groups. As part of the animal care plan, a programmatic framework is utilized, which integrates clinical care with socialization considerations for nonhuman primates (NHPs). This framework encompasses the following areas: (1) socialization in the clinical setting; (2) positive reinforcement training (PRT); (3) measures to ensure proper identification and medication distribution; and (4) in-group treatments. The success of this framework is demonstrated by the high socialization rate for hospitalized animals (99.5% social pairing success), with the majority of clinical cases (95%) being treated in social groups. Ultimately, this framework seeks to buffer stressors when animals require clinical care or husbandry manipulations. Taken together, the above components foster an environment that provides a comprehensive approach to NHP medical and behavioral management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interface between Veterinary Management and Behavioral Management for Captive Nonhuman Primates)

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25 pages, 980 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in the Effects of Heat Stress on Ovarian Granulosa Cells: Unveiling Novel Ferroptosis Pathways

by Zhen Zhu, Jiang Wu, Yuguo Wen, Xiaocheng Wu, Huimingda Bao, Min Wang and Kai Kang

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100464 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Heat stress has been one of the key research areas for researchers due to the wide-ranging effects and complex mechanisms of action of its stress product reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this paper is to comprehensively review and summarize the effects [...] Read more.

Heat stress has been one of the key research areas for researchers due to the wide-ranging effects and complex mechanisms of action of its stress product reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this paper is to comprehensively review and summarize the effects of heat stress on ovarian granulosa cells and their mechanism of action. We systematically reviewed the effects of heat stress on ovarian granulosa cells, including intracellular steroid hormone changes, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mitochondrial function. Meanwhile, this paper discusses in detail several major mechanisms by which heat stress induces apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells, such as through the activation of apoptosis-related genes, induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the mitochondrial pathway. In addition, we analyzed the mechanism of ferroptosis in ovarian granulosa cells under heat stress conditions, summarized the potential association between heat stress and ferroptosis in light of the existing literature, and explored the key factors in the mechanism of action of heat stress, such as the signaling pathways of Nrf2/Keap1, HSPs, and JNK, and analyzed their possible roles in the process of ferroptosis. Finally, this paper provides an outlook on the future research direction, describing the possible interaction between heat stress and ferroptosis, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for further understanding and revealing the complex mechanism of ferroptosis occurrence in ovarian granulosa cells under heat stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Impact on the Reproductive Parameters of Domestic Animals)

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13 pages, 1602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Rumex nepalensis on Performance, Blood Markers, Immunity, Intestinal Microbiology and Histomorphology in Broiler Chicken

by Mohammad T. Banday, Manzoor A. Wani, Sarah I. Othman, Hassan A. Rudayni, Ahmed A. Allam, Mohammad Y. Alshahrani, Essam H. Ibrahim, Showkat Nabi and Sheikh Adil

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100463 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

The study investigated the impact of utilizing Rumex nepalensis leaf powder (RNL) as a phytogenic feed additive on performance, blood markers, intestinal microbiology and histomorphology in broiler chicken. One hundred eighty day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups having [...] Read more.

The study investigated the impact of utilizing Rumex nepalensis leaf powder (RNL) as a phytogenic feed additive on performance, blood markers, intestinal microbiology and histomorphology in broiler chicken. One hundred eighty day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatment groups having three replicates with fifteen birds each. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets primarily based on maize–soybean were formulated, viz., CN (Control)—fed basal diet only; RNL_2.5 (basal diet + 2.5 g/kg RNL); RNL₅ (basal diet + 5 g/kg RNL); and RNL₁₀ (basal diet + 10 g/kg RNL). The results revealed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in dietary treatments compared to CN with best values in RNL₁₀ followed by RNL₅. The blood markers like glucose, total protein, creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) showed no significance (p > 0.05) among all the treatments, however total cholesterol significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in RNL₅ and RNL₁₀ as against CN. Regarding immune parameters, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced in RNL₅ and RNL₁₀. Antioxidant enzyme status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in RNL₁₀ compared to CN. Gut health in terms of cecal microbiology and histomorphology of duodenum and jejunum were altered by inclusion of RNL in the broiler diet. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in coliform count was recorded by incorporation of dietary treatments with highest reduction in RNL₁₀. Lactobacillus count and total viable count did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments and CN. Duodenal and jejunal villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in RNL₅ and RNL₁₀ compared to RNL_2.5 and CN. Thus, it could be concluded that inclusion of Rumex nepalensis leaf powder in the diet resulted in improved performance and better immuno-antioxidant status of broilers. Further, an improvement in the gut health was observed in terms of positive effects on cecal microbiota and intestinal histomorphology of broiler chickens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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8 pages, 3689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunohistochemical Expression of Tenascin-C in Canine Meningiomas

by Fabiano José Ferreira de Sant’Ana, Ester Blasco and Martí Pumarola

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100462 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

In humans, tenascin-C (TN-C) expression has been detected in more aggressive neoplasms of the central nervous system, such as gliomas and meningiomas. No study has analyzed the immune expression of TN-C in canine meningioma. The current study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical distribution [...] Read more.

In humans, tenascin-C (TN-C) expression has been detected in more aggressive neoplasms of the central nervous system, such as gliomas and meningiomas. No study has analyzed the immune expression of TN-C in canine meningioma. The current study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical distribution of TN-C in different grades of canine meningiomas. Twenty-one cases of canine meningioma (12 grade I, 6 grade II, and 3 grade III) were analyzed. All samples were examined by immunohistochemistry with the following antibodies: TN-C, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Ki-67, pan-cytokeratin (Pan CK), and vimentin. The histopathological diagnosis of meningioma was reinforced with the positive labeling of vimentin (moderate to strong) and EMA (mild to moderate) in neoplastic cells in most cases, independently of its grade or subtype. The immunoreactivity of TN-C was irregular: mild in grade I, moderate in grade II, and moderate to severe in grade III neoplasms. Usually, immune positivity was observed in the stroma and perivascular space in all subtypes. In addition, the concentric whorls of neoplastic cells were labeled positive in some psammomatous and transitional meningiomas. The reaction to TN-C was more significant in grade II and III tumors. The immunohistochemical findings of the current study suggest that TN-C can act as a stromal marker, mainly in grade II or III meningiomas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Neuropathology in the One Health Approach)

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16 pages, 4345 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mortality in Stray Kittens under Eight Weeks Old: Focusing on Congenital Malformations

by Gael Contreras, Carlos Viegas, Adelina Gama, Filipe Silva and Isabel Pires

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100461 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Neonatal and pediatric mortality in kittens could be associated with bacterial infections, complications from inadequate management, congenital malformations, neonatal isoerythrolysis, parasitic diseases, and viral diseases. The complexity of causes, coupled with kittens’ physiological and immunological immaturity, complicates the diagnosis and treatment of disease, [...] Read more.

Neonatal and pediatric mortality in kittens could be associated with bacterial infections, complications from inadequate management, congenital malformations, neonatal isoerythrolysis, parasitic diseases, and viral diseases. The complexity of causes, coupled with kittens’ physiological and immunological immaturity, complicates the diagnosis and treatment of disease, highlighting the necessity for preventive measures. This study aimed to identify the leading causes of death and the occurrence of congenital malformations in stray kittens. Necropsies were performed on 68 kittens, all aged under two months. Results indicated that respiratory lesions were the leading cause of death in the youngest group, while gastrointestinal problems were more prevalent in older groups. Infectious causes were predominant across all age groups. Congenital malformations were observed in 40% of the animals, with megaesophagus, cardiovascular anomalies, bone defects, and kidney defects being the most prevalent. The findings underscore the critical importance of hygiene in preventing infections and related complications. Promoting sterilization and sanitary control in stray cats is essential to reduce overpopulation and improve living conditions. Full article

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13 pages, 1956 KiB

Open AccessReview

Refinements in Clinical and Behavioral Management for Macaques on Infectious Disease Protocols

by Lauren Drew Martin, Jaclyn Shelton, Lisa A. Houser, Rhonda MacAllister and Kristine Coleman

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(10), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100460 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

Providing optimal clinical and behavioral care is a key component of promoting animal welfare for macaques and other nonhuman primates (NHPs) in research. This overlap between critical areas of management is particularly important for NHPs on infectious disease protocols, which often have unique [...] Read more.

Providing optimal clinical and behavioral care is a key component of promoting animal welfare for macaques and other nonhuman primates (NHPs) in research. This overlap between critical areas of management is particularly important for NHPs on infectious disease protocols, which often have unique challenges. For example, traditionally these NHPs were often housed alone, which can have behavioral and clinical consequences. However, in the past decade or so, considerable effort has been directed at modifying procedures in an effort to improve animal welfare for this group of NHPs. In this review, we examine some refinements that can positively impact the clinical and behavioral management of macaques on infectious disease studies, including increased social housing and the use of positive reinforcement techniques to train animals to cooperate with procedures such as daily injections or awake blood draws. We also discuss ways to facilitate the implementation of these refinements, as well as to identify logistical considerations for their implementation. Finally, we look to the future and consider what more we can do to improve the welfare of these animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interface between Veterinary Management and Behavioral Management for Captive Nonhuman Primates)

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