Veterinary Sciences

14 pages, 835 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Effect of Elevated Ammonia and Urea Levels on Post-Thawed Bull Semen Sperm Characteristics

by Amine Abdelli, Mohamed Besbaci, Ziyad Al-Kass, Mokrane Iguer-Ouada and Jane M. Morrell

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 997; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100997 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Elevated ammonia and urea, common byproducts of nitrogen metabolism, are increasingly found in dairy cows and may negatively impact reproductive function. However, their effects on bull sperm remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of ammonia and urea at physiologically relevant [...] Read more.

Elevated ammonia and urea, common byproducts of nitrogen metabolism, are increasingly found in dairy cows and may negatively impact reproductive function. However, their effects on bull sperm remain unclear. This study aimed to assess the impact of ammonia and urea at physiologically relevant concentrations on key sperm characteristics. Thawed bull semen was incubated under five treatment conditions: control (no added ammonia or urea), low urea (LU), high urea (HU), low ammonia (LA), and high ammonia (HA). Sperm motility and kinematics were assessed using Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA), and sperm viability, DNA integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and oxidative stress markers were evaluated using flow cytometry. HA significantly reduced MMP (p = 0.008) and several motility parameters, including progressive motility and velocity (VCL, VSL, ALH), compared to LA and control groups. A decrease in sperm viability was observed in the HA group compared to LA at the beginning of incubation. While HU reduced MMP (p = 0.002), sperm motility was not significantly affected compared to LU. No significant differences were found in DNA fragmentation or oxidative stress biomarkers between groups. These results highlight the impact of ammonia, specifically, on sperm mitochondrial function and motility, which are crucial for successful fertilization. Full article

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14 pages, 752 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Selection for Economic Traits in Inner Mongolia Cashmere Goats by Integrating GWAS Prior Information

by Haijiao Xi, Qi Xu, Huanfeng Yao, Zihao Shen, Bohan Zhou, Qi Lv, Jinquan Li, Ruijun Wang, Yanjun Zhang, Rui Su and Zhiying Wang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 996; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100996 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

The accuracy of genomic selection has a significant impact on the selection of superior individuals in livestock. Studies have reported that integrating GWAS information can improve the accuracy of genomic prediction. In this study, phenotypic data, systematic environmental data, and genotypic data of [...] Read more.

The accuracy of genomic selection has a significant impact on the selection of superior individuals in livestock. Studies have reported that integrating GWAS information can improve the accuracy of genomic prediction. In this study, phenotypic data, systematic environmental data, and genotypic data of important economic traits (cashmere yield, cashmere diameter, body weight, and cashmere length) of Inner Mongolia cashmere goats were utilized. Based on the results of a previous genome-wide association study that considered additive and dominance effects, the top 5%, top 10%, top 15%, and top 20% of loci were extracted as prior marker information. The genomic breeding values for each trait were estimated using the GBLUP–GA method based on GWAS prior information, and the accuracy of genomic prediction was further evaluated using a five-fold cross-validation method. The results showed that the contribution of significant loci to the genetic variance of each trait gradually increased with an increase of the number of integrated loci. The genetic variance contribution rates of significant loci to cashmere yield, cashmere diameter, body weight, and cashmere length were 64–72%, 47–57%, 76–82%, and 66–80%, respectively. The additive heritability estimates for cashmere yield, cashmere diameter, body weight, and cashmere length using GWAS prior information were 0.252–0.266, 0.297–0.580, 0.305–0.330, and 0.107–0.117, respectively. These values were higher than those obtained using the traditional G matrix constructed from all loci, with increases of 0.052–0.066, 0.007–0.29, 0.134–0.159, and 0.015–0.025, respectively. The results of genomic prediction accuracy showed that when 5% of the GWAS prior information was integrated, the highest genomic prediction accuracy was achieved for cashmere yield (0.8156), body weight (0.8361), and cashmere length (0.7571). When 20% of the GWAS prior information was integrated, the genomic prediction accuracy for cashmere diameter was 0.8074, which was significantly higher than that at other levels. Additionally, it was found that the dominance heritability for cashmere diameter, body weight, and cashmere length was very small and could be ignored when integrating GWAS prior information. Therefore, when integrating prior information for genomic selection of these traits, the influence of dominance effects can be disregarded. Full article

14 pages, 3121 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Standardization of Indirect ELISA for African Swine Fever Virus Using Recombinant p30 Protein Produced in Prokaryotic System

by José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez, José Bryan García-Cambrón, Perla Lucero Zavala-Ocampo, Llilianne Ganges and Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100995 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

African Swine Fever (ASF), caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease with high mortality (≈100%) in pigs and is considered the most devastating disease to date. Given the importance of this disease, we aimed to assess [...] Read more.

African Swine Fever (ASF), caused by the African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious hemorrhagic disease with high mortality (≈100%) in pigs and is considered the most devastating disease to date. Given the importance of this disease, we aimed to assess the use of the recombinant p30 protein as the sole antigen for the development of an accurate and precise ELISA test (iELISA) for the virus. The recombinant p30 protein (rp30) was produced in a bacterial expression system using a SUMO-tagged expression vector. Protein expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis and purified using affinity chromatography. Antigenicity was evaluated in CF-1 mice, which demonstrated the ability to generate high levels of specific antibodies. The rp30 showed a sensitivity of 95.6% when used in the development of iELISA, a specificity of 92.3%, and a kappa index (κ) of 0.836. Furthermore, reference sera (OIE-ASF) were used to validate the assays, and the results demonstrated an excellent capacity to detect ASF antibodies using only the rp30 antigen up to a serum dilution of 1:100. The inter- and intra-assay variability coefficients were 4.27% and 4.85%, respectively, demonstrating that the assay was accurate and reproducible, allowing its use in seroepidemiological analyses for ASF surveillance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases: 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 1900 KB

Open AccessArticle

Monoplane Simpson’s Method Is Reliable for Left Atrial Volume Assessment in Small Dogs with Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease

by Minsuk Kim, Minwoong Seo and Chul Park

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100994 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Left atrial enlargement is a key marker of disease progression and prognosis in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial volume provides a more comprehensive measure than linear dimensions, yet different two-dimensional methods may yield variable results. This study [...] Read more.

Left atrial enlargement is a key marker of disease progression and prognosis in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial volume provides a more comprehensive measure than linear dimensions, yet different two-dimensional methods may yield variable results. This study aimed to compare the monoplane Simpson’s method of discs and the biplane area–length method for estimating left atrial volume indexed to body weight in dogs across different stages of disease. Dogs were prospectively evaluated with transthoracic echocardiography, and left atrial volumes were calculated using both techniques. Both indices clearly distinguished dogs with enlarged atria from controls and stage B1 patients. However, the two methods were not interchangeable, regardless of atrial size, as demonstrated by the Bland–Altman analysis. In conclusion, both techniques are clinically useful for assessing left atrial remodeling, but because they are not interchangeable, clinicians should consistently use one method. The monoplane Simpson’s method may be particularly practical for routine clinical application due to its convenience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Companion Animal Cardiology: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches)

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22 pages, 1910 KB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Smallholder Dairy Cattle Farmers in Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Survey on Cattle Infertility

by Athanas Ngou, Richard Laven, Timothy Parkinson, Isaac Kashoma and Daniel Donaghy

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 993; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100993 (registering DOI) - 15 Oct 2025

Abstract

Infertility is one of the major farming constraints facing smallholder dairy cattle farming in Tanzania. Despite its impact, there is limited information on how farmers understand and manage it. The present study aimed to assess farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices related to dairy [...] Read more.

Infertility is one of the major farming constraints facing smallholder dairy cattle farming in Tanzania. Despite its impact, there is limited information on how farmers understand and manage it. The present study aimed to assess farmers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices related to dairy cattle infertility. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire involving 301 farmers across six major dairy-farming regions: Tanga, Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Mbeya, Morogoro and Njombe. Overall, 95% of respondents reported encountering infertility on their farms. Farmers were asked to identify signs of infertility from the list of 10 (8 correct and 2 distractors); the median score for correct identification was 7 (range 2–10). The most recognised sign was return to oestrus after insemination (94%). Most farmers correctly identified low milk yield and mastitis as not being signs of infertility. The main reported causes included poor nutrition/housing (93%), livestock diseases (89%), poor record keeping (85%), and poor oestrus detection (83%). Nearly all (98%) viewed infertility as a serious issue, predominantly naming repeat breeding (95%) and failure to produce a calf/year (90%). Management strategies included seeking veterinary services (94%), slaughter (69%), sell to other farmers (23%) and self-treatment (16%). Our findings highlight widespread awareness of infertility while pointing out gaps in management, which reinforces the need for improved farmer education and support services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

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16 pages, 5265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Duck Plague Virus Full-Length UL15 Protein Is a Multifunctional Enzyme Which Not Only Possesses Nuclease Activity but Also Exerts ATPase and DNA-Binding Activity

by Qiao Yang, Guoying Zhou, Jing Yang, Mingshu Wang, Ying Wu, Bin Tian and Anchun Cheng

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 992; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100992 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

The genome of the herpesvirus is a linear double-stranded DNA. The viral genome replicates in the host cell to form a concatemeric DNA, which is then cleaved to produce a unit-length genome. This unit-length genome is packaged into procapsid to produce mature virus [...] Read more.

The genome of the herpesvirus is a linear double-stranded DNA. The viral genome replicates in the host cell to form a concatemeric DNA, which is then cleaved to produce a unit-length genome. This unit-length genome is packaged into procapsid to produce mature virus particles. The terminase large subunit, pUL15, mediates the cleavage and packaging of viral concatemeric genomes. Duck plague virus (DPV) is a member of the α herpesvirus subfamily. Previous studies have demonstrated that the C-terminal region of DPV pUL15 exhibits non-sequence-specific DNA cleavage activity in vitro, but the characteristics of DPV full-length pUL15 remain unclear. In this study, it was determined that the full-length pUL15 exerted non-sequence-specific nuclease activity. Additionally, full-length pUL15 was capable of binding to DNA and hydrolyzing ATP. To analyze the functional domain of DPV pUL15, pUL15 mutants were constructed, expressed, and purified. The results revealed that DNA-binding and ATPase functions of pUL15 were primarily mediated by its N-terminal region, and the nuclease activity was conducted by its C-terminus. The loss of the nuclease activity did not effect on the DNA-binding and ATPase activity. Taken together, this study’s findings demonstrated that DPV pUL15 is a multifunctional enzyme with ATPase, nuclease, and DNA-binding activities. These results will provide important clues for subsequent studies on the function of terminase and the process of viral genome packaging, and provide a foundational basis for the development of broad-spectrum anti-herpesviral drugs targeting the conserved terminase complex, with direct relevance to veterinary medicine. Full article

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13 pages, 859 KB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Vaccination Assessment of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Sheep and Goats in the United Arab Emirates

by Yassir M. Eltahir, Mervat Mari. Al Nuaimat, Oum Keltoum Bensalah, Ebrahim Osman, Diya S. Al-Ramamneh, Rashid A. Khan, Naema A. Alsuwaidi, Meera Saeed. Mohamed, Kaltham Kayaf, Sameera Ismaeil, Fatmah Yaaqeib, Mahmoud Abdelfatah, Ahmed Tharwat, Mohamed Antar, Mohammed Abd Elmottalib. Kheir, Assem S. Abdelazim, Rafeek Koliyan and Mohamed Moustafa. Abdelhalim

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100991 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute or subacute contagious trans-boundary viral disease causing high morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild small ruminants. The national UAE-PPR control and eradication plan follows the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES) [...] Read more.

Background: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute or subacute contagious trans-boundary viral disease causing high morbidity and mortality in domestic and wild small ruminants. The national UAE-PPR control and eradication plan follows the PPR Global Control and Eradication Strategy (PPR GCES) and relies on the annual mass vaccination of small ruminants to eradicate the disease from the country by 2030. Despite the immunization effort against PPR, the vaccination coverage reached 65% at maximum, which necessitates conducting a post-vaccination evaluation (PVE) study at the national level. Methods: Using multistage random sampling to assess the PPR vaccine and vaccination effectiveness, protocol (2) of the PPR GCES, using two serosurveys; serosurvey (1) (pre-vaccination) at day 0 before vaccination, to assess the primary PPR serological investigation, and serosurvey (2) at (30–90) days post-PPR vaccination, to evaluate the immune response, were carried out from September to December 2024 across the seven Emirates of the UAE. The nucleoprotein-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) was used to detect PPR antibodies in a total of 1592 and 1589 sera samples collected, respectively, before and after vaccination from different (n = 163) sheep and goats holdings (epi-unit) distributed in the different Emirates of the UAE. Results: In serosurvey (1). prior to vaccination, out of the total 1592 samples tested (839 goats and 753 sheep), 833 animals (52.32%) were found to be seropositive for PPR antibodies. In contrast, in serosurvey (2), after vaccination, 1490 (93.77%) animals were found to be seropositive out of the total 1589 small ruminants (825 goats and 764 sheep) tested by c-ELISA. A statistically significant increase (41.45%) in the overall seroprevalence from (52.32%) pre-vaccination to (93.77%) post-vaccination was observed. Post-vaccination, 93.87% (n = 153) of the vaccinated epi-units achieved more than 70% seroprevalence compared to 43.56% (n = 71) before vaccination. Prediction analysis showed that all the seven UAE Emirates require 1.2 years maximum to reach 100% immune-protection levels. Conclusions: An efficient PPR vaccine was used to immunize small ruminants in the UAE. Higher (89.47–100%) post-vaccination herd immunity than the threshold recommended by the PPR GCES (>80% immunity) was attained, which can efficiently break the spread of PPRV within the UAE. To enhance the eradication of PPR I the UAE, conducting mass vaccination campaigns targeting over the (95%) immunization coverage of eligible animals for the next three years is recommended to attain the requested sustained (>80%) immunity at the animals holding level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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16 pages, 1311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Milk Composition, Blood Metabolomics, and Systemic Physiological Indices in High- vs. Low-Yielding Guanzhong Dairy Goats During Early Lactation

by Ziqi Meng, Chenxi Fang, Qinan Zhao, Lei Yang, Hai Jin, Jingwei Qi and Xiaoping An

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100990 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to elucidate the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms by comparing milk quality, blood metabolomics, and physiological indices between high-yielding (BH, n = 15, high milk yield, daily milk yield with 4.08 ± 0.17 kg) and low-yielding (BL, n = 15, low milk [...] Read more.

This study aimed to elucidate the intrinsic regulatory mechanisms by comparing milk quality, blood metabolomics, and physiological indices between high-yielding (BH, n = 15, high milk yield, daily milk yield with 4.08 ± 0.17 kg) and low-yielding (BL, n = 15, low milk yield, daily milk yield with 2.54 ± 0.26 kg) Guanzhong dairy goats during early lactation. The results showed that the lactose content in the BH group was significantly lower than that in the BL group (p < 0.05), but the total daily lactose yield was 60 g higher. No significant differences were observed in milk fat or milk protein (p > 0.05). Among blood biochemical indices, total protein (TP), glucose (GLU), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly lower in the BH group (p < 0.05), while β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) was significantly higher (p < 0.05). Milk yield exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with TP and creatinine (CRE). Regarding immune and antioxidant indices, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), IgM, and IL-2 were significantly elevated in the BH group (p < 0.05), while IL-6 was significantly reduced (p < 0.05). CAT and IL-2 showed positive correlations with milk yield. Using a subset of animals for in-depth profiling (n = 6 per group)Serum metabolomics identified 184 differential metabolites (114 upregulated, 70 downregulated). In the BH group, betaine, acylcarnitines, and L-valine exhibited significant negative correlations with milk yield, implicating pathways related to fatty acid -oxidation, methyl donor regulation, and amino acid metabolism. These findings indicate that high-yielding dairy goats achieve efficient lactation through enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation, optimized methyl donor regulation for milk fat synthesis, and prioritized allocation of amino acids towards the mammary gland. Full article

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7 pages, 995 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Proliferation-Based WHO Grading and Heterogeneous Gastrin Expression in Canine Gallbladder Neuroendocrine Tumors

by Yen-Tse Wu, Nadia Kelly, Ingeborg M. Langohr, Set Sokol, Jodie Gerdin, Chin-Chi Liu, Tyler J. Butsch and Andrea N. Johnston

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 989; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100989 (registering DOI) - 14 Oct 2025

Abstract

Efforts by the World Health Organization (WHO) have clarified the descriptive nomenclature and histologic grading of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) in human medicine. Employing a standardized stratification scheme in conjunction with specific immunohistochemical markers, such as gastrin, enhances prognostic accuracy and guides treatment recommendations. [...] Read more.

Efforts by the World Health Organization (WHO) have clarified the descriptive nomenclature and histologic grading of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) in human medicine. Employing a standardized stratification scheme in conjunction with specific immunohistochemical markers, such as gastrin, enhances prognostic accuracy and guides treatment recommendations. Yet, this classification system has yet to be applied consistently in veterinary pathology. Histopathologic features and gastrin expression were analyzed in a group of canine gallbladder (GB) NENs. Based on the human WHO histologic system, which stratifies grade based on proliferative indices (mitotic count and Ki67%), all gradable GB NENs were classified as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) rather than neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Only one GB NET was positive for gastrin using immunohistochemical staining. Collectively, our data suggest that canine GB NENs have a lower grade than most human GB NENs and rarely express gastrin. The use of proliferative indices in the histologic characterization of canine GB NENs is likely to improve prognostic information. Given the limited expression of gastrin in these neoplasms in dogs, this marker is unlikely to be widely applicable as a druggable target. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Histopathology and Therapy in Small Animals Oncology)

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17 pages, 2431 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Fat-Tailed Coarse-Wooled Sheep Breeds Ovis aries from Kazakhstan

by Kairat Dossybayev, Daniya Ualiyeva, Tilek Kapassuly, Makpal Amandykova, Altynay Kozhahmet, Bakytzhan Bekmanov, Rauan Amzeyev and Saitou Naruya

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100988 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Sheep play a central role in Kazakhstan’s pastoral economy, yet the maternal genetic composition of its traditional breeds remains poorly characterized. We analyzed partial mitochondrial D-loop sequences (848 bp) from 115 individuals of three fat-tailed coarse-wooled breeds (Edilbay, Kazakh fat-tailed coarse-wooled, and Gissar) [...] Read more.

Sheep play a central role in Kazakhstan’s pastoral economy, yet the maternal genetic composition of its traditional breeds remains poorly characterized. We analyzed partial mitochondrial D-loop sequences (848 bp) from 115 individuals of three fat-tailed coarse-wooled breeds (Edilbay, Kazakh fat-tailed coarse-wooled, and Gissar) to assess genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships. Ninety-eight haplotypes were identified, indicating high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.996 ± 0.002) and moderate nucleotide diversity (π = 0.02624 ± 0.00048). Haplotypes clustered into haplogroups A (57.4%) and B (42.6%), with Edilbay dominating the star-like cluster of haplogroup A, consistent with recent expansion. AMOVA revealed that most variation (92.03%) occurred within populations, with no significant differentiation among breeds. Phylogenetic analyses placed Edilbay close to the most recent common ancestor of fat-tailed domestic sheep and the wild Ovis species, suggesting retention of an ancestral lineage. These findings highlight Kazakhstan as a genetic crossroads in sheep history and underscore the conservation value of its maternal diversity. Full article

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14 pages, 942 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity of Escherichia coli from Faecal Samples of Danish Calves with Diarrhoea

by Anna Luiza Farias Alencar, Abdurrahman Hassan Jibril, Birgitta Svensmark, Lene Agerskov, Henrik Læssøe Martin, Marc Stegger, André Becker Saidenberg, Gang Liu, Yaovi Mahuton Gildas Hounmanou, Annette Sønderholm Juel, John Elmerdahl Olsen and Rikke Heidemann Olsen

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100987 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Several different pathogens, including Escherichia coli, are strongly associated with calf diarrhoea. The population diversity of intestinal E. coli within each diarrhetic calf and between diarrhetic calves is not well understood. In the present study, 391 faecal samples were obtained during 2023–2024 [...] Read more.

Several different pathogens, including Escherichia coli, are strongly associated with calf diarrhoea. The population diversity of intestinal E. coli within each diarrhetic calf and between diarrhetic calves is not well understood. In the present study, 391 faecal samples were obtained during 2023–2024 from Danish dairy calves with diarrhoea. Semi-quantified growth estimates of E. coli after culturing did not reflect the diarrhetic grade nor whether E. coli was the only pathogen observed in the sample. From each sample, five isolates were subjected to multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) and revealed that 70% of faecal samples contained more than one type of E. coli. Genotyping, sequence typing and in silico serotyping showed a large diversity of E. coli between faecal samples. Surprisingly, isolates with a genotype representing mixed features of Diffusely adhering E. coli/Extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli were found in 25% of the isolates, while the classic Enterotoxigenic E. coli genotype was only observed in 5% of the isolates, and only 4% of the faecal samples were positive for E. coli F5 (K99) fimbriae, as determined by PCR. In conclusion, a diverse population of (non-F5) E. coli is associated with diarrhoea in calves. High genomic diversity of E. coli within samples needs to be considered when selecting only one isolate for antimicrobial resistance profiling and vaccination measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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13 pages, 942 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feline Lymphoma in Focus: Examining the Patterns and Types in Croatia’s Pathological Records

by Vida Eraghi, Iva Ciprić, Nikola Serdar, Anouk Jonker, Lidija Medven Zagradišnik, Dunja Vlahović, Ivana Mihoković Buhin, Ivan-Conrado Šoštarić-Zuckermann, Branka Artuković, Doroteja Huber, Mavro Matasović, Marko Hohšteter and Andrea Gudan Kurilj

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 986; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100986 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Feline lymphoma, a common neoplasm in cats, presents across diverse anatomical sites and is influenced by genetic, immune, environmental, and viral factors. This 15-year retrospective study analyzed feline lymphoma cases from the University of Zagreb’s Department of Veterinary Pathology, focusing on epidemiology, anatomical [...] Read more.

Feline lymphoma, a common neoplasm in cats, presents across diverse anatomical sites and is influenced by genetic, immune, environmental, and viral factors. This 15-year retrospective study analyzed feline lymphoma cases from the University of Zagreb’s Department of Veterinary Pathology, focusing on epidemiology, anatomical distribution, and immunophenotype. A bimodal age distribution was observed, with peaks at 2–3 and 10–12 years, and breed predispositions were noted in British and European Shorthairs after adjusting for referral frequency. Multicentric lymphoma was the most frequent type observed, followed by alimentary and mediastinal forms. Mediastinal lymphoma predominated in younger cats, whereas alimentary lymphoma was more common in older individuals. Male cats were overrepresented among renal lymphoma cases. Feline leukemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus (FeLV/FIV) infection showed a strong correlation with mediastinal lymphoma. Overall, B-cell lymphomas were predominant; however, T-cell types were more frequently observed in European Shorthairs. In our study, mediastinal forms were uniformly T-cell, while alimentary and multicentric lymphomas were predominantly B-cell. Temporal trends showed surges in 2016–2017 and 2022–2023, and a decline during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings highlight the complexity of feline lymphoma and underscore the need for tailored diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Full article

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11 pages, 231 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Serum Lipid Profiles in Sanctuary-Housed Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary

by Ethan Renfro, Anneke Moresco, Ismail Hirji, Zoë MacIntyre, Kylie McDaniel, Yedra Feltrer-Rambaud, Thalita Calvi, Larry J. Minter, Aimee Drane, Joshua C. Tremblay, Bala Amarasekaran and Kimberly Ange-van Heugten

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100985 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) were evaluated in chimpanzees at Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Sierra Leone. Blood from 75 visually healthy chimpanzees was collected, centrifuged within one hour of collection, and analyzed at Choithram Hospital within 24 [...] Read more.

Cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) were evaluated in chimpanzees at Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Sierra Leone. Blood from 75 visually healthy chimpanzees was collected, centrifuged within one hour of collection, and analyzed at Choithram Hospital within 24 h. Statistical analyses assessed differences and interactions based on age, body condition score (BCS), housing group, and sex. HDLs varied widely by housing group; HDLs and LDLs were higher in males than in females. Cholesterol and LDLs were higher in prepubertal individuals while VLDLs and triglycerides were higher in postpubertal individuals. Lipid biomarker differences by age and age ∗ sex statistical interactions were not observed. These data represent a novel compilation of serum lipid biomarkers from a large population of sanctuary-housed Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) within a range country, a population not previously studied with regard to serum lipid biomarkers. This study has documented significant differences compared to known values from managed chimpanzees and human reference ranges. The relationship of serum lipid biomarkers with health and disease in great apes remains understudied, but the present data set provides a basis for future studies to ascertain whether these differences are healthy biomarker variations or represent an elevated risk factor for disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

7 pages, 655 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Erector Spinae Plane Block for Perioperative Analgesia in a Rabbit

by Silvia Scialanca, Giulia Bersanetti, Salvatore Parrillo and Andrea Paolini

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100984 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

This clinical case report explores the use of an erector spinae plane (ESP) block to provide perioperative analgesia in a rabbit undergoing spinal decompression surgery. A 6-year-old, 2 kg, spayed, female mixed-breed rabbit presented with acute-onset paraplegia secondary to intervertebral disc extrusion and [...] Read more.

This clinical case report explores the use of an erector spinae plane (ESP) block to provide perioperative analgesia in a rabbit undergoing spinal decompression surgery. A 6-year-old, 2 kg, spayed, female mixed-breed rabbit presented with acute-onset paraplegia secondary to intervertebral disc extrusion and compressive myelopathy at the L2–L3 disc space. Following neurologic examination and diagnostic evaluation, the patient underwent decompressive surgery at the L2–L3 level. An ultrasound-guided ESP block was performed at the L3 level, with 0.4 mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.5% administered bilaterally. The technique successfully provided intraoperative analgesia and maintained stable hemodynamics without complications. Postoperatively, the rabbit showed a smooth recovery with no need for opioid analgesia. The use of the ESP block was effective in reducing perioperative pain and opioid requirements, highlighting its potential role in multimodal analgesia in rabbits. Further studies are warranted to confirm the safety and efficacy of ESP blocks in this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Loco-Regional Anaesthesia Techniques in Veterinary Medicine)

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19 pages, 10242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of a Recombinant NADC30-like PRRSV Strain with a Novel Gene Deletion Pattern in Nsp2 Gene

by Zhengqin Ye, Miaojie Zhang, Lin Yuan, Wenqiang Wang, Zhenbang Zhu, Wei Wen, Kegong Tian and Xiangdong Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100983 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

PRRSV poses a persistent global challenge to the swine industry due to its rapid evolution. This study aimed to characterize a novel PRRSV2 strain, HeB2023092, isolated from a suspected outbreak in China in September 2023. We performed virus isolation in porcine alveolar macrophages [...] Read more.

PRRSV poses a persistent global challenge to the swine industry due to its rapid evolution. This study aimed to characterize a novel PRRSV2 strain, HeB2023092, isolated from a suspected outbreak in China in September 2023. We performed virus isolation in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, and comprehensive genetic characterization. HeB2023092 replicated effectively in PAMs but not in Marc-145 cells. Phylogenetic analysis consistently grouped it with NADC30-like strains (L1.8). Notably, genomic analysis revealed a unique 41-amino acid deletion (478–518 aa) in Nsp2, in addition to the characteristic 111-amino acid deletion of NADC30-like strains. Significant amino acid variations were also found in the antigenic epitopes and N-glycosylation patterns of GP3 and GP5. Comprehensive recombination analysis identified three distinct recombinant regions, revealing a mosaic genome with a predominant NADC30-like backbone. The backbone incorporated genetic sequences from JXA1-like (L8.7) strains in two regions and from NADC34-like (L1.5) strains in one region. These findings highlight the continuous genetic evolution and complex epidemiology of PRRSV, underscoring the critical need for sustained surveillance and detailed characterization of circulating strains to inform effective control and vaccine development strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 5586 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Suspected Tumor-Related Hemorrhage as a Rare Complication of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy in a Dog with Cranial Mediastinal Mass: A Case Report

by Jaewon Kim, Inseong Jeong, Chul Park, Younghwan Kim, Kidong Eom and Jaehwan Kim

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100982 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has been increasingly used in dogs for mediastinal tumors and is generally considered a precise and relatively safe treatment, with clinically significant complications reported only rarely. A cranial mediastinal mass was incidentally identified in a 10-year-old Pomeranian dog and [...] Read more.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has been increasingly used in dogs for mediastinal tumors and is generally considered a precise and relatively safe treatment, with clinically significant complications reported only rarely. A cranial mediastinal mass was incidentally identified in a 10-year-old Pomeranian dog and cytologically diagnosed as a carcinoma. SBRT was performed using volumetric-modulated arc therapy, with a total dose of 27 Gy delivered in three fractions on alternate days. One day after completing treatment, the dog developed acute dyspnea and anemia. Thoracic radiography revealed mediastinal widening and pleural effusion. Subsequent imaging and hematological assessments suggested intra-tumoral hemorrhage and hematoma formation. The patient was managed conservatively with supportive therapy, resulting in gradual clinical improvement. Follow-up computed tomography (CT) demonstrated a 25% reduction in contrast-enhancing tumor volume, accompanied by a large non-enhancing region presumed to represent hematoma. Despite these changes, the patient remained clinically stable during follow-up. This case represents the first documented report of an acute hemorrhagic complication following SBRT in a veterinary patient, emphasizing the importance of awareness of this rare adverse event during treatment planning and client communication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 8320 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bactericidal and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ashitaba-Extract Ameliorate the Gingivitis and Halitosis in Dogs with Porphyromonas gulae-Infected Periodontal Disease

by Takayoshi Miyamoto, So Shirahata, Mariko Komuro, Mao Kaneki, Chiharu Ohira and Tomoki Fukuyama

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100981 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) is a perennial herb native to Japan, traditionally consumed as a health-promoting food and herbal medicine. This study evaluated the antimicrobial, anti-halitosis, and anti-inflammatory effects of Ashitaba extract on canine periodontal disease (PD) caused by Porphyromonas gulae ( [...] Read more.

Ashitaba (Angelica keiskei) is a perennial herb native to Japan, traditionally consumed as a health-promoting food and herbal medicine. This study evaluated the antimicrobial, anti-halitosis, and anti-inflammatory effects of Ashitaba extract on canine periodontal disease (PD) caused by Porphyromonas gulae (P. gulae). In vitro, Ashitaba extract (0.006–0.1%) significantly inhibited P. gulae viability by up to 80% and reduced biofilm formation by approximately 10% at 0.1%. The extract also suppressed the production of volatile sulfur compounds—hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan—by over 80% and 40%, respectively, within 10 min. Furthermore, Ashitaba extract markedly decreased P. gulae-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) by up to 90% in murine, canine, and human macrophage and gingival cell lines. In vivo, daily oral application of 0.05% Ashitaba-extract gel for four weeks, with or without tooth brushing, significantly improved gingivitis scores (by 40–60%), reduced halitosis levels, and decreased P. gulae DNA detection and enzymatic activity in dogs with PD. These findings demonstrate that Ashitaba extract possesses potent bactericidal, anti-halitosis, and anti-inflammatory properties, supporting its potential as a natural adjunctive therapy for the prevention and management of canine periodontal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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13 pages, 2225 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Beyond TFRC: The Pivotal Role of mGluR2 in Feline Calicivirus Entry and Replication

by Ruibin Qi, Hongtao Kang, Yupeng Yang, Kexin Feng, Zhe Liu, Silu Gao, Qian Jiang, Liandong Qu and Jiasen Liu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100980 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is among the few members of the Caliciviridae family that can replicate efficiently in vitro. Our recent studies have found the Transferrin Receptor Protein (TFRC) is an entry receptor that facilitates the internalization of FCV. To explore the potential involvement [...] Read more.

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is among the few members of the Caliciviridae family that can replicate efficiently in vitro. Our recent studies have found the Transferrin Receptor Protein (TFRC) is an entry receptor that facilitates the internalization of FCV. To explore the potential involvement of additional host factors in conjunction with TFRC during the viral entry process, we identified metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) as a specific interacting partner for both TFRC and the FCV VP1 protein by Co-IP analysis. Our findings indicate that the downregulation of mGluR2, along with its downstream signaling molecule, Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1 (KCa1.1), significantly inhibits FCV replication by impairing viral internalization. Importantly, the knockout of TFRC did not diminish the effects of mGluR2 and KCa1.1 on FCV infection. Furthermore, mGluR2 was found to interact directly with FCV VP1, rather than with TFRC, and the rate of F-actin polymerization induced by FCV infection was reduced solely by the downregulation of mGluR2 protein expression, not by TFRC knockout. These results suggest that mGluR2 may independently mediate FCV internalization, operating independently of TFRC, and plays a critical role in the formation of endocytic vesicles. Overall, the results indicate that multiple host factors, including TFRC and mGluR2, are involved in the internalization of FCV into host cells. Further research is necessary to explore the propagation of other caliciviruses, such as norovirus, in vitro. Full article

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16 pages, 473 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Sanitizers and Oxacillin on the Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus spp.

by Maria Eugênia Betim, Daniel Lucino Silva dos Santos, Thiago dos Santos Lopes, Bruna Lourenço Crippa, Érika Romão Bonsaglia, Stéfani Thais Alves Dantas, Vera Lúcia Mores Rall, Fernanda Buzzola, Julia Arantes Galvão, Clarice Gebara, André Thaler, Neto and Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100979 (registering DOI) - 11 Oct 2025

Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. are microorganisms found in dairy products, bovine mastitis, and human infections. The prevalence of resistant strains from this genus in the food chain is increasing, drawing attention to transmission in the community and highlighting the importance of One Health studies. [...] Read more.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. are microorganisms found in dairy products, bovine mastitis, and human infections. The prevalence of resistant strains from this genus in the food chain is increasing, drawing attention to transmission in the community and highlighting the importance of One Health studies. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the MIC of oxacillin (OXA) and the sanitizers benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and sodium hypochlorite (HP) against isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp., and to evaluate the possible influence of sub-MIC application of these compounds on bacterial cells, in order to observe possible microbial resistance. Ten isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (S. epidermidis and S. chromogenes) were used. Among the sanitizers, BAC showed greater efficiency during the pre-inhibition test. Increased resistance to OXA was found in isolates of S. chromogenes and S. epidermidis after sub-MICs of 50% and 90% of OXA, while sub-inhibition of HP favored resistance to OXA. The application of HP and OXA, even at low concentrations, induced a reduction in biofilm production. This study shows that sub-inhibitory sanitizer exposure in Staphylococcus spp. induces antimicrobial resistance phenotypes linked to mutations in regulatory, mobile, and DNA repair genes. These findings suggest that selective pressure promotes resistant variants through genomic plasticity and regulatory activation, supporting the hypothesis that sanitizer residues may drive multidrug resistance emergence, although further functional validation is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Livestock Staphylococcus sp.)

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