Veterinary Sciences

11 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of clbF in the Pathogenicity of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

by Meng Wu, Haitao Wu, Ling Li, Pan Hao and Peili Wang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080727 (registering DOI) - 1 Aug 2025

The genotoxin colibactin, a complex secondary metabolite, targets eukaryotic cell cycle machinery and contributes to neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) XM, which produces this genotoxin, is an agent of poultry diseases with zoonotic potential. In this study, we confirmed [...] Read more.

The genotoxin colibactin, a complex secondary metabolite, targets eukaryotic cell cycle machinery and contributes to neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) XM, which produces this genotoxin, is an agent of poultry diseases with zoonotic potential. In this study, we confirmed that clbF was necessary for the APEC XM strain to produce colibactin, but it did not affect the growth, adhesion, or invasion of cells. Deletion of clbF substantially diminished both virulence and systemic dissemination, but it also changed the gene expression of the antiserum survival factor, adherence and invasion, iron acquisition genes, and the secretion system. In conclusion, clbF is necessary for the synthesis of the genotoxin colibactin and affects the development of APEC meningitis in mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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16 pages, 5245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histopathological Picture of Lung Organs Towards Combination of Java Cardamom Seed Extract and Turmeric Rhizome as Anti-Colibacillosis in Broiler Chickens

by Tyagita Hartady, Mohammad Ghozali and Charles Parsonodihardjo

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080726 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Colibacillosis is a poultry disease caused by the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). This study is an experimental cross-sectional study using herbal-based test materials from Javanese cardamom and turmeric rhizome as treatments to replace the role of antibiotics that experience [...] Read more.

Colibacillosis is a poultry disease caused by the pathogenic bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). This study is an experimental cross-sectional study using herbal-based test materials from Javanese cardamom and turmeric rhizome as treatments to replace the role of antibiotics that experience drug resistance in several types of bacteria. A total of 32 samples were utilized in this study, separated into two control groups and six treatment groups. The analysis was carried out by an histopathological examination of the lung organs using H&E and ImageJ staining to calculate the area of the slide image. The data results were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA method and qualitatively. The outcome of the statistical test showed that the differences were not statistically significant p value = 0.922 [p > 0.05] in all groups, and findings from qualitative histopathology showed morphological differences in the alveoli, parabronchi, and vasculature in the lung organs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Livestock Histology and Morphology)

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15 pages, 2149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional-Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Graft and H-Button Stabilization System for Intra-Articular Cranial Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Cadaveric Study

by Menna Nahla, Yara Abouelela, Mohammed Amer, Marwa Ali, Abdelbary Prince, Ayman Tolba and Ayman Mostafa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080725 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture is a common orthopedic disorder in dogs, leading to stifle joint instability and progressive osteoarthritis. This study aimed to develop and biomechanically evaluate a novel intra-articular reconstruction system designed to mimic the natural ligament and restore joint stability [...] Read more.

Cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture is a common orthopedic disorder in dogs, leading to stifle joint instability and progressive osteoarthritis. This study aimed to develop and biomechanically evaluate a novel intra-articular reconstruction system designed to mimic the natural ligament and restore joint stability following CrCL excision. The system consisted of a 3D-printed thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) graft, cerclage wire, and H-button fixation. Fourteen pelvic limbs from mature mixed-breed cadaveric dogs were used. The inclination angle, dimensions, volume, tensile strength, and elongation of the native CrCL were measured. Seven CrCL-deficient stifles were reconstructed using the proposed system and tested biomechanically. The native CrCL showed a significantly higher tensile strength than the TPU graft; however, the TPU demonstrated a greater flexibility. The reconstruction system successfully stabilized the joint and provided repeatable fixation. Significant correlations were found between CrCL volume and both age and body weight. These findings support the mechanical suitability of the proposed system for ex vivo stifle stabilization and highlight the potential of 3D-printed TPU in ligament reconstruction. Further in vivo studies are recommended to assess long-term performance, including implant integration, tissue remodeling, and clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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10 pages, 616 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alterations in the Microbiome of Horses Affected with Fecal Water Syndrome

by Madison M. Porter, Daniel J. Davis, Zachary L. McAdams, Kile S. Townsend, Lynn M. Martin, Christopher Wilhite, Philip J. Johnson and Aaron C. Ericsson

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080724 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Fecal water syndrome (FWS) in horses is characterized by two-phase defecation, including both solid and liquid phases. While satisfactory explanations for FWS are unavailable, bacterial dysbiosis has been suggested as a contributing or causative factor. The objectives of this study were to determine [...] Read more.

Fecal water syndrome (FWS) in horses is characterized by two-phase defecation, including both solid and liquid phases. While satisfactory explanations for FWS are unavailable, bacterial dysbiosis has been suggested as a contributing or causative factor. The objectives of this study were to determine whether fecal bacterial dysbiosis is associated with FWS in horses in the midwestern USA. Fecal samples were collected from horses with FWS and from unaffected horses at the same location. In total, 16S rRNA amplicon libraries produced from fecal bacterial DNA were sequenced using the Illumina sequencing platform. Significant differences in beta diversity were detected between affected and control horses (p = 7 × 10⁻⁴, F = 1.51), and differential abundance testing identified several features enriched in affected and control horses. These results agree with prior work regarding specific features in the bacterial microbiome associated with FWS, including Alloprevotella spp., and suggest fecal dysbiosis is associated with FWS. Full article

21 pages, 439 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Rumen-Protected Methionine, Choline, and Betaine Supplementation on Ewes’ Pregnancy and Reproductive Outcomes

by Basiliki Kotsampasi, Eleni Tsiplakou, Maria-Anastasia Karatzia, Stavroula Oikonomou, Christina Mitsiopoulou, Dimitris Kalogiannis, Eleni Dovolou, Aristotelis Lymperopoulos, Kyriaki Sotirakoglou, Maria Anastasiadou, George Zervas and Stella Chadio

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080723 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of maternal supplementation with rumen-protected methionine (RPM), alone or combined with rumen-protected choline (RPC) and betaine (RPB), during the periconceptional and prepartum periods on reproductive outcomes and offspring performance in Chios ewes. One hundred synchronized ewes were assigned [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of maternal supplementation with rumen-protected methionine (RPM), alone or combined with rumen-protected choline (RPC) and betaine (RPB), during the periconceptional and prepartum periods on reproductive outcomes and offspring performance in Chios ewes. One hundred synchronized ewes were assigned to three groups—control (no supplementation), M (5.50 g RPM/day), and MCB (3.50 g RPM, 1.60 g RPC, 0.49 g RPB/day)—from day −14 to +14 relative to mating. Blood was collected on days −14, 0, and +14 for ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ferric-reducing ability (FRAP), and malondialdehyde (MDA), on days 18 and 21 for progesterone, and on day 26 for pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) detection. Thirty days before and up to lambing, the ewes were further divided into C-C, C-M, C-MCB, M-M, M-C, MCB-MCB, and MCB-C subgroups. Embryonic loss did not differ between groups. FRAP was higher (p < 0.001) in MCB ewes, and ABTS was lower (p < 0.05) in M ewes, in the periconceptional period. Offspring in the C-M, C-MCB, M-M, M-C, and MCB-MCB groups had higher birth weights (p < 0.01), along with increased MDA levels (p < 0.05). The results suggest that maternal methyl donor supplementation during early and/or late gestation enhances antioxidant status, supports embryonic development, and increases birth weight. Full article

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13 pages, 250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Depth of Anesthesia Sleep Quality in Swine Undergoing Hernia Repair: Effects of Romifidine/Ketamine-Diazepam Protocols with and Without Tramadol and the Potential Role of Serotonin as a Biomarker

by Fabio Bruno, Fabio Leonardi, Filippo Spadola, Giuseppe Bruschetta, Patrizia Licata, Veronica Cristina Neve and Giovanna Lucrezia Costa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080722 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Sedation and anesthesia are essential for ensuring animal welfare during surgical procedures such as hernia repair in swine. However, the number of sedative and anesthetic agents officially approved for livestock use remained limited. This study evaluated the sedative efficacy and serotonergic effects of [...] Read more.

Sedation and anesthesia are essential for ensuring animal welfare during surgical procedures such as hernia repair in swine. However, the number of sedative and anesthetic agents officially approved for livestock use remained limited. This study evaluated the sedative efficacy and serotonergic effects of a romifidine/ketamine/diazepam protocol, with and without the addition of tramadol, in swine undergoing umbilical hernia repair. Sixty-six crossbred Large White swine were randomly allocated to three groups: LL (lidocaine 4 mg/kg by infiltration), LT (lidocaine 2 mg/kg by infiltration + tramadol 2 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and TT (lidocaine2 mg/kg by infiltration + tramadol 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally). The physiological parameters heart rate, arterial pressure, oxygen saturation, rectal body temperature, and respiratory rate were assessed. The depth of intraoperative anesthesia and postoperative sedation was assessed using an ordinal scoring system (0–3). Plasma serotonin (5-HT) concentration was measured at baseline and 24 h post-surgery. Physiological parameters remained within species-specific reference ranges throughout the procedure. Anesthesia depth scores significantly decreased over time in all groups (p ≤ 0.001), with the tramadol-treated groups (LT and TT) showing more prolonged deeper anesthesia. Postoperative sedation was significantly higher in the TT group (p ≤ 0.001). Serotonin concentration decreased in LL, increased in LT, and remained stable in TT. These findings suggest that tramadol may enhance sedation and recovery, potentially through serotonergic modulation. Moreover, serotonin could serve as a physiological marker warranting further investigation in future studies of anesthetic protocols in veterinary medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anesthesia and Pain Management in Large Animals)

15 pages, 1631 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Chlorambucil Monotherapy in Dogs with Protein-Losing Nephropathy of Probable Immune Origin: A Preliminary Study

by Felipe Díaz-Soler, María José Bernal, Franco Gonzalez, Ismael Pereira, Francisco Abusleme and Daniela Siel

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080721 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) involves a heterogeneous group of pathologies leading to selective glomerular damage and development of renal disease. ICGN, the main cause of PLN, requires immunosuppressive treatment. However, the scientific evidence in veterinary medicine on immunosuppressive therapeutic schemes in this condition is [...] Read more.

Protein-losing nephropathy (PLN) involves a heterogeneous group of pathologies leading to selective glomerular damage and development of renal disease. ICGN, the main cause of PLN, requires immunosuppressive treatment. However, the scientific evidence in veterinary medicine on immunosuppressive therapeutic schemes in this condition is limited. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and paraclinical evolution of five dogs with PLN, presumably associated with ICGN, treated with chlorambucil as immunosuppressive monotherapy. Suspected IGCN was established by the presence of a urine protein–creatinine ratio (UPC) ≥ 3 without response to standard therapy, hypoalbuminemia < 2, or progressive azotemia. Patients were treated with a dosage range of chlorambucil from 0.16 to 0.4 mg/kg (mean 0.25 mg/kg) every 24 h as the sole immunosuppressant. In the end, 4/5 patients showed significant clinical improvement, 3/3 had resolution of the nephrotic syndrome, 5/5 had a sustained decrease in UPC values during follow-up and no relevant adverse effects were observed. In this report, chlorambucil proved to be a well-tolerated and potentially effective monotherapy for immune-mediated PLN in dogs. Full article

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8 pages, 1777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Description and Complications of a New Modified Semi-Closed Castration Technique in Horses

by Marco Gandini, Cristina Bertone and Gessica Giusto

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080720 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Castration remains a common surgical procedure in equids, yet postoperative complications such as hemorrhage, infection, and eventration persist, influencing surgical outcomes. This retrospective study introduced a novel modified semi-closed castration technique aimed at minimizing these complications. Eighty-five sexually intact mature male equids (including [...] Read more.

Castration remains a common surgical procedure in equids, yet postoperative complications such as hemorrhage, infection, and eventration persist, influencing surgical outcomes. This retrospective study introduced a novel modified semi-closed castration technique aimed at minimizing these complications. Eighty-five sexually intact mature male equids (including horses, ponies, and donkeys) underwent the described inguinal castration procedure under general anesthesia. The technique involved a carefully managed opening and subsequent secure closure of the parietal vaginal tunic, enabling direct inspection of tunic contents while reducing risks associated with fully open or closed approaches. The median surgery duration was 60 min (range, 45–95), with no intraoperative complications. Postoperatively, only two equids (2.35%) exhibited scrotal swelling, which was resolved rapidly with NSAIDs. No cases of hemorrhage, pyrexia, or infection occurred. Follow-up, conducted via owner interviews after a minimum of three months, confirmed complete recovery and primary intention healing in all patients, who returned to normal activity within two days post-surgery. Compared to previously documented complication rates ranging from 2% to 48%, the present approach demonstrates superior results. Additionally, this study proposes refining existing castration technique classifications, focusing explicitly on the vaginal tunic’s status post-procedure (open, semi-closed, closed) for clarity and consistency. This novel semi-closed inguinal technique effectively integrates inspection advantages with closed technique safety, offering significantly reduced complication rates and enhanced postoperative recovery profiles in equids undergoing castration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Surgery)

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29 pages, 1953 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Individual Genomic Loci, Transcript Levels, and Serum Profiles of Immune and Antioxidant Markers Associated with Bacteria-Induced Abortion in Sheep (Ovis aries)

by Attia Eissa, Ahmed A. Elsayed, Amin Tahoun, Adel M. El-Kattan, Islam M. Wassif, Amani A. Hafez, Ragab Mohamed, Ahmed I. Ateya, Hanan M. Alharbi, Khairiah M. Alwutayd, Aiman A. Ammari, Manal A. Babaker, Mansour A. Alghamdi, Torsten Bohn, Ammar AL-Farga and Hossam M. Aljawdah

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080719 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Aboudeleik sheep are a prominent native breed in desert and semi-desert areas, known for their adaptability to harsh climates and their utility in both milk and meat production [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Reproductive Physiology, Reproductive Endocrine and Obstetric Diseases—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altitude-Linked Distribution Patterns of Serum and Hair Mineral Elements in Healthy Yak Calves from Ganzi Prefecture

by Chenglong Xia, Yao Pan, Jianping Wu, Dengzhu Luorong, Qingting Yu, Zhicai Zuo, Yue Xie, Xiaoping Ma, Lan Lan and Hongrui Guo

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080718 (registering DOI) - 31 Jul 2025

Abstract

Mineral imbalances in livestock can critically impair growth, immunity, and productivity. Yaks inhabiting the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau face unique environmental challenges, including high-altitude-induced nutrient variability. This study investigated the status of mineral elements and their correlations with altitude in healthy yak calves across five [...] Read more.

Mineral imbalances in livestock can critically impair growth, immunity, and productivity. Yaks inhabiting the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau face unique environmental challenges, including high-altitude-induced nutrient variability. This study investigated the status of mineral elements and their correlations with altitude in healthy yak calves across five regions in Ganzi Prefecture, located at elevations ranging from 3100 to 4100 m. Hair and serum samples from 35 calves were analyzed for 11 essential elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, and Se). The results revealed widespread deficiencies. Key deficiencies were identified: hair Na and Co were significantly below references value (p < 0.05), and Se was consistently deficient across all regions, with deficiency rates ranging from 35.73% to 56.57%. Serum Mg and Cu were generally deficient (Mg deficiency > 26% above 3800 m). S, Mn (low detection), and Co were also suboptimal. Serum selenium deficiency was notably severe in lower-altitude areas (≤59.07%). Significant correlations with altitude were observed: hair sodium levels decreased with increasing altitude (r = −0.72), while hair manganese (r = 0.88) and cobalt (r = 0.65) levels increased. Serum magnesium deficiency became more pronounced at higher elevations (r = 0.58), whereas selenium deficiency in serum was more severe at lower altitudes (r = −0.61). These findings indicate prevalent multi-element deficiencies in yak calves that are closely linked to altitude and are potentially influenced by soil mineral composition and feeding practices, as suggested by previous studies. The study underscores the urgent need for region-specific nutritional standards and altitude-adapted mineral supplementation strategies to support optimal yak health and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

7 pages, 744 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Update on the Prevalence of the PCV2 Major Genotypes PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d in German Fattening Farms in 2024

by Matthias Eddicks, Sarah Ladurner Avilés, Stefanie Frauscher, Roman Krejici, Sven Reese, Robert Fux and Mathias Ritzmann

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080717 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

The occurrence of PCV2 genotypes in domestic pig production is a dynamic process that undergoes continuous change. Beginning with PCV2a as the first recognized genotype, PCV2b, and subsequently PCV2d, has become the most prevalent one over time. The present study provides an update [...] Read more.

The occurrence of PCV2 genotypes in domestic pig production is a dynamic process that undergoes continuous change. Beginning with PCV2a as the first recognized genotype, PCV2b, and subsequently PCV2d, has become the most prevalent one over time. The present study provides an update on the prevalence of the three major PCV2 genotypes in Germany in 2024. A total of 87 fattening farms were randomly selected, proportionally based on farm density within the respective federal states. On each farm, oral fluid samples (OFs) were collected from approximately 100 pigs aged 18 (±1) weeks. Oral fluids (OFs) were pooled and screened for PCV2 DNA by qPCR. Positive samples were subsequently examined by genotype specific qPCR. In total, 31.0% (27/87) of all farms were identified as PCV2-positive. PCV2a was detected in 8.0% (7/87) of farms, while 3.4% (3/87) tested positive for both PCV2a and PCV2d. Overall, 11.5% (10/87) of all farms were PCV2d-positive. No significant effect of vaccination status of the pigs on the viral load or frequency of detection of PCV2 DNA was detected. Full article

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28 pages, 17610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histological Assessment of Intestinal Changes Induced by Liquid Whey-Enriched Diets in Pigs

by Kamel Mhalhel, Mauro Cavallaro, Lidia Pansera, Leyanis Herrera Ledesma, Maria Levanti, Antonino Germanà, Anna Maria Sutera, Giuseppe Tardiolo, Alessandro Zumbo, Marialuisa Aragona and Giuseppe Montalbano

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080716 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

Liquid whey (LW) is a nutrient-rich dairy by-product and a promising resource for animal nutrition. However, data regarding its impact on intestinal morphology and endocrine signaling are limited. Therefore, the current study aims to dissect those aspects. An experiment was conducted on 14 [...] Read more.

Liquid whey (LW) is a nutrient-rich dairy by-product and a promising resource for animal nutrition. However, data regarding its impact on intestinal morphology and endocrine signaling are limited. Therefore, the current study aims to dissect those aspects. An experiment was conducted on 14 crossbred pigs divided into control (fed 3% of their body weight pelleted feed) and LW (fed 3% of their body weight supplemented with 1.5 L of LW) groups. The results show a significantly increased body weight gain in LW pigs during the second half of the experiment. Moreover, an increased ileal villus height, deeper crypts, and a thicker muscularis externa in the duodenum and jejunum have been reported in LW-fed pigs. Goblet cell count revealed a significant abundance of these cells in duodenal villi and jejunal crypts of the LW group, suggesting enhanced mucosal defense in all segments of LW-fed pigs. While Cholecystokinin8 and Galanin showed the same expression pattern among both groups and SI segments, the leptin expression was significantly higher in LW swine. These findings indicate that LW promotes growth, gut mucosa remodeling, and neuroendocrine signaling, thus supporting LW use as a functional dietary strategy with attention to the adaptation period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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18 pages, 5970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isotonic Protein Solution Supplementation Enhances Growth Performance, Intestinal Immunity, and Beneficial Microbiota in Suckling Piglets

by Changliang Gong, Zhuohang Hao, Xinyi Liao, Robert J. Collier, Yao Xiao, Yongju Zhao and Xiaochuan Chen

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080715 - 30 Jul 2025

Abstract

Suckling is crucial for piglet intestinal development and gut health, as it improves resilience during the challenging weaning phase and promotes subsequent growth. IPS, comprising Na⁺/K⁺ ions, whey protein, and glucose, has been shown to have positive effects on animal [...] Read more.

Suckling is crucial for piglet intestinal development and gut health, as it improves resilience during the challenging weaning phase and promotes subsequent growth. IPS, comprising Na⁺/K⁺ ions, whey protein, and glucose, has been shown to have positive effects on animal growth and intestinal health. The objectives of this study were to assess the impact of IPS consumption on the growth performance, immunity, intestinal growth and development, and microbiota structure of suckling piglets. A total of 160 newborn piglets were randomly divided into control and IPS groups, with IPS supplementation starting from 2 to 8 days after birth and continuing until 3 days before weaning. The findings revealed that IPS boosted the body weight at 24 days by 3.6% (p < 0.05) and improved the body weight gain from 16 to 24 days by 15.7% (p < 0.05). Additionally, the jejunal villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in the IPS group were notably increased to 1.08 and 1.31 times (p < 0.05), respectively, compared to the control group. Furthermore, IPS elevated the plasma levels of IgA and IgM, reduced the plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and enhanced the content of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in the jejunal mucosa of suckling piglets. Furthermore, IPS upregulated the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins GLP-2, ZO-1, and Claudin-1 in jejunal tissue, while downregulating the regulatory genes in the Toll-like pathway, including MyD88 and TLR-4 (p < 0.05). The analysis of gut microbiota indicated that IPS altered the relative abundance of gut microbes, with an increase in beneficial bacteria like Alloprevotella and Bacteroides. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that IPS supplementation enhances weaning weight, growth performance, immune function, and intestinal development in piglets, supporting the integration of IPS supplementation in the management of pre-weaning piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Precision Feeding and Management of Farm Animals, 3rd Edition)

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36 pages, 539 KiB

Open AccessReview

Genomic Adaptation, Environmental Challenges, and Sustainable Yak Husbandry in High-Altitude Pastoral Systems

by Saima Naz, Ahmad Manan Mustafa Chatha, Qudrat Ullah, Muhammad Farooq, Tariq Jamil, Raja Danish Muner and Azka Kiran

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080714 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

The yak (Bos grunniens) is a key species in high-altitude rangelands of Asia. Despite their ecological and economic importance, yak production faces persistent challenges, including low milk yields, vulnerability to climate changes, emerging diseases, and a lack of systematic breeding programs. [...] Read more.

The yak (Bos grunniens) is a key species in high-altitude rangelands of Asia. Despite their ecological and economic importance, yak production faces persistent challenges, including low milk yields, vulnerability to climate changes, emerging diseases, and a lack of systematic breeding programs. This review presents the genomic, physiological, and environmental dimensions of yak biology and husbandry. Genes such as EPAS1, which encodes hypoxia-inducible transcription factors, underpin physiological adaptations, including enlarged cardiopulmonary structures, elevated erythrocyte concentrations, and specialized thermoregulatory mechanisms that enable their survival at elevations of 3000 m and above. Copy number variations (CNVs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) present promising markers for improving milk and meat production, disease resistance, and metabolic efficiency. F1 and F2 generations of yak–cattle hybrids show superior growth and milk yields, but reproductive barriers, such as natural mating or artificial insemination, and environmental factors limit the success of these hybrids beyond second generation. Infectious diseases, such as bovine viral diarrhea and antimicrobial-resistant and biofilm-forming Enterococcus and E. coli, pose risks to herd health and food safety. Rising ambient temperatures, declining forage biomass, and increased disease prevalence due to climate changes risk yak economic performance and welfare. Addressing these challenges by nutritional, environmental, and genetic interventions will safeguard yak pastoralism. This review describes the genes associated with different yak traits and provides an overview of the genetic adaptations of yaks (Bos grunniens) to environmental stresses at high altitudes and emphasizes the need for conservation and improvement strategies for sustainable husbandry of these yaks. Full article

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24 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Golden Years and Companion Animals: Investigating How the Human–Animal Bond Shapes Pet Wellness in Later Life from the Owner’s Perception

by Amira A. Goma and Emily Kieson

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080713 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Most research studies have investigated the impact of pet ownership on the mental and physical well-being of elderly populations, supporting the beneficial effect that pets have on their owners. However, few researchers focused on the well-being of both owner and pet. The present [...] Read more.

Most research studies have investigated the impact of pet ownership on the mental and physical well-being of elderly populations, supporting the beneficial effect that pets have on their owners. However, few researchers focused on the well-being of both owner and pet. The present study aimed to explore the well-being of pets owned by elderly individuals using an owner assessment tool and the relationship between elderly characteristics and the pet’s health-related quality of life based on the owner’s assessment of their pet’s well-being. Sixty elderly pet owners who made regular visits to veterinary clinics were selected to complete an electronic questionnaire about their pet’s health-related quality of life. The results identified a high agreement percentage on positive indicators related to the pet’s well-being such as “My pet wants to play and My pet responds to my presence” in the happiness domain, “My pet has more good days than bad days” in mental status, “My pet moves normally” in physical status and “My pet keeps him/herself clean” in hygiene which also resulted in a positive relationship with elderly age. Marital status influenced their responses to “My pet responds to my presence and My pet is as active as he/she has been”. The results also support the use of the applied questionnaire to help identify variables that contribute to a pet’s health-related quality of life. The correlation matrix revealed statistically significant positive associations (p < 0.001) among positively phrased items across all domains, as well as among negatively phrased items. These consistent alignments between direct and between reversed items suggest directional coherence and help mitigate potential response bias. Furthermore, the replication of these patterns across multiple domains reinforces the interpretation that the instrument captures a unified construct of pet well-being, In conclusion, based on subjective evaluation of pet-owner relationships, the ownership of pets by elderly individuals could be mutually beneficial to both elderly owners and their pets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond Care: Exploring the Human–Animal Relationship in Veterinary Medicine)

13 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Detection of Acaricide Resistance in Hyalomma Species Ticks with Emphasis on Farm Management Practices Associated with Acaricide Resistance in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

by Shameem Habeeba, Yasser Mahmmod, Hany Mohammed, Hashel Amer, Mohamed Moustafa, Assem Sobhi, Mohamed El-Sokary, Mahmoud Hussein, Ameer Tolba, Zulaikha Al Hammadi, Mohd Al Breiki and Asma Mohamed Shah

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080712 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Acaricide usage has led to the growing problem of resistance in ticks. A heavy tick burden and the presence of ticks on animals throughout the year, despite the monthly application of acaricides, in farms in the United Arab Emirates formed the motivation for [...] Read more.

Acaricide usage has led to the growing problem of resistance in ticks. A heavy tick burden and the presence of ticks on animals throughout the year, despite the monthly application of acaricides, in farms in the United Arab Emirates formed the motivation for this study. The objectives of this research were as follows: (a) to assess the acaricide resistance status of the most prevalent tick Hyalomma spp. to widely used acaricides Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin; (b) to identify the association of farm management practices and farm-level risk factors with the failure of tick treatment (acaracide resistance). A total of 1600 ticks were collected from 20 farms located in three different regions of Abu Dhabi Emirate including Al Ain (n = 10), Al Dhafra (n = 5), and Abu Dhabi (n = 5). The ticks were subjected to an in vitro bioassay adult immersion test (AIT) modified with a discriminating dose (AIT-DD) against commercial preparations of Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin. A questionnaire was designed to collect metadata and information on farm management and the farm-level risk factors associated with routine farm practices relating to the treatment and control of tick and blood parasite infections in camels and small ruminant populations. Hyalomma anatolicum and Hyalomma dromedarii were identified among the collected ticks, with H. anatolicum being the most prevalent tick species (70%) in the present study. The test results of the in vitro bioassay revealed varied emerging resistance to both of the acaricides in the majority of the three regions; fully susceptible tick isolates with zero resistance to Deltamethrin were recorded in one farm at Al Ain and two farms in the Abu Dhabi region. A questionnaire analysis showed that the failure of tick treatment in farms varied with the presence or absence of vegetation areas, types of animal breeds, and management practices. This study reports the emergence of resistance in ticks to Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin across the Abu Dhabi Emirate, indicating a strict warning for the cautious use of acaricides. There is also a need to improve awareness about sound tick management and control practices among farm owners through a multidisciplinary approach adopting integrated pest management strategies that engage farmers, veterinarians, and policy makers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens)

15 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bycatch in Cetaceans from the North-Western Mediterranean Sea: Retrospective Study of Lesions and Utility of Bycatch Criteria

by Laura Martino, Mariona Leiva Forns, Marina Cid Cañete, Lola Pérez, Cèlia Pradas and Mariano Domingo

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080711 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Bycatch is the most common cause of death of small delphinids worldwide, including the Mediterranean Sea. The diagnosis of bycatch as cause of death in stranded cetaceans depends on the cumulative presence of multiple findings, termed bycatch criteria. In this study, we retrospectively [...] Read more.

Bycatch is the most common cause of death of small delphinids worldwide, including the Mediterranean Sea. The diagnosis of bycatch as cause of death in stranded cetaceans depends on the cumulative presence of multiple findings, termed bycatch criteria. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the presence of bycatch criteria in 138 necropsied cetaceans, 136 stranded and 2 confirmed bycaught, in the Catalan Mediterranean Sea across a 13-year period. With the aim of identifying the most specific and reliable bycatch criteria, the animals’ cause of death was classified as either bycaught or other causes. Animals were necropsied according to standard procedures with complete histopathological examination and ancillary diagnostic techniques. We reviewed the necropsy reports and photographs of 138 cetaceans of seven species. Bycatch had been determined as the cause of death/stranding in 40 (29%) necropsied cetaceans. Both sexes were equally represented in the bycatch group. Bycatch was diagnosed in the Mediterranean common bottlenose dolphin (10/14; 71.4%), striped dolphin (29/108; 26.9%), and Risso’s dolphin (1/11; 9.1%). Sixty-seven out of 98 (68.3%) cetaceans that had been classified as non-bycatch had one or two bycatch criteria. Cetaceans with two and three major criteria had an overlap of causes of death, as some animals were diagnosed with bycatch and others with other causes of mortality. Animals with four criteria were invariably diagnosed as being bycaught. Recent feeding, absence of disease, good nutritional status, marks of fishing gear, multiorgan intravascular gas bubbles, hyphema and amputations or sharp incisions presumably inflicted by humans were significantly more likely to result in a diagnosis of bycatch, while loss of teeth and cranial fractures were not. None of the dolphins diagnosed as bycatch had ingested fishing gear. Our results highlight the relevance of bycatch as the cause of death of dolphins in the Mediterranean and suggest that some criteria traditionally linked to bycatch are not specific for bycatch in our region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathology of Marine Large Vertebrates)

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13 pages, 1778 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Against the Porcine Rotavirus VP6 Protein

by Botao Sun, Dingyi Mao, Jing Chen, Xiaoqing Bi, Linke Zou, Jishan Bai, Rongchao Liu, Ping Hao, Qi Wang, Linhan Zhong, Panchi Zhang and Bin Zhou

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080710 - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Porcine Rotavirus (PoRV), a predominant causative agent of neonatal diarrhea in piglets, shares substantial genetic homology with human rotavirus and represents a considerable threat to both public health and the global swine industry in the absence of specific antiviral interventions. The VP6 protein, [...] Read more.

Porcine Rotavirus (PoRV), a predominant causative agent of neonatal diarrhea in piglets, shares substantial genetic homology with human rotavirus and represents a considerable threat to both public health and the global swine industry in the absence of specific antiviral interventions. The VP6 protein, an internal capsid component, is characterized by exceptional sequence conservation and robust immunogenicity, rendering it an ideal candidate for viral genotyping and vaccine development. In the present study, the recombinant plasmid pET28a(+)-VP6 was engineered to facilitate the high-yield expression and purification of the VP6 antigen. BALB/c mice were immunized to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) through hybridoma technology, and the antigenic specificity of the resulting mAbs was stringently validated. Subsequently, a panel of truncated protein constructs was designed to precisely map linear B-cell epitopes, followed by comparative conservation analysis across diverse PoRV strains. Functional validation demonstrated that all three mAbs exhibited high-affinity binding to VP6, with a peak detection titer of 1:3,000,000 and exclusive specificity toward PoRVA. These antibodies effectively recognized representative genotypes such as G3 and X1, while exhibiting no cross-reactivity with unrelated viral pathogens; however, their reactivity against other PoRV serogroups (e.g., types B and C) remains to be further elucidated. Epitope mapping identified two novel linear B-cell epitopes, ¹²⁸YIKNWNLQNR¹³⁷ and ¹³⁸RQRTGFVFHK¹⁴⁷, both displaying strong sequence conservation among circulating PoRV strains. Collectively, these findings provide a rigorous experimental framework for the functional dissection of VP6 and reinforce its potential as a valuable diagnostic and immunoprophylactic target in PoRV control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)

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18 pages, 275 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of Client Experiences of Veterinary Care for Companion Animals (Dogs and Cats) and the Impact of Trauma-Informed Care on Client Outcomes

by Vanessa I. Rohlf, Nadia Manfrenuzzi, Neelofar Rehman and Pauleen C. Bennett

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(8), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12080709 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Trauma-informed care (TIC) is an increasingly implemented approach in human services, but little research documents implementation within veterinary services. This study explored emotional experiences of veterinary clients and the perceived emotions/behaviors of their pets, studied experiences of TIC, and ascertained the extent to [...] Read more.

Trauma-informed care (TIC) is an increasingly implemented approach in human services, but little research documents implementation within veterinary services. This study explored emotional experiences of veterinary clients and the perceived emotions/behaviors of their pets, studied experiences of TIC, and ascertained the extent to which experiences of TIC predicted client outcomes. Clients (N = 274) were surveyed about their experiences of veterinary care. Clients documented positive and negative emotional experiences, with negative emotions associated with more serious presenting issues. TIC was experienced during veterinary visits. Principal component analyses found that TIC fell into the following five factors: (1) transparent and client-centered communication; (2) client supports and strengths; (3) emotional safety and empowerment; (4) physical safety and comfort; (5) informed consent. Hierarchical regressions revealed that, after controlling for reason for the visit, client-reported emotions and pet emotions/behaviors, 53.9% and 56.3% of the variance in client satisfaction and client disappointment was accounted for by TIC practices, respectively. The results show that although the outcomes for pets receiving veterinary care might not always be positive, which can lead to negative emotional experiences for clients, these can be ameliorated and lead to positive client outcomes through utilizing TIC. Full article

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