Veterinary Sciences

17 pages, 1039 KB

Open AccessArticle

Public Awareness and Molecular Characterization of Streptococcus suis in a High-Incidence Region of Thailand

by Perm Premphoolsawat, Khomson Satchasataporn, Thitichai Jarudecha, Kamonwan Lunha, Suganya Yongkiettrakul, Anusak Kerdsin, Daisuke Takamatsu and Nattakan Meekhanon

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050458 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Streptococcus suis is a major zoonotic pathogen, with increasing human cases in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, northeastern Thailand. This study aimed to assess residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding infection risk and to characterize S. suis isolates from pigs. A structured questionnaire was [...] Read more.

Streptococcus suis is a major zoonotic pathogen, with increasing human cases in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, northeastern Thailand. This study aimed to assess residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding infection risk and to characterize S. suis isolates from pigs. A structured questionnaire was administered to 500 residents to evaluate awareness and behaviors related to S. suis infection. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from slaughtered pigs at three slaughterhouses in Nakhon Ratchasima Province. Presumptive Streptococcus isolates were confirmed as S. suis by PCR and further characterized by molecular serotyping, virulence-associated gene profiling, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Among residents, mean scores suggested generally high levels of KAP; however, misunderstandings regarding transmission persisted. Residents expressed strong readiness to reduce infection risk. Of 285 pig samples, 122 (42.8%) were positive for S. suis, representing 16 serotypes. Serotype 9 (10.3%) predominated with several serotypes that have been reported in human infections. The predominant virulence-associated gene profile was mrp⁻/sly⁻/epf⁻ (77.4%). MLST identified eight STs with five novel STs (ST3147-3151), indicating substantial genetic diversity. Persistent misconceptions despite generally acceptable KAP levels highlight the need for targeted public health education. The high prevalence and genetic variability of S. suis in pigs support ongoing surveillance to monitor potentially pathogenic strains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zoonotic Diseases: Early Detection, Surveillance, and Control in Veterinary Practice)

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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 1139 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Molecular Characteristics of Avian Haemosporidian Infection Among Domestic Chickens in Hunan and Guangxi Provinces, China

by Haoqing Yang, Jiacheng Tan, Shiquan Lu, Chengjun Xian, Rui Huang, Wei Liu and Dongying Wang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050457 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2026

Abstract

Avian haemosporidian parasites, especially Plasmodium juxtanucleare, Leucocytozoon caulleryi, and Leucocytozoon sabrazesi, represent major threats to poultry health and production. However, there is limited epidemiological information about these pathogens in domestic chickens in Southern China, which hinders effective disease prevention and [...] Read more.

Avian haemosporidian parasites, especially Plasmodium juxtanucleare, Leucocytozoon caulleryi, and Leucocytozoon sabrazesi, represent major threats to poultry health and production. However, there is limited epidemiological information about these pathogens in domestic chickens in Southern China, which hinders effective disease prevention and control. The objective of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional survey to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of these three parasites in Guangxi and Hunan Provinces between June 2024 and December 2025. A total of 941 blood samples were collected from domestic chickens and analyzed using both nested PCR targeting the cytb gene and species-specific PCR assays targeting the coxI gene. The overall detection rate of haemosporidian infection was 25.40% (239/941). P. juxtanucleare was the most commonly detected species, with a detection rate of 23.59% (222/941), followed by L. caulleryi at 1.81% (17/941), while no L. sabrazesi infections were identified. Analysis of risk factors showed that chickens older than 90 days had significantly higher detection rates for both P. juxtanucleare and L. caulleryi compared to younger birds. Additionally, breed-specific differences were noted, with black-bone and partridge chickens showing higher susceptibility to P. juxtanucleare than three-yellow chickens. Genetic analysis of coxI sequences demonstrated high conservation among P. juxtanucleare isolates (99.7–100% similarity) and complete identity among L. caulleryi strains. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that all sequences clustered with the corresponding reference strains from GenBank. This study presents an epidemiological evaluation of these three haemosporidian parasites in domestic chickens from Guangxi and Hunan Provinces, identifying P. juxtanucleare as a widespread pathogen and highlighting age and breed as important risk factors. These results emphasize the importance of ongoing monitoring and targeted control measures in the area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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10 pages, 230 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Milk Production, Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile in Milk from Dairy Cows Fed Increasing Levels of Dietary Soybean Oil: A Dose-Response Study

by Yanitl Citlali Acho-Martínez, Pedro Abel Hernández-García, Enrique Espinosa-Ayala, Ofelia Márquez-Molina, Germán David Mendoza-Martínez, Gabriela Vázquez-Silva, Pablo Benjamín Razo-Ortiz, Cesar Diaz-Galván and José Felipe Orzuna-Orzuna

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050456 - 7 May 2026

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of increasing levels of soybean oil on milk yield, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows. The experiment was designed as a 4 × 4 double Latin [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of increasing levels of soybean oil on milk yield, milk composition, and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows. The experiment was designed as a 4 × 4 double Latin square with 21-day periods and used eight Holstein cows (body weight of 550 ± 19.5 kg and 200 ± 5 days in milk). The treatments evaluated were a basal diet without soybean oil and a basal diet added with 10, 20, or 30 g/kg DM of soybean oil. None of the treatments evaluated affected (p > 0.05) milk yield, dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, or the concentration of fat, non-fat solids, protein, and lactose in milk. Furthermore, increasing levels of soybean oil included in the diets did not affect (p > 0.05) the milk concentration of butyric, caproic, caprylic, capric, lauric, pentadecanoic, palmitoleic, heptadecanoic, and linoleic fatty acids. However, dietary inclusion of soybean oil decreased (linear effect; p ≤ 0.05) the milk concentration of myristic, palmitic and oleic fatty acids. In contrast, higher concentrations (linear effect; p ≤ 0.05) of stearic fatty acids were observed in the milk of dairy cows fed soybean oil in their diet. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of increasing levels of soybean oil (30 g/kg DM) modifies the fatty acid profile of milk without affecting milk yield or the protein, fat, or lactose content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Novel Nutritional Strategies for Livestock Using Metabolic or Mathematical Method)

17 pages, 14936 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient and Safe Knockout of AR and DMRT1 Mediated by Cytosine Base Editors in Chicken DF-1 and PGCs

by Xiaori Gao, Na Tang, Zhifeng Zhao, Yanhua He, Yitong Shen, Xian Zou and Chenglong Luo

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050455 - 6 May 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to establish an efficient and precise cytosine base editor (CBE)-mediated knockout system in chicken somatic cells and primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs are pivotal for generating genome-edited chickens, but low transfection efficiency limit their application. Unlike CRISPR/Cas9, CBEs achieve precise [...] Read more.

This study aimed to establish an efficient and precise cytosine base editor (CBE)-mediated knockout system in chicken somatic cells and primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs are pivotal for generating genome-edited chickens, but low transfection efficiency limit their application. Unlike CRISPR/Cas9, CBEs achieve precise C-to-T conversion without DNA double-strand breaks or donor templates, making them safer for avian genome engineering. We used CBEs to introduce premature stop codons in exon 1 of the sex-determining AR and DMRT1 genes for targeted knockout. Among 12 screened sgRNAs, sgRNA6 (AR, 94.67 ± 6.66%) and sgRNA9 (DMRT1, 6.67 ± 6.51%) performed best in DF-1 cells; in PGCs, their editing efficiencies reached 51.0% and 91.0%, respectively. No off-target mutations were detected in edited DF-1 cells. These findings confirm that CBE-mediated knockout is highly efficient and safe in chicken somatic and germ cells, providing a robust tool for avian genome editing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Application of Reproductive and Genomic Biotechnologies for Livestock Breeding and Selection: 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 454 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Meat Quality and Flavor-Forming Volatile Compounds in Longissimus Dorsi from Different Beef Breeds

by Juan Xu, Qian Li, Huibin Zhang, Shuanping Zhao, Hai Jin, Qinggang Li, Xinyi Du, Sihua Jin and Lei Xu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050454 - 6 May 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate breed-specific differences in meat quality, nutritional compo sition, and volatile flavor compounds of beef, and to discuss their implications for animal breeding and health. Longissimus dorsi muscles were collected from four cattle breeds—Dabieshan cattle (DBS), local water buffalo [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate breed-specific differences in meat quality, nutritional compo sition, and volatile flavor compounds of beef, and to discuss their implications for animal breeding and health. Longissimus dorsi muscles were collected from four cattle breeds—Dabieshan cattle (DBS), local water buffalo (LWB), Simmental (SM), and Angus (AG)—with six animals per breed, all reared under identical feeding conditions. Meat quality parameters (color, cooking loss, shear force, and water-holding capacity), proximate composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, and volatile compounds were analyzed using standardized methods. Significant breed effects were observed for most traits (p < 0.05). DBS exhibited the highest intramuscular fat content (2.9%) and total fatty acid concentration, along with favorable proportions of unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA + PUFA) and abundant flavor volatiles (aldehydes and ketones). LWB showed superior water-holding capacity, lowest cooking loss, and the highest total amino acid content, including essential amino acids, along with a higher PUFA/SFA ratio. SM and AG had intermediate meat quality traits, with AG displaying lower lightness (L*) and better tenderness than SM. Notably, LWB and DBS presented higher levels of nutritionally beneficial fatty acids (e.g., C18:3n3) and amino acids (e.g., glutamic acid). Breed significantly influences meat quality and nutritional composition. DBS and LWB offer distinct advantages in fat deposition, amino acid profile, and potential health benefits. These findings provide preliminary insights for selective breeding programs aiming to improve meat quality and meet consumer preferences. The observed compositional differences—such as lower saturated fatty acids in LWB and higher intramuscular fat in DBS—may offer nutritional advantages from a dietary perspective, although direct health benefits were not assessed. The results also underscore the importance of preserving indigenous cattle genetic resources for sustainable animal production. Full article

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26 pages, 1028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Essential Oil Blend and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Improves Performance, Semen Characteristics, Redox Balance, and Intestinal Integrity in Heat-Stressed Male Rabbits

by Haifa Ali Alqhtani, Huda A. Alqahtani, Ahmed M. Elbaz, Ahmed Ateya, AbdelRahman Y. Abdelhady, Fatmah Ahmed Safhi, Mohammed Al-Rasheed, Mahmoud H. Mohamed, Wael M. El-Deeb, Mohamed Abdo Rizk, Zakriya Al Mohamad and Mohamed Marzok

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050453 - 6 May 2026

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing with an essential oil blend and ascorbic acid on performance, semen characteristics, antioxidant status, gut microbiota, immunity, and gene expression in heat-stressed male rabbits. One hundred and forty male New Zealand White rabbits, aged [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing with an essential oil blend and ascorbic acid on performance, semen characteristics, antioxidant status, gut microbiota, immunity, and gene expression in heat-stressed male rabbits. One hundred and forty male New Zealand White rabbits, aged 6 months, were randomly distributed into four dietary groups: the control group receiving basal feed (CON), the group receiving an essential oil blend (EOB, 200 mg/kg), the group receiving ascorbic acid (ASA, 1000 mg/kg), and the group receiving an essential oil blend and ascorbic acid (MAO). The experimental period lasted for eight weeks. The MAO mixture supported rabbits’ tolerance to heat stress by enhancing stress markers, as demonstrated by decreased glucose and HSP70 and increased triiodothyronine (T3). In addition, increased body weight, carcass weight, and nutrient digestibility, but reduced mortality rate, were observed in rabbits fed the MAO mixture. Additionally, semen density and volume, as well as sperm progressive motility and normality, were enhanced in rabbits fed the MAO mixture. Furthermore, MAO mixture supplementation decreases plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, AST, urea, and creatinine levels, while raising HDL and total protein levels. Adding MAO mixture contributed to an increase in plasma SOD and GPx levels, as well as seminal fluid TAC and GSH levels. Additionally, the incorporation of MAO increases IgA, IgG, and IL-10 levels while decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Adding the MAO mixture reduced C. perfringens and E. coli, as well as increased the expression of the MUC-2, CAT-1, and CLDN-1 genes. Combining an essential oil blend and ascorbic acid may contribute to improvements in performance, semen quality, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and gut health in heat-stressed male rabbits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Essential Oils in Livestock and Poultry Health: Alternatives to Antibiotics and Antiparasitics)

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14 pages, 5058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Epidemiological Characteristics of Group A Rotavirus in Sika Deer in Jilin Province, China

by Yacong Li, Qilin Wang, Runlai Cao, Cheng Chang, Xiaoxu Wang and Zhijie Liu

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050452 - 4 May 2026

Abstract

This study focuses on epidemiological characteristics and genetic evolution of rotavirus (RV) isolated from sika deer in Jilin Province, China. The objective is to determine the positivity rate and genotypes of rotavirus circulating in diarrheic sika deer fawns. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting [...] Read more.

This study focuses on epidemiological characteristics and genetic evolution of rotavirus (RV) isolated from sika deer in Jilin Province, China. The objective is to determine the positivity rate and genotypes of rotavirus circulating in diarrheic sika deer fawns. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the rotavirus VP6 gene was utilized to detect positive samples from the collected diarrheal samples. The positive samples were subjected to genotyping by amplification of the VP4 and VP7 genes, and then phylogenetic analysis was conducted to analyze the genetic diversity of the virus. As a result, 230 samples tested positive out of 438 diarrheic samples, resulting in a positivity rate of 52.5% in diarrheic samples. The genotyping analysis showed that the genotypes G6, G10, and G8 accounted for 70.59%, 26.47%, and 2.94%, respectively; while types P[1], P[11] and P[14] occupied 42.59%, 37.03% and 20.3%, respectively. Seven genotypic combinations were identified, with G6P[1] (34%) and G6P[11] (30%) being the most dominant. The successfully isolated SY-73 (G8P[1]) strain clustered with bovine RV strains, demonstrating the genetic diversity and recombination traits of the deer-derived RV. It was shown that the isolated SY-73 (G8P[1]) strain caused diarrhea in suckling mice, confirming its pathogenicity. Histopathological analysis further revealed intestinal lesions in infected mice, including villus atrophy and epithelial damage, supporting its in vivo pathogenic effects. This study indicates a relatively high infection rate of rotavirus in sika deer in the studied regions, characterized by complex and variable genotype combinations, with the potential for cross-species transmission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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12 pages, 1248 KB

Open AccessArticle

Colonization Dynamics of Clostridioides difficile in Suckling and Weaning Piglets

by Ana Martín Bermúdez, Eduardo Salido, Maria Jose Ramos-Real, Cintia Hernández-Sánchez, Maria Lecuona, Angeles Arias, Juan Carlos González, Carlos Beamonte and Miriam Hernández-Porto

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050451 - 3 May 2026

Abstract

C. difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and hospital-acquired infections, although increasing community-acquired cases suggest alternative transmission routes. Livestock, particularly pigs, have been proposed as potential reservoirs. This study aimed to investigate the presence of zoonotic ribotypes in piglets from Tenerife [...] Read more.

C. difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and hospital-acquired infections, although increasing community-acquired cases suggest alternative transmission routes. Livestock, particularly pigs, have been proposed as potential reservoirs. This study aimed to investigate the presence of zoonotic ribotypes in piglets from Tenerife (Spain) and to assess their pathogenic potential by detecting toxin genes. A total of 140 samples were analyzed, including 58 fecal samples from slaughtered piglets (4–8 weeks old) and 82 rectal swabs from piglets aged 2–25 days. Samples were cultured, identified by MALDI-TOF MS, and characterized by PCR ribotyping and toxin gene detection. No isolates were obtained from fecal samples collected at slaughter, whereas 14 (17%) rectal swabs were positive. Colonization was strongly age-dependent, with the highest prevalence at 2 days of age (100%), decreasing by day 9 (10.7%), and absent after 21 days (p < 0.05). All isolates were ribotype RT033 with a tcdA⁺/tcdB⁻/cdtA⁺/cdtB⁺ profile. The exclusive detection of RT033, a clade V lineage linked to animal reservoirs and occasional human infections, suggests a potential zoonotic risk, especially for farm workers. These findings reinforce the need for integrated C. difficile surveillance under a One Health framework to monitor emerging ribotypes and their role in community-acquired infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Animal Diseases in Agricultural Production Systems: Their Veterinary, Zoonotic, and One Health Importance, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1089 KB

Open AccessReview

Brushing as Environmental Enrichment in Dairy Cattle: Effects of Different Brushing Modalities on Behavior, Health, and Production

by Sandra Patricia Maciel-Torres, Alexis Ruiz-González, José Felipe Orzuna-Orzuna, Pablo Arenas-Báez, Jonathan Raúl Garay-Martínez and Lorenzo Danilo Granados-Rivera

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050450 - 2 May 2026

Abstract

In recent years, brushes have been increasingly implemented on dairy farms to improve animal welfare, health, and productivity. This study presents a narrative review of scientific studies published over the past decade, selected based on their evaluation of brushing effects on behavioral, physiological, [...] Read more.

In recent years, brushes have been increasingly implemented on dairy farms to improve animal welfare, health, and productivity. This study presents a narrative review of scientific studies published over the past decade, selected based on their evaluation of brushing effects on behavioral, physiological, and production parameters in dairy cattle. The evidence consistently indicates that access to brushes increases grooming behavior and is associated with reductions in stress-related indicators, supporting improved animal welfare. In addition, brush use has been linked to improved hygiene and may serve as a non-invasive behavioral indicator of health status, as reduced usage has been associated with conditions such as metritis and lameness. In contrast, evidence regarding productive responses remains more variable. Some studies report increases in milk yield and changes in milk composition; however, these effects are not consistently observed and appear to depend on factors such as animal characteristics, management conditions, brush accessibility, and study design. Overall, brushing appears to be a promising enrichment strategy, but further standardized and long-term research is required to better establish its effects on production and reproductive performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Barn to Table: Animal Health, Welfare, and Food Safety)

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13 pages, 476 KB

Open AccessArticle

Human and Hunting Dog Interactions in the United States: Exploring Potential Transmission Pathways of Zoonotic Diseases and Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

by Rachel S. Ziejka, Justin D. Brown, Sally Thompson-Iritani, Vickie Ramirez, Hannah T. Fenelon and Marissa G. Baker

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050449 - 2 May 2026

Abstract

Since 2022, numerous H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) detections have been reported in wild and domestic mammals in North America. Although H5N1 HPAIV detections in dogs are rare, hunting dogs that retrieve waterfowl are at increased exposure risk due to their [...] Read more.

Since 2022, numerous H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) detections have been reported in wild and domestic mammals in North America. Although H5N1 HPAIV detections in dogs are rare, hunting dogs that retrieve waterfowl are at increased exposure risk due to their physical contact with reservoirs (waterfowl) and contaminated environments. A cross-sectional survey of hunters was conducted during 2024 to characterize hunting procedures, disease prevention practices, and interactions between humans and their hunting dogs to identify potential risks for zoonotic disease transmission. Descriptive analysis (N = 112) indicated a majority of participants considered their hunting dog as part of the family (93.8%), and less than half considered their dog a pet (42.9%). Of the 112 individuals, 96.4% did not utilize personal protective equipment (PPE) when handling a sick dog and 81.3% did not use PPE when handling harvested birds. This research demonstrated complex, sustained physical and personal connections between individuals and their hunting dogs. Additional research utilizing a One Health approach is necessary to define H5N1 HPAIV risk factors in hunting dogs and the environment’s role in the transmission of viruses among wildlife and domestic animals. Understanding zoonotic disease transmission in these populations can inform approaches to mitigate viral exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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18 pages, 2128 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Dietary Squalene Supplementation on the Growth Performance and Disease Resistance of Largemouth Bass

by Shan Liu, Mengmeng Chen, Yan Meng, Mingyang Xue, Yong Zhou, Liping Zhang, Peng Chen, Yuding Fan, Yazhen Yang and Zhenyu Huang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050448 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Feed supplements play a crucial role in improving and maintaining fish health in modern aquaculture practices. Squalene is a functional lipid naturally present in fatty tissues, possessing numerous beneficial biological properties and wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, [...] Read more.

Feed supplements play a crucial role in improving and maintaining fish health in modern aquaculture practices. Squalene is a functional lipid naturally present in fatty tissues, possessing numerous beneficial biological properties and wide applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the effects of 100 mg/kg (S1), 200 mg/kg (S2), 300 mg/kg (S3), and 400 mg/kg (S4) of dietary squalene supplementation over four weeks on growth performance, antioxidation, hepatoprotection, hypoxia tolerance, immune relative genes expression, and disease resistance of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) were assessed. The results showed that squalene supplementation significantly increased the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) of largemouth bass (p < 0.05). Serum glucose (GLU) levels were significantly decreased in all squalene-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). Squalene supplementation had minimal effect on serum triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol in (TCHO) levels. A decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) level, but accompanied by increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hepatic catalase (CAT) activities, was observed in the S1 group supplemented with squalene. These suggest that squalene may mitigate free radical damage and promote health in largemouth bass. Dietary squalene supplementation enhanced intestinal enzyme activities (trypsin, lipase, and α-amylase) in largemouth bass without inducing any apparent hepatic or histopathological alterations. Squalene supplementation improved hypoxia tolerance and antiviral gene expression (mx, ifn-γ, and irf3) while suppressing the expression of inflammatory cytokine (il-1β, il-8, and tnf-α). The survival rate following LMBRaV infection was significantly higher in the S1 group (100 mg/kg group) compared to the control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that adding squalene into the diet of largemouth bass at an optimal level of 100 mg/kg effectively promotes growth performance, enhances digestive enzyme activity and hypoxia tolerance, and modulates lipid metabolism and immune gene expression, thereby contributing to improved resistance against LMBRaV. These findings confirm that squalene can serve as a beneficial functional feed additive in aquaculture. Full article

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12 pages, 1050 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Morphometric and Structural Analysis of the Ovine Brain: Integrating Traditional Anatomical Methods with Artificial Intelligence-Driven 3D Modeling and Identification

by Moustafa Salouci

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050447 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

The study of veterinary anatomy is gradually progressing with the combination of digital imaging and artificial intelligence (AI). This paper aimed to evaluate the potential use of AI tools for morphometric analysis and the anatomical identification of the ovine brain. Five adult specimens [...] Read more.

The study of veterinary anatomy is gradually progressing with the combination of digital imaging and artificial intelligence (AI). This paper aimed to evaluate the potential use of AI tools for morphometric analysis and the anatomical identification of the ovine brain. Five adult specimens were used and approached through traditional dissection and fixation methods followed by digital photography and manual measurement with high-precision Vernier calipers. These results were compared against AI-based approaches, including DeeVid AI for 3D reconstruction, Imageonline for digital measurement, and ChatGPT/Artlist for anatomical nomenclature. The findings indicate that AI tools like DeeVid AI significantly enhance structural visualization, and Imageonline provides high-precision measurements comparable to manual tools (p > 0.05). However, AI-driven anatomical naming remains prone to significant errors, with ChatGPT and Artlist exhibiting error rates of 87.5% and 70.8%, respectively, in specific neuroanatomical labeling. This study concludes that while AI eases the reshaping and measurement of anatomical structures, human expertise remains indispensable for accurate anatomical identification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Comparative Anatomy and Histology in Animals)

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20 pages, 1493 KB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Exercise on Fluorosis: A Comprehensive Multisystem Review

by Fengge Han, Xiaohui Li, Sheraz Ahmad, Qi Lei and Zilong Sun

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050446 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Fluorosis, a systemic condition caused by chronic excessive fluoride intake, poses significant threats to livestock health and agricultural productivity worldwide. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the modulatory effects of exercise against fluorosis, integrating human studies, animal experiments, and methodological considerations. Human [...] Read more.

Fluorosis, a systemic condition caused by chronic excessive fluoride intake, poses significant threats to livestock health and agricultural productivity worldwide. This systematic review synthesizes current evidence on the modulatory effects of exercise against fluorosis, integrating human studies, animal experiments, and methodological considerations. Human studies indicate negative associations between fluoride exposure and cognitive development, muscle function, and exercise capacity, with exercise influencing fluoride pharmacokinetics in an exercise-intensity-dependent manner. Animal experiments consistently demonstrate that regular moderate-intensity exercise attenuates fluoride-induced damage across multiple organ systems through activation of the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway, modulation of BMP-2/Smads and OPG/RANKL/RANK signaling, suppression of inflammatory responses, and preservation of intestinal barrier integrity. Substantial heterogeneity exists among current fluorosis models regarding exposure dosages, durations, and exercise protocols, underscoring the need for standardization and consideration of genetic background. Overall, exercise shows promise for mitigating fluorosis-induced multi-organ damage, although human evidence remains limited. Future research should prioritize model optimization, elucidation of molecular targets, and exploration of synergistic interventions to provide a foundation for veterinary clinical management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review Paper Special Issue: Nutritional Metabolism and Toxic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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13 pages, 1462 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacokinetics of Ertugliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitor (SGLT2i) in Horses After Enteral Administration

by Naomi C. Kirkwood, Kristopher J. Hughes, Amy L. Lovett, Gregory S. Doran, David I. Rendle and Scott H. Edwards

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050445 - 1 May 2026

Abstract

Ertugliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor that has demonstrated promise as a treatment for hyperinsulinaemia in horses. Despite the frequent use of ertugliflozin in equine clinical practice, the pharmacokinetics of this drug in horses has not been established. The aim of the present [...] Read more.

Ertugliflozin is a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor that has demonstrated promise as a treatment for hyperinsulinaemia in horses. Despite the frequent use of ertugliflozin in equine clinical practice, the pharmacokinetics of this drug in horses has not been established. The aim of the present study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of one supratherapeutic dose (0.25 mg/kg) of ertugliflozin in eight horses. Horses were defined as being healthy by physical examination, haematological, blood biochemical and oral sugar test (OST) results. Plasma concentrations of ertugliflozin were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, and 120 h after drug administration enterally. Non-compartmental analysis led to determination of key pharmacokinetic variables, including mean ± SD time to maximum concentration (T_max) of 0.91 ± 0.13 h, maximum measured concentration (C_max) of 267.52 ± 25.37 ng/mL, terminal elimination half-life (T_1/2) of 17.65 ± 3.15 h and apparent oral clearance (CL/F) of 106.95 ± 27.53 mL/h/kg. No clinical signs of adverse effects or blood biochemical abnormalities occurred after drug administration. The results of this study suggest that a single supratherapeutic dose of ertugliflozin in healthy horses is safe. The pharmacokinetics of enterally administered ertugliflozin in horses are similar to pharmacokinetics of the drug in humans and the long T_1/2 makes ertugliflozin suitable for once daily dosing in horses. It is proposed that a starting dose for ertugliflozin in horses be in the range 0.05–0.1 mg/kg. Further pharmacokinetic studies are required to optimise the dose regimen for treating horses with hyperinsulinaemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostics and Medical Therapies in Equine Health)

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15 pages, 1207 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Forensic Toxicology in Veterinary Medicine: Current Perspectives, Analytical Progress, and Future Challenges

by Giulio Mannocchi, Filippo Roberto Busardò, Luigi Tonino Marsella and Roberta Tittarelli

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050444 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Over the past decade, veterinary forensic toxicology has gained increasing relevance due to the recognition of animal poisoning as a criminal, environmental, and public health concern. This review provides an updated overview on current perspectives in veterinary forensic toxicology, focusing on common toxicological [...] Read more.

Over the past decade, veterinary forensic toxicology has gained increasing relevance due to the recognition of animal poisoning as a criminal, environmental, and public health concern. This review provides an updated overview on current perspectives in veterinary forensic toxicology, focusing on common toxicological scenarios, analytical innovations, and interpretative challenges. Intentional poisoning of companion animals, wildlife intoxication, and environmental contamination are discussed within a One Health framework. Mass spectrometry-based techniques, including targeted gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for non-targeted screening, and emerging ambient mass spectrometry approaches are highlighted as pivotal tools in modern forensic investigations. Major limitations related to post-mortem changes, species-specific toxicokinetic, and the lack of harmonized interpretative criteria are critically examined. The review also identified future priorities such as methodological standardization, expansion of toxicokinetic databases across species, detection of emerging contaminants, and strengthened international cooperation. Overall, veterinary forensic toxicology is an emerging discipline at the intersection of animal welfare, environmental conservation, and public health providing essential evidence for legal, regulatory, and investigative purposes. Full article

12 pages, 1189 KB

Open AccessArticle

Diversity and Distribution of Hyalomma Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens in Dromedary Camels in Chad

by Muhammad Umair Aziz, Jacob Cassens, Jeconias Allawaï-Sanigue, Michel Lontsi-Demano, Timoléon Tchuinkam, Olivier Andre Sparagano, Jonathan D. Oliver and Patrick Butaye

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050443 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Ticks of the genus Hyalomma are major ectoparasites of dromedary camels and serve as important vectors for diverse tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affecting both animals and humans. In this study, we determined the tick species diversity and distribution and estimated the prevalence of TBPs [...] Read more.

Ticks of the genus Hyalomma are major ectoparasites of dromedary camels and serve as important vectors for diverse tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) affecting both animals and humans. In this study, we determined the tick species diversity and distribution and estimated the prevalence of TBPs in those ticks. A total of 780 ticks collected from camels in Bol, Chad, were identified into four species: Hyalomma dromedarii (49.0%), H. rufipes (22.6%), H. impeltatum (19.1%), and H. truncatum (9.4%). Sixty ticks were selected proportionally across the four Hyalomma species and screened for TBPs using PCR. Coxiella burnetii was detected in 11.7% of the ticks, and Rickettsia aeschlimannii in 1.7%. Anaplasmataceae-specific 16S rRNA primers detected Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii, a tick endosymbiont, in 10% of the ticks. No protozoan pathogens (Theileria or Babesia) were detected. This study highlights the need for integrated surveillance of ticks and their associated microorganisms in Chadian camels to mitigate zoonotic and veterinary risks. Strengthening such efforts will support camel health and pastoral livelihoods in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens: 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1596 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gene Expression Profiling of Adipose Tissue in Enshi Black Pigs Subjected to Cold Stress

by Tong Zhang, Liang Wang, Shuo Yang, Guangdong Hu and Dongjie Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050442 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

To investigate the response mechanism of cold-resistant Enshi black pig breeds under cold stress, nine Enshi black pigs were randomly divided into three groups with three pigs in each: a control group (18 ± 2 °C for 58 d), a cold-stress-acclimated group (3 [...] Read more.

To investigate the response mechanism of cold-resistant Enshi black pig breeds under cold stress, nine Enshi black pigs were randomly divided into three groups with three pigs in each: a control group (18 ± 2 °C for 58 d), a cold-stress-acclimated group (3 to 8 °C to −17 to −21 °C for 58 d), and an acute cold stress group (−17 to −21 °C for 3 d). RNA-seq technology was used to analyze mRNA and lncRNA expression patterns in subcutaneous adipose tissue under cold stress. The results showed that, under acute cold stress, many metabolic pathways were activated, including those involved in rapid energy supply (e.g., the citric acid cycle/TCA cycle, fatty acid degradation and metabolism, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis), signal transduction pathways (e.g., PI3K Akt, MAPK, PPAR, HIF-1, mTOR, and FoxO), and immune and cellular homeostasis pathways (chemokine signaling pathway, T cell receptor signaling, Toll-like receptor signaling, and apoptosis and autophagy regulation). Under cold stress acclimation, metabolic regulatory pathways (e.g., AMPK, mTOR, FoxO, HIF-1, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid degradation), immune and inflammatory regulatory pathways (Toll-like receptors, NOD like receptors, and T/B cell receptor signaling pathways), and signal transduction and cell homeostasis pathways (MAPK, PI3K Akt, NF-κB, Notch signaling pathways, apoptosis, and autophagy regulation) were continuously activated to ensure the stability of adipose tissue structure and function. Acute cold stress activated more pathways than cold stress acclimation, but both led to significant changes in energy metabolism. The results identified the molecular regulatory mechanisms of adipose tissue under cold stress, providing a basis for the subsequent breeding of new cold-resistant pig breeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Diversity and Sustainable Breeding of Livestock and Companion Animals)

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21 pages, 2478 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Probiotics Modulate Oxidative Stress, Metabolic Status, and Immune-Related Gene Expression in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Malathion

by Abdullah A. A. Alghamdi

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050441 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Malathion, a widely used organophosphate pesticide, frequently contaminates aquatic ecosystems and poses considerable toxic risks to non-target organisms, including fish. The present study provides an integrated evaluation of the protective effects of dietary probiotics against malathion-associated oxidative, metabolic, and immune-related disturbances in Nile [...] Read more.

Malathion, a widely used organophosphate pesticide, frequently contaminates aquatic ecosystems and poses considerable toxic risks to non-target organisms, including fish. The present study provides an integrated evaluation of the protective effects of dietary probiotics against malathion-associated oxidative, metabolic, and immune-related disturbances in Nile tilapia at the biochemical and molecular levels. After determining the 96 h LC₅₀ of malathion, fish were exposed to a sublethal concentration for 7 days followed by a 14-day recovery period while receiving either a basal or probiotic-supplemented diet. Malathion exposure increased cumulative mortality, induced behavioral stress, and caused metabolic and hepatorenal disturbances characterized by elevated serum glucose and cholesterol, altered serum protein fractions, increased alanine and aspartate aminotransferase activities, and elevated creatinine and uric acid levels. Oxidative stress was evidenced by increased serum malondialdehyde and transcriptional suppression of antioxidant-related genes (sod-2 and cat) in the liver, spleen, and intestine. Malathion also triggered immune dysregulation through the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (il-1β and tnf-α) and suppression of regulatory cytokines (tgf-β and il-10). Probiotic supplementation during recovery significantly reduced mortality, restored metabolic and hepatorenal biomarkers, attenuated oxidative damage, and enhanced antioxidant capacity at both the biochemical and transcriptional levels. Moreover, probiotic-supplemented fish exhibited controlled pro-inflammatory signaling accompanied by the pronounced activation of regulatory cytokines, indicating balanced immune modulation. Collectively, dietary probiotics effectively mitigate malathion-induced toxicity by improving antioxidant defense, immune regulation, and physiological resilience, highlighting their potential as functional dietary additives for sustainable aquaculture in Nile tilapia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Zoo, Aquatic, and Wild Animal Medicine)

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17 pages, 317 KB

Open AccessArticle

Nutraceutical Supplementation + Holstein Feed Surplus in Rams: Corporal, Metabolic, and Testicular Volumetry-Sperm Variables; The Robin Hood Effect

by Ángeles De Santiago-Miramontes, Andrés J. Rodríguez-Sánchez, César A. Meza-Herrera, Ulises Macías-Cruz, Karla Q. Ramírez-Uranga, Cayetano Navarrete-Molina, Pablo Arenas-Báez, Mayela Rodríguez-González, María A. Sariñana-Navarrete and Edgar Díaz-Rojas

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(5), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13050440 - 30 Apr 2026

Abstract

Nowadays, it is central to generate innovations that convert agricultural by-products and food waste into valuable animal products while promoting the long-term resilience and sustainability of vulnerable animal production systems. Nutraceuticals (i.e., ‘nutrition + pharmaceutical’) are derived from foods that offer health benefits. [...] Read more.

Nowadays, it is central to generate innovations that convert agricultural by-products and food waste into valuable animal products while promoting the long-term resilience and sustainability of vulnerable animal production systems. Nutraceuticals (i.e., ‘nutrition + pharmaceutical’) are derived from foods that offer health benefits. In animal production, nutraceutical supplementation with Withania somnifera and Lepidium meyenii has shown positive effects on the endocrine, cardiopulmonary, and central nervous systems. We aimed to evaluate the possible impact of nutraceutical supplementation on rams fed a diet based on surplus feed from a highly industrialized Holstein cow production system, on corporal (live weight [LW], kg; body condition score [BCS], units), metabolic (blood glucose [GLU], mg dL⁻¹; serum protein [PRO], g 100 mL⁻¹), and sexual–testicular variables [sexual odor (ODOR, units); scrotal circumference (SC, cm); testicular volumes (TVOL, cm³); and estimated daily sperm production (EDSP, millions)]. Black Belly rams (n = 12; LW = 70.36 ± 1.2 kg; BCS = 2.96 ± 0.03 units; age = 3.8 ± 0.2 years; 25° N) were divided into 3 experimental groups: (1) WITH, supplemented with Withania somnifera (400 mg kg⁻¹ LW d⁻¹); (2) LEPI, supplemented with Lepidium meyenii (400 mg kg⁻¹ LW d⁻¹); and (3) CONT, not supplemented. The variables LW, BCS, GLU, PRO, and SC, as well as some components of TVOL, did not differ (p > 0.05) among the main effects of treatment or time; only ODOR, right transverse testicular diameter, and total testicular volume differed among treatments, generally favoring the WITH group. Furthermore, the TRT × T interaction demonstrated superior performance (p < 0.05) in the WITH group, with the largest values for LW, GLU, PRO, ODOR, SC, width of the right testicle, volume of the right testicle, total testicular volume, and EDSP. From a productive–reproductive perspective, the Robin Hood Effect—through the use of rejected dairy cattle rations as the base diet for rams—and supplemented with nutraceuticals (WITH and LEPI), emerges as a viable alternative to improve not only the productive–reproductive performance of Black Belly rams, but also other productive and socioeconomic outcomes; the latter contributing to the strengthening of producer and family well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrating Precision Nutrition into Sustainable Ruminant Production Systems: From Monitoring to Management)

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