Veterinary Sciences

16 pages, 4677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Biological Characteristics Study of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus GZ2022 Strain

by Xinmei Yang, Bin Yu, Qing Li, Hailong Ma, Zhengjun Yu, Pei Ma, Shengnan Ruan, Xuexiang Yu, Qigai He and Wentao Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070651 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

PRRSV continues to evolve, complicating its epidemiological landscape in China. In this study, we isolated a novel PRRSV strain, GZ2022, from a swine farm in Guizhou Province. Subsequent analyses performed on this isolate included complete genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, recombination assessment, and characterization [...] Read more.

PRRSV continues to evolve, complicating its epidemiological landscape in China. In this study, we isolated a novel PRRSV strain, GZ2022, from a swine farm in Guizhou Province. Subsequent analyses performed on this isolate included complete genome sequencing, phylogenetic analysis, recombination assessment, and characterization of its biological properties. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GZ2022 clusters within Lineage 1 (NADC30-like) and features a 131-amino-acid deletion in NSP2, consistent with NADC30-derived strains. Recombination analysis identified NADC30 as the major parental strain (75% genomic contribution), with a minor recombinant region (25%) derived from the highly pathogenic HuN4 strain. In vitro growth kinetics revealed peak viral titers in Marc-145 cells at 72 h post infection (hpi). Pathogenicity was evaluated in 21-day-old piglets infected with GZ2022, the highly pathogenic PRRSV strain WUH3, or negative controls. Both infected groups exhibited typical PRRS clinical signs (fever, respiratory distress) and histopathological lesions (interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary consolidation). However, GZ2022-infected piglets exhibited attenuated virulence compared to WUH3, with reduced pulmonary hemorrhage and 0% mortality compared to 80% in the WUH3 group. Seroconversion (N-protein antibodies) was observed at 14 dpi (days post inoculation) in GZ2022-infected animals, persisting throughout the 28-day trial. Viral shedding dynamics aligned with moderate pathogenicity. These findings classify GZ2022 as a moderately virulent NADC30-like recombinant strain with partial HuN4-derived genomic regions. The emergence of such strains underscores the need for sustained surveillance of PRRSV genetic diversity and systematic evaluation of the biological properties of novel variants to refine control measures and inform vaccine development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 464 KiB

Open AccessReview

From Challenge to Cure: A Look at Feline Infectious Peritonitis and Emerging Treatment Strategies and Breakthroughs

by Sheema Mir, Mykah Peters, Gloria Penny, Alexis Agsaoa and Mohammad Mir

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070650 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a complex and devastating viral disease in cats caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). While FCoV is commonly encountered and typically innocuous, the emergence of a mutated variant can lead to the development of FIP, a severe and [...] Read more.

Background: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a complex and devastating viral disease in cats caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV). While FCoV is commonly encountered and typically innocuous, the emergence of a mutated variant can lead to the development of FIP, a severe and often fatal condition. Method and Results: This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the etiological factors, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and challenges associated with FIP. Additionally, it underscores the critical need for further research to enhance diagnostic capabilities and develop effective therapeutic interventions. Conclusion: By shedding light on the intricate dynamics of FIP, this review paper aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the disease via fostering therapeutic advancements that can improve outcomes for afflicted felines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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15 pages, 1600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of a Potential Therapeutic Anti-Canine PD-1 Single Domain Antibody Produced in Yeast

by Kartikeya Vijayasimha, Andrew J. Annalora, Dan V. Mourich, Carl E. Ruby, Brian P. Dolan, Laura Crowell, Vu Ha Minh Le, Maureen K. Larson, Shay Bracha and Christopher K. Cebra

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070649 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

A single domain antibody (SDAb) targeting canine PD-1 was developed as a potential immunotherapeutic for canine cancer. An alpaca was immunized with canine PD-1 protein, and a phage-display library was constructed using mRNA isolated from peripheral lymphocytes. Screening of the library yielded multiple [...] Read more.

A single domain antibody (SDAb) targeting canine PD-1 was developed as a potential immunotherapeutic for canine cancer. An alpaca was immunized with canine PD-1 protein, and a phage-display library was constructed using mRNA isolated from peripheral lymphocytes. Screening of the library yielded multiple SDAb candidates capable of nanomolar binding to canine PD-1. Among these, clone STX-1b5 demonstrated high expression in a yeast-based recombinant system and was selected for further characterization. Binding and competition assays using ELISA confirmed its ability to bind canine PD-1 and block PDL-1 interaction. In silico structural modeling supported the interaction of STX-1b5 with key PD-1 residues implicated in ligand binding. These findings support the feasibility of using SDAbs and cost-effective yeast expression systems to generate immunotherapeutics for veterinary use, with STX-1b5 representing a promising lead candidate for future clinical development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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11 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economics of Using GnRH on Day 5 After Timed Artificial Insemination in a Modified Double-Ovsynch Protocol at a Low-Fertility Dairy Farm

by Silviu-Ionuț Borș, Adina-Mirela Ariton, Alina Borș, Amalia-Ioana Hârbu and Vasile Vintilă

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070648 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness and financial impact of treating anoestrus dairy cows using a modified DO protocol. Among the 350 cows included in the study, 142 (40.6%) were identified as anoestrus. The average daily milk production, days in milk at artificial insemination [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the effectiveness and financial impact of treating anoestrus dairy cows using a modified DO protocol. Among the 350 cows included in the study, 142 (40.6%) were identified as anoestrus. The average daily milk production, days in milk at artificial insemination (AI), number of AIs, and parity were 33.8 ± 6.8 kg, 152.6 ± 24.4 days, 1.3 ± 0.2 AIs, and 1.9 ± 0.8 lactations, respectively. To assess embryo survival in anoestrus dairy cows undergoing the modified DO protocol, two groups were established. The experimental group (E group, n = 74) received the GnRH agonist gonadorelin five days after TAI as part of the DO protocol. The control group (C group, n = 68) received only the DO protocol. The pregnancy rates and cumulative pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the E group (35.1% and 56.8%) compared with the C group (26.5% and 45.6%, p < 0.05). A binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the interaction between treatment and anoestrus status considerably affected the pregnancy rate (p < 0.001) and the occurrence of accessory corpus luteum (aCL, p < 0.0001). The UW-DairyRepro$ decision support tool utilized in this study, indicated that implementing this approach could increase the net present value (NPV) by USD 54.2/anoestrus cow/year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Therapy in Theriogenology)

14 pages, 609 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological Mapping of Canine Angiostrongylosis in Portugal: Findings from a Nationwide Prevalence Survey

by Beatriz Leal-Sousa, Joana Esteves-Guimarães, Jorge Isidoro Matos, Pedro Oliveira, Luís Lobo, Ana Cristina Silvestre-Ferreira, Carla S. Soares, Elena Carretón, Rodrigo Morchón, Ana Patrícia Fontes-Sousa and José Alberto Montoya-Alonso

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070647 - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Considering the global health concern and the significant morbidity associated with canine angiostrongylosis, this study aimed to update the epidemiological profile and geographic distribution of the disease in canine populations across all continental and insular districts of Portugal, some of which were never [...] Read more.

Considering the global health concern and the significant morbidity associated with canine angiostrongylosis, this study aimed to update the epidemiological profile and geographic distribution of the disease in canine populations across all continental and insular districts of Portugal, some of which were never studied before. A total of 1059 dogs were included in the study and tested for Angiostrongylus vasorum antigens using a commercial immunochromatographic assay. The overall prevalence was 1.13%. Higher infection rates were found in northern (3.9% in Viana do Castelo) and central (3.6% in Viseu and 3.8% in Lisbon) districts, and infection was reported, for the first time, in the districts of Leiria and Beja. The mild temperatures and elevated humidity levels, characteristic of Portugal’s northern and coastal regions, promote increased gastropod host activity and population density while also accelerating parasite development. The effect of wildlife reservoirs must also be considered, since higher seroprevalences were detected recently in red foxes from Portuguese northern regions. Bivariate Chi-square test analysis identified male sex and an outdoors lifestyle as risk factors. These findings confirm the enzootic presence of A. vasorum throughout the country and highlight the need for increased clinical awareness, routine screening, and the implementation of effective prophylactic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Animals)

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18 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteriophages JG005 and JG024 Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Canine Otitis

by Maura R. Lourenço, Eva Cunha, Luís Tavares and Manuela Oliveira

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070646 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

Canine otitis externa caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a relevant disease in veterinary medicine. Given P. aeruginosa’s high priority status for the development of new antimicrobials, innovative strategies like bacteriophage therapy are essential. Lytic bacteriophages are viruses with high specificity for their bacterial [...] Read more.

Canine otitis externa caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a relevant disease in veterinary medicine. Given P. aeruginosa’s high priority status for the development of new antimicrobials, innovative strategies like bacteriophage therapy are essential. Lytic bacteriophages are viruses with high specificity for their bacterial hosts, making them a promising therapeutic choice in both human and veterinary medicine. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of bacteriophages JG005 and JG024, first characterized in terms of their biofilm-forming ability and antimicrobial susceptibility profile, against P. aeruginosa isolates obtained from dogs with otitis externa,. Bacteriophages titer, host range, and activity were assessed against P. aeruginosa biofilms via microtiter assays using crystal violet and Alamar Blue. JG024 showed lytic activity against 61.2% (n = 30/49) of the isolates, while JG005 showed lytic activity against 38.8% (n = 19/49) of the isolates. Crystal violet quantification showed that JG005 can promote strong microbial suppression of 60% (n = 6/10) and 50% (n = 5/10) of the isolates at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 and 100, respectively. JG024 presented strong microbial suppression of 20% (n = 2/10) of the isolates regardless of the MOI level tested. These phages show promising potential as an innovative treatment for canine otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa, but further studies are needed before future clinical use. Full article

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14 pages, 1023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Impact of Abortions in Dairy Cow Herds

by Osvaldo Palma, Lluís M. Plà-Aragonès, Alejandro Mac Cawley and Víctor M. Albornoz

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070645 - 7 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to explore Markov decision methods in order to solve the problem of dairy cow replacement, adding the special characteristics of two types of abortions due to different sanitary reasons that influence the economic, production, and reproduction performance of these animals. [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore Markov decision methods in order to solve the problem of dairy cow replacement, adding the special characteristics of two types of abortions due to different sanitary reasons that influence the economic, production, and reproduction performance of these animals. The model was successfully validated against other models published in the literature. Python code v.3.13 was used to solve the problem and to ease future extensions with the inclusion of new variables. The results constitute tools that allow the veterinarian to explore more realistic scenarios by running a Markov simulation model that avoids the complexities leading to the problem of dimensionality in dynamic optimization models. In our study, the economic value of the herd considering RA and NLA abortions shows that the maximum net benefit is USD 178.77 per cow, and non-pregnant cows are slaughtered upon reaching six months of lactation, a value that is within the range of values reported by the literature that we have identified. At the optimum, the replacement model extended with abortion generates a difference of USD 0.69 per cow per month compared to the model that does not include the special abortion features. The changes in the net present value of each cow according to the month of culling depend on the variability of milk income and slaughter value and heifers’ replacement values, suggesting that any measure that seeks to improve the economic benefit of dairy cows should take greater account of these variables. Full article

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12 pages, 1718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological Patterns of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Equine Populations from Urumqi and Ili, Xinjiang, China

by Yabin Lu, Penghui Ru, Sinan Qin, Yukun Zhang, Enning Fu, Mingyue Cai, Nuermaimaiti Tuohuti, Hui Wu, Yi Zhang and Yang Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070644 - 6 Jul 2025

Abstract

Gastrointestinal parasitic diseases pose significant health risks to equine populations. This study investigated the epidemiological patterns of equine gastrointestinal parasites in Xinjiang by analyzing 83 fecal samples collected from Ili (n = 62) and Urumqi (n = 21) between August and [...] Read more.

Gastrointestinal parasitic diseases pose significant health risks to equine populations. This study investigated the epidemiological patterns of equine gastrointestinal parasites in Xinjiang by analyzing 83 fecal samples collected from Ili (n = 62) and Urumqi (n = 21) between August and November 2024. The modified McMaster technique was employed to quantify fecal egg counts (EPG) and was complemented by morphological identification to assess infection dynamics related to geography, breed specificity, and management practices. The results demonstrated an overall infection prevalence of 66.3% (55/83), with strongyles, Parascaris equorum, and Eimeria oocysts being present. Significant geographical variation was observed, with Ili exhibiting a higher prevalence (74.2%) compared to Urumqi (42.9%). Breed susceptibility analysis revealed that there was a 94.1% prevalence in Yili horses versus 42.9% in Kazakh horses. Pasture-managed herds showed markedly higher infection rates (94.1%) than stable-based systems (50.0%). Parasite community composition was dominated by strongyles (82.1%), followed by Triodontophorus spp. (27.7%) and P. equorum (2.4%). These findings highlight severe parasitic infection risks in Xinjiang’s grazing equids, underscoring the urgency of implementing targeted anthelmintic protocols to mitigate disease transmission. Full article

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17 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Blood Biochemical Parameters and Ratios in Piroplasmosis-Infected Horses in an Endemic Region

by Juan Duaso, Alejandro Perez-Ecija, Ana Navarro, Esther Martínez, Adelaida De Las Heras and Francisco J. Mendoza

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070643 - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, is a worldwide tick-borne disease with severe economic, commercial, and sanitary implications for equids. Although diagnosis is based on direct (blood smear or PCR) or indirect (serology) methods, these techniques are expensive, [...] Read more.

Equine piroplasmosis (EP), caused by Theileria equi and Babesia caballi, is a worldwide tick-borne disease with severe economic, commercial, and sanitary implications for equids. Although diagnosis is based on direct (blood smear or PCR) or indirect (serology) methods, these techniques are expensive, laborious, and false-negative and false-positive results can be yielded. Biochemistry blood profiles are routinely performed in horses. Biochemical parameters and ratios could be a reliable complementary diagnostic tool to assist clinicians in EP diagnosis, mainly in endemic areas, or for discarding similar disorders (piro-like diseases) and prioritizing specific diagnostic testing. This study describes the changes induced by EP infection in blood biochemical parameters and common and novel biochemical ratios in horses. EP-infected horses showed increased serum total and indirect bilirubin, triglycerides, and GLDH concentrations and decreased sodium concentrations compared to non-infected animals. These findings could be linked to hemolysis, diminution of athletic performance, and liver inflammation due to oxidative stress damage. While molecular methods remain the gold standard for EP diagnosis, a complete biochemical profile and ratios could provide valuable complementary information to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of piroplasmosis in horses. Full article

19 pages, 662 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Gut Microbiota and Metabolite Remodeling on the Development and Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Narrative Review

by Yichen Yu, Fulin Jin, Lijun Wang, Ji Cheng and Shifeng Pan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070642 - 5 Jul 2025

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that has a serious impact on both human health and animal production. The gut microbiota is a large and complex symbiotic ecosystem in animals, and the imbalance of gut microbiota is closely related to the [...] Read more.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that has a serious impact on both human health and animal production. The gut microbiota is a large and complex symbiotic ecosystem in animals, and the imbalance of gut microbiota is closely related to the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including RA. The interactions among the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, and immune system play key roles in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and affecting the development of RA. Regulating intestinal flora and metabolites provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of RA. Probiotics can regulate the balance of intestinal flora and metabolites, improve the immune environment, and provide novel therapeutic strategies against RA. In order to summarize the role of gut microbiota and metabolite remodeling in the development and management of RA, this review will elaborate on the role of intestinal flora imbalance in the pathogenesis of RA and assess prospective therapeutic approaches that target the gut flora. Understanding the interaction among intestinal flora, metabolites, and RA will help to clarify the pathogenesis of RA and develop innovative and personalized therapeutic interventions against chronic autoimmune diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Between Intestinal Microorganisms and Hosts to Regulate Animal Growth)

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12 pages, 1830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of the Pathogen Dorcadia ioffi Smit and Evaluation of the Effect of Different Drugs

by Xin Li, Zihang Qin, Haiyan Wang, Jiangtao Xia, Yukang Zhao, Xuelian Ma, Na Li and Gang Yao

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070641 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Vermipsyllid parasitize the body surface of sheep, feeding on blood and transmitting diseases, causing severe economic losses to the livestock industry. An outbreak of sheep Vermipsyllid fleas in the mountain pastures of Xinjiang’s Altai region showed that several commonly used commercial anthelmintic drugs [...] Read more.

Vermipsyllid parasitize the body surface of sheep, feeding on blood and transmitting diseases, causing severe economic losses to the livestock industry. An outbreak of sheep Vermipsyllid fleas in the mountain pastures of Xinjiang’s Altai region showed that several commonly used commercial anthelmintic drugs had poor therapeutic effects on the prevalent flea species. This study first conducted species identification of Vermipsyllid through morphological analysis of 200 female and 40 male specimens collected from the Altai region, followed by molecular biological identification of 6 randomly selected fleas (3 females and 3 males). Finally, pharmacodynamic experiments were performed to screen for highly effective anthelmintic drugs. Ninety Altai multiparous ewes infected with Vermipsyllid were divided into six groups (fifteen sheep per group): an untreated control group (Ctr), avermectin injection group (Group I), ivermectin injection group (Group II), moxidectin pour-on group (Group III), cypermethrin pour-on group (Group IV), and dichlorvos pour-on group (Group V), with a 14-day trial period. On Day 0, each group received a single treatment according to drug instructions and specified dosages. The number of fleas, flea population reduction rates, and cure rates were measured on Day 0, Day 3, Day 7, and Day 14 to screen for effective anthelmintic drugs. Results showed that unfed female and male fleas were grayish-brown. Engorged females reached 14.15 mm in size, appearing pale white or yellow, with their sterna maintaining the original size and shape despite abdominal distension. Female fleas had 20–21 segments on the labium, while males had 16–19 segments. The hind tibiae featured four notches, and each side of the tergite had 13 ± 1 cup-like indentations. Molecular biological identification indicated that the identified fleas belonged to D. ioffi (Vermipsyllidae, Dorcadia Ioff), showing 99.13% sequence similarity with D. ioffi from Xinjiang, China. In pharmacodynamic experiments, the number of D. ioffi in Groups IV and V decreased to zero on both Day 7 and Day 14, which was extremely significantly lower than other groups (p < 0.01). The flea population reduction rates in Groups IV and V reached 100% on both days. By Day 14, the cure rates of Groups I, II, and III were 0%, while those of Groups IV and V were 100%. Avermectin injection, ivermectin injection, and moxidectin pour-on showed poor anthelmintic effects, whereas cypermethrin and dichlorvos pour-on exhibited high anthelmintic activity against this flea species. Full article

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17 pages, 4168 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Levamisole as a Strategy Against Bacteria from Canine Otitis Externa: An In Vitro Evaluation

by Rodrigo F. M. Guedes, Ana C. C. F. Soares, Francisco I. F. Gomes, Alyne S. Freitas, Vinicius C. Pereira, Rossana A. Cordeiro, Marcos F. G. Rocha, José J. C. Sidrim, Giovanna R. Barbosa, Glaucia M. M. Guedes and Debora S. C. M. Castelo-Branco

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070640 - 4 Jul 2025

Abstract

Canine otitis externa is a prevalent condition, and inadequate treatment may favor the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Drug repurposing provides an alternative approach for the management of this disease. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of levamisole against [...] Read more.

Canine otitis externa is a prevalent condition, and inadequate treatment may favor the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Drug repurposing provides an alternative approach for the management of this disease. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of levamisole against bacterial strains recovered from dogs with otitis externa as well as its influence on biofilm growth dynamics during 120 h. A total of 50 clinical bacterial isolates were subjected to analysis. Planktonic bacterial susceptibility to levamisole was assessed by broth microdilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the lowest concentration that completely inhibits bacterial growth. The activity against mature biofilms was assessed by determining the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). The effect of levamisole on biofilm formation was evaluated at the MIC and at two subinhibitory concentrations, with daily readings recorded at 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. MICs of levamisole ranged from 0.58 to 2.34 mg/mL. Levamisole reduced the biomass of mature biofilms (p < 0.05), with MBEC values ranging from 1.17 to 18.75 mg/mL, and biofilm formation was significantly reduced at the MIC concentration (1.17 mg/mL) for all isolates for 120 h (p < 0.05). Levamisole demonstrated potential as a preventive approach against biofilm-associated bacterial otitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Infectious Diseases of Companion Animals—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 5114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Design, Development, and Clinical Assessment of a Novel Patented Laparoscopic Instrument for Ovariectomy in Dogs

by Marta Guadalupi, Claudia Piemontese, Caterina Vicenti, Rachele Piergentili, Francesco Staffieri and Luca Lacitignola

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070639 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Novel laparoscopic optical forceps (OFs), developed and patented by the University of Bari Aldo Moro (EP4119030, Bari, Italy), were designed to enhance safety and efficiency during laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs by enabling atraumatic ovarian suspension and surgical maneuvers. This study aimed to describe [...] Read more.

Novel laparoscopic optical forceps (OFs), developed and patented by the University of Bari Aldo Moro (EP4119030, Bari, Italy), were designed to enhance safety and efficiency during laparoscopic ovariectomy in dogs by enabling atraumatic ovarian suspension and surgical maneuvers. This study aimed to describe the design, prototyping, sterilization validation, and preliminary clinical evaluation of this instrument. Prototypes were fabricated using ABS-like Pro resin via LSPc 3D printing. EtOx (ethylene oxide) sterilization proved to be the only effective method ensuring both microbiological safety and material integrity after 25 cycles. A randomized clinical trial involving 36 female dogs compared the OFs with conventional extracorporeal suture (ES) suspension using two-port laparoscopic ovariectomy. Surgical performance was assessed via operative times and complication rates. The OF group demonstrated significantly reduced ovariectomy (7.5 ± 1.6 min vs. 23.7 ± 7.6 min, p < 0.01) and overall surgical (14.2 ± 1.7 min vs. 30.4 ± 7.4 min, p < 0.01) times. No intraoperative complications occurred in the OF group, while the ES group exhibited instances of needle breakage, multiple suture attempts, and increased bleeding. The OFs enabled surgical maneuvers and ovarian suspension without requiring additional incisions or complex techniques, offering ergonomic advantages and compatibility with standard optics. These findings support the OFs as a promising tool to simplify and improve minimally invasive ovariectomy in veterinary surgery. Full article

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33 pages, 5065 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests for Brucellosis in Humans and Animals: A Meta-Analytical Approach

by Shahid Nazir, Muhammad Farooq, Raheel Khan, Aman Ullah Khan, Ali Husnain, Muhammad Ali Hassan, Hosny El-Adawy and Heinrich Neubauer

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 638; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070638 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Brucellosis is a highly contagious, neglected, and re-emerging zoonotic bacterial disease that poses significant health and economic challenges globally for both humans and animals. Extensive literature is available for various diagnostic strategies; however, no comprehensive meta-analysis comparing the diagnostic tests used has been [...] Read more.

Brucellosis is a highly contagious, neglected, and re-emerging zoonotic bacterial disease that poses significant health and economic challenges globally for both humans and animals. Extensive literature is available for various diagnostic strategies; however, no comprehensive meta-analysis comparing the diagnostic tests used has been published. The present study aimed to estimate the relative risk (RR) of diagnostic tests used in humans and animals published between 2013 and 2023. Four databases were systematically searched, and the articles were screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ultimately, the screening process resulted in a total of 135 studies, including 328 comparisons of relevant data of 19,921 humans and 64,145 animals. The data from these studies were extracted, and the subgroup meta-analyses were conducted using the METABIN procedure in the “meta” package of the R statistical software (version 4.4.1). The forest plots were generated to estimate RR, and the funnel plots were used to assess publication and report bias. The subgroup analysis revealed that primary binding assays had higher comparative detection rates than the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) for brucellosis in humans [RR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.35–2.26), I² = 73%]. Slow agglutination tests had lower detection rates than the RBPT, both in humans [RR = 0.68 (95% CI: 0.48–0.96), I² = 90%] and cattle [RR = 0.41 (95% CI: 0.25–0.68), I² = 96%]. Similarly, the complement fixation test (CFT) had a lower detection rate than the RBPT for brucellosis both in cattle [RR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94–0.99), I² = 9%] and sheep [RR = 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95–0.99), I² = 0%]. This meta-analysis demonstrated that, for the screening of brucellosis in both humans and animals, primary binding assays are the preferred diagnostic tools, followed by the RBPT and slow agglutination tests. However, their effective implementation requires context-specific diagnostic strategies and combined testing approaches to enhance accuracy and reliability. Full article

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16 pages, 1729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Novel, Non-Invasive Saliva Sampling Method for the Detection of Bovine Respiratory Viruses

by Simona Baumann, Belinda Euring, Maxi Harzer, Mandy Eibisch, Andrea Lindner, Thomas W. Vahlenkamp and Kristin Heenemann

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070637 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most significant health issues in cattle populations worldwide, leading to great economic losses and animal suffering [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 1669 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation, Identification, and Drug Sensitivity Test of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

by Heling Li, Ziyao Qian, Yulin Yan and Hong Wang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070636 - 3 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this study, we isolated and identified bacteria from the feces of a diarrheal cynomolgus monkey. The results showed that the isolated strain was P. aeruginosa, named PA/CM-101101. Morphological observations indicated that when cultured on Luria–Bertani (LB) nutrient agar at 37 °C [...] Read more.

In this study, we isolated and identified bacteria from the feces of a diarrheal cynomolgus monkey. The results showed that the isolated strain was P. aeruginosa, named PA/CM-101101. Morphological observations indicated that when cultured on Luria–Bertani (LB) nutrient agar at 37 °C for 24 h, the strain formed smooth, slightly elevated colonies with neat and wavy edges. On acetamide agar at the same temperature and duration, the colonies appeared flat with irregular edges and a faint pink periphery, while the medium changed to rose-red; in LB broth at 37 °C for 24 h, the medium became turbid and yellowish-green. Gram staining revealed that it was negative and rod-shaped, without sporulation characteristics. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the sequence identity of the strain shared more than 98.4% similarity with 11 strains of P. aeruginosa from various sources in GenBank. The animal toxicity test showed that it had a strong pathogenic effect on mice. The results of drug sensitivity tests showed that strain PA/CM-101101 was sensitive to amikacin, azithromycin, cefoperazone, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, levofloxacin, meropenem, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and polymyxin B; however, it displayed resistance to ampicillin, cefadroxil, cefazolin, erythromycin, and vancomycin. The research findings provide valuable insights for diagnosis and treatment strategies for cynomolgus monkeys. It also provides a reference for molecular epidemiological studies. To our knowledge, this is the first time P. aeruginosa isolated from the diarrhea feces of cynomolgus monkey has been reported. Full article

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10 pages, 1001 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome Mining Reveals a Sactipeptide Biosynthetic Cluster in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius

by Ola K. Elsakhawy and Mohamed A. Abouelkhair

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 635; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070635 - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an opportunistic pathogen of veterinary and zoonotic concern, harbors diverse biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that may contribute to its ecological fitness and virulence. In this study, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of 6815 S. pseudintermedius isolates. Using Roary, we [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, an opportunistic pathogen of veterinary and zoonotic concern, harbors diverse biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that may contribute to its ecological fitness and virulence. In this study, we performed a comparative genomic analysis of 6815 S. pseudintermedius isolates. Using Roary, we identified core and accessory genomes, revealing the subtilosin A gene (sboA) as part of the accessory genome, present in a subset of S. pseudintermedius isolates from clinical (n = 657), environmental (n = 1031), and unclassified sources (n = 487). AntiSMASH v8.0.0 analysis confirmed the presence of subtilosin A BGCs annotated as a sactipeptide with low similarity confidence to Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii ATCC 6633 subtilosin A cluster. Further characterization using BAGEL4 identified multiple genes homologous to the Bacillus subtilis subtilosin A biosynthetic machinery (sbo-albABCDEFG), although albB, albG, and sboX were not annotated, raising questions about cluster completeness and functionality. BLAST v2.12.0 analysis of the full BGC identified by BAGEL4, revealing high conservation (99.6–100% pairwise identity) of gene content and order in 395 clinical, 593 environmental, and 417 unclassified S. pseudintermedius isolates. Incomplete clusters were identified in 763 clinical, 942 environmental, and 201 unclassified S. pseudintermedius isolates. The discrepancy between the number of isolates containing sboA and those harboring the full cluster may reflect evolutionary divergence or could be attributed to limitations in assembly quality. The functional implications of the identified cluster in S. pseudintermedius remain to be elucidated; however, its potential role in conferring competitive fitness by inhibiting closely related species is supported by previous findings in other staphylococci. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Characterization of Various Viruses and Bacteria in Small Animals)

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14 pages, 694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Antiviral Activity of the Fungal Metabolite 6-Pentyl-α-Pyrone Against Bovine Coronavirus: A Translational Study to SARS-CoV-2

by Violetta Iris Vasinioti, Amienwanlen Eugene Odigie, Maria Stella Lucente, Luca Del Sorbo, Cristiana Catella, Elisabetta Casalino, Maria Michela Salvatore, Alessia Staropoli, Francesco Vinale, Maria Tempesta, Filomena Fiorito, Anna Andolfi, Alessio Buonavoglia, Annamaria Pratelli and Paolo Capozza

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 634; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070634 - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the scientific community to prioritize the discovery of preventive methods and new therapeutics, including the investigation of natural compounds with antiviral potential. Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) represent a promising source of antiviral drugs due to their structural [...] Read more.

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the scientific community to prioritize the discovery of preventive methods and new therapeutics, including the investigation of natural compounds with antiviral potential. Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) represent a promising source of antiviral drugs due to their structural diversity and intrinsic biocompatibility. Herein, the antiviral activity of 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP) against bovine coronavirus (BCoV) has been evaluated in vitro. Considering that BCoV and SARS-CoV-2 are both members of the Betacoronavirus genus and share several key features, BCoV represents a valuable reference model for human coronavirus research. A non-cytotoxic dose of 6PP was used on MDBK cells to evaluate its antiviral activity against BCoV. Different experimental conditions were employed to examine cell monolayer protection both pre- and post-infection, as well as the potential inhibition of viral internalization. Overall, post-infection 6PP treatment reduced viral load and decreased viral internalization. Results were analyzed using viral titration and quantitative PCR, while data interpretation was performed by statistical software tools. This study presents a novel fluorescence quantification approach with high confidence demonstrated by its significant concordance with RT-qPCR results. These data suggest that 6PP could be an effective antiviral agent for BCoV, warranting further investigation of its role in coronavirus inhibition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Broiler Performance and Feed Cost Efficiency: Impact of 1,3-Diacylglycerol Supplementation at Different Energy Levels

by Wei Han Zhao, Se Yeon Jang and In Ho Kim

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070633 - 2 Jul 2025

Abstract

We evaluated the effects of supplementing 1,3-diacylglycerol (1,3-DAG) in diets with different energy levels on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta scores, rectal temperature, meat quality, and blood parameters of broilers. A total of 576 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers (initial BW: 47.65 ± [...] Read more.

We evaluated the effects of supplementing 1,3-diacylglycerol (1,3-DAG) in diets with different energy levels on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta scores, rectal temperature, meat quality, and blood parameters of broilers. A total of 576 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers (initial BW: 47.65 ± 0.51 g) were used in a 35-day feeding trial. The broilers were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (144 birds per group), with eight cages per group and 18 birds per cage, consisting of 9 males and 9 females. A 2 × 2 factorial design was employed, with two dietary energy levels (normal and reduced by 100 kcal/kg) with or without 0.075% 1,3-DAG supplementation. The results showed that compared with the diets without 1,3-DAG, the broilers receiving 1,3-DAG supplementation exhibited significantly greater body weight gain (BWG) and overall body weights (BWs) from days 10 to 35, along with a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.05). In contrast, the low-energy diets without 1,3-DAG supplementation resulted in reduced growth performance, an increased FCR, higher drip loss, and lower total cholesterol levels. Notably, the rectal temperature and excreta scores were not affected by dietary energy levels or 1,3-DAG supplementation. In conclusion, while low-energy diets negatively impact growth and meat quality, 1,3-DAG supplementation enhances energy digestibility and growth performance, partially alleviating the adverse effects of reduced-energy diets and potentially lowering feed costs without compromising growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Feeding Livestock for Health Improvement)

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