Veterinary Sciences

23 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Nanoparticles Inhibit Biofilm Formation by Mastitis-Causing Staphylococcus aureus

by Renata de Freitas Leite, Breno Luis Nery Garcia, Kristian da Silva Barbosa, Thatiane Mendes Mitsunaga, Carlos Eduardo Fidelis, Bruna Juliana Moreira Dias, Renata Rank de Miranda, Valtencir Zucolotto, Liam Good and Marcos Veiga dos Santos

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050507 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a mastitis pathogen that compromises cow health and causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry. High antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation by S. aureus limit the efficacy of conventional treatments. This study evaluated the potential of polyhexamethylene biguanide nanoparticles [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus aureus is a mastitis pathogen that compromises cow health and causes significant economic losses in the dairy industry. High antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation by S. aureus limit the efficacy of conventional treatments. This study evaluated the potential of polyhexamethylene biguanide nanoparticles (PHMB NPs) against mastitis-causing S. aureus. PHMB NPs showed low toxicity to bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T cells) at concentrations up to four times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (1 µg/mL) against S. aureus. In Experiment 1, PHMB NPs significantly reduced biofilm formation by S. aureus by 50% at concentrations ≥1 µg/mL, though they showed limited efficacy against preformed biofilms. In Experiment 2, using an excised teat model, PHMB NPs reduced S. aureus concentrations by 37.57% compared to conventional disinfectants (chlorhexidine gluconate, povidone–iodine, and sodium dichloroisocyanurate), though limited by short contact time. These findings highlight the potential of PHMB NPs for the control of S. aureus growth and biofilm formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Livestock Staphylococcus sp.)

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17 pages, 4029 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environment-Associated Variations in Blood Metabolism of Mongolian Cattle Grazing in the Alxa Desert of China

by Chao Hai, Dongchao Pei, Yuqing Yang, Lishuang Song, Xuefei Liu, Chunling Bai, Guanghua Su, Lei Yang and Guangpeng Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050506 - 21 May 2025

Abstract

Desert environments pose severe challenges to livestock survival. This study examined climate-driven physiological and metabolic adaptations in 258 Mongolian cattle from six regions of the Alxa Desert, China. Serum biochemical indices were measured and analyzed using linear models to assess the effects of [...] Read more.

Desert environments pose severe challenges to livestock survival. This study examined climate-driven physiological and metabolic adaptations in 258 Mongolian cattle from six regions of the Alxa Desert, China. Serum biochemical indices were measured and analyzed using linear models to assess the effects of climate, sex, and age. Climate significantly affected key blood parameters, including glucose (p < 0.001), creatinine (p < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.001), and lactate (p = 0.034). Additionally, sex significantly influenced lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.049), bicarbonate (p = 0.0061), urea (p = 0.0055), and triglycerides (p = 0.039), while age affected total protein (p = 0.020), LDL-C (p = 0.0097), and cholesterol (p < 0.001). Glucose levels were negatively correlated with body size traits. Metabolomic profiling showed that cattle in arid, high-radiation areas exhibited reduced TCA cycle and fatty acid metabolism, with concurrent carbohydrate accumulation, including glucose, fructose, and mannose. Enhanced amino acid metabolism increased proline, valine, tyrosine, and tryptophan levels, potentially supporting physiological stability under heat and drought stress. These findings reveal how Mongolian cattle modulate metabolism in response to desert climates, offering insights into livestock adaptation and informing breeding strategies for resilience in harsh environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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27 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bluetongue’s New Frontier—Are Dogs at Risk?

by Rita Payan-Carreira and Margarida Simões

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050505 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Bluetongue virus (BTV), traditionally considered a pathogen of ruminants, has recently been documented in dogs, challenging conventional understanding of its epidemiology. This narrative review synthesizes emerging evidence regarding BTV infections in domestic and wild carnivores, examining transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic [...] Read more.

Bluetongue virus (BTV), traditionally considered a pathogen of ruminants, has recently been documented in dogs, challenging conventional understanding of its epidemiology. This narrative review synthesizes emerging evidence regarding BTV infections in domestic and wild carnivores, examining transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic challenges. Carnivores can become infected through vector transmission and oral ingestion of infected material. While some infected carnivores remain subclinical, others develop severe clinical manifestations including hemorrhagic syndromes. BTV infection in carnivores is likely underdiagnosed due to limited awareness, nonspecific clinical signs, and absence of established diagnostic protocols for non-ruminant species. The potential role of carnivores in BTV epidemiology remains largely unexplored, raising questions about their function as reservoirs or dead-end hosts. Additionally, carnivores may contribute to alternative transmission pathways and overwintering mechanisms that impact disease ecology. Current biosecurity frameworks and surveillance systems, primarily focused on ruminants, require expansion to incorporate carnivores in viral maintenance and transmission. This review identifies significant knowledge gaps regarding BTV in carnivores and proposes future research directions, including serological surveys, transmission studies, and investigation of viral tropism in carnivore tissues. A comprehensive One Health approach integrating diverse host species, vector ecology, human interference, and environmental factors is crucial for effective BTV control and impact mitigation on human, animals, and environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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17 pages, 2691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiological Exploration of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia intestinalis, Enterocytozoon bieneusi, and Blastocystis spp. in Yaks: Investigating Ecological and Zoonotic Dynamics in Lhasa, Xizang

by Yaru Ji, Munwar Ali, Chang Xu, Jia Wang, Md. F. Kulyar, Shah Nawaz, Khalid Mehmood, Mingming Liu and Kun Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050504 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

The yak (Bos grunniens), prevalent at an altitude between 3000 and 5000 m above sea level, provides the local inhabitants with meat, milk, leather, fuel (dung), and transport. However, intestinal zoonotic parasites seriously endanger its holistic well-being. The prime concern of [...] Read more.

The yak (Bos grunniens), prevalent at an altitude between 3000 and 5000 m above sea level, provides the local inhabitants with meat, milk, leather, fuel (dung), and transport. However, intestinal zoonotic parasites seriously endanger its holistic well-being. The prime concern of this study is to investigate the prevalence of four globally ubiquitous zoonotic enteric protozoans, namely Cryptosporidium spp., G. intestinalis, Blastocystis spp., and E. bieneusi in yaks from different areas of Lhasa, Xizang. In the given study, 377 yak fecal samples from various regions in Lhasa were obtained, including 161 samples from Linzhou County, 66 samples from Dangxiong County, and 150 samples from the Nimu County cattle farms. Molecular identification of these protozoans was done after amplification using PCR and sequencing of PCR-positive samples, and further phylogenetic analysis was performed. The results indicated that the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., G. intestinalis, E. bieneusi, and Blastocystis spp. in yak farms in Linzhou County was 48.5, 22.9, 47.8, and 90.7%; 65.2, 13.6, 72.7, and 87.9% in Dangxiong County; and 56.0, 29.3, 58.0, and 80.0%, respectively, in Nimu County. The results of this study provide a basic reference for preventing and controlling intestinal parasites in yaks in Lhasa, Xizang. Full article

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13 pages, 3971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Generation and Immunogenicity of Virus-like Particles Based on the Capsid Protein of a Chinese Epidemic Strain of Feline Panleukopenia Virus

by Erkai Feng, Guoliang Luo, Chunxia Wang, Wei Liu, Ruxun Yan, Xue Bai and Yuening Cheng

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050503 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Feline panleukopenia (FPL), caused by the feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV), is a severe and highly contagious viral disease with high morbidity and mortality. Vaccination remains the gold standard for preventing and controlling this debilitating condition. The viral protein VP2 serves as the major [...] Read more.

Feline panleukopenia (FPL), caused by the feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV), is a severe and highly contagious viral disease with high morbidity and mortality. Vaccination remains the gold standard for preventing and controlling this debilitating condition. The viral protein VP2 serves as the major immunogen of FPLV and represents the key target antigen in the development of a novel FPLV vaccine. Virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines have emerged as next-generation vaccine candidates due to their high immunogenicity and safe profile. In this study, a baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) was employed to generate FPLV-VLPs through recombinant expression of the VP2 protein of a Chinese epidemic strain (Ala91Ser, Ile101Thr) of FPLV. The resulting FPLV-VLPs demonstrated markedly enhanced antigenicity and hemagglutination activity, achieving a hemagglutination titer of up to 1:2¹⁶. Following vaccination, immunized cats developed high titers of anti-FPLV hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies (1:2¹⁶) and exhibited 100% protection against challenge with a virulent epidemic FPLV variant (Ala91Ser, Ile101Thr). These findings demonstrate that FPLV-VLPs hold strong potential as candidates for a novel subunit vaccine against FPLV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Disease and Health in Pets)

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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection and Comparison of Sow Serum Samples from Herds Regularly Mass Vaccinated with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus Using Four Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays and Neutralizing Tests

by Chaosi Li, Gang Wang, Zhicheng Liu, Shuhe Fang, Aihua Fan, Kai Chen and Jianfeng Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050502 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live virus (MLV) vaccination is used to control PRRSV. In China, farms conduct random sampling from sow herds every 4 to 6 months. They use the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to monitor the immune [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) modified live virus (MLV) vaccination is used to control PRRSV. In China, farms conduct random sampling from sow herds every 4 to 6 months. They use the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to monitor the immune status of the herd by tracking the positive rate or the sample-to-positive ratio. However, in farms that implement mass vaccination and have stable production, the positive rate of ELISA antibodies has decreased, especially in high-parity sows. This poses a considerable challenge to the current monitoring approach of PRRSV immunity. It remains unclear whether this reflects insufficient sensitivity of the kits for these special scenarios or the fact that the sows have truly lost immunity. In this study, 233 samples from four farms (A–D) across different regions of China were acquired. They were tested using four representative ELISA kits, two targeting the nucleocapsid protein (N) and two targeting the glycoprotein (GP) to evaluate PRRS immune status. The respective sample positive rates in A–D were 57.1–100%, 50.9–100%, 50–100%, and 75.7–100% using the kits. The positive rates using the four ELISA kits were 50.0–75.7%, 70.0–75.7%, 82.5–97.1%, and 100%, respectively, with poor agreement among them. The positive rates and humoral antibody levels for parity 1 and 2 sows were significantly lower than those with higher parities (>4). Eighty-eight ELISA-negative samples identified using ELISA kit A were verified using a viral neutralizing test (VNT), with only 15.9% of the samples testing negative. In conclusion, the ELISA antibody negativity issue existed, mostly occurring in specific farms tested using a specific kit. However, the low correlation with the VNT results and the poor agreements among the kits suggest that relying on one ELISA test is insufficient to monitor the immune status of PRRSV MLV-vaccinated herds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Innovative Approaches in Veterinary Health)

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20 pages, 3619 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Vanishing Lung Syndrome in a Dog: Giant Pneumatocele or Giant Pulmonary Bulla Mimicking Tension Pneumothorax—First Report

by Jack-Yves Deschamps, Nour Abboud, Pierre Penaud and Françoise A. Roux

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050501 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

A 6-month-old neutered male Belgian Malinois dog living in a kennel was presented to a veterinary emergency service for the management of severe respiratory distress that had developed within the past 24 h. Thoracic radiographs performed by a referring veterinarian showed abnormalities identified [...] Read more.

A 6-month-old neutered male Belgian Malinois dog living in a kennel was presented to a veterinary emergency service for the management of severe respiratory distress that had developed within the past 24 h. Thoracic radiographs performed by a referring veterinarian showed abnormalities identified as a pneumothorax. Upon admission to the emergency service, the striking anomalies turned out to be a large intrathoracic air-filled cavity and countless smaller ones causing mechanical compression of the adjacent pulmonary parenchyma and mimicking tension pneumothorax. Emergency management included thoracocentesis followed by placement of a thoracostomy tube. The dog exhibited rapid clinical improvement and recovered completely within a few days, without requiring surgical intervention. Serial follow-up radiographs showed progressive and complete resolution of all lesions. Based on the complete resolution without resection, the main lesion—initially interpreted as a giant pulmonary bulla—was ultimately considered consistent with an acquired pneumatocele. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report in veterinary medicine of a vanishing lung syndrome presentation in a dog. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Small Animal Internal Medicine)

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12 pages, 521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Case Study on the Genetic Parameters and Possibilities of Selecting Gilts for Traits Monitored in the Performance Test

by Nenad Stojiljković, Čedomir Radović, Marija Gogić, Vladimir Živković, Aleksandra Petrović, Krstina Zeljić Stojiljković and Dubravko Škorput

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050500 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

This research examined the phenotypic and genotypic variability of traits assessed in the gilt performance test and their subsequent impact on gilt selection. The traits evaluated in the gilt performance test were analyzed on two pig farms over a period of 3 consecutive [...] Read more.

This research examined the phenotypic and genotypic variability of traits assessed in the gilt performance test and their subsequent impact on gilt selection. The traits evaluated in the gilt performance test were analyzed on two pig farms over a period of 3 consecutive years. A total of 3664 gilts were included in the research. At the end of the test, body weight, backfat thickness (BF1 and BF2), and longissimus dorsi muscle depth (MLD) were measured using an ultrasound device. The following breeds were evaluated on the farms: Landrace (L)–1981 gilts, Large White (LW)–1344 gilts, and Duroc (D)–339 gilts. In the analyzed population, direct genetic effects accounted for 0.2647 of the total variation in age at the end of the test (AET). Heritability coefficients of 0.37 for BF1 and 0.35 for BF2 indicate that these traits are highly heritable in the studied population. On the other hand, the heritability coefficient for the depth of MLD, which is 0.23, places this trait in the group of medium heritable traits. High heritability coefficients of these traits indicate great potential for genetic improvement through selection. The use of well-designed selection programs aimed at these traits can significantly accelerate the genetic improvement of the population and have an impact on the economic profit of pork production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Improvement and Reproductive Biotechnologies)

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11 pages, 492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 Concentrations as Biomarkers in Dogs with Neurological Distemper

by Alper Erturk, Aliye Sagkan Ozturk and Atakan Ozturk

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050499 - 20 May 2025

Abstract

Canine distemper, caused by Morbillivirus canis, is a highly morbid and lethal disease characterized by multiple systemic and neurological signs. In recent years, biomarkers, such as Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1, have been investigated in inflammatory and degenerative diseases. However, the role of these [...] Read more.

Canine distemper, caused by Morbillivirus canis, is a highly morbid and lethal disease characterized by multiple systemic and neurological signs. In recent years, biomarkers, such as Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1, have been investigated in inflammatory and degenerative diseases. However, the role of these biomarkers in neurological distemper has not been investigated. The aim of this study is to compare blood serum Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 concentrations between the neurological distemper and control group, and to evaluate the correlations of these biomarkers with hematobiochemical parameters in dogs with neurological distemper. Nineteen owned dogs (13 diagnosed with neurological distemper and 6 controls) were included in the study. Hematobiochemical analyses were performed in all dogs, and Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 concentrations were measured using ELISA. Serum concentrations of Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 were markedly elevated in dogs with neurological distemper compared to the control group (p < 0.05). A negative correlation between Galectin-3 and monocytes (p < 0.05) and a positive correlation between Galectin-3 and platelet and platelecrit levels (p < 0.05) were observed. There was negative correlation with Cardiotrophin-1 and lymphocyte percentage (p < 0.01) and a positive correlation with Cardiotrophin-1 and granulocyte percentage (p < 0.01). Galectin-3 and Cardiotrophin-1 may serve as biomarkers for the diagnosis and understanding of neurological distemper pathogenesis. Elevated serum concentrations of these biomarkers may indicate underlying neuroinflammation. This may contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological distemper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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38 pages, 26279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Comparative Anatomy of the Metatarsal Foot Pad in Eight Species of Birds of Prey and Owls with Regard to the Development of Pododermatitis

by Rebekka Schwehn, Elisabeth Engelke, Christian Seiler, Dominik Fischer, Hermann Seifert, Christiane Pfarrer, Michael Fehr and Marko Legler

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 498; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050498 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) occurs commonly in birds of prey and owls and shows species-specific differences in its prevalence, especially between falcons and hawks. The development of the disease is particularly associated with circulatory disorders of the feet. To compare the blood vessel supply of [...] Read more.

Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) occurs commonly in birds of prey and owls and shows species-specific differences in its prevalence, especially between falcons and hawks. The development of the disease is particularly associated with circulatory disorders of the feet. To compare the blood vessel supply of the foot sole, especially the metatarsal foot pad, macroscopic dissections including intravascular injection of latex, contrast µCT scans with barium sulphate, corrosion casts (epoxy resin), and histological examinations of the skin were performed in eight avian species. The main supplying artery of the metatarsal pad, the pulvinar artery, originated from the medial digital artery of the first toe. This main pulvinar artery showed a rather vertical course towards the sole surface, subsequently encircling the metatarsal pad like a basket in falcons and owls, whereas a rather horizontal straight course was observed in northern goshawks and common buzzards. Organized fat tissue was present in the subcutis as the basis for the metatarsal pad only in falcons and owls. The dermis of the metatarsal pad showed a well-developed papillary layer and prominent dermal and subdermal vascular networks in all species examined. The observed differences were discussed regarding both the species-specific prevalence and the etiology of bumblefoot. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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15 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Selection and Training of Shelter Dogs for Involvement in Canine-Assisted Interventions: What Are the Ethical Issues?

by Laura Contalbrigo, Elizabeth A. Walsh, Lieve L. Meers, Daniele Benedetti, Marta De Santis, Emma Bassan and Simona Normando

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050497 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Managing relinquished/stray dogs is a significant socio-economic and ethical challenge necessitating structured policies to ensure animal welfare and integration into society. Critical to successful rehoming is careful assessment of a dog’s temperament/behavior and appropriate matching of a dog to an owner. Shelter dogs’ [...] Read more.

Managing relinquished/stray dogs is a significant socio-economic and ethical challenge necessitating structured policies to ensure animal welfare and integration into society. Critical to successful rehoming is careful assessment of a dog’s temperament/behavior and appropriate matching of a dog to an owner. Shelter dogs’ involvement in canine-assisted interventions (CAIs) provides a potential avenue for rehoming through appropriate dog educational programs. CAIs consist of structured interactions between dog and clients targeted at specific groups with physical/psychological/emotional impairments in various settings. However, there is a lack of standardized protocols for assessing shelter dogs’ suitability for CAI, raising ethical concerns regarding selection/training practices. This study explores the ethical dimensions of rehoming shelter dogs for CAI, employing a philosophical framework considering the responsibilities of humans/veterinarians toward companion animals and how societal perceptions of human–animal relationships impact decision-making in this context. An ethical matrix is applied to evaluate the implications of rehoming decisions on canine and human interests. Our findings highlight the need for a balanced, responsible approach that respects the individuality of dogs while promoting their potential roles in human society. Ethical guidelines for the selection and training of shelter dogs for CAI could enhance their welfare, improve adoption rates, and reinforce the value of the human–animal bond. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Education, Veterinary Communication and Animal Behavior)

15 pages, 1920 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differential Expression of LHR and FSHR in Canine Mammary Tumors: Correlation with Malignancy and Spay Status

by Yujue Li, Siying Wang, Jiaxuan Gao, Xuerou Tu, Shihui Yu, Yang Liu, Zhaoxia Zhang, Yuan Cui and Yougang Zhong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050496 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) constitute one of the most prevalent malignancies in female canines, whereas the functional involvement of gonadotropin receptors—luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR)—in these neoplasms remains uncharacterized. This study investigated LHR and FSHR expression in 79 CMTs [...] Read more.

Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) constitute one of the most prevalent malignancies in female canines, whereas the functional involvement of gonadotropin receptors—luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR)—in these neoplasms remains uncharacterized. This study investigated LHR and FSHR expression in 79 CMTs and 14 normal mammary tissues collected from 59 female dogs (ethical approval AW82903202-2-3), using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR, specifically examining their association with tumor malignancy and spay status. Relative to normal mammary tissue, CMTs exhibited statistically significant downregulation of both LHR and FSHR transcripts and corresponding proteins (p < 0.01), with expression progressively decreasing as tumor malignancy increased, and with grade 3 tumors showing almost undetectable levels. Notably, spayed dogs displayed higher LHR levels in tumors (p < 0.05), whereas intact dogs showed higher FSHR levels than spayed dogs. These findings suggest that the expression of LHR and FSHR in CMTs may correlate with tumor malignancy and be influenced by the spay status. Our findings provide the first evidence of gonadotropin receptor dysregulation in CMTs, offering novel insights into their molecular mechanisms and potential applications in hormone-related diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. Full article

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17 pages, 1721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subclinical Hypocalcemia Across Lactation Stages Reflects Potential Metabolic Vulnerability in Korean Holstein Cows

by Hector M. Espiritu, Md. Shohel Al Faruk, Hee-Woon Lee, Jaylord M. Pioquinto, Sang-Suk Lee and Yong-Il Cho

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050495 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) is traditionally associated with the transition period. However, emerging evidence suggests it may persist or recur throughout lactation. This study investigated the prevalence, metabolic profile, and risk factors for SCH in lactating dairy cows in South Korea. A cross-sectional analysis [...] Read more.

Subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH) is traditionally associated with the transition period. However, emerging evidence suggests it may persist or recur throughout lactation. This study investigated the prevalence, metabolic profile, and risk factors for SCH in lactating dairy cows in South Korea. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 859 cows from 49 commercial dairy farms. SCH was defined as serum calcium ≤ 8.2 mg/dL. The individual-level prevalence was 9.4%, while 69.4% of herds had at least one affected cow, indicating widespread herd-level occurrence. SCH was significantly associated with parity, with cows in their fourth lactation or higher showing the highest prevalence. Although SCH prevalence did not differ significantly across lactation stages, early lactation cows had significantly lower mean serum calcium concentrations than those in later stages. Milk yield and composition did not differ significantly between groups. However, SCH cows showed notable metabolic differences, including higher serum phosphorus and lower albumin, total protein, and cholesterol levels, indicating potential energy and liver function challenges. Hematological values remained within physiological limits. These findings demonstrate that SCH can persist beyond the transition period, especially in older, high-producing cows, and may remain undetected by routine health checks. Broader monitoring and nutritional support are recommended to enhance metabolic resilience in at-risk animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases in Veterinary Medicine)

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19 pages, 971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monovalent Copper Oxide in Broiler Nutrition: Effects on Performance, Intestinal Lesions, and Oocyst Shedding During Mild Eimeria Challenge

by Nasima Akter, Thi Hiep Dao, Alip Kumar, David Cadogan, Tamsyn M. Crowley and Amy F. Moss

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050494 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Coccidiosis is a major economic threat in poultry, and with anticoccidials being phased out, cost-effective alternatives like copper (Cu) supplementation are of interest. This study investigated whether in-feed monovalent Cu (100 ppm) could mitigate the effects of a mild Eimeria challenge in broilers. [...] Read more.

Coccidiosis is a major economic threat in poultry, and with anticoccidials being phased out, cost-effective alternatives like copper (Cu) supplementation are of interest. This study investigated whether in-feed monovalent Cu (100 ppm) could mitigate the effects of a mild Eimeria challenge in broilers. A total of 216 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three treatments (six replicates, 12 birds/replicate): unchallenged control (NC), challenged control (PC), and challenged + Cu-supplemented. Birds were fed starter (days 1–10), grower (days 10–21), and finisher (days 21–35) diets. On day 14, all birds except the NC group were orally challenged with 5000 oocysts each of Eimeria acervulina and E. maxima. Feces were collected (days 17–28) for oocyst count, and growth performance, lesion scores (day 21), carcass traits and bone morphology (day 35), gut morphology (days 21 and 35), gizzard weight (days 21 and 35), and cecal bacterial load (days 21 and 35) were evaluated. The mild challenge was confirmed by the observed differences in lesion scores on day 21 (p < 0.05), fecal oocyst counts from days 17–28 (p < 0.05), and overall mortality (p > 0.05) between challenged and unchallenged groups. Copper supplementation tended to improve FCR during the grower phase (1.403 vs. 1.469; p = 0.057) and significantly reduced oocyst excretion on days 23–25 (p < 0.001) compared to the PC treatment. Although performance benefits were limited, Cu reduced oocyst shedding, indicating potential anticoccidial effects. However, further studies are needed to confirm the consistency of this effect across different doses of Cu in poultry production. Full article

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15 pages, 1031 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Circulating ACTH and Cortisol Investigations in Standardbred Racehorses Under Training and Racing Sessions

by Cristina Cravana, Pietro Medica, Esterina Fazio, Katiuska Satué, Giacoma Brancato, Deborah La Fauci and Giuseppe Bruschetta

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050493 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a neuroendocrine system involved in the coping response to stressful challenges during exercise stimuli. Exercise represents a significant disruptor of homeostasis, inducing an ACTH-cortisol co-secretion, based on different characteristics of exercise in sport horses. Based on this statement, [...] Read more.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is a neuroendocrine system involved in the coping response to stressful challenges during exercise stimuli. Exercise represents a significant disruptor of homeostasis, inducing an ACTH-cortisol co-secretion, based on different characteristics of exercise in sport horses. Based on this statement, the aim of this study is to evaluate the circulating adrenocorticotropin and cortisol changes in Standardbred trotters, after training and racing sessions, considering the different age and sex. In particular, the aim is to determine to what extent the level of ACTH and cortisol increases during maximum effort in competition conditions (racing), and to compare two exercise conditions of different intensity, training and racing sessions, and effects on ACTH and cortisol responses. Ten Standardbreds, three females and seven males, clinically healthy, were enrolled and subjected to two exercise conditions: a non-competitive session (training) and then a competitive event (racing). Four of them were 2-year-olds and a further six were 3-year-olds. Training and racing effects on both ACTH (p < 0.01) and cortisol (p < 0.01) values were obtained. Compared to the training session, horses showed greater ACTH concentrations at rest (p < 0.001), at 5 (p < 0.01) and 30 min (p < 0.001), and lower cortisol concentrations only at rest (p < 0.01) after racing; 2- and 3-year-old horses showed the greater ACTH concentrations at 5 and 30 min (p < 0.01) post-racing; males showed the greater ACTH concentrations at 5 min and 30 min (p < 0.01) post-racing. The different stimuli of the two contexts, and differences in exercise intensity, such as training and competitive event, may have affected the direction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response, both as an ability to adapt to physical stress of different intensity and as a preparatory activity for coping with stimuli. In conclusion, training and racing events induced a different HPA axis response in which both emotional experience and physical maturity could induce a significant adaptive response. As ACTH and cortisol concentrations in adult equids are extremely heterogeneous, further investigation is required to explore how different variables can influence the hormonal dynamics and their role as expressions of adaptive strategies to stress in horses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Progress of Equine Medical Research in China and Beyond)

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15 pages, 5379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Activity of Different Types of Cactus Forage on Testicular Function and Morphology of Sheep Subjected to Environmental Heat Stress

by Giselle Woolley Cardoso da Silva, Fernanda Carolina Ribeiro Dias, Marli do Carmo Cupertino, Alluanan Adelson do Nascimento Silva, Ângela Maria Vieira Batista, Emanuel Felipe de Oliveira Filho, Francisco Fernando Ramos de Carvalho, Ana Lúcia Figueiredo Porto and Valdemiro Amaro da Silva Júnior

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050492 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

In this study, we aim to analyze whether supplementation with cactus has the potential to minimize the testicular damage caused by heat stress, assess which of the three cactuses would have the best potential, and suggest a possible pathway (oxidative or hormonal) for [...] Read more.

In this study, we aim to analyze whether supplementation with cactus has the potential to minimize the testicular damage caused by heat stress, assess which of the three cactuses would have the best potential, and suggest a possible pathway (oxidative or hormonal) for the action of cactus on the testicular parameter alterations caused by heat stress. Thirty-two male lambs, of the Santa Inês type, not castrated, approximately six months old, and averaging 21.0 ± 2.0 kg body weight, were divided into four groups, as follows: G1, which was fed an elephant grass hay diet (control); G2, with a diet with partial replacement using small cactus forage (Opuntia cochenillifera) (SMALL); G3, which was fed Mexican elephant ear (Opuntia stricta Haw) (MEE); and G4, which was fed IPA Sertania (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck) (IPA) for 63 days. After slaughter, blood and testicles were removed. The right testicles were fixed for histological analyses, and the left testicles were stored in the freezer for oxidative stress analyses. Serum testosterone, T3, and T4 levels were analyzed. The body weight of animals treated with cactus forage was higher than in the control group. However, the gonadosomatic index did not differ among experimental groups. Heat stress triggered the degradation of testis tissue in all experimental groups. The testicular degeneration process was characterized by tubular atrophy, reduction in germ epithelium height, germ cell vacuolization and necrosis, Sertoli cell vacuolization, germ cell scaling of the tubular fire, and increased intertubular space. The three different cactus forages used in this study had different weaknesses regarding their antioxidant defenses, hormonal levels, and histopathology. However, it is important to highlight that the IPA group had lower qualitative changes in the intertubular areas than the other experimental groups. The testosterone level increased in MEE (Opuntia stricta) and IPA groups, while T3 and T4 increased in SMALL (Opuntia cochenillifera) and IPA groups. The malondialdehyde, an important marker of lipid peroxidation, was reduced only in the IPA group. The testosterone level increased in MEE and IPA groups, while T3 and T4 increased in SMALL and IPA groups. In conclusion, heat stress triggers several histopathologies in testis tissue, and IPA cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera) was the most appropriate supplementation for reducing the damages, compared with an elephant grass hay diet or small cactus forage and Mexican elephant ear supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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17 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Telomere Tales: Exploring the Impact of Stress, Sociality, and Exercise on Dogs’ Cellular Aging

by Luisa Mascarenhas Ladeia Dutra, Flaviane S. Souza, Angelica Silva Vasconcellos, Robert J. Young and Ivana Gabriela Schork

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050491 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Animal welfare is influenced by the cumulative life experiences of an individual. Among these, exposure to chronic stressors has a significant impact on both physical and mental health, contributing to premature aging—a process linked to telomere shortening. Conversely, positive experiences have been shown [...] Read more.

Animal welfare is influenced by the cumulative life experiences of an individual. Among these, exposure to chronic stressors has a significant impact on both physical and mental health, contributing to premature aging—a process linked to telomere shortening. Conversely, positive experiences have been shown to mitigate, delay, and sometimes reverse telomere attrition. This suggests that telomere length could be a reliable indicator for assessing animal welfare. This study explored the association between telomere length and characteristics such as life history, environment, and health in domestic dogs. Buccal swabs collected DNA samples from 250 dogs, and telomere length was quantified via qPCR. Our findings revealed that environmental factors significantly influenced telomere length. Dogs housed in kennels or subjected to low physical activity levels exhibited shorter telomeres. Similarly, dogs living in groups of more than five dogs had shorter telomeres, and male dogs were found to have longer telomeres than females. Overall, these results highlight the importance of environmental conditions in influencing telomere length in dogs and the potential to use this biological indicator to evaluate animal welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals)

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12 pages, 1190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Autophagic Degradation of GPX4 Mediates Ferroptosis During Sheep Sperm Cryopreservation

by Boyuan Li, Erhan Hai, Yukun Song and Jiaxin Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050490 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Ferroptosis is implicated in cryodamage to sheep sperm, potentially due to glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) degradation during freezing; however, the pathway underlying GPX4 degradation remains unclear. In this study, a comparison of cryoprotective effects between the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) and the ubiquitination [...] Read more.

Ferroptosis is implicated in cryodamage to sheep sperm, potentially due to glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) degradation during freezing; however, the pathway underlying GPX4 degradation remains unclear. In this study, a comparison of cryoprotective effects between the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) and the ubiquitination inhibitor MG132 revealed that 5 μM CQ treatment significantly enhanced the motility (p < 0.01) and sperm plasma membrane integrity rate (p < 0.01) of frozen–thawed sperm; no protective effects were observed in any MG132 treatment group. Mechanistic analysis indicated that CQ treatment substantially restored GPX4 protein expression (p < 0.01), and concurrently reduced lipid peroxidation (p < 0.01) and free iron ion accumulation (p < 0.01), in frozen–thawed sperm. These findings suggest that GPX4 degradation during cryopreservation occurs via the autophagy pathway. This study established a ferroptosis–GPX4–autophagy axis during sheep sperm cryopreservation and identified autophagy-mediated GPX4 loss as a potential target for enhancing sperm cryoprotection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Sperm Conservation Techniques for Better Fertility—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 3092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacillus subtilis Fed to Sows Promotes Intestinal Development and Regulates Mucosal Immunity in Offspring

by Peng Liu, Jinjiao Zuo, Hui Lu, Bin Zhang and Caihong Wu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(5), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12050489 - 18 May 2025

Abstract

Diarrhea in piglets causes intestinal inflammation and epithelial damage. Weaned piglets fed with Bacillus subtilis (B.S) have enhanced intestinal mucosal immunity and reduces diarrhea in piglets. However, the immune system of newborn piglets is immature, and B.S cannot effectively activate the intestinal mucosal [...] Read more.

Diarrhea in piglets causes intestinal inflammation and epithelial damage. Weaned piglets fed with Bacillus subtilis (B.S) have enhanced intestinal mucosal immunity and reduces diarrhea in piglets. However, the immune system of newborn piglets is immature, and B.S cannot effectively activate the intestinal mucosal reaction when given directly. This research explored the impact of the maternal supplementation of B.S-Dia during the final 35 days of gestation on piglet intestinal development and mucosal immunity. The results demonstrated that B.S-Dia administration significantly increased the body weight, jejunal villus height, and crypt depth in the piglets. In addition, B.S-Dia also significantly increased the proliferative activity of intestinal epithelial cells, as evidenced by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining and the elevated mRNA expression of the proliferation-related gene (c-Myc). Furthermore, B.S-Dia supplementation also reinforced the intestinal mucosal barrier by increasing goblet cell numbers and upregulating the mRNA expression of antimicrobial peptides, such as Muc2 and Lyz-1. Finally, elevated levels of IL-4 and IFN-γ, along with an increased abundance of CD3⁺ T cells, revealed that the intestinal mucosal immunity of piglets was improved after B.S-Dia administration. Our study indicates that feeding B.S-Dia to sow spromotes intestinal development and improves intestinal mucosal immunity in piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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