Veterinary Sciences

11 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of PCV2 Vaccination Under Natural Conditions: A Longitudinal Study Using PCR and Virus Isolation

by Eugene Mazimpaka, Rissar Siringo Ringo, Tasuku Hirooka and Tamaki Okabayashi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060575 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2025

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main cause of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). Despite the widespread use of anti-PCV2 vaccines, their efficacy varies, influenced by co-infection and evaluation methods. This study assessed the efficacy of Ingelvac CircoFLEX^® PCV2 vaccine under natural [...] Read more.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main cause of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). Despite the widespread use of anti-PCV2 vaccines, their efficacy varies, influenced by co-infection and evaluation methods. This study assessed the efficacy of Ingelvac CircoFLEX^® PCV2 vaccine under natural conditions. One hundred serum samples were collected from vaccinated and non-vaccinated piglets aged 21 to 173 days. PCR and antibody positivity rates did not show significant differences between the two groups, but PCV2 gene load at 91 days was significantly lower (p = 0.0095) in the vaccinated group. Anti-PCV2 antibody titers were also significantly lower in the vaccinated group at 91, 145, and 173 days (p < 0.0001). PCV2 was isolated from 50% of piglets in the non-vaccinated group (50%), compared with none (0%) in the vaccinated group, suggesting that PCV2 gene load in the non-vaccinated group did not correlate with viremia. Both groups were positive for antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at 63 days, prior to the surge in PCV2 gene load, suggesting PRRSV may enhance PCV2 replication. These findings highlight that while the vaccine reduced PCVAD damage, evaluation should incorporate methods such as virus isolation instead of relying solely on PCR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases: 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 5712 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pseudomonas-Enterobacter Co-Infection Drives Cellulitis and Lymphangitis in Equines: A Case Report

by Xiangning Huang, Renjie Deng, Haoen Huang, Huisheng Xie and Aolei Chen

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060574 (registering DOI) - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

This case report detailed a rare co-infection of Pseudomonas asiatica and Enterobacter hormaechei in a 9-year-old warmblood mare, leading to severe cellulitis and secondary lymphangitis following traditional hoof blood-letting therapy. The mare exhibited acute limb swelling, fever, cutaneous ulceration, lymphatic dysfunction and unknown [...] Read more.

This case report detailed a rare co-infection of Pseudomonas asiatica and Enterobacter hormaechei in a 9-year-old warmblood mare, leading to severe cellulitis and secondary lymphangitis following traditional hoof blood-letting therapy. The mare exhibited acute limb swelling, fever, cutaneous ulceration, lymphatic dysfunction and unknown anemia. Comprehensive diagnostics, including bacterial culture, whole-genome sequencing, anti-elastin antibody (AEAb) ELISA, and diagnostic imaging, confirmed the pathogens causing cellulitis and secondary lymphangitis. AEAb levels were elevated, correlating with lymphatic degradation, while radiography and lymphangiography ruled out laminitis but identified tortuous lymphatic vessels. The treatment integrated systemic antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory therapy, combined decongestive therapy, and traditional Chinese herbal medicine, resulting in resolution of infection, improved hematological parameters, and restored athletic performance. The therapeutic regimen primarily included gentamicin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and the Wei Qi Booster. The case highlights the critical role of pathogen-directed antimicrobial selection and the potential benefits of combining conventional and holistic therapies. This report emphasizes the necessity of early, multifaceted interventions to prevent life-threatening complications in equine cellulitis–lymphangitis cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Progress of Equine Medical Research in China and Beyond)

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10 pages, 431 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

First Molecular Characterization of Trueperella pyogenes Isolated from a Rabbit Periodontal Abscess

by Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda, Ewelina Kwiecień, Ilona Stefańska, Dorota Chrobak-Chmiel, Magdalena Rzewuska and Wojciech Bielecki

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060573 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Periodontal abscesses are a frequent health problem found in pet rabbits that could lead to severe complications, including life-threatening ones. Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen isolated from pyogenic infections in different animal species, mostly from farm animals such as ruminants and pigs. [...] Read more.

Periodontal abscesses are a frequent health problem found in pet rabbits that could lead to severe complications, including life-threatening ones. Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen isolated from pyogenic infections in different animal species, mostly from farm animals such as ruminants and pigs. This study presents the first case of isolation and molecular characterization of T. pyogenes from a periodontal abscess in a pet rabbit. A narrative review concerning the bacteriological aetiology of odontogenic abscesses in rabbits is also presented. The identification of T. pyogenes isolate was obtained based on the phenotypic properties and confirmed by molecular biology methods, i.e., the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the presence of species-specific pyolysin gene. Furthermore, the pathogenic potential of the isolate was confirmed by the detection of six out of eight studied virulence genes. This report, along with the literature data, confirms that T. pyogenes may be one of the etiological agents of periodontal abscesses in rabbits. However, inadequate laboratory techniques may result in an underestimation of the occurrence of this bacterial species in rabbits. This study showed the need for standardization of the laboratory methods used for extended microbial culture for the clinical samples obtained from periodontal abscesses in rabbits. These procedures should also include the isolation of fastidious pathogens like T. pyogenes. Full article

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18 pages, 1485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Changes in Quality-of-Life of Cats with Hyperthyroidism Treated with Radioiodine or Antithyroid Drugs—A Preliminary Study

by Fabienne Blunschi, Sofie Muthmann, Natali Bauer and Katarina Hazuchova

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060572 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

A previous cross-sectional study found impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in hyperthyroid cats, but the longitudinal impact of treatment—especially differences between radioiodine (RAIT) and antithyroid drug (ATD) approaches—remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate changes in HRQoL in recently diagnosed (<6 months) [...] Read more.

A previous cross-sectional study found impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in hyperthyroid cats, but the longitudinal impact of treatment—especially differences between radioiodine (RAIT) and antithyroid drug (ATD) approaches—remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate changes in HRQoL in recently diagnosed (<6 months) hyperthyroid cats that underwent RAIT or received ATD. HRQoL was assessed using the validated HyperthyroidismQoL-cat questionnaire at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 months, alongside thyroid status (eu-/hypo-/hyperthyroid) evaluation. Mixed-effects model analysed the influence of treatment type, timepoint, and thyroid status on log(HRQoL). HRQoL differences between groups at baseline and comparison to a non-hyperthyroid control group (n = 322) from a previous study at month 6 were examined using Mann–Whitney U tests. Data are presented as median (range), with significance set at p < 0.05. Thirty-eight client-owned hyperthyroid cats (15 ATD, 23 RAIT) were included. HRQoL scores at baseline did not differ between groups (RAIT: 103.5 [27–211], ATD: 73 [22–260], p = 0.22). HRQoL significantly improved over time (p < 0.001) but was not affected by treatment type (p = 0.20) or thyroid status (p = 0.40). Despite improvement, HRQoL remained lower than in non-hyperthyroid controls (hyperthyroid: 42.5 [3–161.5], non-hyperthyroid: 27 [0–249], p = 0.007). This study highlights the overall positive impact of treatment on HRQoL, but due to the lack of randomisation and heterogeneity of subjects and treatment, conclusion have to be considered preliminary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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13 pages, 843 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Welfare Using Immersion Analgesics

by Cláudia A. Rocha, Luís M. Félix, Sandra M. Monteiro and Carlos Venâncio

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060571 - 11 Jun 2025

Abstract

Growing evidence of pain perception in fish has raised concerns about their welfare in different contexts, including research and aquaculture, where potentially painful procedures are standard. Despite ongoing efforts to advance fish analgesia, the field remains underdeveloped, particularly regarding less invasive methods that [...] Read more.

Growing evidence of pain perception in fish has raised concerns about their welfare in different contexts, including research and aquaculture, where potentially painful procedures are standard. Despite ongoing efforts to advance fish analgesia, the field remains underdeveloped, particularly regarding less invasive methods that could improve welfare, such as immersion-based analgesia. As one of the most widely used models in research, zebrafish (Danio rerio) are often at the front of these concerns. This review aimed to consolidate the current knowledge on immersion analgesics by analyzing the behavioral responses of zebrafish exposed to noxious stimuli. Some promising immersion analgesics were identified; however, further research is needed to assess their effects on additional parameters and investigate potential adverse effects. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate analgesics, as their effectiveness may vary depending on the duration and severity of the stimulus. Moreover, this review highlights the critical role of consistent water quality monitoring and detailed parameter reporting, as these factors may influence analgesic efficacy and compromise fish welfare. As research advances, applying these insights beyond zebrafish to other fish species will be crucial for promoting higher welfare standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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8 pages, 1104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidant/Antioxidant Equilibrium and Neurotransmitter Levels in Camelids Used for Circus Activities: A Preliminary Study

by Raffaella Cocco, Federica Arrigo, Sara Sechi, Maria Rizzo, Giuseppe Piccione and Francesca Arfuso

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060570 - 10 Jun 2025

Abstract

The conditions of animals in captivity have long been a cause for concern, and for that reason should be carefully assessed. In circus activities, animals are used for different purposes, but their needs are different due to their physiological peculiarities. The aim of [...] Read more.

The conditions of animals in captivity have long been a cause for concern, and for that reason should be carefully assessed. In circus activities, animals are used for different purposes, but their needs are different due to their physiological peculiarities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the emotional state and the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in dromedaries, camels, and llamas subjected to circus management. Blood samples were taken from five specimens of three different species in order to assess the serum concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and the plasma levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-Roms) and the animals’ biological antioxidant potential (BAP). The results showed higher levels of d-Roms in dromedaries and llamas than camels and higher concentrations of BAP in camels than other species. Finally, dromedaries showed a higher dopamine concentration than llamas. This preliminary study suggested that some of the species investigated here are more influenced by the circus environment, especially on a relational level. Although the results collected in this study are preliminary and need to be supported by further, more comprehensive investigations from the point of view of welfare assessment, it could be hypothesized that the emotional state and the oxidant/antioxidant balance is very important to assess in an environment such as the circus. Full article

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14 pages, 463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of a Novel Real-Time PCR to Investigate Anthelmintic Efficacy Against Haemonchus contortus in Sheep and Goat Farms

by Anna Maurizio, Giorgia Dotto, Cinzia Tessarin, Paola Beraldo, Giovanni Franzo and Rudi Cassini

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060569 - 10 Jun 2025

Abstract

Gastrointestinal nematode infections are due to a wide number of helminthic genera and species, representing a major concern in goat and sheep farming and leading to different health issues and a general economic loss. Traditional diagnostic tools do not allow for a specific [...] Read more.

Gastrointestinal nematode infections are due to a wide number of helminthic genera and species, representing a major concern in goat and sheep farming and leading to different health issues and a general economic loss. Traditional diagnostic tools do not allow for a specific identification and, although a shift towards molecular diagnostic techniques is ongoing, species or genus-specific diagnosis is still poorly implemented. This study describes the development of a novel real-time PCR method for diagnosing Haemonchus sp. and its relative abundance in mixed infections in grazing ruminants. The method employs two primer/probe sets targeting the 18S-rRNA-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region: one shared by all strongylids (GEN) and another specific to Haemonchus sp. (HAEM). The method demonstrated optimal efficiency and determination coefficients when applied to serial dilutions of DNA extract. It was then applied in Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) trials conducted on five sheep and five goat farms in northeastern Italy. Seven farms were suspected of overall resistance and only one farm of Heamonchus-related resistance. The results proved the genus-specific approach as valuable in interpreting treatment outcomes and showing concerning levels of anthelmintic treatment ineffectiveness. Further research and sensitization activity is required to encourage the adoption of the method by local farmers and veterinarians. Full article

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14 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbiological Quality and Safety of Fresh Pork Meat with Special Reference to Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus and Other Staphylococci

by Alba Martinez-Laorden, Celia Arraiz-Fernandez, Gonzalo Ibañez-Torija and Elena Gonzalez-Fandos

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060568 - 10 Jun 2025

Abstract

Nowadays, there is a great concern about the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in meat, especially Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin (MRSA). The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of fresh pork meat and the presence and resistance of S. [...] Read more.

Nowadays, there is a great concern about the prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in meat, especially Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin (MRSA). The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of fresh pork meat and the presence and resistance of S. aureus and other Staphylococcus spp., Mammaliicoccus spp., and Macrococcus spp. to methicillin and other antibiotics. A total of 39 fresh pork meat samples were analyzed. MRSA was isolated from one sample, being resistant to eight antimicrobial families, including aminoglycosides, β-lactams, lincosamides, macrolides, sulfonamides, tetracycline, and others such as fusidic acid, and mupirocin. Also, other multidrug-resistant strains with resistance to 5 or 6 antimicrobial families were isolated including Staphylococcus succinus, Mammaliicoccus sciuri, and Macrococcus caseolyticus. Additional measures should be taken to control MRSA in pork meat. Full article

14 pages, 1166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiology of Infectious Pathogens in Horses with Acute Respiratory Disease, Abortion, and Neurological Signs: Insights Gained from the Veterinary Surveillance System for Horses in The Netherlands (SEIN)

by Kees van Maanen, Linda van den Wollenberg, Tara de Haan and Thibault Frippiat

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060567 - 10 Jun 2025

Abstract

Monitoring infectious diseases is essential for safeguarding equine health and ensuring the sustainability of the horse industry. In 2019, the Royal Veterinary Association of the Netherlands (KNMvD) and Royal GD (GD Animal Health) launched SEIN (Surveillance of Equine Infectious diseases in the Netherlands), [...] Read more.

Monitoring infectious diseases is essential for safeguarding equine health and ensuring the sustainability of the horse industry. In 2019, the Royal Veterinary Association of the Netherlands (KNMvD) and Royal GD (GD Animal Health) launched SEIN (Surveillance of Equine Infectious diseases in the Netherlands), a voluntary surveillance system for laboratory-confirmed outbreaks of equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1), equid alphaherpesvirus 4 (EHV-4), equine influenza virus (EIV), and Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. This retrospective study analyzed 364 confirmed outbreaks reported through SEIN between June 2019 and April 2023. S. equi was the most commonly reported pathogen overall (64%). Among outbreaks involving respiratory disease, S. equi accounted for 74% of cases, followed by EHV-4 (16%), EIV (6%), and EHV-1 (4%). The geographical distribution of outbreaks covered 80 of the 90 postal code regions (89%), and approximately half of all participating practices generated at least 1 alert. Vaccination data revealed low coverage against EHV-1/4, EIV, and S. equi among both affected horses and premises. Clinical signs overlapped between pathogens, but some were more pathogen-specific, e.g., coughing in EIV, and abscessation in S. equi. The SEIN system provided spatiotemporal information on confirmed outbreaks. These results underscore the importance of quick diagnostics and structured surveillance systems in guiding prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Veterinary Clinical Microbiology)

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5 pages, 176 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus: How Far Are We from a New Pandemic?

by Giovanni Di Guardo

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060566 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

The focus of this commentary is represented by the pandemic risk associated with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b. More in detail, the herein dealt pandemic alarm appears to be primarily justified by the huge and progressively growing number [...] Read more.

The focus of this commentary is represented by the pandemic risk associated with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus, clade 2.3.4.4b. More in detail, the herein dealt pandemic alarm appears to be primarily justified by the huge and progressively growing number of virus-susceptible domestic and wild birds and mammals, including threatened marine mammal species like South American sea lions and elephant seals as well as harbour porpoises, bottlenose dolphins and polar bears. Of major concern is the susceptibility of dairy cattle to HPAI A(H5N1) virus, particularly the documented and unprecedented colonization of host’s mammary gland tissue, resulting in viral shedding through the milk alongside a large series of cases of infection in dairy farm workers in several USA locations. Despite well-documented zoonotic capability, no evidences of a sustained and efficient HPAI A(H5N1) viral transmission between people have been hitherto reported. If this were to happen sooner or later, a new pandemic might consequently arise. Therefore, keeping all this in mind and based upon the lessons taught by the COVID-19 pandemic, a “One Health, One Earth, One Ocean”-centered approach would be absolutely needed in order to deal in the most appropriate way with the HPAI A(H5N1) virus-associated zoonotic and pandemic risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

15 pages, 8206 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Proteomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Potential Serum Biomarkers for Identifying Alveolar Echinococcosis in Mice

by Qing Zhang, Xiongying Zhang, Na Liu, Jia Liu, Wei Wang, Yongshun Wang, Wen Lei, Cunzhe Zhao, Wanli Ma, Shuai Guo, Huixia Cai, Jingxiao Zhang, Yufang Liu, Kemei Shi, Wen Zhang and Xiao Ma

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060565 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a chronic and potentially fatal zoonotic parasitic disease that seriously affects the host’s health. It is caused by the proliferation of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae within the liver. Due to its long incubation period following host infection, early diagnosis of [...] Read more.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a chronic and potentially fatal zoonotic parasitic disease that seriously affects the host’s health. It is caused by the proliferation of Echinococcus multilocularis larvae within the liver. Due to its long incubation period following host infection, early diagnosis of the disease is currently not feasible. Treatment options are extremely limited, with the only choice being curative surgical resection combined with benzimidazole medication. Thus, the development of early, rapid, and minimally invasive diagnostic methods is crucial for enhancing patient prognosis. This study conducted proteomic and metabolomic analyses of protein and metabolite changes in the serum of a treatment group and control group, aiming to compare the differences between them. Overall, 22 proteins showed significant differences between the treatment and control groups, primarily involved in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism. The upregulation of genes related to immune response and enhanced glycolysis were observed, possibly associated with the reproduction of E. multilocularis in the liver. A total of 182 metabolites were screened to distinguish between the treatment group and control group. A significant increase in the cytochrome P450 (cP450) metabolite of arachidonic acid indicated signs of renal and splenic involvement in the treatment group. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis highlighted a strong association between amino acid metabolism and the development of AE. The observed changes in amino acid levels may provide nutrients that facilitate E. multilocularis colonization and contribute to the pathogenesis of AE. In summary, by investigating the different characteristics of the AE and control group through proteomic (n = 4/group/time point) and metabolomic (n = 8/group/time point) analyses, potential serum biomarkers for diagnosing mice with AE were identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Complexity of Parasites in Animals: Impacts, Innovation, and Interventions)

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10 pages, 828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Shelf-Life Assessment of Sterilized Surgical Instruments Stored Under Controlled Conditions: A Comparative Study of a Single vs. Double Self-Sealing Pouch

by Stefano Cavalli, Chiara Caterino, Francesca Paola Nocera, Francesca Pizzano, Rossana Schena, Federica Aragosa, Sinem Arslan, Giovanni Della Valle, Luisa De Martino and Gerardo Fatone

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060564 - 9 Jun 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: postoperative surgical-site infections are a significant complication in small-animal surgical procedures, with detected rates ranging from 0.8% to 18.1%, depending on the type of surgery. The sterilization process of surgical instruments is a crucial factor in infection control, but the shelf [...] Read more.

(1) Background: postoperative surgical-site infections are a significant complication in small-animal surgical procedures, with detected rates ranging from 0.8% to 18.1%, depending on the type of surgery. The sterilization process of surgical instruments is a crucial factor in infection control, but the shelf life of surgical instruments and the best packaging method are not precisely defined due to the multiple variables that influence them. This study aimed to assess the shelf life of surgical instruments stored under controlled environmental conditions in a veterinary hospital and compare two packaging methods: using a self-sealing single pouch versus a self-sealing double pouch. (2) Methods: a sample of 400 non-sterile screws was divided into three groups: Group 1 (175 screws in single pouches), Group 2 (175 screws in double pouches), and Group 3 (50 non-sterile screws as a control group to verify the microbial culture efficiency). Microbiological tests were conducted at 1, 7, 15, 30, 60, 182, and 390 days post-sterilization. (3) Results: no bacterial growth was detected on screws packaged in single and double pouches up to 182 days. However, after 390 days, bacterial growth was observed in one screw packaged in a single pouch. In Group 3, only two screws turned out to be bacteriologically positive. (4) Conclusions: no statistical difference was found between the two groups; however, the detection of a single positive screw in the single-pouch group raised a potential clinical consideration, suggesting the need for further studies based on events and time. Full article

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14 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Allergen-Specific IgE Positivity and Serum Immunoglobulin E Concentrations of Allergens in Dogs with Suspected Allergic Dermatitis Using the Multiple Allergen Simultaneous Test in South Korea

by Yoon-Seok Jang, Jae-Il Han, Eun-Soo Lee, Doo-Sung Cheon, Aryung Nam and Jae-Eun Hyun

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060563 - 8 Jun 2025

Abstract

Type I allergies are triggered by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions upon allergen exposure. Dogs are diagnosed with allergic dermatitis based on history, clinical signs, and allergen-specific IgE detection. Using the multiple allergen simultaneous test (MAST)–immunoblot assay, this study measured IgE concentrations and [...] Read more.

Type I allergies are triggered by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity reactions upon allergen exposure. Dogs are diagnosed with allergic dermatitis based on history, clinical signs, and allergen-specific IgE detection. Using the multiple allergen simultaneous test (MAST)–immunoblot assay, this study measured IgE concentrations and analyzed the proportion of dogs showing allergen-specific IgE positivity, and IgE concentrations of environmental and food allergens in South Korea. We examined data from canine serum using the MAST assay in 2023; the allergen panel included 130 allergens. Data were analyzed, with results greater than zero regarded as positive for the prevalence measurements and concentrations compared among subgroups. Overall, 2663 samples were evaluated to assess the proportion of dogs showing allergen-specific IgE positivity and mean concentrations of environmental and food allergens. Among the environmental allergens, Alternaria spp. had the highest IgE prevalence, whereas Japanese cedar had the highest mean IgE concentration. Allergen-specific differences were observed among subgroups categorized by age, sex, and breed. To our knowledge, this research is the first large-scale study to analyze canine serum using a MAST assay to assess the IgE prevalence of allergen-specific IgE positivity and concentration and to examine data by age, sex, and breed. These findings provide information for diagnosis and management of canine allergies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Small Animal Clinical Dermatology)

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11 pages, 447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Oxidant/Antioxidant Profile in Dogs with Mammary Cancer Undergoing Mastectomy, During the Peri-Operative Period

by Angelos-Lauris Thomas, Maria Karayannopoulou, Tilemachos Anagnostou, Dimitra Psalla, Konstantinos Ioannou, Argyrios Ginoudis, Ioannis Savvas and Dimitra Pardali

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060562 - 8 Jun 2025

Abstract

In cancer cases, any imbalance between Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and host antioxidant capacity (oxidative stress), during the immediate post-operative period, is involved in cancer cell dissemination (micro-metastases). Surgical trauma is considered the main cause for ROS production during that period. Increased [...] Read more.

In cancer cases, any imbalance between Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and host antioxidant capacity (oxidative stress), during the immediate post-operative period, is involved in cancer cell dissemination (micro-metastases). Surgical trauma is considered the main cause for ROS production during that period. Increased oxidative stress has been found in dogs with mammary neoplasms. Our objective was to investigate the blood oxidant/antioxidant profile in bitches with mammary cancer, during the peri-operative period, hypothesizing that oxidative stress would be further increased after mastectomy. Twelve bitches with mammary cancer and no distant metastases, with a comparable extent of surgical wound and receiving the same anesthetic protocol, were included. Their serum oxidant/antioxidant profile was evaluated chromatometrically using the d-ROMs (Reactive Oxygen Metabolite-derived compounds) and the BAP (biological antioxidant potential) tests, on the 1st day (before/after surgery), and on the 2nd, 3rd and 10th days post-operatively. The ratio of d-ROMs and BAP values (oxidative stress index; OSI) was also calculated. Statistically significant differences (increases) were found only in d-ROMS on the second and third post-operative day compared to the first day (before surgery) of measurement (p = 0.007 and p = 0.002, respectively). Our findings indicate a post-surgical overproduction of ROS and therefore an oxidative stress increase potentially affecting patient outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Canine Tumors)

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12 pages, 1748 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proliferation in Minimal Invasive Samples of Canine Lymphomas: Ki67 Index in Previously Stained Cytology and Paired Cell Blocks

by Filipe Sampaio, Carla Marrinhas, Luísa Fonte-Oliveira, Ricardo Marcos, Pedro N. Oliveira and Marta Santos

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060561 - 8 Jun 2025

Abstract

Canine lymphoma (CL) is a heterogeneous neoplasm with varying prognoses, and Ki67 expression is a key marker for assessing tumor proliferation. This study aimed to compare Ki67 immunostaining in cytology smears (PSCS) and cell blocks (CBs) of canine lymphoma cases. Ki67 immunostaining was [...] Read more.

Canine lymphoma (CL) is a heterogeneous neoplasm with varying prognoses, and Ki67 expression is a key marker for assessing tumor proliferation. This study aimed to compare Ki67 immunostaining in cytology smears (PSCS) and cell blocks (CBs) of canine lymphoma cases. Ki67 immunostaining was performed on 30 cases (26 nodal and 4 non-nodal) of CL, including B-cell, T-cell, and null-phenotype lymphomas. The Ki67 index was quantified manually using image analysis software as a support. The results showed Ki67 positivity in all CBs, with archival time affecting the antigenicity in PSCS, especially in samples older than two years. The Ki67 index in CBs of nodal CL were higher, and there was no significant agreement on Ki67 classification in PSCS and CBs. A univariate brief survival analysis was performed to preliminary evaluate the prognostic value of Ki67 in cytological samples. Ki67 indexes determined in cytology showed no significant association with survival. Cases of nodal CL with high Ki67 in CBs, if treated with chemotherapy, tended to survived longer (compared to those animals not treated with chemotherapy). These preliminary results showed that Ki67 immunostaining in CBs is more reliable for assessing CL proliferation and might offer predictive information. These findings highlight the potential of Ki67 quantification in CBs for supporting treatment decisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Round Cell Tumors of Animals)

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19 pages, 10694 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Loss of Myostatin Alters Gut Microbiota and Carbohydrate Metabolism to Influence the Gut–Muscle Axis in Cattle

by Chao Hai, Hongyu Gong, Yanan Xu, Xuefei Liu, Chunling Bai, Guanghua Su, Lei Yang and Guangpeng Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060560 - 7 Jun 2025

Abstract

The gut–muscle axis plays a vital role in host metabolism and health. Although the MSTN gene is a well-known negative regulator of muscle growth, its role in intestinal function and metabolism remains unclear. Understanding this connection is crucial for revealing the systemic impact [...] Read more.

The gut–muscle axis plays a vital role in host metabolism and health. Although the MSTN gene is a well-known negative regulator of muscle growth, its role in intestinal function and metabolism remains unclear. Understanding this connection is crucial for revealing the systemic impact of MSTN gene editing and its potential to improve metabolic efficiency in livestock. In this study, we investigated the influence of MSTN deletion on gut microbiota composition and carbohydrate metabolism in the cecum and colon of cattle. Using integrated metagenomic, metabolomic, serum biochemical, and muscle transcriptomic analyses, we found significant alterations in microbial communities and key metabolic pathways. Hallella and Escherichia in the colon, as well as Alishewanella in the cecum, were closely linked to carbohydrate metabolism. Differential microbes and metabolites influenced key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Functional gene analysis identified Bacteroides as the most critical bacterium affecting glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. Additionally, genes related to carbohydrate esterases were upregulated. These changes correlated with reduced serum glucose and insulin levels while increasing muscle gene expression related to glucose-to-lactose conversion. Overall, MSTN gene editing alters gut microbiota composition and carbohydrate metabolism in the cecum and colon, thereby influencing host glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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12 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Hibernating and Active Nyctalus noctula: Hibernation-Associated Loss of Diversity and Anaerobe Enrichment

by Ilia V. Popov, Daria A. Peshkova, Ekaterina A. Lukbanova, Inna S. Tsurkova, Sergey A. Emelyantsev, Anastasya A. Krikunova, Aleksey V. Malinovkin, Michael L. Chikindas, Alexey M. Ermakov and Igor V. Popov

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060559 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Hibernation in mammals entails profound physiological changes that are known to impact host-associated microbial communities, yet its effects on the gut microbiota of synanthropic bats remain underexplored. In this study, we investigated the gut bacterial composition and diversity of Nyctalus noctula before and [...] Read more.

Hibernation in mammals entails profound physiological changes that are known to impact host-associated microbial communities, yet its effects on the gut microbiota of synanthropic bats remain underexplored. In this study, we investigated the gut bacterial composition and diversity of Nyctalus noctula before and during hibernation using high-throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Fecal samples from individually banded bats were collected under controlled conditions at a rehabilitation center and analyzed for alpha and beta diversity, as well as differential taxonomic abundance. Hibernation was associated with a marked reduction in microbial diversity according to the Shannon and Simpson indices and a distinct restructuring of gut communities based on the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index. Active bats exhibited a diverse microbiota enriched in facultative anaerobes, including Lactococcus, Enterococcus, and Escherichia–Shigella, while hibernating individuals were dominated by obligate anaerobes, such as Romboutsia and Paeniclostridium. These findings suggest a contraction and functional specialization of the gut microbiota during torpor, potentially reflecting adaptations to fasting, hypothermia, and reduced gut motility. Our results demonstrate that the bat’s gut microbiome is highly responsive to physiological status and underscore the importance of microbial ecology for understanding the host’s energy balance and health under seasonal contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Wildlife Health: Surveillance and Management of Infectious Diseases)

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20 pages, 2727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Single or Combined Supplementation of Rhodotorula Yeast Culture and Bacillus Subtilis Enhances Intestinal Barrier Function in Yellow-Feathered Broilers

by Xiangtan Su, Ke Wang, Yeqing Liu, Xinyu Lu, Meiru Chen, Jianlong Dang, Gaowei Zhang, Guang Yang, Aiqin Gao and Yuanqing Xu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060558 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Rhodotorula yeast cultures (RYC) and Bacillus subtilis (BS), alone or in combination, on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in yellow-feathered broilers. A 2 × 2 factorial interaction study was conducted, in [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Rhodotorula yeast cultures (RYC) and Bacillus subtilis (BS), alone or in combination, on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in yellow-feathered broilers. A 2 × 2 factorial interaction study was conducted, in which a total of 192 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were randomly assigned into four treatment groups: CON group, fed a basal diet; BS group, supplemented with 5 × 10⁹ CFU/kg of BS; RYC group, supplemented with 5000 mg/kg of RYC; and RYC + BS group, supplemented with both. During the 56-day experimental period, body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by RYC, BS, or their interaction (p > 0.05). In the jejunum, the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio was significantly increased by the interaction of RYC and BS (p < 0.05). mRNA expression of tight junction proteins (JAM2, TJP1) was significantly upregulated by BS alone (p < 0.05), but this effect was diminished when RYC and BS were combined, indicating an antagonistic interaction between the two supplements. Mucin-2 (MUC2) expression was significantly increased by RYC or BS alone (p < 0.05). In immune function analysis, IgM levels were significantly increased by RYC alone but decreased when RYC and BS were combined (p < 0.05), further highlighting their antagonistic interaction. BS supplementation significantly increased IgG and pro-inflammatory gene expression (TNFA, IL1B, and NFKB1) (p < 0.05), while RYC supplementation reduced IFN-γ and increased anti-inflammatory gene expression (IL10 and MyD88). Cecal microbial analysis revealed increased abundance of g_Bacillus in the BS group, g_norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014 in the RYC group, and g_norank_f__norank_o__norank_c_Clostridia in the BS + RYC group were significantly increased compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that RYC and BS, as dietary supplements, may enhance intestinal health and barrier function in yellow-feathered broilers with minimal effects on growth performance. However, the antagonistic interactions between RYC and BS in modulating immune responses and tight junction protein expression highlight the need for careful consideration when combining these supplements in poultry nutrition strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Between Intestinal Microorganisms and Hosts to Regulate Animal Growth)

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16 pages, 2081 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Pathological Features of Flexural Deformities Associated with Myopathies in Foals

by Maria Pia Pasolini, Luigi Auletta, Davide De Biase, Emanuela Vaccaro, Chiara Del Prete, Chiara Montano, Mariaelena de Chiara, Evaristo Di Napoli, Orlando Paciello and Giuseppe Piegari

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060557 - 6 Jun 2025

Abstract

Flexural deformities (FDs) are a common condition in foals. Therapy is typically initiated without a precise diagnosis, and the etiopathogenesis often remains unknown. This study aimed (1) to investigate the clinical and pathological findings in congenital FD cases in foals and (2) to [...] Read more.

Flexural deformities (FDs) are a common condition in foals. Therapy is typically initiated without a precise diagnosis, and the etiopathogenesis often remains unknown. This study aimed (1) to investigate the clinical and pathological findings in congenital FD cases in foals and (2) to retrospectively describe the abnormalities detected in muscle biopsies of foals affected by CFDs. For these purposes, a retrospective study of the findings of muscle biopsies taken from foals with FDs referred to the Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production at the University of Naples Federico II was performed from January 2005 to February 2024. Anamnesis, physical examination, hematological and biochemical data, along with the findings of histopathological muscle biopsy analysis and follow-up, were recorded. The clinical records of 15 cases of FDs were evaluated. The main clinical symptoms included flexural limb deformities associated with weakness, torticollis and scoliosis, mandibular prognathism, and inferior eyelid entropion. The evaluation of histopathological reports allowed us to observe the following muscle disorders: Core-like myopathy, mild nonspecific myopathy, mitochondrial myopathy, congenital fiber type disproportion, lipid storage myopathy, lipomatous dystrophy, myopathy with inclusion bodies, polysaccharide storage myopathy, and neurogenic myopathy. Even though many cases of FDs were diagnosed through clinical examination and successfully treated, we hypothesize that different underlying etiologies may present with similar flexural symptoms. A better understanding of these underlying causes is, therefore, desirable. These findings suggest that histopathological analysis may be a valuable tool for investigating FDs in foals, although further studies are needed to evaluate the significance of the observed alterations. Full article

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