Molecules

20 pages, 730 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fortification of Durum Wheat Pasta with Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Powder: Physicochemical, Nutraceutical, and Sensory Effects

by Ewelina Zielińska, Paulina Sidor and Urszula Pankiewicz

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020298 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Edible insects are gaining popularity as an alternative food source, highlighting the urgent need for research on their incorporation into traditional food products. This study investigated the impact of incorporating mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) powder (MP) at 2%, 5%, and 10% levels [...] Read more.

Edible insects are gaining popularity as an alternative food source, highlighting the urgent need for research on their incorporation into traditional food products. This study investigated the impact of incorporating mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) powder (MP) at 2%, 5%, and 10% levels on the nutritional, functional, and sensory properties of pasta. Proximate composition, mineral content, color parameters, cooking quality, antioxidant activity and sensory properties were evaluated. Starch digestibility fractions and predicted glycemic index (pGI) were calculated based on in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis. Results showed that 10% MP addition significantly increased protein (1.45-fold) and fat content (12-fold), enriched minerals (Fe, Zn, Mg, K), and improved antioxidant capacity (ABTS⁺·: 1.3-fold; DPPH·: 2.6-fold) and phenolic content (14.4-fold) compared to control. Color analysis revealed a decrease in lightness and an increase in redness, indicating darker tones with higher MP levels. This supplementation reduced rapidly digestible starch and pGI while increasing slowly digestible starch, suggesting benefits for glycemic control. Sensory evaluation revealed no significant differences (p > 0.05) among samples for appearance, color, taste, and overall impression, confirming good acceptability. Overall, MP fortification improved nutritional and functional properties without compromising sensory quality, supporting its application in developing high-protein, health-oriented foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Foods Enriched with Natural Bioactive Compounds)

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15 pages, 4704 KB

Open AccessArticle

Luteolin Inhibits Invasion of Listeria monocytogenes by Interacting with SortaseA and InternalinB

by Junlu Liu, Rui Liu, Hang Pan, Jiahui Lu, Qiong Liu and Guizhen Wang

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020297 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a lethal foodborne intracellular pathogen. Internalins A and B (inlA and inlB) are critical virulence factors that promote LM’s adhesion and invasion into host cells. InlA is covalently anchored to the cell wall by LM SortaseA (SrtA), while inlB [...] Read more.

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a lethal foodborne intracellular pathogen. Internalins A and B (inlA and inlB) are critical virulence factors that promote LM’s adhesion and invasion into host cells. InlA is covalently anchored to the cell wall by LM SortaseA (SrtA), while inlB is anchored to the cell wall via non-covalent bonds. Therefore, inhibiting SrtA and inlB is expected to suppress LM’s adhesion and invasion of host cells, enabling the prevention and control of infections. This study demonstrated that Luteolin inhibited the activity of purified LM SrtA protein in vitro. Interactive mechanism analysis indicated that Luteolin generates interaction with the critical active sites of SrtA, which may affect its binding to its natural substrates, thereby reducing the anchoring of inlA on the cell wall and achieving the inhibition of bacterial adhesion and invasion. In addition, Luteolin binds to the groove at the binding interface between inlB and its host receptor. The key residues in inlB that interact with the host receptor form weak interactions (Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions) with Luteolin, this binding may inhibit their binding, suppressing LM’s adhesion and invasion of host cells. At the tested concentrations, Luteolin did not affect the growth of LM, but remarkably reduced the mortality and alleviated the infection symptoms of LM-infected Galleria mellonella. These results provide additional theoretical evidence for the application of Luteolin in the prevention and control of LM infections, which is expected to accelerate its application progress. Full article

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18 pages, 1034 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Activities of Jacquemontia pentantha Essential Oils

by Noorah A. Alkubaisi, Mashail Fahad Alsayed, Hissah Abdulrahman Alodaini, Fuad Alanazi, Abdulhadi M. Abdulwahed and Ibrahim M. Aziz

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020296 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don. (Convolvulaceae): This is a plant with rich ethnobotanical uses, but its essential oil (EO) composition and overall biological properties remain largely uninvestigated. In this research, the J. pentantha EO (JPEO) is characterized in a thorough manner, [...] Read more.

Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) G. Don. (Convolvulaceae): This is a plant with rich ethnobotanical uses, but its essential oil (EO) composition and overall biological properties remain largely uninvestigated. In this research, the J. pentantha EO (JPEO) is characterized in a thorough manner, with an evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties, aiming to provide scientific support for ethnobotanical uses, as well as the definition of new potentialities. The EOs were isolated from the aerial part of the plant via hydrodistillation, and a qualitative analysis of the components was carried out via GC–MS. The biological properties were investigated by means of standard in vitro assays: namely, DPPH and ABTS for the measurement of antioxidant activity, the disk diffusion technique, and the microbroth dilution assay for the evaluation of antimicrobial activity against six bacterial species, as well as for the assessment of the activity against five species of Candida fungi, whereas the cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cells was assessed using the MTT assay. Preliminary characterization of the EOs via GC/MS revealed a particular “chemical profile” with a high concentration of himachalene-type sesquiterpenes, namely, β-himachalene (6.47%) and (+)-α-himachalene (6.46%), together with phenolic monoterpenoids. The EOs showed significant antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 172.41 and 378.94 µg/mL, respectively), high phenolic content (97.34 mg GAE/g), and significant antibacterial activity (MIC = 4.68 µg/mL), especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as against Candida albicans (MFC = 3.90 µg/mL), together with dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on the two cell lines, with IC₅₀ = 161.62 and 151.87 µg/mL, respectively. This research indicates that the EO of this plant is a potential source of a certain “chemical profile” with noteworthy antibacterial and cytotoxic properties, thus providing scientific support for its ethnobotanical use and highlighting its particular potential for developing pharmaceutical agents against infections and cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Essential Oils and Other Extracts: From Extraction to Application Second Edition)

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7 pages, 528 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Bioactivity of Natural Compounds: From Plants to Humans

by Guglielmina Froldi

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020295 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Thanks to advancements in biochemistry, biology, and pathology, natural products (NPs) continue to be a subject of intense scientific investigation [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactivity of Natural Compounds: From Plants to Humans)

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9 pages, 865 KB

Open AccessArticle

Two New Andrastin-Type Meroterpenoids from Marine Sponge-Derived Fungus Botryosporium sp. S5I2-1

by Hui-Xian Liang, Wan-Ying Guo, Shi-Hai Xu and Bing-Xin Zhao

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020294 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Botryomeroterpenoids A (1) and B (2), two new andrastin-type meroterpenoids, along with two known analogues (3 and 4), were isolated from sponge-derived fungus Botryosporium sp. S5I2-1. Their structures were characterized by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Meanwhile, the absolute [...] Read more.

Botryomeroterpenoids A (1) and B (2), two new andrastin-type meroterpenoids, along with two known analogues (3 and 4), were isolated from sponge-derived fungus Botryosporium sp. S5I2-1. Their structures were characterized by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Meanwhile, the absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were elucidated by comparing experimental and calculated ECD spectra. Compounds 1 and 2 were the first examples of andrastin-type meroterpenoids isolated from this genus, especially Compound 1 which represented the initial instance of 18-norandrastin-type meroterpenoids. Furthermore, the antibacterial activities of all compounds were also evaluated. However, the results indicated that these compounds showed no significant inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 32–64 μg/mL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Microorganisms and Their Bioactive Secondary Metabolites: From Nature to Application)

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21 pages, 10396 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physicochemical Characteristics of Potato Starch Extrudates Enriched with Edible Oils

by Marzena Włodarczyk-Stasiak, Małgorzata Jurak and Agnieszka Ewa Wiącek

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020293 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Starch systems and their extrudates can be used as edible films, carriers, and encapsulants for bioactive substances in various industries, primarily the food, medicine, and pharmacy industries. Using appropriate modification methods, it is possible to alter their physicochemical properties to improve specific functional [...] Read more.

Starch systems and their extrudates can be used as edible films, carriers, and encapsulants for bioactive substances in various industries, primarily the food, medicine, and pharmacy industries. Using appropriate modification methods, it is possible to alter their physicochemical properties to improve specific functional parameters, thereby enhancing their application potential. The aim of this study was to characterize potato starch extrudates enriched with two types of edible oils (rapeseed or sunflower) at concentrations of 3%, 6%, and 9%. Chemical modification was carried out using K₂CO₃ as a catalyst. The structure of native and modified starch extrudates was examined using optical/confocal microscopy, FTIR, and LTNA (low-temperature nitrogen adsorption). Analogous starch dispersions were studied using static and dynamic light scattering, SLS/DLS, nephelometric methods, and electrophoretic mobility measurements to determine surface charge levels and stability. Additionally, viscosity curves were determined as a function of time and temperature. It was found that starch extrudates with 6% sunflower oil content showed optimal functional properties, characterized by greater stability, higher structural order, and better oil complexation. These findings directly translate into significant potential applications, including the development of functional products in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chitosan, Chitosan Derivatives, Polysaccharides and Their Applications—3rd Edition)

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Graphical abstract

20 pages, 2244 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Calculation of the pH Values of Aqueous Systems Containing Carbonic Acid and Significance for Natural Waters, Following (Near-)Exact and Approximated Solutions: The Importance of the Boundary Conditions

by Arianna Rosso and Davide Vione

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020292 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Calculating the pH values of carbonic acid solutions is an important task in studies of chemical equilibria in freshwater systems, with applications to environmental chemistry, geology, and hydrology. These pH values are also highly relevant in the context of climate change, since increasing [...] Read more.

Calculating the pH values of carbonic acid solutions is an important task in studies of chemical equilibria in freshwater systems, with applications to environmental chemistry, geology, and hydrology. These pH values are also highly relevant in the context of climate change, since increasing atmospheric CO₂ affects the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid, collectively denoted as [H₂CO₃*] = [H₂CO_3(aq)] + [CO_2(aq)]. Solving equilibrium systems to obtain analytical functions is particularly useful when such functions are required, for example, in data fitting. We show here that, although exact or near-exact solutions typically result in third- to fourth-order equations that must be solved numerically, reasonable approximations can be derived that lead to analytical second-order equations. In this framework, the chosen approximations need to meet the boundary conditions of the systems, particularly for c_T → 0 and for high c_T values (where c_T = [H₂CO₃*] + [HCO₃⁻] + [CO₃²⁻]). Finally, we provide exact solutions for a closed system containing both H₂CO₃* and alkalinity, which enables the description of virtually any aquatic environment without assuming equilibrium with atmospheric CO₂. Implications for pH calculations in natural waters are also briefly discussed. Full article

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15 pages, 2249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mutagenic Potentials of DNA Interstrand Cross-Links Induced by 7,8-Dihydro-8-Oxoadenine

by Lillian F. Schmaltz, Nestor Rodriguez and Seongmin Lee

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020291 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are among the most cytotoxic forms of DNA damage, arising when the two strands of the DNA helix are covalently linked by crosslink-inducing agents such as bifunctional alkylating agents and reactive aldehydes. Several studies have demonstrated that ICLs can [...] Read more.

DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) are among the most cytotoxic forms of DNA damage, arising when the two strands of the DNA helix are covalently linked by crosslink-inducing agents such as bifunctional alkylating agents and reactive aldehydes. Several studies have demonstrated that ICLs can also be induced by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We previously reported that under oxidative conditions, the major oxidative adenine lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoadenine (oxoA) can efficiently generate a novel class of oxoA-G ICLs, structurally resembling guanine–guanine (G–G) cross-links that can be induced by reactive nitrogen species. To investigate the mutagenic potential of these oxidation-induced ICLs in cells, we employed a SupF-based mutagenesis assay using bacterial cells. A single site-specific oxoA–G ICL was synthesized and incorporated into a plasmid, which was then introduced into an E. coli reporter strain to assess mutation profiles induced by both oxoA and oxoA–G ICLs. Our results show that oxoA–G ICLs cause A-to-C/T and G-to-C transversion mutations at the oxoA-G cross-link site, demonstrating highly promutagenic nature of the lesion in bacterial cells. We propose that the oxoA–G ICL may promote transversion mutations, likely driven by a syn conformer of unhooked oxoA-G ICL repair intermediates during translesion synthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioorganic Chemistry)

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20 pages, 1586 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preferential Solvation of Zwitterionic Benzo-[f]-Quinolinium Ylids in Binary Solvent Mixtures: Spectral Study and Quantum Chemical Calculations

by Mihaela Iuliana Avadanei, Ovidiu Gabriel Avadanei and Dana Ortansa Dorohoi

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020290 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

Three derivatives of benzo-[f]-quinolinium ylids, which all underwent an intermolecular charge transfer process, were used as solvatochromic indicators to study the specific solvent–solute interactions in binary mixtures of protic–aprotic solvents with different molar ratios. The microenvironment around the solute molecules was observed via [...] Read more.

Three derivatives of benzo-[f]-quinolinium ylids, which all underwent an intermolecular charge transfer process, were used as solvatochromic indicators to study the specific solvent–solute interactions in binary mixtures of protic–aprotic solvents with different molar ratios. The microenvironment around the solute molecules was observed via electronic absorption spectroscopy and was analyzed by employing solvation models and quantum chemical calculations. The spectral analysis suggested that the solute was preferentially solvated by the polar protic solvent, indicating a lack of synergy between the two solvents. The solvation microsphere was progressively occupied by the protic solvent, on the basis of specific solute–solvent interactions. By modeling the 1:2 (solute-coordinating solvent) complexes with explicit solvents, the binding energy for complex formation was estimated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Chemistry)

11 pages, 1001 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stereoselective Synthesis and Structural Confirmation of All Four 8-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol Stereoisomers

by Kei Ieuji, Kayo Nakamura and Hideyo Takahashi

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020289 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), a hydrogenated derivative of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid marketed as an alternative to Δ⁹-THC. Its hydroxylated metabolite, 8-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (8-OH-HHC), exists as four stereoisomers: (6aR,8R,9R,10aR), (6a [...] Read more.

Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC), a hydrogenated derivative of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC), is a semi-synthetic cannabinoid marketed as an alternative to Δ⁹-THC. Its hydroxylated metabolite, 8-hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol (8-OH-HHC), exists as four stereoisomers: (6aR,8R,9R,10aR), (6aR,8S,9S,10aR), (6aR,8S,9R,10aR), and (6aR,8R,9S,10aR). However, the lack of reference standards has hindered pharmacokinetic and forensic studies. This work reports the first stereoselective synthesis and structural confirmation of all four 8-OH-HHC stereoisomers. Two strategies were employed: hydroboration–oxidation and epoxidation–reduction. Hydroboration of Δ⁸-THC with BH₃·THF followed by oxidation predominantly produced anti-isomers (6aR,8R,9R,10aR) and (6aR,8S,9S,10aR) in moderate yields, along with small amounts of syn-isomer (6aR,8S,9R,10aR), suggesting an atypical mechanistic pathway. In contrast, syn-isomers (6aR,8S,9R,10aR) and (6aR,8R,9S,10aR) were accessed via epoxidation of Δ⁸-THC acetate using mCPBA and subsequent reduction with NaBH₃CN/BF₃·OEt₂, affording the desired products with moderate selectivity. Absolute configurations were confirmed by nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). These methods will facilitate future pharmacokinetic and forensic research and support the development of improved detection strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Organic Synthesis to Bioactive Compounds, 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 1166 KB

Open AccessArticle

Quercetin-Loaded Zein/Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation for Enhanced Stability and Antioxidant Activity

by Haiqi Yu, Wanjun Chen, Yuhong Su, Mengdie Mo, Fei Yu and Xiaodong Chen

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020288 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

As a natural flavonoid compound, quercetin possesses excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activities. However, the poor water solubility and sensitivity to the environment severely limit the application of quercetin. Initially, quercetin-loaded zein/carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (ZCQ NPs) were prepared using an anti-solvent precipitation method. [...] Read more.

As a natural flavonoid compound, quercetin possesses excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic activities. However, the poor water solubility and sensitivity to the environment severely limit the application of quercetin. Initially, quercetin-loaded zein/carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (ZCQ NPs) were prepared using an anti-solvent precipitation method. The fabricated ZCQ NPs exhibited a small particle size and polydispersity index (PDI). The ZCQ NPs had a negative zeta potential with an absolute value of 41.50 ± 1.76 mV. ZCQ NPs could remain highly stable against light, heat and ion strength. In addition, ZCQ NPs maintained good monodispersity and displayed minimal changes in particle size under long-term storage conditions. Additionally, a superior antioxidant capacity of ZCQ NPs was also observed in the free radical and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging study compared to that of free quercetin. All these results of this study suggest that ZCQ NPs could serve as an effective drug delivery system for encapsulating and delivering quercetin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Chemistry)

42 pages, 1675 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Insights into Protein-Polyphenol Complexes: Molecular Mechanisms, Processing Technologies, Synergistic Bioactivities, and Food Applications

by Hoang Duy Huynh, Thanh Huong Tran Thi, Thanh Xuan Tran Thi, Parushi Nargotra, Hui-Min David Wang, Yung-Chuan Liu and Chia-Hung Kuo

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020287 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

Modifying proteins through grafting with polyphenols has received much attention recently due to its immense application potential. This stems from the formation of protein-polyphenol complexes, altering the structural and functional properties of the constituent molecules. In food systems, the interaction between proteins and [...] Read more.

Modifying proteins through grafting with polyphenols has received much attention recently due to its immense application potential. This stems from the formation of protein-polyphenol complexes, altering the structural and functional properties of the constituent molecules. In food systems, the interaction between proteins and polyphenols, including covalent and non-covalent binding, represents a green, simple, and effective strategy to transform difficult-to-process protein sources into high-value functional ingredients. In addition, the complexes formed can increase stability, biological activity, and bioavailability of polyphenols, thereby expanding their applications. Gaining insight into protein-polyphenol complexes is essential for developing novel complexes, formulations, and other applications utilizing protein and natural polyphenols. Thus, this review outlines the binding affinities and interaction mechanisms, explains factors affecting complex formation, revisits structural modulation of protein, modern processing technologies, and systematically discusses the synergistic bioactivities of the resulting complexes. We also discuss strategies to address the applications of protein–polyphenol complexes for developing functional food products with prolonged shelf life. These applications can be expanded to other industrial areas, such as pharmaceuticals and material engineering, contributing towards better nutritional quality, beneficial healthy aspects, and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in the Valorization of Food, Agricultural By-Products and Waste, 2nd Edition)

13 pages, 750 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thorough Characterization of Two Sessein Derivatives with Potential Biological Activity

by Abraham Gómez-Rivera, Cristian Octavio Barredo-Hernández, Santiago Santos-Vázquez, Carlos Ernesto Lobato-García, Ammy Joana Gallegos-García, Ricardo López-Rodríguez, Laura Alvarez, Ma Dolores Pérez-García, Manasés González-Cortazar, Jorge Luis Torres-López and Eric Jaziel Medrano-Sánchez

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020286 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

The diterpene sessein, isolated from Salvia sessei, is a metabolite of interest due to its conjugated p-quinone system, δ-lactone ring, and phenolic hydroxyl in C-12. These functionalities make it an ideal starting point for reactivity studies and semi-synthetic derivatization. In [...] Read more.

The diterpene sessein, isolated from Salvia sessei, is a metabolite of interest due to its conjugated p-quinone system, δ-lactone ring, and phenolic hydroxyl in C-12. These functionalities make it an ideal starting point for reactivity studies and semi-synthetic derivatization. In this work, we report the obtainment of two derivatives by selective esterification of phenolic hydroxyl in C-12, through acetylation and benzoylation reactions under mild conditions and with high yields. The structures were characterized by UPLC-MS, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy ¹H, ¹³C, and 2D, which allowed to precisely confirm the modifications made in the derivatives. These results confirm that hydroxyl in C-12 constitutes a privileged site of reactivity within the royleanone family, consolidating sessein as a versatile nucleus for the generation of derivatives. Finally, the preliminary evaluation of the antimicrobial activity showed that sessein shows a broad spectrum of action against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and Candida albicans strains. The acetylated derivative showed an increase in activity against gram-negative bacteria, while the benzoyl derivative had a loss of effect at the concentrations evaluated. These findings demonstrate that structural modifications influence the properties of the derivatives with respect to the compound sessein. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Natural Products and Their Biological Activities—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 764 KB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing in the Swimming Crab Portunus trituberculatus

by Xiaopeng Wang, Xuhao Chen, Yueyue Zhou, Yun Zhao, Ce Shi, Ronghua Li, Lei Liu, Changkao Mu, Weiwei Song and Chunlin Wang

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020285 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

Portunus trituberculatus is an economically important marine crustacean in East Asia’s aquaculture industry. Nevertheless, precise genome modification has not yet been established. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system in P. trituberculatus using electroporation for efficient delivery [...] Read more.

Portunus trituberculatus is an economically important marine crustacean in East Asia’s aquaculture industry. Nevertheless, precise genome modification has not yet been established. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system in P. trituberculatus using electroporation for efficient delivery of the Cas9-sgRNA complex into zygotes. We systematically investigated electroporation parameters, including buffer composition, voltage, capacitance, and pulse times. Our results showed that artificial seawater was a superior buffer to phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and identified an effective electroporation condition of 600 V, 1 μF capacitance, and two pulses, resulting in approximately 72.7% fluorescent zygotes. Under these electroporated conditions, we detected gene indels and putative insertion events at the targeted locus of myostatin (mstn) gene. These results demonstrate the feasibility of Cas9-based genome editing in P. trituberculatus and provide a proof-of-concept for functional genomics studies and future genetic improvement of this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology and Biomass Valorization)

13 pages, 4553 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Mechanical Properties of Carboxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene (CTPB) Binder System Using a Cure Accelerator

by Xiao Qu, Peixuan Hu, Xinyi Ma, Yunfei Liu, Hongtao Yang, Wei Zhang and Yu Chen

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020284 (registering DOI) - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

To address the issues of slow curing rate, post-curing reactions, and suboptimal mechanical properties in the carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB)/epoxy resin (EP) binder system used for solid propellants, this study optimized the curing system by introducing 593 aliphatic amine compounds containing primary and secondary [...] Read more.

To address the issues of slow curing rate, post-curing reactions, and suboptimal mechanical properties in the carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB)/epoxy resin (EP) binder system used for solid propellants, this study optimized the curing system by introducing 593 aliphatic amine compounds containing primary and secondary amine groups as a cure accelerator. It is found that the incorporation of the cure accelerator improved the fracture strength and elongation at break of the CTPB/EP binder system. With the addition of 0.3 wt.% cure accelerator, the tensile fracture strength increased to 0.37 MPa, while the elongation at break reached 655%. Moreover, augmenting the quantity of cure accelerator can substantially elevate the crosslink density and gel fraction of the binder system. When the addition reaches 0.3 wt.%, the crosslink density is 4.3 × 10⁻⁴ mol/cm³. Further studies showed that 593 cure accelerator reduced the activation energy of the curing reaction of the CTPB/EP binder system, with higher levels of cure accelerator resulting in lower activation energy. This study established a preparation methodology for a CTPB/EP binder system with high elongation and tensile strength. These findings provide a solid scientific foundation for the application of CTPB-based binder systems in solid propellants. Full article

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12 pages, 1783 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Fluorophore-Bound l-Tryptophan Derivative for Evaluating Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Activity by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection: An In Vivo Microdialysis Study Using Rat Kidney

by Mayu Onozato, Reika Aoki, Mai Yamaguchi, Honoka Fujimoto, Tatsuya Sakamoto and Takeshi Fukushima

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020283 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

Evaluating the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, is important because IDO is involved in immune tolerance and drives the production of Trp metabolites implicated in psychiatric disorders and cancer. This study aimed to design and develop [...] Read more.

Evaluating the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan (Trp) metabolism, is important because IDO is involved in immune tolerance and drives the production of Trp metabolites implicated in psychiatric disorders and cancer. This study aimed to design and develop a novel fluorescent l-Trp derivative to fluorometrically monitor Trp-catabolizing enzyme activity via IDO. To evaluate IDO activity in vivo, 7-N,N-dimethylamino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DBD), a fluorophore, was covalently bound at the 5-position of the indole ring in Trp to produce 5-DBD-l-Trp. An in vivo microdialysis (MD) study was conducted using the kidneys of Sprague–Dawley rats. Specifically, 5.0 μM 5-DBD-l-Trp in phosphate-buffered Ringer’s solution was infused into the rats, and the MD sample was analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. In the MD sample, two fluorescence peaks other than 5-DBD-l-Trp were observed during the 5-DBD-l-Trp infusion, and the main metabolite peak was proposed to be 5-DBD-kynurenine, verified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The intensity of the fluorescent peak was significantly attenuated by co-infusion with an IDO inhibitor, 1-methyl-d-Trp. These results suggest that 5-DBD-l-Trp may be metabolized by renal IDO and can be used to evaluate IDO activity in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical Chemistry in Asia, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Screening for Peptides to Bind and Functionally Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Fusion Peptide Using Mirrored Combinatorial Phage Display and Human Proteomic Phage Display

by Ajay Pal, Neeladri Sekhar Roy, Matthew Angeliadis, Priyanka Madhu, Sophie O’Reilly, Indrani Bera, Nathan Francois, Aisling Lynch, Virginie Gautier, Marc Devocelle, David J. O’Connell and Denis C. Shields

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020282 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

To identify pancoronaviral inhibitors, we sought to identify peptides that bound the evolutionarily conserved SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide (FP). We screened the NEB PhD-7-mer random combinatorial phage display library against FP, synthesised as a D-peptide, to identify peptides from the L-library to be [...] Read more.

To identify pancoronaviral inhibitors, we sought to identify peptides that bound the evolutionarily conserved SARS-CoV-2 spike fusion peptide (FP). We screened the NEB PhD-7-mer random combinatorial phage display library against FP, synthesised as a D-peptide, to identify peptides from the L-library to be synthesised as proteolytically resistant D peptides. We selected the top ten peptides that were not seen in another published screen with this library, as these were more likely to be specific. All ten D-peptides had no impact on the infection of Vero-E6/TMPRSS2 cells by SARS-CoV-2. Screening of a proteomic-derived phage display library from the disordered regions of human proteins identified two overlapping 14mer peptides from a region of OTUD1. While a synthetic peptide based on their sequences failed to markedly inhibit viral entry, molecular dynamics structural modelling highlighted a stable binding mode where positive residues on one side of the OTUD1 helix interacted with hydrophobic residues of the FP triple-helical wedge. Thus, while the two phage display strategies failed to yield peptide sequences that are themselves strong inhibitors of viral infection, they led to the development of a computational model that can underpin future designs of potential pancoronaviral FP disruptors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineered Peptides and Proteins as Potential Therapeutic Agents)

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19 pages, 1528 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Expression of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases for Enhanced Accumulation of Punicic Acid-Enriched Triacylglycerols in Yarrowia lipolytica

by Veronika Hambalko, Simona Vevericová, Jaroslav Hambalko, Vladimír Štefuca, Peter Gajdoš and Milan Čertík

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020281 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

Punicic acid is an uncommon ω-5 conjugated fatty acid with significant biological activity, mainly found in pomegranate seed oil. Due to limited natural availability, heterologous production of punicic acid in oleaginous yeasts offers a sustainable alternative. In this study, Yarrowia lipolytica was engineered [...] Read more.

Punicic acid is an uncommon ω-5 conjugated fatty acid with significant biological activity, mainly found in pomegranate seed oil. Due to limited natural availability, heterologous production of punicic acid in oleaginous yeasts offers a sustainable alternative. In this study, Yarrowia lipolytica was engineered for punicic acid biosynthesis by expressing the PgFADX gene from Punica granatum and subsequently modified to evaluate the influence of distinct diacylglycerol acyltransferases on punicic acid accumulation. The effects of seven acyltransferases, originating from P. granatum or Y. lipolytica, were compared under various cultivation conditions. The PgDGAT1 enzyme demonstrated the most favorable balance between total lipid content and punicic acid accumulation. Medium containing crude glycerol as a low-cost carbon source was initially tested in flask experiments with punicic acid accumulation in yeast cells of 129 mg/L. Further optimization of crude glycerol medium and subsequent scale-up experiments confirmed the potential of crude glycerol as an effective substrate, yielding up to 147.8 mg/L of punicic acid. Overall, this work identifies key enzymatic determinants for efficient punicic acid biosynthesis and supports Y. lipolytica as a robust host for the sustainable production of conjugated fatty acids from waste substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress on Functional Lipids and Their Applications in Health Food Systems)

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21 pages, 1207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Yeast as a By-Product from Wine and Beer Production: Comparative Evaluation of Physico-Chemical Composition

by Ionuț Avrămia, Adriana Dabija, Mircea Oroian, Larisa Caisin, Vitalii Agapii, Aurelian Rotaru and Ancuta Chetrariu

Molecules 2026, 31(2), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31020280 - 13 Jan 2026

Abstract

The trend toward sustainable protein substitutes is driven by growing concerns about food security, sustainability, and human health. Spent brewer’s yeast and wine lees are two by-products of the beer and wine industry with high potential, owing to their complex composition, which remains [...] Read more.

The trend toward sustainable protein substitutes is driven by growing concerns about food security, sustainability, and human health. Spent brewer’s yeast and wine lees are two by-products of the beer and wine industry with high potential, owing to their complex composition, which remains insufficiently exploited. The purpose of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the two by-products under two different drying techniques to observe if there are significant changes in composition: oven-drying and freeze-drying. Two samples of wine lees from producers in the Republic of Moldova were used—Asconi Winery and Cricova Winery (Republic of Moldova)—as well as a sample of spent brewer’s yeast offered by Efes Vitanta Moldova Brewery. The samples were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity (total polyphenol content (TPC), individual polyphenol content, and DPPH assay scavenging activity), color, mineral content, structural composition (FT-IR analysis), and microstructure, as well as organic acid and B vitamin content. The highest protein content was recorded in the samples from Cricova (45.35–46.81%). Regarding the polyphenols, the oven-dried Efes sample exhibited a TPC value of 3.98 mg GAE/g, while the highest DPPH value of 88.92% was observed in the Asconi sample. All analyzed samples showed a diverse composition of individual phenolic compounds, including 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, and rosmarinic acid. Wine lees samples have the highest content of B vitamins, with vitamin B3 being the most abundant across all samples, followed by vitamin B6. The microstructural examination revealed autolyzed yeast cells, with more permeable cell walls, favorable to subsequent valorization treatments, and in some cases, cells form clusters in a mother-daughter junction due to serial re-pitching. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Re-Valorization of Waste and Food Co-Products)

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