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Time Series Changes of Surficial Sediments on Eastern Ship Shoal, Louisiana Shelf
Attentive Neural Processes for Few-Shot Learning Anomaly-Based Vessel Localization Using Magnetic Sensor Data
CAD Model Reconstruction by Generative Design of an iQFoil Olympic Class Foiling Windsurfing Wing

Journal Description

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on marine science and engineering, published monthly online by MDPI. The Australia New Zealand Marine Biotechnology Society (ANZMBS) is affiliated with JMSE and its members receive discounts on the article processing charges.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed with Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, GeoRef, Inspec, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Marine) / CiteScore - Q2 (Ocean Engineering)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 15.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 1.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Journal Clusters of Water Resources: Water, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Hydrology, Resources, Oceans, Limnological Review, Coasts.

Impact Factor: 2.8 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 2.8 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2077-1312

Latest Articles

22 pages, 6476 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tropical Cyclone-Induced Temperature Response in China’s Coastal Seas: Characteristics and Comparison with the Open Ocean

by Haixia Chen, Yuhao Liu, Qiyuzi Lu and Shoude Guan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2319; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122319 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2025

Tropical cyclones (TCs) induce pronounced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling, which strongly influences their intensity. Accurate prediction of TC intensity is particularly important in coastal regions where landfall occurs. While SST cooling has been extensively studied in the open ocean, its characteristics in [...] Read more.

Tropical cyclones (TCs) induce pronounced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling, which strongly influences their intensity. Accurate prediction of TC intensity is particularly important in coastal regions where landfall occurs. While SST cooling has been extensively studied in the open ocean, its characteristics in coastal seas remain less understood. Using satellite and reanalysis data from 2004 to 2021, this study systematically characterizes SST cooling in China’s coastal seas—the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, Taiwan Strait, and northern South China Sea—and compares the cooling with adjacent offshore regions. Composite analyses of about 6300 TC track points reveal that coastal SST cooling shows significant differences relative to their offshore cooling. Regionally, the Yellow Sea exhibits significantly stronger coastal cooling (−2.5 °C vs. −1.8 °C), whereas the Taiwan Strait shows weaker coastal cooling. Further analyses using a statistical subsampling method reveal that coastal–offshore cooling differences result from the combined effects of TC attributes and pre-TC oceanic conditions, with temperature stratification exerting the dominant control. Furthermore, an increasing trend in coastal cooling is linked to enhanced temperature stratification. These findings highlight the critical role of pre-TC temperature structure in modulating coastal SST responses, with implications for improving intensity forecasts and risk assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ocean Dynamics Observed by Remote Sensing and Numeric Models in Tropical Cyclone and Polar Region)

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27 pages, 1070 KB

Open AccessArticle

PN Sequence Period Estimation Method for Underwater Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals Under Low SNR

by Yuanxin Teng, Yilin Wang, Yu Xiang, Jinjin Wang, Guolong Liang, Yu Hao and Jin Fu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2318; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122318 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2025

In non-cooperative DSSS signal reception, the accurate estimation of the pseudo-noise (PN) sequence period is essential for successful despreading and information recovery. In this paper, we propose an average second-order-moment autocorrelation method based on the accumulated code difference function to enhance the estimation [...] Read more.

In non-cooperative DSSS signal reception, the accurate estimation of the pseudo-noise (PN) sequence period is essential for successful despreading and information recovery. In this paper, we propose an average second-order-moment autocorrelation method based on the accumulated code difference function to enhance the estimation accuracy under low-signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) conditions. The proposed approach involves three key aspects: First, a quadrature receiver is employed to mitigate the impact of the random initial phase on demodulation, enabling the full utilization of the signal energy. Second, a code difference function is constructed using transition information between adjacent spreading codes, and by leveraging the strong correlation between these functions, accumulated processing effectively suppresses the noise influence. Third, the autocorrelation result of the accumulated code difference function displays periodic peaks separated by intervals equal to the PN sequence period, allowing for period estimation through peak interval extraction. In addition, the introduced average-second-order-moment technique addresses the peak loss caused by information code randomness while further smoothing noise. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method, which outperformed the average-second-order-moment method by about 1.5 dB and the accumulated-power-spectrum-reprocessing method by about 2 dB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

21 pages, 5733 KB

Open AccessArticle

Salinity Distribution as a Hydrogeological Limit in a Karstic Watershed in Yucatan

by Iris Neri-Flores, Ojilve Ramón Medrano-Pérez, Flor Arcega-Cabrera, Ismael Mariño-Tapia, César Canul-Macario and Pedro Agustín Robledo-Ardila

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2317; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122317 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2025

In coastal regions, the interaction between freshwater and seawater creates a dynamic system in which the spatial distribution of salinity critically constrains the use of freshwater for human consumption. Although saline intrusion is a globally widespread phenomenon, its inland extent varies significantly with [...] Read more.

In coastal regions, the interaction between freshwater and seawater creates a dynamic system in which the spatial distribution of salinity critically constrains the use of freshwater for human consumption. Although saline intrusion is a globally widespread phenomenon, its inland extent varies significantly with hydrological conditions, posing a persistent threat to groundwater quality and sustainability. This study aimed to characterize salinity distribution using an integrated karst-watershed approach, thereby enabling the identification of both lateral and vertical salinity gradients. The study area is in the northwestern Yucatan Peninsula. Available hydrogeological data were analyzed to determine aquifer type, soil texture, evidence of saline intrusion, seawater fraction, vadose zone thickness, and field measurements. These included sampling from 42 groundwater sites (open sinkholes and dug wells), which indicated a fringe zone approximately 5 km in size influenced by seawater interaction, in mangrove areas and in three key zones of salinity patterns: west of Mérida (Celestun and Chunchumil), and northern Yucatan (Sierra Papacal, Motul, San Felipe). Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and conductivity profiling in two piezometers indicated an apparent seawater influence. The interface was detected at a depth of 28 m in Celestun and 18 m in Chunchumil. These depths may serve as hydrogeological thresholds for freshwater abstraction. Results indicate that saltwater can extend several kilometers inland, a factor to consider when evaluating freshwater availability. This issue is particularly critical within the first 20 km from the coastline, where increasing tourism exerts substantial pressure on groundwater reserves. A coastal-to-inland salinity was identified, and an empirical equation was proposed to estimate the seawater fraction (fsea%) as a function of distance from the shoreline in the Cenote Ring trajectory. Vertically, a four-layer model was identified in this study through VES in the western watershed: an unsaturated zone approximately 2.6 m thick, a confined layer in the coastal Celestun profile about 9 m thick, a freshwater lens floating above a brackish layer between 8 and 25 m, and a saline interface at 37 m depth. The novelty of this study, in analyzing all karstic water surfaces together as a system, including the vadose zone and the aquifer, and considering the interactions with the surface, is highlighted by the strength of this approach. This analysis provides a better understanding and more precise insight into the integrated system than analyzing each component separately. These findings have significant implications for water resource management in karst regions such as Yucatan, underscoring the urgent need for sustainable groundwater management practices to address seawater intrusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Karst Systems: Hydrogeology and Marine Environmental Dynamics)

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19 pages, 3456 KB

Open AccessArticle

A 3D Structure Extraction Method from Multi-Depth Ocean Temperature Data

by Xudong Luo, Xin Fu, Zhoushun Han, Jianing Yu, Hengcai Zhang, Zhenghe Xu and Yu Wu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2316; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122316 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2025

Understanding subsurface temperature-transition structures is essential for interpreting upper-ocean stratification; however, most existing methods rely on two-dimensional profiles and fail to resolve the full three-dimensional geometry of temperature anomalies. This study proposes the Three-Dimensional Ocean Temperature Structure Extraction method (3D-OTSE), a flexible data-driven [...] Read more.

Understanding subsurface temperature-transition structures is essential for interpreting upper-ocean stratification; however, most existing methods rely on two-dimensional profiles and fail to resolve the full three-dimensional geometry of temperature anomalies. This study proposes the Three-Dimensional Ocean Temperature Structure Extraction method (3D-OTSE), a flexible data-driven framework that identifies coherent three-dimensional thermal-transition features directly from multi-depth ocean temperature fields. The method defines a Temperature-Contrast Index (TCI) based on local three-dimensional temperature differences, determines an adaptive threshold from the curvature of the TCI distribution, and employs 3D DBSCAN to extract volumetric structures. Rather than assuming a thermocline, 3D-OTSE detects a wide range of vertical temperature anomalies—including thermoclines, inverse thermoclines, and multilayer transitions—according to their spatial organization in the data. Applying this method to the South China Sea Basin (SCS) can reconstruct thermocline-like structures that conform to large-scale regional patterns and can also capture complex lateral variations that are difficult to detect by traditional profile diagnosis methods. The region-adaptive threshold enables this framework to adapt to inhomogeneous formation states and spatio-temporal scales. In general, 3D-OTSE provides a universal, parameter-adaptive tool for finding three-dimensional underground temperature anomaly layers, supplements perspectives for traditional methods, and lays the foundation for future multivariate and time-varying applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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34 pages, 2106 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Wake Flow on the Ice Accretion Morphology and Distribution of Twin-Cylinder Structures

by Lingxin Tang, Xu Bai, Daolei Wu, Yukui Tian, Xuhao Gang and Baolong Lin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2315; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122315 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2025

Ice accretion on arctic vessels and offshore platforms poses serious threats to navigation and operational safety. Existing research has primarily focused on isolated structures. This study employs a combined approach of numerical simulation and experimental validation. It systematically investigates the icing characteristics of [...] Read more.

Ice accretion on arctic vessels and offshore platforms poses serious threats to navigation and operational safety. Existing research has primarily focused on isolated structures. This study employs a combined approach of numerical simulation and experimental validation. It systematically investigates the icing characteristics of tandem twin-cylinders in wake flow fields. This configuration is common yet rarely studied in real marine environments. The model employs two identical cylinders arranged in tandem. It examines the effects of wind speed, distance, diameter, and wind direction angle on ice accretion morphology and distribution. Validation was conducted through wind tunnel tests at 5 m/s wind speed and 2.0 g/m³ liquid water content. Results demonstrate a significant shielding effect from the upstream cylinder wake. As wind speed increases, the ice mass difference between upstream and downstream cylinders widens. Ice mass shows a nonlinear relationship with distance. Minimum ice accretion on the downstream cylinder occurs at 350–450 mm distance. This results from wake pattern transition. The shielding effect exhibits strong nonlinear dependence on wind direction angle. A deviation of 8.2° increases total ice mass by 242.5%. Multivariable analysis confirms these nonlinear mechanisms persist under coupled distance–wind speed variations. This study provides the first systematic revelation of twin-cylinder icing mechanisms in wake flow fields. It offers a validated predictive tool for anti-icing design of arctic marine structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Marine Engineering Hydrodynamics, 2nd Edition)

22 pages, 8713 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Characteristics of the South Yellow Sea Foreland Basin and Its Tectonic Evolution

by Hong Xu, Yazeng Ma, Guangyou Zhu, Dapeng Su, Baohua Lei, Guoqing Zhang, Bolin Zhang, Weiwei Zhang and Wei Yan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122314 (registering DOI) - 6 Dec 2025

The first oil and gas well in the South Yellow Sea Basin was completed in 1961. In 1984, 2.45 tons of light oil were obtained from the Cenozoic strata. However, it remains the only large oil and gas basin in China’s offshore area [...] Read more.

The first oil and gas well in the South Yellow Sea Basin was completed in 1961. In 1984, 2.45 tons of light oil were obtained from the Cenozoic strata. However, it remains the only large oil and gas basin in China’s offshore area without industrial oil and gas discoveries. Although the consensus is that the South Yellow Sea Basin is a foreland basin, and the oil and gas exploration prospects are promising, the research on the regional structure and the tectonic evolution of the foreland basin system is weak, which seriously hinders the process of industrial oil and gas discoveries. This paper reports the results of over 30 years of onshore and offshore investigations and well-seismic joint interpretation in the study area: for the first time, the mountains and basins formed by the collision of the North China and Yangtze plates were discovered in the geological survey of the northern islands of the South Yellow Sea Basin; the C-type eclogite chronology of Qianliyan Island, the characteristics of the foreland basins and intracontinental foreland basins around the South Yellow Sea, and the tectonic evolution characteristics and models of the basins were clarified. Through the zircon/phosphate fission track analysis of the deep black Jurassic strata in the Qianyuan S-2 well, it was revealed that the collision and subduction of the Pacific Plate against the Eurasian Plate since the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene led to large-scale uplift movements, and more than 3000 m of strata were eroded in the basin area. This is consistent with the multiple unconformities of E/N, K/N, and T₂/N identified by well-seismic joint interpretation, and is also the main reason why oil and gas have been difficult to preserve in the South Yellow Sea Basin since the Middle Triassic–Jurassic. Deep prototype oil and gas exploration in the basin may be the preferred option for current oil and gas exploration deployment, which is conducive to achieving industrial oil and gas discoveries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geological Oceanography)

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28 pages, 8872 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Application of an Intelligent Recognition System for Polar Environmental Targets Based on the YOLO Algorithm

by Jun Jian, Zhongying Wu, Kai Sun, Jiawei Guo and Ronglin Gao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2313; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122313 - 5 Dec 2025

As global climate warming enhances the navigability of Arctic routes, their navigation value has become prominent, yet ships operating in ice-covered waters face severe threats from sea ice and icebergs. Existing manual observation and radar monitoring remain limited, highlighting an urgent need for [...] Read more.

As global climate warming enhances the navigability of Arctic routes, their navigation value has become prominent, yet ships operating in ice-covered waters face severe threats from sea ice and icebergs. Existing manual observation and radar monitoring remain limited, highlighting an urgent need for efficient target recognition technology. This study focuses on polar environmental target detection by constructing a polar dataset with 1342 JPG images covering four classes, including sea ice, icebergs, ice channels, and ships, obtained via web collection and video frame extraction. The “Grounding DINO pre-annotation + LabelImg manual fine-tuning” strategy is employed to improve annotation efficiency and accuracy, with data augmentation further enhancing dataset diversity. After comparing YOLOv5n, YOLOv8n, and YOLOv11n, YOLOv8n is selected as the baseline model and improved by introducing the CBAM/SE attention mechanism, SCConv/AKConv convolutions, and BiFPN network. Among these models, the improved YOLOv8n + SCConv achieves the best in polar target detection, with a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.844–1.4% higher than the original model. It effectively reduces missed detections of sea ice and icebergs, thereby enhancing adaptability to complex polar environments. The experimental results demonstrate that the improved model exhibits good robustness in images of varying resolutions, scenes with water surface reflections, and AI-generated images. In addition, a visual GUI with image/video detection functions was developed to support real-time monitoring and result visualization. This research provides essential technical support for safe navigation in ice-covered waters, polar resource exploration, and scientific activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topics in Intelligent Technology for Maritime Autonomous Systems)

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20 pages, 4787 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of River Input on the Inorganic Nitrogen Components in Estuary–Bay Waters: Zhanjiang Bay, China

by Fei Yue, Zi-Liang Chen, Ying-Ying Zeng, Guo-Huan Yang, Ji-Biao Zhang, Peng Zhang and Miao-Jian Fu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2312; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122312 - 5 Dec 2025

Rivers discharge a substantial amount of nutrients into the bay, which constitutes a key area of research in water pollution and environmental management. However, research on the influence of river input on various nitrogen components in semi-enclosed bays like the Zhanjiang Bay remains [...] Read more.

Rivers discharge a substantial amount of nutrients into the bay, which constitutes a key area of research in water pollution and environmental management. However, research on the influence of river input on various nitrogen components in semi-enclosed bays like the Zhanjiang Bay remains limited. This study conducted on-site monitoring and cultivation experiments in Zhanjiang Bay. Consequently, a systematic investigation was conducted on the influence of river inputs on the migration and change in different nitrogen components, primarily dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). The results showed that the DIN flux during the rainy season was the greatest input flux, amounting to 9724 t, which accounted for 45.6% of the annual DIN flux. The fluxes of NO₂-N and NO₃-N were the highest during the rainy season, accounting for 49% and 52% of the total annual flux, respectively. Based on on-site cultivation under different salinity conditions (5, 15, and 25), the DIN content decreased much faster in lower-salinity waters, with the highest average daily change rate of −16.3 μmol/dm³ in a salinity of 5. This indicated that hydrodynamic mixing and exchange processes have a significant impact on the variations in inorganic nitrogen components. Therefore, the results of this study provide valuable insights into the migration and change in inorganic nitrogen components in estuarine water bodies. It also holds significance for guiding the treatment of environmental pollution in estuaries, such as addressing the sewage discharge from the steel industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Environmental Science)

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28 pages, 15411 KB

Open AccessArticle

Turbulent Hydrofoil Cavitation Simulations: Applications of RANS with Eddy Viscosity and Interfacial Turbulence Damping and LES

by Ville Viitanen, Petteri Peltonen, Mika Nuutinen, Jan Hallander and Timo Siikonen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2311; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122311 - 5 Dec 2025

The performance of various turbulence modelling methods for simulating cavitating flow over a hydrofoil was investigated. VOF mixture modelling was applied for the multiphase flow, along with a standard two-equation turbulence model, a hybrid RANS-LES method, and a wall-modeled LES approach. The simulations [...] Read more.

The performance of various turbulence modelling methods for simulating cavitating flow over a hydrofoil was investigated. VOF mixture modelling was applied for the multiphase flow, along with a standard two-equation turbulence model, a hybrid RANS-LES method, and a wall-modeled LES approach. The simulations were conducted in a numerical cavitation tank with experimental data available for a range of Reynolds numbers and cavitation conditions. A Reboud damping for eddy viscosity was applied (hereafter referred to as SST-R). A less common approach, incorporating interfacial turbulence damping based on physical arguments regarding the wall-like behavior of phase interfaces, was also applied (referred to here as SST-D). Our results indicate that the standard RANS method fails to predict the breakdown of lift with decreasing cavitation numbers, a phenomenon observed in the experiments and in earlier studies. Incorporating turbulence damping at the cavity interface or directly on the eddy viscosity improves predictions for both URANS and hybrid RANS-LES methods. Both the SST-D and SST-R agreed well with available experimental data, and the LES method consistently provided accurate results across all numerical grids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cavitation Control in Marine Engineering: Modelling and Experiment)

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27 pages, 9892 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lagrangian Coherent Structures for Mapping Mesoscale Circulation in the Western Equatorial Atlantic

by Yuri Onça Prestes, Renan Peixoto Rosário and Marcelo Rollnic

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2310; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122310 - 5 Dec 2025

Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs) in the mesoscale circulation of the Western Equatorial Atlantic (WEA), a region governed by the North Brazil Current (NBC) and its retroflection, are analyzed. Observations from 63 surface drifters deployed between 2018 and 2019 were combined with ocean analysis/forecast [...] Read more.

Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs) in the mesoscale circulation of the Western Equatorial Atlantic (WEA), a region governed by the North Brazil Current (NBC) and its retroflection, are analyzed. Observations from 63 surface drifters deployed between 2018 and 2019 were combined with ocean analysis/forecast fields. The Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) was computed using 15- and 90-day integrations to identify transport barriers and persistent structures. FTLE ridges showed strong seasonal correspondence with drifter trajectories, with 34–74% of drifter positions lying within 0.25° of attracting or repelling LCSs. Characteristic FTLE magnitudes reached ~0.3 d⁻¹, implying particle separation e-folding times of approximately 3.3 days. Spatial agreement between drifter-derived and model-based FTLE fields exhibited similar variability across seasons, with the highest correspondence during periods of intensified frontal activity. These results indicate that a substantial portion of the observed drifter motion follows or remains close to FTLE-defined pathways, supporting the robustness of the Lagrangian structures identified in the WEA. Overall, the study provides the first quantitative LCS-based characterization of mesoscale transport in this region, revealing recurrent eddies, instability zones, and flow boundaries associated with the NBC system and its interaction with the North Equatorial Countercurrent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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23 pages, 7150 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of a Sloped Bottom on a 60-Degree Inclined Dense Jet Discharged into a Stationary Environment: A Large Eddy Simulation Study

by Xinyun Wang and Abdolmajid Mohammadian

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2309; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122309 - 4 Dec 2025

In the present study, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the behavior of a 60° inclined dense jet discharged onto horizontal (0°) and sloped (5°) bottoms in a stagnant environment. The objective was to evaluate the capability of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in [...] Read more.

In the present study, numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the behavior of a 60° inclined dense jet discharged onto horizontal (0°) and sloped (5°) bottoms in a stagnant environment. The objective was to evaluate the capability of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in capturing both the kinematic and mixing characteristics of inclined dense jets interacting with different bottom boundaries. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model was also included for comparison. The LES simulations successfully reproduced the key kinematic and mixing characteristics, including the jet trajectory, centerline peak location, impact point, and terminal rise height, and showed strong agreement with the experimental observations. LES also predicted the concentration distributions and variations along both the horizontal and sloped bottoms, whereas the RANS model tended to underestimate both geometrical and dilution properties. A Gaussian fitting function was proposed to estimate the concentration distribution under both bottom conditions. Analysis of the spreading layer indicated that the concentration profiles exhibited self-similarity. Energy spectrum analysis showed that the sloped bottom enhanced shear-induced turbulence, thereby improving the mixing efficiency. Results confirm the reliability of LES for describing jet–bed interactions and emphasize the influence of bed slope on jet dilution and mixing behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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25 pages, 869 KB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding Seafarers’ Acceptance of the Transition to Alternative Fuels in Shipping Through the Technology Acceptance Model

by Kyunghwan Kim, Chang-hee Lee and Dongnyeok Lim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2308; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122308 - 4 Dec 2025

According to the International Maritime Organization, transitioning to alternative fuels is essential to achieving net-zero carbon emissions. Seafarers are at the frontline of this transition, and in this study, their attitude toward this strategy is analyzed using the technology acceptance model. The alternative [...] Read more.

According to the International Maritime Organization, transitioning to alternative fuels is essential to achieving net-zero carbon emissions. Seafarers are at the frontline of this transition, and in this study, their attitude toward this strategy is analyzed using the technology acceptance model. The alternative fuels analyzed are liquefied natural gas (LNG) and methanol as short-term options and hydrogen and ammonia as long-term options. The analyzed seafarers are from South Korea, where alternative fuels are actively incorporated into shipbuilding and training. Across all fuels, perceived ease of use (PEOU) positively affected perceived usefulness (PU). PEOU and PU positively influenced attitude toward using (ATT). ATT and trust (TRU) significantly increased behavioral intention (BI), a finding that aligns with those of prior studies, while operational safety risk (OSR) also showed a positive effect on ATT. This indicates that seafarers became more aware of the need to use alternative fuels and expected improvements in managing related risks. Unlike OSR, environmental risk (ER) negatively affected ATT for hydrogen, consistent with prior risk perception studies. These findings suggest that to encourage alternative fuel use during the shipping industry’s energy transition, operational ease, enhanced risk management systems, and basic competency training and incentives are necessary to positively shape seafarers’ attitudes and behavioral intentions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Maritime Transportation in the Blue Economy and Green Shipping Technology)

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13 pages, 2029 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Transient Overvoltage and Surge Arrester Electrical Stresses in Offshore Wind Farms Under Multiple Lightning Strokes

by Jie Zhang, Yong Wang, Jun Xiong, Junxiang Liu, Lu Zhu, Chao Huang, Jianfeng Shi and Yongxia Han

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122307 - 4 Dec 2025

Lightning strikes are a major cause of wind turbine (WT) damage, with approximately 80% of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes exhibiting a multi-stroke characteristic. Therefore, studying the transient overvoltages induced by multiple lightning strokes is essential for the effective lightning protection of offshore WTs. Firstly, [...] Read more.

Lightning strikes are a major cause of wind turbine (WT) damage, with approximately 80% of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes exhibiting a multi-stroke characteristic. Therefore, studying the transient overvoltages induced by multiple lightning strokes is essential for the effective lightning protection of offshore WTs. Firstly, a multiple-stroke lightning current model representative of Guangdong Province, China, is established based on data from the lightning location system and rocket-triggered lightning experiments. Simulations are then employed to analyze the transient overvoltage of a Guangdong offshore wind farm under multiple lightning strikes. Simulation results indicate that when a WT is subjected to a two-stroke lightning flash, with current amplitudes corresponding to a cumulative probability density of approximately 1%, the surge arrester A1 must be configured with four parallel columns to ensure the insulation safety of the equipment without sustaining damage. Additionally, adequate electrical clearance must be maintained between the power cable and the tower wall, or alternatively, a high-strength insulating material may be applied over the cable armor to prevent flashover. Moreover, it is observed that the front time of the impulse current flowing through the surge arrester is approximately 2 μs, significantly shorter than the front time specified in IEC 60099-4 for the repetitive charge transfer capability test of ZnO varistors. Hence, it is essential to consider local lightning intensity and distribution characteristics when studying the transient overvoltages in offshore wind farms, optimizing surge arrester configurations, and assessing the impulse withstand performance of ZnO varistors, in order to ensure the safe and stable operation of offshore WTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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24 pages, 4735 KB

Open AccessArticle

Navigation Risk Assessment of Arctic Shipping Routes Based on Bayesian Networks

by Xiaoming Huang, Qi Wang, Xianling Li, Yanlin Wang, Xiufeng Yue, Qianjin Yue and Dayong Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122306 - 4 Dec 2025

In recent years, the Arctic region, with its abundant oil and gas resources, has become a new focus of global resource development. However, the complex natural environment, especially the effect of sea ice, poses a serious threat and challenge to the navigation safety. [...] Read more.

In recent years, the Arctic region, with its abundant oil and gas resources, has become a new focus of global resource development. However, the complex natural environment, especially the effect of sea ice, poses a serious threat and challenge to the navigation safety. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the navigation risks of drilling ships in five sea areas of the Northeast Passage of the Arctic under the influence of environmental factors. A dynamic Bayesian network structure was established using the Interpretative Structural Model–Bayesian network method. Since some risk elements cannot be directly measured, the combined weight method is adopted to fill the sample data. The navigation risk situations of the five sea areas is analyzed by forward causal reasoning. Through reverse diagnostic reasoning, the main risk factors affecting navigation are obtained, and relevant suggestions are given. This has important implications for improving the ability of accident prevention and emergency handling in practical applications. The model was verified through instance verification based on scenario analysis and model verification based on sample data. The average accuracy rate of the obtained model is 83.4%. The results show that the model has certain validity and practicability in the analysis of navigation risks in Arctic shipping routes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment and Prediction of Marine Equipment)

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17 pages, 12485 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of Wave-Resolving Models for Typhoon-Induced Harbor Oscillations

by Shih-Feng Su, I-An Chen and Pei-Wen Wang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2305; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122305 - 4 Dec 2025

This study investigates typhoon-induced oscillations within Youngan Harbor, southwestern Taiwan, which frequently compromise port operations and cause dock overtopping. Two representative wave-resolving models, the Boussinesq-type FUNWAVE-TVD and the non-hydrostatic XBeach-NH, were applied to simulate a typhoon event and evaluate their predictive performance against [...] Read more.

This study investigates typhoon-induced oscillations within Youngan Harbor, southwestern Taiwan, which frequently compromise port operations and cause dock overtopping. Two representative wave-resolving models, the Boussinesq-type FUNWAVE-TVD and the non-hydrostatic XBeach-NH, were applied to simulate a typhoon event and evaluate their predictive performance against field observations. Both models underestimated significant wave height across all frequency bands. Spectral analysis revealed that FUNWAVE-TVD generated higher energy in the infragravity and very-low-frequency ranges, whereas XBeach-NH exhibited greater energy in the swell and wind-wave bands. Spatial resonance patterns further indicated that a berth, located in a nodal region, experienced reduced tranquility due to considerable horizontal currents. Conversely, wave overtopping at a dock was driven by amplified vertical water-level oscillations in an antinodal region. These contrasting responses highlight the sensitivity of the models to nonlinear wave interactions and underscore the critical role of simulating harbor currents, emphasizing the need for careful model selection in harbor tranquility assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Coastal Engineering)

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6 pages, 181 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Machine Learning and Modeling for Ship Design

by Panagiotis D. Kaklis, Konstantinos Kostas and Shahroz Khan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2304; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122304 - 4 Dec 2025

Machine Learning (ML) is a sub-field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), devoted to understanding and building methods that leverage data to improve performance on sets of tasks [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Modeling for Ship Design)

25 pages, 4105 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sea Surface Wind Speed Retrieval from GNSS-R Using Adaptive Interval Partitioning and Multi-Model Ensemble Approach

by Yiwen Zhang, Yuanfa Ji, Xiyan Sun and Songke Zhao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2303; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122303 - 4 Dec 2025

Sea surface wind speed is a crucial parameter for studying climate change and ocean dynamics. Accurate, real-time measurements are essential for meteorological and oceanographic observations. Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a key technology for sea surface wind speed retrieval. Existing wind [...] Read more.

Sea surface wind speed is a crucial parameter for studying climate change and ocean dynamics. Accurate, real-time measurements are essential for meteorological and oceanographic observations. Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is a key technology for sea surface wind speed retrieval. Existing wind speed retrieval models employ two primary approaches: unified modeling across the entire wind speed range and independent modeling for partitioned wind speed intervals. The former cannot effectively address physical property variations across wind speed ranges. The latter, while mitigating this issue, relies on empirical thresholds for interval partitioning that ignore actual data distribution and struggles to assign new samples to appropriate intervals during prediction. To address these limitations, this study employs the Gradient-Boosted Adaptive Multi-Objective Simulated Annealing (GAMSA) algorithm to construct a multi-objective optimization function and perform data-driven wind speed interval partitioning. Specialized XGBoost sub-models are then constructed for each partitioned interval, and their predictions are integrated through a stacking ensemble learning architecture. The experiments utilize a Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) and ERA5 reanalysis data. The experimental results show that the proposed method reduces the root mean square error (RMSE) from 1.77 m/s to 1.43 m/s and increases the coefficient of determination (R²) from 0.6293 to 0.7770 compared with a global XGBoost model. It also exhibits enhanced accuracy under high wind speeds (>16 m/s) and, when independently validated with buoy data, achieves an RMSE of 1.52 m/s and R² of 0.79. The proposed method improves retrieval accuracy across both overall and individual wind speed intervals, avoids the sample isolation problem inherent in traditional empirical partitioning methods, and resolves the issue of assigning new samples to appropriate sub-models during application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physical Oceanography)

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4 pages, 153 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Safe Maneuvering, Efficient Navigation and Intelligent Management for Ships

by Chunhui Zhou, Yixiong He and Liang Huang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2302; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122302 - 4 Dec 2025

Maritime transport, serving as the cornerstone of global supply chains, facilitates over 80% of international trade by volume [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safe Maneuvering, Efficient Navigation and Intelligent Management for Ships)

20 pages, 2178 KB

Open AccessArticle

Layout Design of the Propulsion Shafting System for a Ship with Multiple Strut Bearings

by Jimin Lee and Yanggon Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2301; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122301 - 3 Dec 2025

This study presents an optimal bearing arrangement for the propulsion shafting system of ships equipped with multiple strut bearings, ensuring both structural stability and cost-effectiveness under shallow-draft conditions where the propeller must remain fully submerged. To this end, the shafting flexibility, alignment characteristics, [...] Read more.

This study presents an optimal bearing arrangement for the propulsion shafting system of ships equipped with multiple strut bearings, ensuring both structural stability and cost-effectiveness under shallow-draft conditions where the propeller must remain fully submerged. To this end, the shafting flexibility, alignment characteristics, and critical whirling speed were analyzed for various bearing arrangements. The analysis results show that removing the stern tube bearing and supporting the shaft using only the Y-type and I-type strut bearings, with the bearing span adjusted so that the L/d ratio remains within 15 to 18, minimizes the reaction influence number, shaft bending moments, and variations in bearing loads. At this configuration, the first natural frequency corresponding to the propeller blade order is also more than 30 percent higher than the service speed, thereby avoiding resonance caused by transverse vibration. Accordingly, this study confirms that adjusting the layout of strut bearings can simultaneously enhance both the structural reliability and dynamic stability of the propulsion shafting system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Design and Innovation for Sustainable Maritime Transport Systems)

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9 pages, 738 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Evidence of Inter-Regional Connectivity for Risso’s Dolphins in the Western Ionian Sea, Central Mediterranean Sea

by Giulia Cipriano, Maria Assunta Menniti, Francesca Cornelia Santacesaria, Carmelo Fanizza, Maria Grandinetti, Roberto Carlucci and Adriana Vella

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(12), 2300; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13122300 - 3 Dec 2025

This brief report is the first comparative study of a photo-identification catalogue of the Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) in the Western Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea). The positive match of two photo-identified individuals observed in two neighbouring areas in different and [...] Read more.

This brief report is the first comparative study of a photo-identification catalogue of the Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) in the Western Ionian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea). The positive match of two photo-identified individuals observed in two neighbouring areas in different and non-consecutive years represents the first record of Risso’s dolphin re-sightings across two Ionian sub-regions. This suggests potential inter-regional connectivity for the species, as reported in other sub-regions of the Mediterranean basin. Further, this supports the hypothesis that Risso’s dolphins use a large home range with seasonally different critical habitats, as suggested in previous studies carried out in the Western Ionian Sea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Ecology)

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