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Monitoring Forest Dynamics and Conducting Restoration Assessment Using Multi-Source Earth Observation Data in Northern Andes, Colombia
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Predicting the Spatial Distribution of the Mangshan Pit Viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis) under Climate Change Scenarios Using MaxEnt Modeling
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Drought Impact on Eco-Physiological Responses and Growth Performance of Healthy and Declining Pinus sylvestris L. Trees Growing in a Dry Area of Southern Poland
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Temporal Dynamics of Canopy Properties and Carbon and Water Fluxes in a Temperate Evergreen Angiosperm Forest
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Tree-Related Microhabitats and Multi-Taxon Biodiversity Quantification Exploiting ALS Data
Journal Description
Forests
Forests
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on forestry and forest ecology published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, GEOBASE, PubAg, AGRIS, PaperChem, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Forestry) / CiteScore - Q1 (Forestry)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Forests.
Impact Factor:
2.4 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.7 (2023)
Latest Articles
Impact and Spatial Effect of Government Environmental Policy on Forestry Eco-Efficiency—Examining China’s National Ecological Civilization Pilot Zone Policy
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081312 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Can government environmental policy harmonize environmental protection with economic output? We explore this issue from the perspective of forestry eco-efficiency, using China’s National Ecological Civilization Pilot Zone Policy (NECP), an environmental policy promulgated by the government of China, as the subject of this
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Can government environmental policy harmonize environmental protection with economic output? We explore this issue from the perspective of forestry eco-efficiency, using China’s National Ecological Civilization Pilot Zone Policy (NECP), an environmental policy promulgated by the government of China, as the subject of this study. The study introduces forestry eco-efficiency as an indicator to assess the balance between economic development in the forestry sector and environmental conservation. The indicator, grounded in sustainable development theory, employs a super-efficiency SBM model that includes undesirable outputs to evaluate efficiency. Additionally, we empirically analyze the impact of NECP on forestry eco-efficiency by using the difference-in-difference (DID) model with provincial panel data from 2011 to 2020. Ultimately, we analyze the effects of spatial spillover by employing the spatial Durbin model (SDM). Our study yields the following conclusions. (1) In this paper, through hotspot clustering analysis, forestry eco-efficiency in each province is categorized into three categories: effective, semi-effective and ineffective. Our findings suggest that China’s average forestry eco-efficiency falls into the ineffective category, highlighting the need to optimize resource allocation within the sector. (2) NECP significantly enhances forestry eco-efficiency, with robust findings across various stability tests. Thus, implementing government environmental policies can have a multiplier effect on forestry, i.e., it can synergize its economic development with environmental protection. (3) In provinces with a strong ecological foundation, the NECP significantly enhances forestry eco-efficiency. However, in other provinces, the improvement is only moderate. Furthermore, while the NECP has a substantial positive impact in the eastern region, it has yet to show a discernible effect in other regions. (4) The positive impacts of NECP implementation on forestry eco-efficiency have spatial spillover effects due to demonstration effects and comparative advantages.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Economics, Policy, and Social Science)
Open AccessReview
The Expanding Thread of Ungulate Browsing—A Review of Forest Ecosystem Effects and Management Approaches in Europe
by
Darius Hardalau, Codrin Codrean, Daniel Iordache, Mihai Fedorca and Ovidiu Ionescu
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081311 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
In recent decades, ungulates have expanded in number and range in Europe. This review aims to analyze the impact of ungulate browsing in different forest ecosystems and identify the main driving factors and trends. In total, 155 studies were analyzed in preparing this
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In recent decades, ungulates have expanded in number and range in Europe. This review aims to analyze the impact of ungulate browsing in different forest ecosystems and identify the main driving factors and trends. In total, 155 studies were analyzed in preparing this review, across 19 European countries. In Europe, the main browsers are represented by roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.), red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), moose (Alces alces L.), chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.), and fallow deer (Dama dama L.). Regarding browsing severity, they frequently exceeded 50%, meaning that over half of the saplings were browsed. Ungulate density was the main driving factor of browsing severity, with areas exhibiting high browsing pressure often having more than ten individuals per square kilometer. The type of silvicultural system used played a vital role in the severity of browsing, and trends in foraging for preferred tree species were identified. Fencing was the most common non-harmful protection method used, while hunting management was the most efficient method for controlling deer numbers and browsing intensity. Large carnivores were missing in most study areas, but in the areas where they were present, they played a significant role in creating a chain reaction of ecological impacts. Considering the significant impact of ungulate browsing on forest ecosystems, there is a pressing need for more research to comprehend and effectively mitigate the effects of deer presence comprehensively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Forests in Protected Areas: Removing Threats and Improving Preservation)
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Open AccessArticle
A Mixed Broadleaf Forest Segmentation Algorithm Based on Memory and Convolution Attention Mechanisms
by
Xing Tang, Zheng Li, Wenfei Zhao, Kai Xiong, Xiyu Pan and Jianjun Li
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081310 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Counting the number of trees and obtaining information on tree crowns have always played important roles in the efficient and high-precision monitoring of forest resources. However, determining how to obtain the above information at a low cost and with high accuracy has always
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Counting the number of trees and obtaining information on tree crowns have always played important roles in the efficient and high-precision monitoring of forest resources. However, determining how to obtain the above information at a low cost and with high accuracy has always been a topic of great concern. Using deep learning methods to segment individual tree crowns in mixed broadleaf forests is a cost-effective approach to forest resource assessment. Existing crown segmentation algorithms primarily focus on discrete trees, with limited research on mixed broadleaf forests. The lack of datasets has resulted in poor segmentation performance, and occlusions in broadleaf forest images hinder accurate segmentation. To address these challenges, this study proposes a supervised segmentation method, SegcaNet, which can efficiently extract tree crowns from UAV images under natural light conditions. A dataset for dense mixed broadleaf forest crown segmentation is produced, containing 18,000 single-tree crown images and 1200 mixed broadleaf forest images. SegcaNet achieves superior segmentation results by incorporating a convolutional attention mechanism and a memory module. The experimental results indicate that SegcaNet’s values surpass those of traditional algorithms. Compared with FCN, Deeplabv3, and MemoryNetV2, SegcaNet’s is increased by 4.8%, 4.33%, and 2.13%, respectively. Additionally, it reduces instances of incorrect segmentation and over-segmentation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Remote Sensing and Visualization Methods: Monitoring, Modeling, Simulations and Interaction of Forest Resource)
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Open AccessArticle
Detection Model and Spectral Disease Indices for Poplar (Populus L.) Anthracnose Based on Hyperspectral Reflectance
by
Zhicheng Jia, Qifeng Duan, Yue Wang, Ke Wu and Hongzhe Jiang
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081309 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Poplar (Populus L.) anthracnose is an infectious disease that seriously affects the growth and yields of poplar trees, and large-scale poplar infections have led to huge economic losses in the Chinese poplar industry. To efficiently and accurately detect poplar anthracnose for improved
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Poplar (Populus L.) anthracnose is an infectious disease that seriously affects the growth and yields of poplar trees, and large-scale poplar infections have led to huge economic losses in the Chinese poplar industry. To efficiently and accurately detect poplar anthracnose for improved prevention and control, this study collected hyperspectral data from the leaves of four types of poplar trees, namely healthy trees and those with black spot disease, early-stage anthracnose, and late-stage anthracnose, and constructed a poplar anthracnose detection model based on machine learning and deep learning. We then comprehensively analyzed poplar anthracnose using advanced hyperspectral-based plant disease detection methodologies. Our research focused on establishing a detection model for poplar anthracnose based on small samples, employing the Design of Experiments (DoE)-based entropy weight method to obtain the best preprocessing combination to improve the detection model’s overall performance. We also analyzed the spectral characteristics of poplar anthracnose by comparing typical feature extraction methods (principal component analysis (PCA), variable combination population analysis (VCPA), and the successive projection algorithm (SPA)) with the vegetation index (VI) method (spectral disease indices (SDIs)) for data dimensionality reduction. The results showed notable improvements in the SDI-based model, which achieved 89.86% accuracy. However, this was inferior to the model based on typical feature extraction methods. Nevertheless, it achieved 100% accuracy for early-stage anthracnose and black spot disease in a controlled environment respectively. We conclude that the SDI-based model is suitable for low-cost detection tasks and is the best poplar anthracnose detection model. These findings contribute to the timely detection of poplar growth and will greatly facilitate the forestry sector’s development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications in Forestry)
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Open AccessArticle
Modeling the Effects of Spatial Distribution on Dynamics of an Invading Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake Population
by
Yuanming Lu, Junfei Xia, Robert D. Holt and Donald L. DeAngelis
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081308 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
To predict the potential success of an invading non-native species, it is important to understand its dynamics and interactions with native species in the early stages of its invasion. In spatially implicit models, mathematical stability criteria are commonly used to predict whether an
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To predict the potential success of an invading non-native species, it is important to understand its dynamics and interactions with native species in the early stages of its invasion. In spatially implicit models, mathematical stability criteria are commonly used to predict whether an invading population grows in number in an early time period. But spatial context is important for real invasions as an invading population may first occur as a small number of individuals scatter spatially. The invasion dynamics are therefore not describable in terms of population level state variables. A better approach is spatially explicit individual-based modeling (IBM). We use an established spatially explicit IBM to predict the invasion of the non-native tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake, to a native community in southern Florida. We show that the initial spatial distribution, both the spatial density of individuals and the area they cover, affects its success in growing numerically and spreading. The formation of a cluster of a sufficient number and density of individuals may be needed for the invader to locally outcompete the native species and become established. Different initial densities, identical in number and density but differing in random positions of individuals, can produce very different trajectories of the invading population through time, even affecting invasion success and failure.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Invasions in Forest Ecosystems: Understanding Arrival, Expansion and Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Herbicide Uptake (Flashback) in Non-Target Hardwood Species within South Carolina Floodplains
by
Stephen E. Peairs and Nilesh Timilsina
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081307 - 26 Jul 2024
Abstract
Herbicide flashback is an undesirable response that results in damage or mortality of non-target plants near chemically treated plants. In severe instances, crop trees can be injured resulting in financial loss or inability to capture management objectives. Land managers need to know the
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Herbicide flashback is an undesirable response that results in damage or mortality of non-target plants near chemically treated plants. In severe instances, crop trees can be injured resulting in financial loss or inability to capture management objectives. Land managers need to know the potential limitations of using triclopyr acid (50% solution in water) and what quantity can cause damage to non-target trees (trees not aimed at for control via herbicide). Three naturally regenerated (previously clearcut) bottomland hardwood sites, ranging from 14–20 years of age, received partial overstory deadening using Trycera® herbicide. Residual “leave” trees experienced indirect herbicide uptake resulting in some trees either experiencing mortality or partial mortality with top dieback/epicormic branching. An increased probability of damage occurred as tree diameter decreased and the number of treated stems around the non-target stems increased. American sycamore, green ash, and sweetgum were most susceptible to flashback. This study examines the unanticipated chemical effect of deadening adjacent stems surrounding residual leave trees in poorly drained soils.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Study on the Effect of Root Content on the Shear Strength of Root–Soil Composite with Thick and Fine Roots of Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D.Don
by
Jianping Liu, Yusha Tang, Yulin Jiang, Shixin Luo, Kai Wu, Xingxin Peng and Yucong Pan
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081306 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
The current research on slope protection with plants mainly focuses on herbs and shrubs. In order to investigate the difference in shear strength of root–soil composite with thick and fine roots under different root content conditions, Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D.Don was
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The current research on slope protection with plants mainly focuses on herbs and shrubs. In order to investigate the difference in shear strength of root–soil composite with thick and fine roots under different root content conditions, Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D.Don was selected as the research object, and the distribution characteristics of its roots with the increase of buried depth were studied using the longitudinal profile method. Based on the distribution range of root area ratio (RAR) in field investigation, the modified large-scale direct shear tests were executed on the root–soil composite samples with thick and fine roots of five RAR grades under four normal stress levels, and the variation rule of the shear strength of the root–soil composites with thick and fine roots under different root contents was analyzed. The influence mechanism of RAR was briefly discussed. The results show that the RAR of Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D.Don increases first and then decreases with the increase of buried depth, and decreases with the increase of horizontal distance from the excavation point to the trunk. Both the thick and fine roots can increase the soil shear strength, but the effect of thick roots is greater than that of fine roots. The shear strengths of root–soil composites with thick and fine roots both increase first and then decrease with the increase of RAR, which means that there exists the optimal root content for the roots with the best reinforcement effect on soil, and the optimal RAR is 0.1% and 0.2%, respectively. The cohesive and internal friction angle of the root–soil composite can be improved by the roots of Cryptomeria japonica (Thunb. ex L.f.) D.Don, and the thick root is better than the fine root. Meanwhile, the enhancement effect on the cohesion is greater than that on the internal friction angle. The results are of great significance for understanding the effect of roots on soil shear strength and enriching the existing theory of slope protection with arbors.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecology and Management)
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Open AccessArticle
A Three-Level Model System of Biomass and Carbon Storage for All Forest Types in China
by
Weisheng Zeng, Wentao Zou, Xinyun Chen and Xueyun Yang
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081305 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Forest biomass and carbon storage models are crucial for inventorying, monitoring, and assessing forest resources. This study develops models specific to China’s diverse forests, offering a methodological foundation for national carbon storage estimation and a quantitative basis for national, regional, and global carbon
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Forest biomass and carbon storage models are crucial for inventorying, monitoring, and assessing forest resources. This study develops models specific to China’s diverse forests, offering a methodological foundation for national carbon storage estimation and a quantitative basis for national, regional, and global carbon sequestration projections. Utilizing data from 52,700 permanent plots obtained during China’s 9th national forest inventory, we calculated biomass and carbon storage per hectare for 35 tree species groups using respective individual tree biomass models and carbon factors. We then constructed a three-level volume-based model system for forest biomass and carbon storage, applying weighted regression, dummy variable modeling, and simultaneous equations with error-in-variables. This system encompasses one population of forests, three forest categories (level I), 20 forest types (level II), and 74 forest sub-types (level III). Finally, the assessment of these models was carried out with six evaluation indices, and comparative analyses with previously established biomass models of three major forest types were conducted. Determination coefficients (R2) for the population average model, and three dummy models on levels I, II, and III, exceed 0.78, 0.85, 0.92, and 0.95, respectively, with corresponding mean prediction errors (MPEs) of 0.42%, 0.34%, 0.24%, and 0.19%, and mean percent standard errors (MPSEs) of approximately 22%, 21%, 15%, and 12%. Models for 20 forest types and 74 sub-types yield R2 values above 0.87 and 0.85, with MPE values below 3% and 5%, respectively. Notably, the estimates of previous biomass models of three major forest types demonstrated considerable uncertainty, with TRE ranging from −20% to 74%. However, accuracy has improved with larger sample sizes. In total biomass and carbon storage estimations, the R2 values of dummy models for levels I, II, and III progressively increase and MPSE and MPE values decrease, whereas TRE approximates zero. The tiered model system of simultaneous equations developed herein offers a quantitative framework for precise evaluations of biomass and carbon storage on different scales. For enhanced accuracy in such estimations, applying level III models is recommended whenever feasible, especially for national estimation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Estimation and Monitoring of Forest Biomass and Fuel Load Components)
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Open AccessArticle
The Impact of Urban Forest Landscape on Thermal Environment Based on Deep Learning: A Case of Three Main Cities in Southeastern China
by
Shenye Zhang, Ziyi Wu, Zhilong Wu, Sen Lin, Xisheng Hu and Lifeng Zheng
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081304 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Accelerated urbanization has exacerbated the urban heat island phenomenon, and urban forests have been recognized as an effective strategy for modulating thermal environments. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of systematic investigations into the nonlinear associations between the detailed spatial configurations of urban forests
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Accelerated urbanization has exacerbated the urban heat island phenomenon, and urban forests have been recognized as an effective strategy for modulating thermal environments. Nevertheless, there remains a dearth of systematic investigations into the nonlinear associations between the detailed spatial configurations of urban forests and thermal conditions. We proposed a deep learning-based approach to extract forest data, utilizing multisource high-resolution remote sensing data with relative radiometric correction. Subsequently, we employed deep neural networks (DNNs) to quantify the linkages between urban forest landscape patterns and land surface temperature (LST) in summer and winter across Fuzhou, Xiamen, and Zhangzhou in Fujian Province, China. Our findings indicate the following: (1) Our extraction approach outperforms DeepLabv3+, FCN_8S, and SegNet in terms of extraction precision and adaptability, achieving an overall accuracy (OA) of 87.57%; furthermore, the implementation of relative radiometric correction enhances both the extraction precision and model generalizability, improving OA by 0.05%. (2) Geographic and seasonal differences influence the urban forests’ cooling effects, with more pronounced cooling in summer, particularly in Zhangzhou. (3) The significance of forest landscape composition and configuration in affecting the thermal environment varies seasonally; landscape configuration plays a more pivotal role in modulating surface temperatures across the three cities, with a more critical role in winter than in summer. (4) Seasonal and city-specific variations in forest spatial patterns influence LST. Adopting the appropriate forest structures tailored to specific seasons, cities, and scales can optimize cooling effects. These results offer quantitative insights into urban heat island dynamics and carry significant implications for urban planning strategies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Urban Forestry)
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Open AccessArticle
Exploring the Efficient Irrigation Period for Larix kaempferi Seedlings in Nursery Pots in Greenhouse Conditions Using Optical Measurements
by
Ukhan Jeong, Seung Hyun Han, Dohee Kim, Sohyun Kim and Eun Ju Cheong
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081303 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Larix kaempferi is in high demand in Korea due to its value in timber and afforestation. However, it faces challenges in terms of propagation and the collection of physiological information for seedling production. In particular, moisture supply is crucial in seedling production. Therefore,
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Larix kaempferi is in high demand in Korea due to its value in timber and afforestation. However, it faces challenges in terms of propagation and the collection of physiological information for seedling production. In particular, moisture supply is crucial in seedling production. Therefore, establishing efficient irrigation regimes based on optical measurements is essential. Optical measurement methods are expected to be non-destructive, rapid, and reduce labor consumption in nursery systems. This study applied optical measurements using vegetation indices (VIs), chlorophyll fluorescence (FL) imaging, and thermal (TH) imaging to explore the efficient irrigation period for one-year-old Larix kaempferi seedlings in greenhouse conditions under drought stress and perform rehydration experiments. It was observed that all the seedlings survived without irrigation until day 4 (D4) (soil moisture content: 5.3%). Upon rehydration on D6, 83.33% of the seedlings survived until D14. According to the optical measurement results, the TH parameters, PRI (photochemical reflectance index), and Fm (maximum fluorescence in a dark-adapted state) showed sensitive stress responses in all drought treatment pots on D6. Among them, thermal imaging was found to have the highest potential for addressing limitations and being utilized in the greenhouse. The results of this study are expected to provide foundational data for the development of smart nursery systems for efficient irrigation in the future.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)
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Open AccessArticle
Exposure to Waste Might Decrease Relaxation: The Effects of Viewing an Open Dump in a Forest Environment on the Psychological Response of Healthy Young Adults
by
Ernest Bielinis, Natalia Korcz and Emilia Janeczko
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081302 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Forest recreation can be successfully used for psychological relaxation and can serve as a remedy for common stress-related problems. The special form of forest recreation intended for restoration is forest bathing. These activities might be disrupted by some factors, such as viewing buildings
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Forest recreation can be successfully used for psychological relaxation and can serve as a remedy for common stress-related problems. The special form of forest recreation intended for restoration is forest bathing. These activities might be disrupted by some factors, such as viewing buildings in the forest or using a computer in nature, which interrupt psychological relaxation. One factor that might interrupt psychological relaxation is the occurrence of an open dump in the forest during an outdoor experience. To test the hypothesis that an open dump might decrease psychological relaxation, a case study using a randomized, controlled crossover design was conducted. For this purpose, two groups of healthy young adults viewed a control forest or a forest with an open dump in reverse order and filled in psychological questionnaires after each stimulus. Participants wore oblique eye patches to stop their visual stimulation before the experimental stimulation, and the physical environment was monitored. The results were analyzed using the two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The measured negative psychological indicators significantly increased after viewing the forest with waste, and the five indicators of the Profile of Mood States increased: tension–anxiety, depression–dejection, anger–hostility, fatigue, and confusion. In addition, the negative aspect of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule increased in comparison to the control and pretest. The measured positive indicators significantly decreased after viewing the forest with waste, the positive aspect of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule decreased, and the Restorative Outcome Scale and Subjective Vitality scores decreased (in comparison to the control and pretest). The occurrence of an open dump in the forest might interrupt a normal restorative experience in the forest by reducing psychological relaxation. Nevertheless, the mechanism of these relevancies is not known, and thus, it will be further investigated. In addition, in a future study, the size of the impact of these open dumps on normal everyday experiences should be investigated. It is proposed that different mechanisms might be responsible for these reactions; however, the aim of this study is to only measure this reaction. The identified psychological reasons for these mechanisms can be assessed in further studies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Connection between Green Infrastructure and Human Health)
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Open AccessArticle
Predicting Potential Suitable Areas of Dendrocalamus brandisii under Global Climate Change
by
Hang Tao, Kate Kingston, Zhihong Xu, Shahla Hosseini Bai, Lei Guo, Guanglu Liu, Chaomao Hui and Weiyi Liu
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081301 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Climate change restricts and alters the distribution range of plant species. Predicting potential distribution and population dynamics is crucial to understanding species’ geographical distribution characteristics to harness their economic and ecological benefits. This study uses Dendrocalamus brandisii as the research subject, aiming to
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Climate change restricts and alters the distribution range of plant species. Predicting potential distribution and population dynamics is crucial to understanding species’ geographical distribution characteristics to harness their economic and ecological benefits. This study uses Dendrocalamus brandisii as the research subject, aiming to accurately reveal the impact of climate change on this plant. The findings offer important insights for developing practical conservation and utilization strategies, and guidance for future introduction and cultivation. The MaxEnt model was optimized using regularization multiplier (RM) and feature combination (FC) from the ‘Kuenm’ package in R language, coupled with ArcGIS for modeling 142 distribution points and 29 environmental factors of D. brandisii. This article explored the key environmental factors influencing the potential suitable regions for D. brandisii, and predicted trends in habitat changes under SSPs2.6 and SSPs8.5 climate scenarios for the current era, the 2050s, 2070s, and 2090s. (1) The results show that when FC = QPH and RM = 1, the AUC = 0.989, indicating that the model prediction is accurate with the lowest complexity and overfitting. The key environmental factors affecting its primary suitable distribution, determined by jackknife training gain and single-factor response curve, are the precipitation of warmest quarter (bio18), the temperature seasonality (bio4), the minimum average monthly radiation (uvb-4), and elevation (Elev), contributing 93.6% collectively. It was established that the optimal range for D. brandisii is precipitation of warmest quarter of between 657 and 999 mm, temperature seasonality from 351% to 442%, minimum average monthly radiation from 2420 to 2786 J/m2/day, at elevation from 1099 to 2217 m. (2) The current potential habitat distribution is somewhat fragmented, covering an area of 92.17 × 104 km2, mainly located in southwest, south, and southeast China, central Nepal, southern Bhutan, eastern India, northwestern Myanmar, northern Laos, and northern Vietnam. (3) In future periods, under different climate scenario models, the potential habitat of D. brandisii will change in varying degrees to become more fragmented, with its distribution center generally shifting westward. The SSP8.5 scenario is not as favorable for the growth of D. brandisii as the SSPs2.6. Central Nepal, southern Bhutan, and the southeastern coastal areas of China have the potential to become another significant cultivation region for D. brandisii. The results provide a scientific basis for the planning of priority planting locations for potential introduction of D. brandisii in consideration of its cultivation ranges.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Research in Bamboo Forests)
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Open AccessArticle
Deciphering the Regulatory Mechanism of PmMYB21 in Early Flowering of Prunus mume through Dap-Seq and WGCNA Analysis
by
Xi Yuan, Ran He, Hui Zhang, Dongyan Liu, Donghuan Liu, Zhihong Niu, Yu Zhang and Xinli Xia
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081300 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc (mei) is a horticulturally important fruit tree that undergoes anthesis in winter. Therefore, its flowering process is challenged by low-temperatures conditions. The transcription factor (TF) MYB21 is pivotal in regulating the flowering process, and particularly functions in petal
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Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc (mei) is a horticulturally important fruit tree that undergoes anthesis in winter. Therefore, its flowering process is challenged by low-temperatures conditions. The transcription factor (TF) MYB21 is pivotal in regulating the flowering process, and particularly functions in petal expansion and filament elongation. However, the regulatory mechanism of PmMYB21 in mei remains unknown. To breed early-flowering cultivars, a deeper understanding of PmMYB21-regulated genes is essential. We employed DNA affinity purification sequencing (Dap-seq) to identify downstream genes bound by PmMYB21. The results revealed the promoter region is the primary binding region of PmMYB21, and the AGTTAGGTARR motif (motif1) is the predominant binding sequence type. Our analysis identified 8533 genes that are potentially bound by PmMYB21 with the motif1 sequence type, within the promoter region. These genes are involved in biological processes critical to flowering. Further refinement of candidate genes was achieved through Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), which identified the co-expressed genes of PmMYB21 during flowering activity. Integrating Dap-seq and WGCNA data, we narrowed down the candidate gene list to 54, with a focus on 4 MADS-box genes and 2 hormone signaling genes that are crucial to the flowering process under low-temperature conditions. This study offers valuable insights into the molecular underpinnings of PmMYB21’s role in the low-temperature flowering regulation of mei, paving the way for the development of new cultivars adapted to early blooming.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses in Trees Species)
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Open AccessArticle
Impact of Different Land Use Types on Bacterial and Fungal Communities in a Typical Karst Depression in Southwestern China
by
Cong Hu, Zhonghua Zhang, Chaofang Zhong, Gang Hu and Chaohao Xu
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081299 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Understanding the land use pattern relationships regarding the composition, diversity, and abundance of soil microbial communities in a typical karst depression in southwestern China is crucial for assessing the stability of local karst ecosystems. However, these aspects in typical karst depressions within northern
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Understanding the land use pattern relationships regarding the composition, diversity, and abundance of soil microbial communities in a typical karst depression in southwestern China is crucial for assessing the stability of local karst ecosystems. However, these aspects in typical karst depressions within northern tropical karst seasonal rainforests in China remain limited. Therefore, we examined the differences in soil microorganism abundance, diversity, community composition, and co-occurrence networks under five land use types in a tropical karst region in southwestern China: sugarcane fields, orchards, grasslands, plantation forests, and secondary forests. The soil microbial communities of samples from these areas were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene amplification. The abundances of Acidobacteria and Ascomycota were lowest (20.66% and 66.55%, respectively) in secondary forests and highest (35.59% and 89.35%, respectively) in sugarcane fields. Differences in microbial abundance across land use types were related to soil pH and total phosphorus. PCoA and ANOSIM demonstrated significant differences in soil bacterial and fungal community structures among the five land use types. Bacterial alpha-diversity showed no significant variation among the different land uses, whereas fungal alpha-diversity exhibited significant differences. Observed Chao1, ACE, and Shannon indices indicated that secondary forests had the highest fungal alpha-diversity. Land use changes also influenced bacterial and fungal co-occurrence networks, with the networks in secondary forests, plantation forests, and orchards being more complex and stable than those in grasslands and sugarcane fields. Key taxa such as Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota were predominantly connected within the co-occurrence networks, highlighting their high functional potential. This study provides insights that can inform more effective land use planning and management strategies in karst depressions, thereby enhancing ecological sustainability and balance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions of Plants, Soil Nutrients, and Microorganisms in the Karst Forest Ecosystems)
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Open AccessArticle
Effective Reduction in Natural Enemy Catches in Pheromone Traps Intended for Monitoring Orthotomicus erosus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
by
Milan Pernek, Tomislav Milas, Marta Kovač, Nikola Lacković, Milan Koren and Boris Hrašovec
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081298 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Infestations have persisted following a sudden and intense outbreak of the bark beetle Orthotomicus erosus along the Croatian coast, necessitating a continuous battle against this pest. A recommended protective action is the utilization of pheromone traps for population surveillance. Previous monitoring efforts have
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Infestations have persisted following a sudden and intense outbreak of the bark beetle Orthotomicus erosus along the Croatian coast, necessitating a continuous battle against this pest. A recommended protective action is the utilization of pheromone traps for population surveillance. Previous monitoring efforts have recorded an exceptionally high capture rate of natural enemies using pheromone traps; these traps inadvertently prevented natural enemies from fulfilling their essential role in controlling bark beetle populations. To address and significantly diminish instances of this unintended capture, our study designed a modification to the Theysohn-type pheromone trap by integrating a metal mesh within the trapping container. An experimental setup was established in Marjan Forest Park, situated on a peninsula bordered by the sea on three sides and partly by the city of Split. For monitoring purposes, unmodified standard pheromone traps were deployed at the onset of a significant O. erosus outbreak in Croatia in 2018. Catch data from 2020 to 2022 show a marked decrease in the bark beetle population, indicating a shift toward a latent phase. In 2022, modified traps were integrated into the existing monitoring setup, consisting of 10 pairs, to evaluate whether modifications to the traps could significantly reduce the capture of the bark beetle’s natural enemies, specifically Temnoscheila caerulea, Thanasimus formicarius, and Aulonium ruficorne. The objective is to offer recommendations for forestry practices on employing pheromone traps with minimal disturbance to the ecological equilibrium. Our findings indicate that the modifications to the traps markedly decreased the capture of natural predators, particularly T. caerulea, which was the predominant predatory insect found in the traps. Simultaneously, captures of the target species, all bark beetles in the trap, were marginally reduced. This decrease in the capture rates of the target bark beetle species, O. erosus, is not considered problematic when pheromone traps are utilized primarily for monitoring purposes. The modifications to the traps significantly reduced the capture of common bark beetle predators, thereby facilitating a more balanced strategy in forest protection efforts.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biodiversity and Ecology of Organisms Associated with Woody Plants)
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Open AccessArticle
Genome-Wide Identification of WRKY in Suaeda australis against Salt Stress
by
Yinquan Qu, Ji Wang, Caihui Qu, Xiaoyun Mo and Xiumei Zhang
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081297 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Suaeda australis is a typical halophyte due to its high salt tolerance. The WRKY gene family plays crucial roles in responding to salt stress, yet reports on WRKY genes in S. australis are scarce. In this study, we identified 47 WRKY genes in
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Suaeda australis is a typical halophyte due to its high salt tolerance. The WRKY gene family plays crucial roles in responding to salt stress, yet reports on WRKY genes in S. australis are scarce. In this study, we identified 47 WRKY genes in the S. australis genome. We then conducted comprehensive analyses, including investigations into their chromosomal locations, gene structures, phylogenetic relationships, promoter regions, conserved motifs, and expression profiles. The 47 WRKY genes were classified into three main groups (with six subfamilies). Among nine chromosomes, S. australis displayed an unequal pattern of distribution. The analysis of regulatory elements revealed that WRKY promoters were associated with light responsiveness, anaerobic induction, drought inducibility, meristem expression, and gibberellin responsiveness. Expression pattern analyses highlighted the role of several SaWRKYs, including Sau00527, Sau00681, Sau18413, Sau19293, Sau00810, Sau05901, Sau09209, Sau12457, and Sau14103. These genes exhibited higher expression levels under ST2 compared to ST1, indicating a significant response to salt stress. Higher SOD, POD, and CAT activity, as well as increased MDA and H2O2 content, were observed in ST2, in line with the expression patterns and our RTq-PCR results. Our study offers a profound understanding of the evolutionary development of S. australis WRKY members, clarifying their vital functions in responding to salt stress. Along with crucial genomic data, these findings establish a solid foundation for investigating the mechanisms of salt-stress regulation in S. australis. This research holds substantial scientific and ecological importance, offering potential contributions to the conservation of S. australis and the utilization of saline soil resources.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress in Tree Species)
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Open AccessArticle
Numerical Simulation of Ablative Damage in Gas-Assisted Laser Processing of Wood
by
Qingwei Liu, Lijia Ning, Chunmei Yang, Fucheng Wang and Tianxiang Liu
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081296 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
To reduce defects in wood laser processing, this study establishes a multi-field coupling model that reflects the coupling relationship between laser energy, auxiliary gas, and slit quality. It reveals the temperature field distribution and heat transfer during this process at a macroscopic level.
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To reduce defects in wood laser processing, this study establishes a multi-field coupling model that reflects the coupling relationship between laser energy, auxiliary gas, and slit quality. It reveals the temperature field distribution and heat transfer during this process at a macroscopic level. Using the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software to simulate laser processing with or without helium gas assistance, we show that helium-assisted laser processing positively affects the quality of wood processing. We further researched the influence of different laser powers and spot radii on ablation damage volume and gasification volume, and the results indicate that the adopted model effectively simulates the influence of laser power and auxiliary gas on laser cutting ability, accurately reflecting the impact of different process parameters on cutting depth and kerf width. The accuracy and effectiveness of this model were validated through comparison with experimental data. This research enhances process reliability and economic benefits through numerical simulation and prediction, expands theoretical research and engineering applications in the laser processing field, and optimizes and innovates wood processing technology. It provides a promising method for enhancing the added value of wood products and efficiently using wood resources.
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(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)
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Open AccessArticle
Glycine Betaine Enhances Poplar Cultivar (Populus deltoides × Populus euramericana) Tolerance to Confront NaCl Stress
by
Feiyan Chen, Ali Movahedi, Hui Wei, Qiang Zhuge and Weibo Sun
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081295 - 25 Jul 2024
Abstract
Glycine betaine (GB) serves as a compatible solute crucial for stress tolerance across numerous plant species. Populus trichocarpa grows along coastal regions and often suffers from salt stress. In this study, we explored the effects of foliar spraying of GB on the growth,
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Glycine betaine (GB) serves as a compatible solute crucial for stress tolerance across numerous plant species. Populus trichocarpa grows along coastal regions and often suffers from salt stress. In this study, we explored the effects of foliar spraying of GB on the growth, physicochemical indexes, gene expression, and stress tolerance of poplar under salt stress. To achieve this, poplar plants (Populus deltoides × Populus euramericana “Nanlin 895”) were grown under four NaCl concentrations: 0, 50, 100, and 150 mM. Additionally, they were treated with 0, 5, 15, and 25 mM GB. The degree of effect on potted poplars was observed after 8 weeks. A GB treatment of about 15 mM significantly reduced the impact of salt stress and photosynthetic pigments and caused an improvement in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, GB-treated poplars had significantly more malonaldehyde (MDA) than the control lines. This study indicated that GB treatment reduces salt stress symptoms in poplars. This research helps to develop safe levels of endogenous GB, which will make poplars more resistant to environmental stresses.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adaptive Mechanisms of Tree Seedlings to Adapt to Stress—Second Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Carbon (δ13C) and Nitrogen (δ15N) Isotope Dynamics during Decomposition of Norway Spruce and Scots Pine Litter
by
Mukesh K. Gautam, Björn Berg and Kwang-Sik Lee
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081294 - 24 Jul 2024
Abstract
We studied the dynamics of stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in litter from Norway spruce (NSL) (Picea abies) and Scots pine (SPL) (Pinus silvestris) during in situ decomposition over a period of more
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We studied the dynamics of stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in litter from Norway spruce (NSL) (Picea abies) and Scots pine (SPL) (Pinus silvestris) during in situ decomposition over a period of more than 4 years. Relative to initial values, δ13CNSL showed a weak enrichment (0.33‰), whereas δ13CSPL was depleted (−0.74‰) at the end of decomposition. Both litter types experienced a depletion in δ15N during decomposition; δ15NNSL decreased by −1.74‰ and δ15NSPL decreased by −1.99‰. The effect of the selective preservation of acid-unhydrolyzable residue (AUR) in lowering δ13C of the residual litter was evident only in SPL. In the NSL, only in the initial stage did C/N have a large effect on the δ13C values. In the later stages, there was a non-linear decrease in δ13CNSL with a simultaneous increase in AUR concentrations, but the effect size was large, suggesting the role of lignin in driving δ13C of residues in later stages. Depletion in 15N in the residual litters concomitant with the increase in N concentration suggests bacterial transformation of the litter over fungal components. A consistent decline in δ15N values further implies that bacterial dominance prompted this by immobilizing nitrate depleted in 15N in the residual litter.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in the Dynamics of Forest Litter Decomposition)
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Open AccessArticle
Soil Fungal Function Centralization Enhances the Decomposition of Fine Roots at Canopy Gap Borders
by
Haijun Liao, Chaonan Li, Zhoulin Han, Guorong Luo, Yulian Yang, Qinggui Wu, Aluo An, Xianwei Li and Dehui Li
Forests 2024, 15(8), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15081293 - 24 Jul 2024
Abstract
Canopy gaps can result in abiotic heterogeneities and diverse niches from gap borders to centers, potentially affecting fine root decompositions mediated by soil fungal communities. Despite extensive discussions on the relationship between soil fungi and fine root decomposition, the mechanism by which gap
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Canopy gaps can result in abiotic heterogeneities and diverse niches from gap borders to centers, potentially affecting fine root decompositions mediated by soil fungal communities. Despite extensive discussions on the relationship between soil fungi and fine root decomposition, the mechanism by which gap locations regulate fine root decomposition through the soil fungal community remains elusive. Here, we conducted an in situ field decomposition experiment of Chinese Toon (Toona sinensis) fine roots in a low-efficiency weeping cypress (Cupressus funebris) plantation forest across three microhabitats: gap centers, gap borders, and closed canopy areas. Soil fungal communities were determined using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing after two years of field incubation. Results showed that soil properties and nutrient content in residual roots varied across the three microhabitats, with the gap borders exhibiting the highest decomposition rates. While fungal α-diversity remained relatively consistent, taxonomic compositions differed significantly. Decomposition rates did not show significant correlations with soil properties, observed fungal ASVs, or overall community composition. However, they positively correlated with the relative abundance of saprotrophic Sordariomycetes, which in turn positively correlated with soil total nitrogen (with a highest correlation), peaking at the gap borders. Overall community variations were primarily driven by soil temperature and magnesium content in residual roots. Further analysis revealed high fungal community similarities and low dispersal limitations between the gap borders and closed canopy areas, with more phylogenetically clustered communities at the borders. These results demonstrate that the gap borders possess a high decomposition rate, likely due to the centralization of functions driven by soil fungi such as saprotrophs existing in the “microbial seed bank” or migrating from closed canopy areas. These findings highlight the key role of soil fungi, especially saprotrophic fungi, in fine root decomposition at the gap borders, stressing the importance of soil fungi-driven mechanisms in nutrient cycling, and also informing sustainable forest management practices.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diversity in Forests)
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