Processes

22 pages, 1591 KB

Open AccessArticle

Color Change of Polymerized Smart Bioactive Resin Luting Agents: A Spectrophotometric Analysis Through Varying Nano-Ceramic Hybrid CAD/CAM Composite Thicknesses

by Hanin E. Yeslam and Alaa Turkistani

Processes 2026, 14(2), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020314 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Using multifunctional dual-cure smart bioactive resin luting agents (DRLs) offers benefits in adhesive dentistry, but their optical stability remains a concern. Their pre-cured form is a shear-thinning structure with thixotropic gel-like behavior. The effect of their hydrophilicity and different thicknesses of nanoceramic hybrid [...] Read more.

Using multifunctional dual-cure smart bioactive resin luting agents (DRLs) offers benefits in adhesive dentistry, but their optical stability remains a concern. Their pre-cured form is a shear-thinning structure with thixotropic gel-like behavior. The effect of their hydrophilicity and different thicknesses of nanoceramic hybrid on the final shade of milled esthetic restorations needs further investigation. This study examined how the optical function deterioration of dual-cure smart bioactive resin luting agents used to bond a CAD/CAM nano-ceramic hybrid composite would influence the restoration’s final shade at three different thicknesses. A nanoceramic hybrid composite (GD) was cut into blocks and grouped by thickness (0.8, 1.0, 1.5 mm). Ten blocks from each group were assigned to subgroups based on the DRL type: Panavia SA Universal (PN), Predicta Bioactive (PR), and ACTIVA BioACTIVE (AC). Color and whiteness changes after a 24 h/day (24 days) coffee immersion were analyzed using statistical methods (ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD for ΔE₀₀; Welch’s ANOVA and Games-Howell for ΔWI_D and ΔL*). DRL type significantly affected ΔE₀₀, ΔWI_D, and ΔL* (p < 0.001). All materials showed the least color change and optical function deterioration at a restoration thickness of 1.5 mm, which was below the acceptability threshold (AT). Despite PR’s bioactive functionality, it maintained its primary optical function with the least color change at GD thicknesses of 1.0 and 1.5 mm (p < 0.001). AC exhibited the greatest ΔE₀₀ above AT, especially at a thickness of 0.8 mm (p < 0.001). ΔL*, ΔE₀₀, and ΔWI_D varied significantly based on DRL type, GD thickness, and the interaction between DRL and thickness (p < 0.05). This suggests that although dual-cure smart DRLs containing bioactive glasses are advantageous, their optical function shifts may become more noticeable in thin, translucent restorations. Increasing the restoration thickness can help mitigate this by altering the optical pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

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16 pages, 3916 KB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Detection of Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Modes via a YOLOv8-Based Deep Learning Model

by Xiong Ran, Heming Xu, Xiangfei Wei, Jinxin Wang and Wei-Cheng Yan

Processes 2026, 14(2), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020313 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

A YOLOv8-based deep learning model was developed to address real-time detection and dynamic regulation needs of the electrohydrodynamic atomization process. An EHDA experimental system was built to obtain images of six typical atomization modes, forming a dataset with 6000 images. After annotation and [...] Read more.

A YOLOv8-based deep learning model was developed to address real-time detection and dynamic regulation needs of the electrohydrodynamic atomization process. An EHDA experimental system was built to obtain images of six typical atomization modes, forming a dataset with 6000 images. After annotation and mosaic augmentation, the dataset served as the training data for the model. The YOLOv8 adopts a “backbone-neck-head” architecture to extract and fuse features, decouple classification and detection, and optimize performance. Experimental results demonstrate that on the test set, the model attains a precision value, recall rate, and mAP50 of 0.995, alongside an mAP50-95 of 0.8. Additionally, its prediction accuracy exceeds 0.99 across all operational modes. Compared with 10 models, it has the best precision and mAP50, as well as low computational complexity, combining high accuracy and lightweight advantages, which can be effectively used for real-time detection of EHDA modes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Automation-Driven Innovations in Chemical Engineering)

15 pages, 842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cell-Based Screening Identifies Neoblechnum brasiliense Extract as a Potent Antagonist of the Ecdysteroid Receptor in Dipteran Cells

by Jissela Gaibor Garofalo, Juliana Wegner, Mauricio Gaibor Garofalo, Guy Smagghe, Jorge Briceño and Moises João Zotti

Processes 2026, 14(2), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020312 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) plays a crucial role in insect development and metamorphosis, making it a promising target for the design of novel biorational compounds. This study investigated the cytotoxicity, as well as the EcR agonist and antagonist activities, of three synthetic molecules [...] Read more.

The ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) plays a crucial role in insect development and metamorphosis, making it a promising target for the design of novel biorational compounds. This study investigated the cytotoxicity, as well as the EcR agonist and antagonist activities, of three synthetic molecules analogous to tebufenozide and extracts from nine plant species using the dipteran S2 cell line which originates from the insect model of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Cytotoxicity assays were performed to determine appropriate concentrations of the synthetic molecules and plant extracts for cell transfection. EcR agonist and antagonist activities were evaluated using 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) as the control hormone. The synthetic molecules analogous to tebufenozide did not activate EcR in S2 cells. In contrast, the plant extract of Neoblechnum brasiliense, commonly known as Brazilian dwarf tree fern, exhibited significant antagonistic activity at 100 µM, reducing receptor activity by 92%, likely due to its phytosteroid content, and without inducing cytotoxic effects. These findings demonstrate that certain plant extracts, particularly N. brasiliense, act as effective EcR antagonists and may represent promising natural leads for the development of environmentally compatible biorational compounds to control economically important dipteran pests, such as fruit flies and mosquitoes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compound Function Characterization in Biochemical Engineering)

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23 pages, 4797 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rotor–Stator Interaction-Induced Pressure Pulsation Propagation and Dynamic Stress Response in an Ultra-High-Head Pump-Turbine

by Feng Jin, Le Gao, Dawei Zheng, Xingxing Huang, Zebin Lai, Meng Liu, Zhengwei Wang and Jian Liu

Processes 2026, 14(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020311 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Unsteady flow-induced pressure fluctuations and the consequent dynamic stresses in pump-turbines are critical determinants of their operational reliability and fatigue resistance. This investigation systematically examines the spatiotemporal propagation of Rotor–Stator Interaction (RSI)-induced pressure pulsations and evaluates the corresponding dynamic stress mechanisms based on [...] Read more.

Unsteady flow-induced pressure fluctuations and the consequent dynamic stresses in pump-turbines are critical determinants of their operational reliability and fatigue resistance. This investigation systematically examines the spatiotemporal propagation of Rotor–Stator Interaction (RSI)-induced pressure pulsations and evaluates the corresponding dynamic stress mechanisms based on a phase-resolved fluid–structure interaction strategy. The results reveal a significant hydrodynamic duality: RSI pressure waves manifest as convective traveling waves on the pressure side but as modal standing waves on the suction side. Crucially, a severe spanwise phase mismatch is identified between the hub and shroud streamlines, which induces a periodic hydrodynamic torsional moment on the blade. Due to the rigid constraint at the blade–crown junction, this torsional tendency is restricted, resulting in high-amplitude constrained tensile stresses at the root. This explains why the stress concentration at the crown inlet is significantly higher than in other regions. Additionally, the stress spectrum shows strong load dependence, characterized by low-frequency modulations on the suction side under high-load conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue CFD Simulation of Fluid Machinery)

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19 pages, 939 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Internal Fat Content and Screw Configuration on Extrusion Traits and Kibble Characteristics of High-Protein, Low-Starch Fish Feed

by Lucas Bassi Scarpim, Mayara Aline Baller, Leticia Graziele Pacheco, Stephanie Souza Theodoro, Dalton José Carneiro and Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi

Processes 2026, 14(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020310 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

In aquaculture, feed production influences nutrition, performance, water quality, and overall profitability. This study evaluated the effects of three levels of internal fat (IF), resulting from the inclusion of 0%, 2%, or 4% fat in the preconditioner during extrusion, and their interaction with [...] Read more.

In aquaculture, feed production influences nutrition, performance, water quality, and overall profitability. This study evaluated the effects of three levels of internal fat (IF), resulting from the inclusion of 0%, 2%, or 4% fat in the preconditioner during extrusion, and their interaction with two extruder screw configurations: medium-shear (MS) and high-shear (HS), on kibble physical quality and extrusion parameters. Increasing IF resulted in a quadratic increase in amylose–lipid complexation under the HS configuration (p = 0.030; r2 = 0.9) and a linear reduction (p < 0.001) in specific mechanical energy (SME) with a strong negative Pearson correlation (r −0.9; p = 0.009) in both configurations. Fat inclusion also reduced mass temperature and die pressure (p < 0.05), leading to lower starch gelatinization degree (p < 0.05) from 87.9 ± 0.6% to 83.4 ± 0.3% in MS configuration and 95.6 ± 0.7 to 86.3 ± 0.8% in HS configuration, increased bulk and piece density (p < 0.001), and reduced radial expansion (p < 0.001). These changes decreased floatability (p < 0.05) and water stability, increasing mushiness (p < 0.01). Increased shear partially improved SME transfer, starch cooking, expansion, floatability, and mushiness; however, the negative effects of 4% IF could not be fully mitigated. Overall, higher IF compromised kibble structure, starch gelatinization, and floatability, while screw configuration resulted in only a limited compensatory effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Processes and Systems)

22 pages, 2282 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oil- and Gas-Well Casing-Setting-Depth Estimation Methods: A New Practical Method

by Musaed N. J. AlAwad, Faisal S. Altawati, Mohammed A. Almobarky, Khaled A. Fattah and Khalid A. AlShemmari

Processes 2026, 14(2), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020309 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

A well construction plan includes a drilling program, drilling fluids, casing-setting-depth selection, casing-grade-combination design, bit selection, cementing, and a wellhead design. Casing-setting-depth selection techniques are an integral part of the construction of oil and gas wells, where setting-depth selection methods rely on both [...] Read more.

A well construction plan includes a drilling program, drilling fluids, casing-setting-depth selection, casing-grade-combination design, bit selection, cementing, and a wellhead design. Casing-setting-depth selection techniques are an integral part of the construction of oil and gas wells, where setting-depth selection methods rely on both safety and economics. In this study, a new casing-setting-depth selection method is developed. This new method is based on the estimation of the fracturing pressure using the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. To validate this new casing-setting-depth selection method, ten core samples, representing ten underground formations in the Saudi lithological column, were tested for uniaxial compressive and tensile strengths. The results were utilized to establish rock failure criteria and estimate casing setting depth using a newly proposed casing-setting-depth selection method based on the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion and compared to other traditional casing-setting-depth estimation methods. The results demonstrated that the Hubbert & Willis method provided a very narrow safe mud window compared to the other methods, while the leak-off, Eaton, Mathews & Kelly, and other methods provided more economical results. On the other hand, the Mohr–Coulomb method provided the widest and most economical safe mud window compared to all other traditional methods. One of the main requirements of the Mohr–Coulomb casing-setting-depth selection method is that it either requires appreciable core samples from various depths to be tested in the laboratory for their mechanical properties and failure criteria, or that core-calibrated well logs be used. Additionally, relying on Mohr–Coulomb casing-setting-depth selection methods requires the use of filtration loss control materials to seal any microcracks that may form. Economical comparisons in terms of casing string number and length yielded that Eaton, leak-off, and Mathews and Kelly methods reduced casing cost by 31% compared to Hubbert and Willis methods. On the other hand, the new casing-setting-depth selection method based on the Mohr–Coulomb method reduced casing costs by 41% compared with the Hubbert and Willis methods and by 10% compared with the leak-off and Mathews and Kelly methods. Therefore, this study provides a new proof of concept for developing an efficient method for selecting the casing setting depth for oil and gas wells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oil and Gas Drilling Processes: Control and Optimization, 2nd Edition)

27 pages, 3772 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Modified Active Disturbance Rejection Control for the Superheated Steam Temperature System Under Wide Load Conditions

by Huiyu Wang, Zihao Tong, Zhenlong Wu, Hongtao Zheng, Bing Li and Yanfeng Jia

Processes 2026, 14(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020308 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The operation of the superheated steam temperature system significantly impacts the safety and economy of thermal power units. To ensure its stable operation under large-scale variable load conditions, a modified active disturbance rejection control strategy based on parameter adaptation is proposed. Firstly, a [...] Read more.

The operation of the superheated steam temperature system significantly impacts the safety and economy of thermal power units. To ensure its stable operation under large-scale variable load conditions, a modified active disturbance rejection control strategy based on parameter adaptation is proposed. Firstly, a typical superheated steam temperature system model is introduced, and the cascade control structure is applied to the model. Then, on this basis, a modified active disturbance rejection control strategy based on parameter adaptation is proposed, and the parameter tuning method of the modified active disturbance rejection control is introduced. Finally, the control performance of the proposed control strategy under a wide range of variable loads is verified through comparative simulations under nominal working conditions and uncertain working conditions. To further illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed strategy, the method is applied to a certain 660 MW unit in the field. After implementing the method, the fluctuation range of superheated steam temperature on the A and B sides decreased to only 34.0% and 53.0% of the original, respectively, and the fluctuation variance on the A and B sides decreased to only 28.5% and 43.3% of the original, respectively. The above field application results fully demonstrate that the control strategy proposed does not merely remain at the theoretical simulation level, but is a key technical means that can be effectively implemented and effectively solve the problem of superheated steam temperature control in thermal power units. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Optimization in Intelligent Process Control for Power and Energy Systems)

21 pages, 888 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Barriers to the Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies into Industries in Türkiye

by Elif Çaloğlu Büyükselçuk and Hakan Turan

Processes 2026, 14(2), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020307 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

The transition to renewable energy technologies is one of the most important ways to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of affordable and clean energy (SDG7); industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG9); responsible production and consumption (SDG12); and climate action (SDG13). The widespread use [...] Read more.

The transition to renewable energy technologies is one of the most important ways to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) of affordable and clean energy (SDG7); industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG9); responsible production and consumption (SDG12); and climate action (SDG13). The widespread use of renewable energy technologies in developing countries will reduce dependence on imported fossil resources, increase industrial competitiveness, and support low-carbon development. Despite all their advantages, the integration of renewable energy technologies into industrial and domestic systems in developing countries remains slow due to a number of barriers. Financial constraints, technical and technological deficiencies, political restrictions and uncertainties, and organizational and managerial inadequacies are some of the barriers to the widespread adoption of renewable energy technologies. This study aims to identify, classify, and prioritize the barriers to the implementation of renewable energy technologies by applying multi-criteria decision-making methods in a fuzzy environment, with Türkiye considered as a case study. The relative importance of the barriers identified using the Single-Valued Spherical Fuzzy SWARA method was assessed, and their interconnections and significance were systematically demonstrated. The findings will contribute to the development of policy and management strategies aligned with global sustainability goals, thereby facilitating a more effective and equitable transition to clean and resilient energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Sustainable Electrical Energy Technologies (2nd Edition))

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40 pages, 4184 KB

Open AccessReview

Friction Stir Processing: An Eco-Efficient Route to High-Performance Surface Architectures in MMCs

by Sachin Kumar Sharma, Saša Milojević, Lokesh Kumar Sharma, Sandra Gajević, Yogesh Sharma, Mohit Sharma, Stefan Čukić and Blaža Stojanović

Processes 2026, 14(2), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020306 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Friction Stir Processing (FSP) has emerged as an advanced solid-state surface engineering technique for tailoring high-performance surface architectures in metal matrix composites (MMCs). By combining localized thermo-mechanical deformation with controlled material flow, FSP enables grain refinement, homogeneous dispersion of reinforcement, and strong interfacial [...] Read more.

Friction Stir Processing (FSP) has emerged as an advanced solid-state surface engineering technique for tailoring high-performance surface architectures in metal matrix composites (MMCs). By combining localized thermo-mechanical deformation with controlled material flow, FSP enables grain refinement, homogeneous dispersion of reinforcement, and strong interfacial bonding without melting or altering bulk properties. This review critically examines the role of FSP in enhancing the mechanical, tribological, and corrosion performance of composites, with emphasis on process–structure–property relationships. Key strengthening mechanisms, including grain boundary strengthening, load transfer, particle pinning, and defect elimination, are systematically discussed, along with their implications for wear resistance, fatigue life, and durability. Special attention is given to corrosion and tribo-corrosion behavior, highlighting electrochemical mechanisms such as micro-galvanic interactions, passive film stability, and interfacial chemistry. Furthermore, the eco-efficiency, industrial viability, and sustainability advantages of FSP are evaluated in comparison with conventional surface modification techniques. The review concludes by identifying critical challenges and outlining future research directions for the scalable, multifunctional, and sustainable design of composite surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Processes)

18 pages, 2109 KB

Open AccessArticle

Considering the Effects of Temperature on FRP–Steel Hybrid Sucker-Rod String Design

by Xin Lu, Zhisheng Xing, Xingyuan Liang, Zhuangzhuang Zhang, Guoqing Han, Peidong Mai and Shuping Chang

Processes 2026, 14(2), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020305 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

With the continuous increase in well depth and the gradual depletion of formation energy, the pump-setting depths in rod-pumped wells have increased significantly, leading to higher suspension loads at the pumping unit. The application of glass fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) sucker rods can effectively [...] Read more.

With the continuous increase in well depth and the gradual depletion of formation energy, the pump-setting depths in rod-pumped wells have increased significantly, leading to higher suspension loads at the pumping unit. The application of glass fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) sucker rods can effectively reduce suspension loads due to their low density and high tensile strength. However, the mechanical performance of FRP rods is highly sensitive to temperature, which poses challenges for their application in deep and high-temperature wells. In FRP–steel hybrid sucker-rod string design, the influence of temperature—particularly on FRP rods—must therefore be carefully considered to prevent failures such as rod parting or coupling separation. This study systematically investigates the effects of temperature on the mechanical properties of FRP sucker rods, including elastic modulus, flexural shear strength, and tensile strength. Based on the operating characteristics of sucker-rod pumping systems and established design criteria, a temperature-aware design methodology for FRP–steel hybrid rod strings is developed and implemented in dedicated design software. The proposed approach enables rational determination of the FRP–steel partition depth under thermal constraints while satisfying mechanical safety requirements. A field case study is conducted to validate the design results, demonstrating that the software provides reliable and practical guidance for hybrid rod-string design in deep wells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition of Artificial Intelligent Techniques in the Optimal Operation of Oil and Gas Production Systems)

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30 pages, 5428 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study on Minor Leak for Pressure-Driven Flow in Straight Pipe and 90° Elbow Transporting Different Media

by Liang-Huai Tong, Yuan-Fan Zhu, Hui-Fan Huang, Yan-Juan Zhao and Yu-Liang Zhang

Processes 2026, 14(2), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020304 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Pipeline leakage is a common issue in many pressurized pipeline systems, with significant hazards, making it a current research hotspot. To reveal the fundamental characteristics of leakage in straight pipelines and 90° elbows transporting different media and thereby predict leakage locations, this paper [...] Read more.

Pipeline leakage is a common issue in many pressurized pipeline systems, with significant hazards, making it a current research hotspot. To reveal the fundamental characteristics of leakage in straight pipelines and 90° elbows transporting different media and thereby predict leakage locations, this paper conducts numerical calculations of the internal flow, while also predicting the pipeline leakage location monitoring model. The study finds that under air medium conditions, the nonlinear function model demonstrates excellent prediction accuracy, with R² > 0.99 for the water₃ condition. Under water medium conditions, the model’s fitting performance gradually weakens with increasing inlet pressure, with R² dropping to 0.77. For a bent pipe, when air is used as the medium, the pressure peak at the large bend angle increases significantly under high inlet pressure. In contrast, when water is the medium, the local pressure reconstruction effect in the bent pipe exhibits a linear strengthening trend as the inlet pressure increases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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14 pages, 1197 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Gas Reservoir Space Characteristics in the Goaf of Xinzhuangzi Closed Coal Mine, Huainan Mining Area

by Zhigen Zhao, Jiajie Zhang, Aozhong Li and Mo Chen

Processes 2026, 14(2), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020303 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

China has numerous closed coal mines with abundant residual resources. The combined effect of multiple factors has driven research on gas resources in the goafs of these mines. Elucidating the characteristics of goaf gas reservoir space is crucial for analyzing gas distribution and [...] Read more.

China has numerous closed coal mines with abundant residual resources. The combined effect of multiple factors has driven research on gas resources in the goafs of these mines. Elucidating the characteristics of goaf gas reservoir space is crucial for analyzing gas distribution and extraction. Therefore, investigating gas reservoir space characteristics under coal seam group conditions is vital. This study uses the Xinzhuangzi closed coal mine as a case study and presents methods for calculating goaf space under both individual coal seam and coal seam group conditions. The volumes of the caving, fissure, and floor failure zones are determined. The results reveal that 14 coal seams have been mined at the Xinzhuangzi coal mine, with a total mined area of 4583.04 × 10⁴ m² across all seams. Under individual coal seam assumptions, the caving, fissure, and floor failure zones have volumes of 455.98 × 10⁶, 1648.40 × 10⁶, and 614.65 × 10⁶ m³, respectively, with a total goaf volume of 2719.03 × 10⁶ m³. Under coal seam group conditions, the caving, fissure, and floor failure zones have volumes of 438.22 × 10⁶, 871.24 × 10⁶, and 154.90 × 10⁶ m³, respectively, with a total goaf volume of 1464.36 × 10⁶ m³. The caving, fissure, floor failure zones and total volumes under coal seam group conditions are 96.11%, 52.85%, 25.20%, and 53.86% of the corresponding volumes calculated under individual coal seam assumptions. This indicates that the coal seam group goaf volumes are neither a simply the sum nor a proportional reduction in the individual coal seam goaf volumes. This study provides a concise approach for investigating goaf gas reservoir space under coal seam group conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coalbed Methane Development Process)

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26 pages, 4043 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Machine Learning Approach for the Completion, Augmentation and Interpretation of a Survey on Household Food Waste Management

by Athanasia Barka-Papadimitriou, Vassilis Lyberatos, Eleni Desiotou, Kostas Efthimiou and Gerasimos Lyberatos

Processes 2026, 14(2), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020302 (registering DOI) - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

Households are the major contributor to food waste generation in the European Union according to the recently published data from Eurostat. Promoting food systems sustainability and aspiring to achieve the United Nations SDG 12.3 requires a better insight to the underlying drivers of [...] Read more.

Households are the major contributor to food waste generation in the European Union according to the recently published data from Eurostat. Promoting food systems sustainability and aspiring to achieve the United Nations SDG 12.3 requires a better insight to the underlying drivers of the household food waste occurrence. The present study presents the combination of a well-established method of acquiring information, the questionnaire surveys, with a state-of-the-art technology for data imputation and interpretation using machine learning (ML). The Food Loss and Waste Prevention Unit (FLWPU) of the municipality of Halandri employed two surveys within the framework of the European funded projects Food Connections and FOODRUS. The first questionnaire was designed for rapid completion, to maximize response rates and minimize respondent burden, ensuring the collection of a consistent core dataset. A total of 154 replies were collected. The second questionnaire, associated with FOODRUS, was more detailed, enabling the participants to provide more in-depth information on their household food waste (HHFW) practices. In total, 43 responses were collected. ML algorithms were applied for data enhancement and data clustering. Specifically, ML and statistical techniques are applied for data imputations. An XGBoost algorithm was trained so as to capture complex relationships between variables. Behavioral intentions and effective strategies for reducing food waste at the community level are identified from the responses of both questionnaires, while a clustering of respondents in five groups emerged by using k-means, thus providing valuable insight into targeted HHFW prevention action plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 1st SUSTENS Meeting: Advances in Sustainable Engineering Systems)

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18 pages, 7981 KB

Open AccessArticle

Carbonation of Alkali-Fused Ash from Biomass Power Plants: A Novel Approach for High Extraction Yield of Nano-Silica

by Jingru Bai, Hang Lei, Xin Meng, Shuo Pan and Qing Wang

Processes 2026, 14(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020301 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study produces high-purity nano-silica from corn straw ash (biomass power plants) using an alkaline fusion-derived sodium silicate solution. CO₂ replaces traditional acids in the carbonation reaction, enabling high extraction yield (93.11%). The process addresses the gap in directly utilizing combustion ash [...] Read more.

This study produces high-purity nano-silica from corn straw ash (biomass power plants) using an alkaline fusion-derived sodium silicate solution. CO₂ replaces traditional acids in the carbonation reaction, enabling high extraction yield (93.11%). The process addresses the gap in directly utilizing combustion ash for such high-purity silica. Key optimal conditions identified were 5 M aq. HCl concentration, NaOH fusion reagent, 1:1.2 mixing ratio, 3 M aq. NaOH solvent, and 12 h ripening. The resulting nano-silica achieved 92.73% purity, 10–50 nm particle size, 270 × 10⁻⁵ m³/kg dibutyl phthalate (DBP) absorption, 55.9916 m²/g specific surface area, 6.38% loss on drying (LOD), and 6.69% loss on ignition (LOI). These properties meet national standards for premium, loosely structured nano-silica. This method provides an economical and effective silicon source, reducing costs and offering economic-environmental benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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19 pages, 3689 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Monoclonal Antibodies of IgG and IgM Classes to Monitor β-D-Glucan Production from Basidiomycete Mushroom Strains in Agro-Industrial Wastes

by Amin Karmali

Processes 2026, 14(2), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020300 - 15 Jan 2026

Abstract

A huge amount of waste is produced annually by the food processing industry which must be valorized into high-value products. Therefore, the aim of this work involves the use of such wastes for production of β-glucans from medicinal basidiomycete strains which are [...] Read more.

A huge amount of waste is produced annually by the food processing industry which must be valorized into high-value products. Therefore, the aim of this work involves the use of such wastes for production of β-glucans from medicinal basidiomycete strains which are powerful biological response modifiers in several clinical disorders. The production of β-glucans from basidiomycete strains in submerged fermentation was monitored by using monoclonal antibodies of the IgG and IgM classes as well as by Congo red assay in the presence of several agro-industrial waste products such as milk permeate, waste coffee grounds, orange peels and rice husks. Subsequently, these β-glucans were purified by using gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. FTIR analysis of several β-glucans was carried out to investigate their structural properties. The adsorption of β-glucans on microtiter plates was dependent on the temperature as well as on the time period of immobilization for ELISA. These mAbs can be used in a competitive ELISA for detection and quantification of β-glucans from basidiomycete mushrooms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Processes and Systems)

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27 pages, 4591 KB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Impact Assessment of New Cement Production Blending Calcareous Green Algae and Fly Ash

by Hafiz M. Irfan, Chi-Yun Wu, Muhammad Saddam Hussain and Wei Wu

Processes 2026, 14(2), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020299 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

To improve traditional cement manufacturing, which generates a large amount of greenhouse gases, blending calcareous green algae and fly ash as cement replacement materials is expected to achieve nearly zero carbon emissions. As a calcareous green alga, Halimeda macroloba is a significant producer [...] Read more.

To improve traditional cement manufacturing, which generates a large amount of greenhouse gases, blending calcareous green algae and fly ash as cement replacement materials is expected to achieve nearly zero carbon emissions. As a calcareous green alga, Halimeda macroloba is a significant producer of biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), sequestering approximately 440 kg of carbon dioxide (CO₂) per 1000 kg of CaCO₃, with CaCO₃ production reported in relation to algal biomass. To assess the new low-carbon/low-waste cement production process, the proposed scenarios (2 and 3) are validated via Python-based modeling (Python 3.12) and Aspen Plus^® simulation (Aspen V14). The core technology is the pre-calcination of algae-derived CaCO₃ and fly ash from coal combustion, which are added to a rotary kiln to enhance the proportions of tricalcium silicate (C₃S) and dicalcium silicate (C₂S) for forming the desired silicate phases in clinker. Through the lifecycle assessment (LCA) of all scenarios using SimaPro^® (SimaPro 10.2.0.3), the proposed Scenario 2 achieves the GWP at approximately 0.906 kg CO₂-eq/kg clinker, lower than the conventional cement production process (Scenario 1) by 47%. If coal combustion is replaced by natural gas combustion, the fly ash additive is reduced by 74.5% in the cement replacement materials, but the proposed Scenario 3 achieves the GWP at approximately 0.753 kg CO₂-eq/kg clinker, lower than Scenario 2 by 16.9%. Moreover, the LCA indicators show that Scenario 3 has lower environmental impacts on human health, ecosystem, and resources than Scenario 1 by 24.5%, 60.0% and 68.6%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

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34 pages, 2251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Cleaner Diesel Engines: Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel–Ammonia–Methanol Fuel Blends

by Onur Kocatepe and Güven Gonca

Processes 2026, 14(2), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020298 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Decarbonization of compression-ignition engines requires evaluation of carbon-free and low-carbon fuel alternatives. Ammonia () offers zero direct carbon emissions but faces combustion challenges including low flame speed (7 ) and high auto-ignition temperature (657 °). Methanol provides improved reactivity and bound oxygen content [...] Read more.

Decarbonization of compression-ignition engines requires evaluation of carbon-free and low-carbon fuel alternatives. Ammonia () offers zero direct carbon emissions but faces combustion challenges including low flame speed (7 ) and high auto-ignition temperature (657 °). Methanol provides improved reactivity and bound oxygen content that can enhance ignition characteristics. This computational study investigates diesel–ammonia–methanol ternary fuel blends using validated three-dimensional CFD simulations (ANSYS Forte 2023 R2; ANSYS, Inc., Canonsburg, PA, USA) with merged chemical kinetic mechanisms (247 species, 2431 reactions). The model was validated against experimental in-cylinder pressure data with deviations below 5% on a single-cylinder diesel engine (510 cm³, 17.5:1 compression ratio, 1500 rpm). Ammonia energy ratios were systematically varied (10–50%) with methanol substitution levels (0–90%). Fuel preheating at 530 K was employed for high-alcohol compositions exhibiting ignition failure at standard temperature. Results demonstrate that peak cylinder pressures of 130–145 bar are achievable at 10–30% ammonia with M30K–M60K configurations, comparable to baseline diesel (140 bar). Indicated thermal efficiency reaches 38–42% at 30% ammonia-representing 5–8 percentage point improvements over diesel baseline (31%)-but declines to 30–32% at 50% ammonia due to fundamental combustion limitations. reductions scale approximately linearly with ammonia content: 35–55% at 30% ammonia and 75–78% at 50% ammonia. emissions demonstrate 30–60% reductions at efficiency-optimal configurations. Multi-objective optimization analysis identifies the A30M60K configuration (30% ammonia, 60% methanol, 530 K preheating) as optimal, achieving 42% thermal efficiency, 58% reduction, 51% reduction, and 11% power enhancement versus diesel. This configuration occupies the Pareto frontier “knee point” with cross-scenario robustness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances and Technologies in Internal Combustion Engines: Combustion Analysis and Emission Control)

20 pages, 4305 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Mathematical Model Accounting for Pore Pressure Generation in Sedimentary Basins

by Lihao Zhou, Liangbin Dou, Chengyun Ma, Shanshan Quan, Fengtao Qu, Wenxuan Kou, Chenbo Gu, Chi Zhao, Baiqi Mao and Kai Zhao

Processes 2026, 14(2), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020297 - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

The abnormal pore pressure is possibly generated through a comprehensive process including geological, physical, geochemical, or hydrodynamic factors. Generally, all mechanisms are abstracted as four typical categories, namely skeleton deformation, pore fluid mass increase, temperature change, and other mechanisms. Traditional methods for evaluating [...] Read more.

The abnormal pore pressure is possibly generated through a comprehensive process including geological, physical, geochemical, or hydrodynamic factors. Generally, all mechanisms are abstracted as four typical categories, namely skeleton deformation, pore fluid mass increase, temperature change, and other mechanisms. Traditional methods for evaluating reservoir overpressure often only consider the influence of a single factor and lack mathematical methods for a comprehensive explanation of reservoir overpressure. Therefore, this article is dedicated to proposing a comprehensive mathematical model, incorporating effective mean stress, shear stress, temperature, pore collapse-induced plastic deformation, time-dependent skeleton deformation, and pore fluid mass increase, to account for pore pressure generation in sedimentary basins. The effects of various factors on pore pressure generation are analyzed, and case studies are conducted. Main conclusions are drawn that both the compressibility of sediments and the porosity at the surface control the pore pressure generation rate and vertical gradient. The pore pressure generation rate and vertical gradient in deep formation are larger than those in shallow formation. The higher compressibility and lower porosity at the surface lead to a greater pore pressure generation rate and vertical gradient during the skeleton deformation. The lower compressibility and a lower porosity at the surface can cause a higher pore pressure change rate and vertical gradient during the pore pressure mass increase and temperature change. By comparison, mechanical loading plays a more important role in pore pressure generation rate and vertical gradient than aquathermal pressuring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Petroleum and Low-Carbon Energy Process Engineering)

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19 pages, 3409 KB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Spirulina-Based Composites and Postbiotics Using the Electrospinning Process: Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity

by Sergiana dos Passos Ramos, Monize Bürck, Eduarda Lemos, Giovanna Grasser, Marcelo Assis, Camila Duarte Ferreira Ribeiro, Elson Longo and Anna Rafaela Cavalcante Braga

Processes 2026, 14(2), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14020296 (registering DOI) - 14 Jan 2026

Abstract

Postbiotics, defined as non-viable microorganisms or their structural and metabolic components, have attracted attention for their documented health effects, including modulation of gut homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Tributyrin is among the most promising postbiotics studied, and its safety profile enables it to exert [...] Read more.

Postbiotics, defined as non-viable microorganisms or their structural and metabolic components, have attracted attention for their documented health effects, including modulation of gut homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Tributyrin is among the most promising postbiotics studied, and its safety profile enables it to exert its beneficial effects. However, tributyrin activity must be maintained after its uptake, underscoring the importance of selecting appropriate delivery strategies, such as its incorporation into electrospun composites. Combining postbiotics and natural antioxidants, such as Spirulina and its components, to improve their properties can be a great strategy. Therefore, the present work aimed to produce tributyrin–Spirulina composites via electrospinning. The composites obtained were characterized, and their antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity were determined. All formulations were successfully produced by electrospinning, as the composites retained the bonds of their respective components. In terms of antioxidant activity, the combination of tributyrin and C-phycocyanin was the most promising among the bioactive compounds studied. Overall, the viability and cytotoxicity results indicate that interactions among bioactive composition, redox regulation, and adhesion-dependent survival govern cellular responses to electrospun zein fibers. Tributyrin promotes metabolic adaptation over time, whereas Spirulina-derived fractions are more sensitive to formulation and culture conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conversion and Valorization of Biomass)

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