Processes

12 pages, 887 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Recovery of Cellulose Contained in Mixed Fabrics

by Juan A. Conesa and Viviana N. Córdoba

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2854; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122854 - 12 Dec 2024

The present work focuses on the recovery of cellulose from mixed fabrics containing polyester and cotton through the use of different chemical and hydrothermal treatment methods. Through the application of various analytical techniques, such as thermogravimetry (TG) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), we seek [...] Read more.

The present work focuses on the recovery of cellulose from mixed fabrics containing polyester and cotton through the use of different chemical and hydrothermal treatment methods. Through the application of various analytical techniques, such as thermogravimetry (TG) and infrared spectroscopy (IR), we seek to determine the effectiveness of the methods used. The results indicate that different treatments with NaOH and distilled water at high temperatures and pressures are particularly effective for the extraction of the cellulose fraction. Furthermore, these methods were compared with previous studies to evaluate their feasibility and sustainability. The findings underline the importance of selecting appropriate experimental conditions to maximize the purity of the cellulose obtained and minimize fiber degradation, thus promoting more efficient and sustainable textile recycling processes. These results have significant implications for industrial applications by enabling the development of scalable recycling methods and contribute to reducing the environmental impact of textile waste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Recovery Technologies from Wastewater and Waste)

11 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Mixed Combustion Behavior of Pulverized Municipal Solid Waste and Anthracite Coal

by Xiaojian Zuo, Guang Wang, Jingsong Wang and Qingguo Xue

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2853; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122853 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

The substitution of municipal solid waste (MSW) for pulverized coal reduces the dependence on fossil fuels, lowers production costs in energy-intensive industries, and helps decrease carbon emissions. The primary method of utilizing MSW as fuel is mixed combustion with pulverized coal. This paper [...] Read more.

The substitution of municipal solid waste (MSW) for pulverized coal reduces the dependence on fossil fuels, lowers production costs in energy-intensive industries, and helps decrease carbon emissions. The primary method of utilizing MSW as fuel is mixed combustion with pulverized coal. This paper employs a thermogravimetric analysis to study the combustion characteristics and perform a kinetic analysis of a mixture of MSW and pulverized anthracite coal. The simulated MSW is composed of three representative components: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and straw (a typical biomass). The experimental results indicate that the combustion process of MSW is more complex than that of anthracite. The initial ignition temperature of MSW is 334 °C, whereas that of anthracite is 551 °C. As the proportion of MSW increases, the weight loss stages in the combustion curve of the mixture become more numerous, and the ignition temperature gradually decreases. Moreover, the combustion performance of the MSW–anthracite mixture improves, with the combustibility index R_m rising from 0.131 to 0.235. The combustion process of MSW–anthracite mixtures was analyzed using the random pore model (RPM), the unreacted core model (URCM), and the volumetric model (VM). Among these, the VM was found to be the most suitable kinetic model for the combustion process. The activation energies for the combustion processes of anthracite, 20% MSW-80% anthracite, 40% MSW-60% anthracite, 60% MSW-40% anthracite, 80% MSW-20% anthracite, and MSW were calculated to be 152.05 kJ/mol, 80.51 kJ/mol, 51.05 kJ/mol, 40.87 kJ/mol, 33.41 kJ/mol, and 32.17 kJ/mol, respectively. The obtained results indicate that MSW is a high-performance fuel with significant application potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental and Green Processes)

22 pages, 1906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Robotic Puncturing Path Planning of Flexible Needle

by Jun Lin, Zhiqiang Huang, Tengliang Zhu, Jiewu Leng and Kai Huang

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2852; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122852 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

The path planning of flexible needles in robotic puncturing presents challenges such as limited model accuracy and poor real-time performance, which affect both efficiency and accuracy in complex medical scenarios. To address these issues, this paper proposes a deep reinforcement learning-based path planning [...] Read more.

The path planning of flexible needles in robotic puncturing presents challenges such as limited model accuracy and poor real-time performance, which affect both efficiency and accuracy in complex medical scenarios. To address these issues, this paper proposes a deep reinforcement learning-based path planning method for flexible needles in robotic puncturing. Firstly, we introduce a unicycle model to describe needle motion and design a hierarchical model to simulate layered tissue interactions with the needle. The forces exerted by tissues at different positions on the flexible needle are considered, achieving a combination of kinematic and mechanical models. Secondly, a deep reinforcement learning framework is built, integrating obstacle avoidance and target attraction to optimize path planning. The design of state features, the action space, and the reward function is tailored to enhance the model’s decision-making capabilities. Moreover, we incorporate a retraction mechanism to bolster the system’s adaptability and robustness in the dynamic context of surgical procedures. Finally, laparotomy simulation results validate the proposed method’s effectiveness and generalizability, demonstrating its superiority over current state-of-the-art techniques in robotic puncturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0: Simulators and Algorithms in Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

70 pages, 2065 KiB

Open AccessReview

Upcycling Coffee Waste: Key Industrial Activities for Advancing Circular Economy and Overcoming Commercialization Challenges

by Kanokthip Pongsiriyakul, Peerawat Wongsurakul, Worapon Kiatkittipong, Aerwadee Premashthira, Kulapa Kuldilok, Vesna Najdanovic-Visak, Sushil Adhikari, Patrick Cognet, Tetsuya Kida and Suttichai Assabumrungrat

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2851; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122851 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

The valorization of coffee waste has gained traction due to its potential to generate valuable products, lessen its impact on the environment, and promote sustainability. This review examines the diverse range of coffee waste, including pulp, husk, mucilage, and parchment from the upstream [...] Read more.

The valorization of coffee waste has gained traction due to its potential to generate valuable products, lessen its impact on the environment, and promote sustainability. This review examines the diverse range of coffee waste, including pulp, husk, mucilage, and parchment from the upstream processing of green beans, as well as silverskin (coffee chaff) and spent coffee grounds (SCGs) generated during roasting and brewing. These materials are identified as valuable raw inputs for biorefineries pursuing a bio-circular economy. Recent research has yielded several viable applications for these by-products, categorized into four main areas: (1) agriculture, (2) biofuels and bioenergy, (3) biochemicals and biomaterials, and (4) food ingredients and nutraceuticals. Despite significant advancements in research, the industrial application of coffee waste remains limited. This review summarizes the global commercialization landscape, highlighting that SCGs are particularly advantageous for large-scale upcycling, with applications spanning agriculture, biofuels, and biochemicals. In contrast, coffee husk is primarily utilized in food ingredients and nutraceuticals. The review also addresses the challenges and constraints that must be overcome to facilitate successful commercialization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Section "Environmental and Green Processes")

22 pages, 2894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Scheduling of Zero-Carbon Parks Considering Flexible Response of Source–Load Bilaterals in Multiple Timescales

by Fuyu Wang and Weiqing Wang

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2850; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122850 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

In order to enhance the carbon reduction potential of a park, a low-carbon economic dispatch method applicable to zero-carbon parks is proposed to optimize the energy dispatch of the park at multiple timescales; this is achieved by introducing a flexible response mechanism for [...] Read more.

In order to enhance the carbon reduction potential of a park, a low-carbon economic dispatch method applicable to zero-carbon parks is proposed to optimize the energy dispatch of the park at multiple timescales; this is achieved by introducing a flexible response mechanism for source–load bilaterals, so as to achieve low-carbon, economic, and efficient operation. First, a park model that accounts for the energy flow characteristics and carbon potential distribution of the energy hub is established. Then, based on the flexible operation of energy supply equipment and multi-type integrated demand response, the flexible response mechanism of source–load bilaterally and the multi-timescale scheduling framework are proposed; the mechanisms of source–load coordination and electricity–carbon coupling are analyzed in depth. Finally, with the objective of optimal system operation economy, the optimal scheduling model is established for three timescales, namely, day-ahead, intraday, and real-time scheduling. The equipment output and demand response are optimized step by step according to the source–load prediction information and scheduling results at each stage. The simulation results show that the proposed model can effectively utilize the source and load resources to participate in scheduling and can effectively reduce carbon emissions while ensuring the energy supply demand of the park, realizing the low-carbon, economic operation of the system. Therefore, this study provides a new theoretical basis and practical solution for the optimal dispatch of energy in zero-carbon parks, which helps to promote the development of a low-carbon economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Digital and Other Processes)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 9181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of the Performance of Orbitally Shaken Bioreactors (OSRs) and Stirred Tank Bioreactors (STRs)

by Likuan Zhu, Yinyu Liao, Xiaoyin Chang, Mingwu Su, Yixian Ou, Shiyun Wu, Zhaozhi Wu, Haolin Yang, Junyan Li and Haijun Huang

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2849; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122849 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Bioreactors are crucial for biopharmaceutical engineering, and their properties have an important impact on cell cultivation. Orbitally shaken bioreactors (OSRs) are gradually gaining more and more attention because of their special operational advantages and suitability for disposable cultivation. In this paper, the performance [...] Read more.

Bioreactors are crucial for biopharmaceutical engineering, and their properties have an important impact on cell cultivation. Orbitally shaken bioreactors (OSRs) are gradually gaining more and more attention because of their special operational advantages and suitability for disposable cultivation. In this paper, the performance of OSRs is analyzed in comparison to stirred tank bioreactors (STRs). CFD models were established to investigate the difference in fluid dynamics between OSRs and STRs at the same power input levels. The CFD and experiment data showed that mixing and oxygen transfer needed less energy in OSRs than in STRs. Moreover, the shear stress was still at a low level for agitation behaviors in both OSRs and STRs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nano Manufacturing Processes: Theories and Optimization Techniques (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 10936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of a Temperature–Pressure Coupling Model for a Tubular String in a Carbon Dioxide Injection Well

by Yinping Cao, Xinwei Chen, Wenwen Lin, Heng Du and Yijie Hu

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2848; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122848 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Tubular string temperature and pressure are important parameters in string mechanics analysis. Thus, accurately calculating temperature and pressure in the injection process is fundamental for analyzing the tubular string mechanics of CO₂ injection wells. Based on the S-W equation of state and [...] Read more.

Tubular string temperature and pressure are important parameters in string mechanics analysis. Thus, accurately calculating temperature and pressure in the injection process is fundamental for analyzing the tubular string mechanics of CO₂ injection wells. Based on the S-W equation of state and Vesovic models, we modeled the physical properties of CO₂. Then, based on the physical properties of CO₂, combined with the theory of heat transfer and three conservation laws, a temperature–pressure coupling model of a tubular string was established. Lastly, the temperature and pressure field distributions of the G66X1 well were determined using the alternating iteration method. According to a comparison of the established model and the actual data, the maximum error in predicting temperature was 4.1% and the maximum error in predicting pressure was 2.3%; thus, the model exhibits a high level of accuracy. In the final section, the model was used to study the influence of injection temperature on the tubular string temperature and pressure field distribution. Next, we studied the influence of the injection time, displacement, and pressure on the bottom hole temperature. This study provides a reference for predicting the wellbore temperature and pressure in CO₂ injection wells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 10529 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Influence of Core Stability on the Coring Process of Long-Barrel Coring Tools

by Jiliang Liu, Jinsheng Sun, Guancheng Jiang and Yongjin Yu

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2847; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122847 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

In the process of long-barrel coring, the improper selection of operating parameters can easily cause blocked deformation, violent vibration of the core, core fracture, and impact crushing, which lead to a reduction in the stability of the core and core harvesting rates. Accurate [...] Read more.

In the process of long-barrel coring, the improper selection of operating parameters can easily cause blocked deformation, violent vibration of the core, core fracture, and impact crushing, which lead to a reduction in the stability of the core and core harvesting rates. Accurate knowledge of the influence of relevant factors on core stability is the key to improving core harvesting rates. Therefore, in this study, a numerical calculation model for tight and fractured cores in a barrel was constructed based on the Drucker–Prager criterion, using the finite element method. A numerical calculation model of a core broken into a barrel was constructed using the discrete element method. A study was conducted on the influence law of core stability under different core lengths, rotational speeds, weights on bit, and well inclination angles. The influence of each factor on core stability was analysed based on the vibration displacement and stress distribution characteristics of the core. The calculations show that increasing the weight on bit and reducing the rotation speed can effectively reduce the radial vibration displacement and local stress in tight and fractured cores, reduce the possibility of core fracture or breakage, and improve core stability. When the well inclination angle is large, it can easily cause core deformation and wall sliding, generating large contact stress and radial vibration displacement, significantly reducing the core stability. A broken core has the worst stability and is easily compacted in the core barrel, producing secondary crushing and plugging effects. Increasing the core barrel length resulted in a more unstable core. Compared with single-barrel coring, the distortion of the core column under double-barrel coring was more evident. In addition, the coring process, cuttings distribution, and drill bit hydraulic characteristics were studied based on the CFD-DPM method. The conclusions of this study are of great significance for optimising coring operation parameters to further improve core stability and coring harvest rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multiphase Flow Process and Separation Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 4319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Monitoring Methods for Fluid Flow in Strata

by Feng Zhang

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2846; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122846 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

In many projects, it is important to monitor the direction of groundwater flow, but conventional methods make it difficult. Through streaming potential detection technology, under the action of external pressure, liquid can be forced to flow through solid pores to generate directional flow, [...] Read more.

In many projects, it is important to monitor the direction of groundwater flow, but conventional methods make it difficult. Through streaming potential detection technology, under the action of external pressure, liquid can be forced to flow through solid pores to generate directional flow, and a flow potential can be generated at both ends of solid pores. The phenomenon of different streaming potentials can help engineers determine the direction of fluid flow. In this study, tests were conducted using a core injection system and a streaming potential tester to carry out injections on sandstone samples of two different structures to study the effects of different injection pressures and different salinities on the variation in the streaming potential in sandstone. Moreover, a small-scale field water injection monitoring experiment was also carried out to observe the actual situation of the streaming potential generated during water injection in the field formation structure. The laboratory test results show that the flow potential is accompanied by the liquid injection process in the sandstone sample, and the flow potential produced by the sandstone with different porosities is obviously different, Therefore, the flow potential associated with the actual rock injection process can be used to infer porosity and permeability. This study provides a new method for monitoring underground fluids and is expected to improve the efficiency of oil extraction and geothermal development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oil and Gas Drilling Processes: Control and Optimization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 10262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Diagnosis of Mechanical Rolling Bearings Using a Convolutional Neural Network–Gated Recurrent Unit Method with Envelope Analysis and Adaptive Mean Filtering

by Huiyi Zhu, Zhen Sui, Jianliang Xu and Yeshen Lan

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2845; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122845 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

Rolling bearings are vital components in rotating machinery, and their reliable operation is crucial for maintaining the stability and efficiency of mechanical systems. However, fault detection in rolling bearings is often hindered by noise interference in complex industrial environments. To overcome this challenge, [...] Read more.

Rolling bearings are vital components in rotating machinery, and their reliable operation is crucial for maintaining the stability and efficiency of mechanical systems. However, fault detection in rolling bearings is often hindered by noise interference in complex industrial environments. To overcome this challenge, this paper presents a novel fault diagnosis method for rolling bearings, combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs), integrated with the envelope analysis and adaptive mean filtering techniques. Initially, envelope analysis and adaptive mean filtering are applied to suppress random noise in the bearing signals, thereby enhancing the visibility of fault features. Subsequently, a deep learning model that combines a CNN and a GRU is developed: the CNN extracts spatial features, while the GRU captures the temporal dependencies between these features. The integration of the CNN and GRU significantly improves the accuracy and robustness of fault diagnosis. The proposed method is validated using the CWRU dataset, with the experimental results achieving an average accuracy of 99.25%. Additionally, the method is compared to four classical fault diagnosis models, demonstrating superior performance in terms of both diagnostic accuracy and generalization ability. The results, supported by various visualization techniques, show that the proposed approach effectively addresses the challenges of fault detection in rolling bearings under complex industrial conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fault Diagnosis, Fault Tolerant Control and Process Simulation of Nonlinear Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2775 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A CFD-Based Decision Matrix for Evacuation Planning: Minimizing Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals

by Seungbum Jo

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2844; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122844 - 12 Dec 2024

Abstract

The extent of casualty and property loss due to chemical accidents depends on how well the emergency action plan was established in advance and how fast the warning notice and evacuation orders are given to the public. Assistant methods for the establishment of [...] Read more.

The extent of casualty and property loss due to chemical accidents depends on how well the emergency action plan was established in advance and how fast the warning notice and evacuation orders are given to the public. Assistant methods for the establishment of protective action plans have been developed for several decades. However, the currently developed decision trees are complicated, so they may require a detailed analysis, and previous decision matrices do not consider the indoor and outdoor concentration directly and hence do not allow a change in evacuation order. In this study, five key parameters, report time, toxic cloud arrival/removal time and indoor/outdoor concentration, are selected for the evacuation decision, and the effectiveness of leakage and wind speed on five parameters is investigated. CFD simulations are performed for the various values of mass flow rate and wind speed. Near the release point of toxic gas, the maximum concentration is unaffected by wind speed, but the mass flow rate significantly influences it at low wind speeds. In the far field, the maximum concentration decreases with increasing wind speed. The termination time for shelter-in-place, suggesting a shift to evacuation, decreases with both higher mass flow rate and wind speed. For smaller mass flow rates (

\dot{m} = 0.1 kg / s

), indoor concentration exceeds outdoor levels after 25.9 min, while for larger mass flow rates (

\dot{m} = 2.0 kg / s

), this time shortens to 15.2 min. Increasing wind speed from 0.5

m / s

to 5.0

m / s

decreases the equilibrium concentration from 13.9

ppm

to 3.4

ppm

and reduces the escape time from 48.9 min to 16.0 min. Overall, higher mass flow rates and wind speeds shorten the equilibrium and escape times, improving toxic cloud removal efficiency. Based on the simulation results, a new evacuation decision matrix is developed which minimizes the total exposure concentration. This study provides the proper evacuation time along distance which eventually prevents traffic congestion because of the simultaneous escape rush. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3154 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methanol Production via Power-to-Liquids: A Comparative Simulation of Two Pathways Using Green Hydrogen and Captured CO₂

by David Tian Hren, Miloš Bogataj and Andreja Nemet

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2843; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122843 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Methanol is a versatile substance that can be used in combustion engines and fuel cells and as a feedstock for the production of various chemicals. However, the majority of methanol is currently produced from fossil fuels, which is not sustainable. The aim of [...] Read more.

Methanol is a versatile substance that can be used in combustion engines and fuel cells and as a feedstock for the production of various chemicals. However, the majority of methanol is currently produced from fossil fuels, which is not sustainable. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate the feasibility of methanol production from renewable sources as a bridge to a low-carbon economy and its potential as an alternative to fossil-derived chemicals. For this purpose, the process of methanol production from captured CO₂ and water as an H₂ source was simulated in Aspen Plus. For CO₂ capture, the monoethanolamine (MEA) absorption process was assumed. The H₂ required for methanol synthesis was obtained by alkaline water electrolysis using electricity from renewable sources. The captured CO₂ and the produced H₂ were then converted into methanol through the process of CO₂ hydrogenation in two ways, direct and two-step synthesis. In the direct conversion, the hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol was carried out in a single step. In the two-step conversion, the CO₂ was first partly converted to CO by the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS) reaction, and then the mixture of CO and CO₂ was hydrogenated to methanol. The results show that direct synthesis has a higher methanol yield (0.331 kmol of methanol/kmol of H₂) compared to two-step synthesis (0.326 kmol of methanol/kmol of H₂). The direct synthesis produces 13.4 kmol of methanol/MW, while the two-step synthesis produces 11.2 kmol of methanol/MW. This difference amounts to 2.2 kmol of methanol/MW, which corresponds to a saving of 0.127 $/kmol of methanol. Besides the lesser energy requirements, the direct synthesis process also produces lower carbon emissions (22,728 kg/h) as compared to the two-step synthesis process (33,367 kg/h). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Quasi-Z-Source Inverter with High-Frequency AC Link of High-Proportion Renewable-Energy Power System

by Wenjuan Dong, Xingang Wang, DeLiNuEr Azan, Yuwei Wang and Lei Li

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2842; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122842 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Z-source/quasi-z-source inverters can make up for some limitations of traditional voltage-/current-source inverters. In recent years, more and more research has been carried on z-source/quasi-z-source inverters, but most of them are unable to realize input/output galvanic isolation. The proposal of high-frequency isolated z-source/quasi-z-source inverters [...] Read more.

Z-source/quasi-z-source inverters can make up for some limitations of traditional voltage-/current-source inverters. In recent years, more and more research has been carried on z-source/quasi-z-source inverters, but most of them are unable to realize input/output galvanic isolation. The proposal of high-frequency isolated z-source/quasi-z-source inverters greatly enriches the topological family of this type of converter but places relatively high voltage stress on the capacitors. In this paper, a novel circuit topology of a quasi-z-source inverter with a high-frequency AC link of a new high-proportion power system is proposed. The operating principle and abnormal operating states, such as discontinuous-conduction mode (DCM) operation and abnormal states caused by component failures, are analyzed. The double closed-loop control strategy is analyzed and designed, and a grid-connected photovoltaic system based on the inverter is designed. The experimental results verify that the presented inverter has advantages such as high-frequency electrical isolation, bi-directional power flow, lower voltage stress on the capacitors, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Optimization Control of Active Distribution Networks and Smart Grids)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 5745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of a Photoactivated Ruthenium Nitrocomplex [RuCl(NO₂)(dppb)(4,4-2 Mebipy)] on the Viability of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells, Including Bacterial Biofilms

by Alexandre L. Andrade, Aryane A. Pinheiro, Ellen A. Malveira, Isa M. F. Azevedo, Ana C. S. Gondim, Alzir A. Batista, João H. A. Neto, Eduardo E. Castellano, Alda K. M. Holanda, Mayron A. Vasconcelos and Edson H. Teixeira

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2841; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122841 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global public health problem. Many bacterial pathogens use biofilm formation as their main pathogenicity mechanism, a practical tactic for surviving in natural settings and colonized host tissues. Research using ruthenium(II) complexes has demonstrated antibacterial action linked to [...] Read more.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global public health problem. Many bacterial pathogens use biofilm formation as their main pathogenicity mechanism, a practical tactic for surviving in natural settings and colonized host tissues. Research using ruthenium(II) complexes has demonstrated antibacterial action linked to photodynamic therapy, an alternate method of microbial control. Thus, in this work, the photosensitive nitro complex [RuCl(NO₂)(dppb)(4,4-Mebipy)] (I) was prepared and the X-ray structure was determined. Then, we investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities, antibiotic-associated effects, and cytotoxicity. The results showed that complex I exhibited promising antimicrobial activity with MIC values ranging from 4 to 256 µg/mL and MBC from 4 to 32 µg/mL. The antimicrobial activity of this nitro complex was significantly enhanced with blue light irradiation, as confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis of the pBR322 DNA, which must be related to the DNA cleavage promoted by the photorelease of NO. A synergistic effect against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains was observed when combined with ampicillin, which exhibited FICI values from 0.186 to 0.311. Interestingly, complex I associated with tetracycline showed a synergistic effect only on Escherichia coli. Regarding biofilms, the irradiated complex I showed antibacterial activity against biofilm formation and mature biofilms. Furthermore, SEM and confocal analyses revealed changes in cell morphology and damage to the wall and plasma membrane. Complex I presented a percentage of hemolysis between 2 and 4%, and no cytotoxic effect was observed against murine dermal fibroblasts. In conclusion, the photoactivated ruthenium(II) complex showed antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against relevant bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Biofilms: Latest Advances and Prospects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 6779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Mixing Process in Batch Mixer Using CFD-DEM Simulation and Automatic Post-Processing Method

by Guangming Li, Zhenbang Zhang, Jiahong Xiang, Haili Zhao, Feng Jiao, Tao Chen and Guo Li

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2840; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122840 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

A batch mixer is an important piece of equipment for polymer filling modification, and the kinematics of agglomerate breakup and distribution are necessary for the structure design and mixing process optimization of the rotor, particularly in light of the cohesive forces that exist [...] Read more.

A batch mixer is an important piece of equipment for polymer filling modification, and the kinematics of agglomerate breakup and distribution are necessary for the structure design and mixing process optimization of the rotor, particularly in light of the cohesive forces that exist within the agglomerate. In this paper, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was coupled with discrete element method (DEM) to simulate the mixing process, including breakup and distribution, which was further quantitatively evaluated by the post-processing involving numerical method. To study the mixing process of an agglomerate composed of massive spherical particles (individual particle ratio was r), the coordinates of the particles were exported from the CFD-DEM simulation results. Then, the coordinate data were automatically processed with an automate custom-built post-processing program to obtain the average radius of gyration (R_gy) and the particle distribution density (ε). The kinematics analyzation of breakup and distribution was represented by curve of R_gy/r versus mixing time (t) and curve of ε versus t, respectively. The value of R_gy/r and ε decreased over time until they reached an equilibrium and vibrated around a certain value. In particular, a notable decline in the value of R_gy/r was observed following an increase prior to critical time. The increase in R_gy/r stated that the agglomerate or aggregates undergo stretching deformation. Additionally, mixing processes of rotors with different pressurization coefficients (S) and rotation speeds could be facilitated and intensified by large S and high rotation speed. Finally, a “breakup-line” was developed by considering the influence of cohesive force and rotation speed on the agglomerate breakup process. The agglomerate could be broken if the combination of rotation speed and bonding strength was above the “breakup line”, otherwise the agglomerate was not broken. Furthermore, rotors with larger slopes exhibited stronger breakup ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Automation Control Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 5198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Application of a Deep Thermal Reservoir by Using a Magnetotelluric Sounding Method: Taking an Example of Geothermal Resources’ Exploration in the Western Taikang Uplift of the Southern North China Basin

by Bowen Xu, Huailiang Zhu, Min Zhang, Zhongyan Yang, Gaofeng Ye, Zhilong Liu, Zhiming Hu, Bingsong Shao and Yuqi Zhang

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2839; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122839 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Geothermal resources are abundant in the Southern North China Basin, which is one of the prospective areas hosting low–medium-temperature geothermal resources in sedimentary basins in China. The purpose of this work is to reveal the formation and storage conditions of the geothermal resources [...] Read more.

Geothermal resources are abundant in the Southern North China Basin, which is one of the prospective areas hosting low–medium-temperature geothermal resources in sedimentary basins in China. The purpose of this work is to reveal the formation and storage conditions of the geothermal resources in the western margin of the Taikang Uplift and delineate the range of potential geothermal reservoirs. This paper uses five magnetotelluric sounding profiles for data processing and analysis, including the calculation of 2D skewness and electric strike. Data processing, analysis, and NLCG 2D inversion were performed on MT data, which consisted of 111 measurement points, and reliable two-dimensional resistivity models and resistivity planes were obtained. In combination with drilling verification and the analysis of geophysical logging data, the stratigraphic lithology and the range of potential geothermal reservoirs were largely clarified. The results show that using the magnetotelluric sounding method can well delineate the range of deep geothermal reservoirs in sedimentary basins and that the MT method is suitable for exploring buried geothermal resources in deep plains. The analytical results showed that the XZR-1 well yielded 1480 cubic meters of water per day, with the water temperature of the wellhead being approximately 78 °C, and combined with the results of this electromagnetic and drilling exploration, a geothermal geological model and genesis process of the west of the Taikang Uplift area was constructed. The water yield and temperature were higher than those of previous exploration results, which has important guiding significance for the future development and utilization of karst fissure heat reservoirs in the western Taikang Uplift. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oil and Gas Drilling Processes: Control and Optimization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 8758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis and Improved Evaluation of Mechanical Response in Large Oil Storage Tanks Subjected to Non-Uniform Foundation Settlement

by Yuanqi Jiao, Yanbing Wang, Jinzhou Li and Xiaoben Liu

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2838; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122838 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

This study developed a finite element model to address the issue of non-uniform settlement in large crude oil storage tanks. The model consisted of four key components: the tank foundation, bottom plate, wall plate, and large fillet welds. The Ramberg-Osgood model was used [...] Read more.

This study developed a finite element model to address the issue of non-uniform settlement in large crude oil storage tanks. The model consisted of four key components: the tank foundation, bottom plate, wall plate, and large fillet welds. The Ramberg-Osgood model was used to describe the material’s nonlinearity. Key factors such as the radius-to-thickness ratio, height-to-diameter ratio, harmonic number, and amplitude were evaluated for their impact on the radial deformation of the tank’s top wall. Two numerical models were developed—one accounting for the coupling effect between the foundation and the tank bottom, and the other without it. The differences in radial deformation between these models were analyzed, revealing that deformation was minimally influenced by the radius-to-thickness ratio, but increased with higher height-to-diameter ratios and harmonic amplitudes. At low liquid levels, radial deformation increased with harmonic number, but at high levels, it decreased once the harmonic number exceeded four due to the decoupling of the tank bottom from the foundation. The model considering foundation coupling exhibited less radial deformation compared to the one neglecting it, particularly as the harmonic number and amplitude increased. An improved evaluation method identified a critical range of harmonic amplitudes for a 100,000 m³ tank, within which the coupling effect can be reasonably neglected, allowing deformation to be calculated using the simpler model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Simulation of Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 8273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Integration of Image Intensity and Texture for the Estimation of Particle Mass in Sorting Processes

by Pedro Compais, Belén Morales, Alberto Gala and Marta Guerrero

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2837; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122837 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

Although mass is one of the most relevant process variables, industries may lack an inline monitoring of mass, which has a high cost in some cases. Due to their availability in sorting processes, cameras have potential as a low-cost alternative for the estimation [...] Read more.

Although mass is one of the most relevant process variables, industries may lack an inline monitoring of mass, which has a high cost in some cases. Due to their availability in sorting processes, cameras have potential as a low-cost alternative for the estimation of mass in recycling applications. Nevertheless, further research is needed to transform image information into mass. This work tackles this challenge by proposing a novel method of converting image information into mass of particles, complementing size measures with intensity and texture features extracted from the whole picture. Models were adjusted, employing machine learning techniques, using an industrial waste sample of post-consumer plastic film. The visual properties showed a dependency on mass labels, and the models achieved an error of 9 g for subsamples between 2 and 82 g. The analysis and validation of this image processing method provide a new alternative for the estimation of particle mass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Process Control and Monitoring)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 2181 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design Strategy of Electricity Purchase and Sale Combination Package Based on the Characteristics of Electricity Prosumers in Power System

by Xiaotian Wang, Chuang Liu, Binbin Wu, Wei Wang, Yi Sun, Jie Peng, Xinya Liu and Kai Zhang

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2836; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122836 - 11 Dec 2024

Abstract

With the progress in renewable energy and smart grid technologies, electricity users are evolving into prosumers, capable of both consuming and generating electricity through distributed photovoltaic (DPV) systems. Concurrently, the liberalization of the electricity retail market has prompted retailers to design customized electricity [...] Read more.

With the progress in renewable energy and smart grid technologies, electricity users are evolving into prosumers, capable of both consuming and generating electricity through distributed photovoltaic (DPV) systems. Concurrently, the liberalization of the electricity retail market has prompted retailers to design customized electricity packages based on users’ needs and preferences, aiming to enhance service quality, efficiency, and user retention. However, previous studies have not fully addressed the multidimensional characteristics and electricity consumption behaviors that influence package selection. This paper initially dissects user characteristics across three key dimensions: electricity demand preferences, price sensitivity, and risk tolerance. Therefore, leveraging utility functions and autonomous choice behavior models, we propose two innovative electricity purchase and sale combination packages: a fluctuating pricing package and a discount-based pricing package. Furthermore, we introduce the Self-Adaptive Weight and Reverse Learning Particle Swarm Optimization (SAW&RL-PSO) algorithm to address the complexities of these choices. Simulation results indicate that the methodologies presented significantly enhance user benefits and retailer revenues while also effectively managing electricity usage fluctuations and the challenges of integrating large-scale DPV systems into the electrical grid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling, Simulation and Control in Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Description

Processes

Latest Articles

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

E-Mail Alert

News

Topics

Conferences

Special Issues

Topical Collections

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI