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Modeling and Optimization of an Integrated Energy Supply in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of Northeast China
Accurate and Efficient Process Modeling and Inverse Optimization for Trench Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors: A Machine Learning Proxy Approach
Utilisation of Different Types of Glass Waste as Pozzolanic Additive or Aggregate in Construction Materials

Journal Description

Processes

Processes is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on processes/systems in chemistry, biology, material, energy, environment, food, pharmaceutical, manufacturing, automation control, catalysis, separation, particle and allied engineering fields published monthly online by MDPI. The Systems and Control Division of the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE S&C Division) and the Brazilian Association of Chemical Engineering (ABEQ) are affiliated with Processes and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges. Please visit Society Collaborations for more details.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, Inspec, AGRIS, and other databases.
Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous))
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.

Impact Factor: 2.8 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 3.1 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2227-9717

Latest Articles

46 pages, 10548 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Review of Hybrid LSTM Models in Smart Cities

by Bum-Jun Kim and Il-Woo Nam

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2298; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072298 - 18 Jul 2025

Rapid global urbanization poses complex challenges that demand advanced data-driven forecasting solutions for smart cities. Traditional statistical and standalone Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models often struggle to capture non-linear dynamics and long-term dependencies in urban time-series data. This review critically examines hybrid LSTM [...] Read more.

Rapid global urbanization poses complex challenges that demand advanced data-driven forecasting solutions for smart cities. Traditional statistical and standalone Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models often struggle to capture non-linear dynamics and long-term dependencies in urban time-series data. This review critically examines hybrid LSTM models that integrate LSTM with complementary algorithms, including CNN, GRU, ARIMA, and SVM. These hybrid architectures aim to enhance prediction accuracy, integrate diverse data sources, and improve computational efficiency. This study systematically reviews principles, trends, and real-world applications, quantitatively evaluating hybrid LSTM models using performance metrics such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and the coefficient of determination (R²), while identifying key study limitations. The case studies considered include traffic management, environmental monitoring, energy forecasting, public health, infrastructure assessment, and urban waste management. For example, hybrid models have achieved substantial accuracy improvements in traffic congestion forecasting, reducing their mean absolute error by up to 29%. Despite the inherent challenges related to structural complexity, interpretability, and data requirements, ongoing research on attention mechanisms, model compression, and explainable AI has significantly mitigated these limitations. Thus, hybrid LSTM models have emerged as vital analytical tools capable of robust spatiotemporal prediction, effectively supporting sustainable urban development and data-driven decision-making in evolving smart city environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Industrial Process Modelling and Optimization (2nd Edition))

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20 pages, 2083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flying Steel Detection in Wire Rod Production Based on Improved You Only Look Once v8

by Yifan Lu, Fei Zhang, Xiaozhan Li, Jian Zhang, Xiong Xiao, Lijun Wang and Xiaofei Xiang

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2297; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072297 - 18 Jul 2025

In the process of high-speed wire rod production, flying steel accidents may occur due to various reasons. Current detection methods relying on sensors like hardware make debugging complex as well as limit real-time and accuracy. These methods are complicated to debug, and the [...] Read more.

In the process of high-speed wire rod production, flying steel accidents may occur due to various reasons. Current detection methods relying on sensors like hardware make debugging complex as well as limit real-time and accuracy. These methods are complicated to debug, and the real-time and accuracy of detection are poor. Therefore, this paper proposes a flying steel detection method based on improved You Only Look Once v8 (YOLOv8), which can realize high-precision flying steel detection based on machine vision through the monitoring video of the production site. Firstly, the Omni-dimensional Dynamic Convolution (ODConv) is added to the backbone network to improve the feature extraction ability of the input image. Then, a lightweight C2f-PCCA_RVB module is proposed to be integrated into the neck network, so as to carry out the lightweight design of the neck network. Finally, the Efficient Multi-Scale Attention (EMA) module is added to the neck network to fuse the context information of different scales and improve the feature extraction ability. The experimental results show that the average accuracy (mAP@0.5) of the flying steel detection method based on the improved YOLOv8 is 99.1%, and the latency is reduced to 2.5 ms, which can realize the real-time accurate detection of the flying steel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Computer Vision and Image Processing for Industrial Processes)

19 pages, 6228 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Optimization of Orebody Mining Sequence Under Isolation Layer of Filling Body Based on FLAC3D Software

by Yu Wang and Aibing Jin

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2296; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072296 - 18 Jul 2025

This study investigates the stability risks associated with a substandard-thickness (42 m) backfill isolation layer in the open-underground coordinated mining system of the Yongping Copper Mine’s eastern panel at the −150 m level. A numerical simulation based on FLAC3D 3.00 was conducted to [...] Read more.

This study investigates the stability risks associated with a substandard-thickness (42 m) backfill isolation layer in the open-underground coordinated mining system of the Yongping Copper Mine’s eastern panel at the −150 m level. A numerical simulation based on FLAC3D 3.00 was conducted to evaluate the impacts of four mining sequences (south-to-north, north-to-south, center-to-flank, and flank-to-center) on stress redistribution and displacement evolution. A three-dimensional geomechanical model incorporating lithological parameters was established, with 23 monitoring points tracking stress and displacement dynamics. Results indicate that the mining sequence significantly influences the stability of both the isolation layer and the slope. No abrupt displacement occurred during mining, with incremental isolation layer settlement controlled within 3 mm. Post-mining maximum displacement increased to 10–12 mm. The “north-to-south” sequence emerged as the theoretically optimal solution, reducing cumulative displacements in pillars and stopes by 9.1% and 7.8%, respectively, compared to the suboptimal scheme. However, considering the engineering continuity of the existing “south-to-north” sequence at the −100 m level, maintaining consistent directional mining at the −150 m level is recommended to ensure synergistic disturbance control, ventilation system stability, and operational management coherence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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23 pages, 2903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Casson Fluid Saturated Non-Darcy Mixed Bio-Convective Flow over Inclined Surface with Heat Generation and Convective Effects

by Nayema Islam Nima, Mohammed Abdul Hannan, Jahangir Alam and Rifat Ara Rouf

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2295; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072295 - 18 Jul 2025

This paper explores the complex dynamics of mixed convective flow in a Casson fluid saturated in a non-Darcy porous medium, focusing on the influence of gyrotactic microorganisms, internal heat generation, and multiple convective mechanisms. Casson fluids, known for their non-Newtonian behavior, are relevant [...] Read more.

This paper explores the complex dynamics of mixed convective flow in a Casson fluid saturated in a non-Darcy porous medium, focusing on the influence of gyrotactic microorganisms, internal heat generation, and multiple convective mechanisms. Casson fluids, known for their non-Newtonian behavior, are relevant in various industrial and biological contexts where traditional fluid models are insufficient. This study addresses the limitations of the standard Darcy’s law by examining non-Darcy flow, which accounts for nonlinear inertial effects in porous media. The governing equations, derived from conservation laws, are transformed into a system of no linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations. These ODEs are solved numerically using a finite differencing method that incorporates central differencing, tridiagonal matrix manipulation, and iterative procedures to ensure accuracy across various convective regimes. The reliability of this method is confirmed through validation with the MATLAB (R2024b) bvp4c scheme. The investigation analyzes the impact of key parameters (such as the Casson fluid parameter, Darcy number, Biot numbers, and heat generation) on velocity, temperature, and microorganism concentration profiles. This study reveals that the Casson fluid parameter significantly improves the velocity, concentration, and motile microorganism profiles while decreasing the temperature profile. Additionally, the Biot number is shown to considerably increase the concentration and dispersion of motile microorganisms, as well as the heat transfer rate. The findings provide valuable insights into non-Newtonian fluid behavior in porous environments, with applications in bioengineering, environmental remediation, and energy systems, such as bioreactor design and geothermal energy extraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Modeling, Simulation and Computation on Dynamics of Complex Fluids)

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19 pages, 7491 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Model and the Characteristics of Gas Generation of the Longmaxi Shale in the Sichuan Basin

by Xuewen Shi, Yi Li, Yuqiang Jiang, Ye Zhang, Wei Wu, Zhiping Zhang, Zhanlei Wang, Xingping Yin, Yonghong Fu and Yifan Gu

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2294; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072294 - 18 Jul 2025

Currently, the Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin is the most successful stratum of shale gas production in China. However, because Longmaxi shale mostly has high over-maturity, a low-maturity sample cannot be obtained for gas generation thermal simulations, and as a result, a [...] Read more.

Currently, the Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin is the most successful stratum of shale gas production in China. However, because Longmaxi shale mostly has high over-maturity, a low-maturity sample cannot be obtained for gas generation thermal simulations, and as a result, a gas generation model has not yet been established for it. Therefore, models of other shales are usually used to calculate the amount of gas generated from Longmaxi shale, but they may produce inaccurate results. In this study, a Longmaxi shale sample with an equivalent vitrinite reflectance calculated from Raman spectroscopy (EqVR_o) of 1.26% was obtained from Well Yucan 1 in the Chengkou area, northeast Sichuan Province. This Longmaxi shale may have the lowest maturity in nature. Pyrolysis simulations based on gold tubes were performed on this sample, and the gas generation line was obtained. The amount of gas generated during the low-maturity stage was compensated by referring to gas generation data obtained from Lower Silurian black shale in western Lithuania. Thus, a gas generation model of the Longmaxi shale was built. The model showed that the gas generation process of Longmaxi shale could be divided into three stages: (1) First, there is the quick generation stage (EqVR_o 0.5–3.0%), where hydrocarbon gases were generated quickly and constantly, and the generation rate was steady. A maximum of 458 mL/g TOC was reached at a maturity of 3.0% EqVR_o. (2) Second, there is the stable stage (EqVR_o 3.0–3.25%), where the amount of generated gas reached a plateau of 453–458 mL/g TOC. (3) Third, there is the rapid descent stage (EqVR_o > 3.25%), where the amount of generated gas started to decrease, and it was 393 mL/g TOC at an EqVR_o of 3.34%. This model allows us to more accurately calculate the amount of gas generated from the Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Theory and Technology of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)

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17 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pressure-Aware Mamba for High-Accuracy State of Charge Estimation in Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Qiwen Wang, Cuiqin Wei and Yucai He

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2293; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072293 - 18 Jul 2025

Accurate State of Charge (SOC) estimation is challenged by battery aging and complex internal dynamics. This work introduces a novel framework, Mamba-PG, that leverages the Mamba architecture to integrate internal gas pressure—a direct indicator of electrochemical state—for high-accuracy SOC estimation. The core innovation [...] Read more.

Accurate State of Charge (SOC) estimation is challenged by battery aging and complex internal dynamics. This work introduces a novel framework, Mamba-PG, that leverages the Mamba architecture to integrate internal gas pressure—a direct indicator of electrochemical state—for high-accuracy SOC estimation. The core innovation is a specialized pressure-aware gating mechanism designed to adaptively fuse the pressure signal with conventional electrical data. On a public dataset, our model achieved a state-of-the-art Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.386%. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the gating mechanism learns a physically-plausible and interpretable strategy, dynamically adjusting the pressure signal’s influence based on its magnitude and the battery’s aging state. This study validates that the synergy of novel physical signals with efficient, interpretable architectures like Mamba presents a robust path toward next-generation Battery Management Systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

14 pages, 3096 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Photoelectrochemical CO₂ Reduction Measurements of a BiOI Coating Deposited onto a Non-Conductive Glass Support as a Platform for Environmental Remediation

by J. Manuel Mora-Hernandez and A. Hernández-Ramírez

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2292; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072292 - 18 Jul 2025

Aiming to contribute to environmental remediation strategies, this work proposes a novel fabrication of photoelectrocatalytic electrodes containing a BiOI coating deposited onto non-conductive glass (NCG) for CO₂ conversion applications. When BiOI electrodes are not deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or indium [...] Read more.

Aiming to contribute to environmental remediation strategies, this work proposes a novel fabrication of photoelectrocatalytic electrodes containing a BiOI coating deposited onto non-conductive glass (NCG) for CO₂ conversion applications. When BiOI electrodes are not deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive supports, the electrochemical measurements enable the registration of the (photo)electrochemical response for bare BiOI, thereby excluding remnant signals from the conductive supports and reporting an exclusive and proper photoelectrocatalytic BiOI response. A systematic procedure was carried out to improve the physicochemical properties of BiOI through a simple variation in the amount of reagents employed in a solvothermal synthesis, thus increasing the crystallite size and surface area of the resulting material (BiOI-X3-20wt.%). The tailored BiOI coating on a non-conductive support showed activity in performing CO₂ photoelectroreduction under UV–Vis irradiation in aqueous media. Finally, the BiOI-X3-20wt.% sample was evaluated for photocatalytic CO₂ conversion in gaseous media, producing CO as the primary reaction product. This study confirms that BiOI is a suitable and easily synthesized material, with potential applications for CO₂ capture and conversion when employed as a photoactive coating for environmental remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Application of Photoelectrocatalysis for Energy Conversion)

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3 pages, 141 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue “Novel Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Applications and Wastewater Treatment”

by Georgios Bampos, Georgia Antonopoulou and Zacharias Frontistis

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2291; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072291 - 18 Jul 2025

Global population growth, combined with the energy-intensive demands of modern lifestyles, has led to a significant increase in energy demand, accompanied by the ongoing environmental burden due to the dependence on fossil fuels [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Electrochemical Technologies for Energy Applications and Wastewater Treatment)

38 pages, 3566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electron-Shuttling and Bioenergy-Stimulating Properties of Mulberry Anthocyanins: A Mechanistic Study Linking Redox Activity to MFC Performance and Receptor Affinity

by Gilbert S. Sobremisana, Po-Wei Tsai, Christine Joyce F. Rejano, Lemmuel L. Tayo, Chung-Chuan Hsueh, Cheng-Yang Hsieh and Bor-Yann Chen

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2290; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072290 - 18 Jul 2025

Oxidative stress overwhelms cellular antioxidant defenses, causing DNA damage and pro-tumorigenic signaling that accelerate cancer initiation and progression. Electron shuttles (ESs) from phytocompounds offer precise redox control but lack quantitative benchmarks. This study aims to give a clearer definition to electron shuttles by [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress overwhelms cellular antioxidant defenses, causing DNA damage and pro-tumorigenic signaling that accelerate cancer initiation and progression. Electron shuttles (ESs) from phytocompounds offer precise redox control but lack quantitative benchmarks. This study aims to give a clearer definition to electron shuttles by characterizing mulberry’s electrochemical capabilities via the three defined ES criteria and deciphering its mechanism against oxidative stress-related cancer. Using double-chambered microbial-fuel-cell power metrics, cyclic voltammetry, and compartmental fermentation modeling, we show that anthocyanin shows a significant difference (p < 0.05) in power density at ≥500 µg/mL (maximum of 2.06-fold power-density increase) and reversible redox cycling (ratio = 1.65), retaining >90% activity over four fermentation cycles. Molecular docking implicates meta-dihydroxyl motifs within the core scaffold in receptor binding, overturning the view that only ortho- and para-substituents participate in bioactivity. In vitro, anthocyanins both inhibit nitric oxide release and reduce DU-145 cell viability dose-dependently. Overall, our findings establish mulberry anthocyanins as robust electron shuttles with potential for integration into large-scale bio-electrochemical platforms and targeted redox-based cancer therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Renewable Energy Systems (2nd Edition))

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13 pages, 1532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Settling and Critical Carrying Velocity of Coal Fine in CBM Wells

by Xiaohui Xu, Ming Chi, Xiangyan Meng, Jiping Deng, Jiang Liu, Guoqing Han and Siyu Lai

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2289; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072289 - 18 Jul 2025

The continuous deposition of coal fine in the well can lead to complex problems, such as pump blockage and reduced capacity. The traditional critical velocity model applicable to rigid spherical particles, such as sand grains and glass beads, finds it difficult to accurately [...] Read more.

The continuous deposition of coal fine in the well can lead to complex problems, such as pump blockage and reduced capacity. The traditional critical velocity model applicable to rigid spherical particles, such as sand grains and glass beads, finds it difficult to accurately predict the migration behavior of coal fine in the wellbore. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the sedimentation law of coal fine particles, establish a critical velocity prediction model applicable to pulverized coal, and provide a theoretical basis for effectively preventing pump blockage and capacity decline problems. This paper analyzes the particle characteristics of coal fine in different mining areas and conducts experiments on the static settling of coal fine particles and the critical transport velocity. The experimental results showed that the larger the mesh size of coal fine, the lower the static settling velocity of coal fine particles. The critical velocity of coal fine increased with the particle size and concentration of the coal fine particles, as well as with the increase of the pipe column inclination. A new empirical formula for calculating the critical velocity of coal fine particles was derived by considering the effects of the coal fine concentration and pipe inclination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 3240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Chromite Spinel Powder in the Metallothermic Smelting of Low-Carbon Ferrochrome

by Yerbolat Makhambetov, Magzhan Kutzhanov, Ruslan Toleukadyr, Aibar Myrzagaliyev, Zhadiger Sadyk, Zhalgas Saulebek and Amankeldy Akhmetov

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2288; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072288 - 18 Jul 2025

This study investigates the feasibility of producing low-carbon FeCr via metallothermic smelting of Cr concentrate and chromite spinel powder using a complex FeAlSiCa alloy as the reductant in an induction furnace. The proposed approach offers an alternative to conventional carbothermic and oxygen-blown technologies, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the feasibility of producing low-carbon FeCr via metallothermic smelting of Cr concentrate and chromite spinel powder using a complex FeAlSiCa alloy as the reductant in an induction furnace. The proposed approach offers an alternative to conventional carbothermic and oxygen-blown technologies, reducing both the carbon footprint and airborne emissions. Three charge compositions were tested with varying FeAlSiCa additions (12, 14, and 16 kg per 100 kg of Cr source) and partial replacement of Cr concentrate with up to 20% CSP. Thermodynamic and microstructural analyses were conducted, and the effects of the slag basicity, temperature profiles, and holding time were assessed. In optimal conditions, Cr recovery reached up to 80% with minimal Cr₂O₃ losses in slag, and the resulting alloys met ISO 5448-81 requirements for nitrogen-containing low-carbon FeCr. Microstructural examination revealed the formation of Fe-Cr solid solutions and CrN phases, with V incorporation from the FeAlSiCa alloy. The process proved stable and energy-efficient, producing compact, non-disintegrating slag. This study highlights the potential of induction furnace smelting and chromite spinel powder valorization as a sustainable path for FeCr production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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24 pages, 4619 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Optimization of Natural Gas Non-Catalytic Partial Oxidation with Hierarchical-Integrated Mechanism

by Wanqiu Yu, Haotian Ye, Wei Liu, Qiyao Wang and Hongguang Dong

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2287; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072287 - 17 Jul 2025

Non-catalytic partial oxidation (POX) of natural gas is gaining importance in low-carbon energy systems for methane conversion to acetylene, syngas, and olefins. However, uncontrolled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot formation remain challenges. This work developed a Hierarchical-Integrated Mechanism (HI-Mechanism) by constructing detailed [...] Read more.

Non-catalytic partial oxidation (POX) of natural gas is gaining importance in low-carbon energy systems for methane conversion to acetylene, syngas, and olefins. However, uncontrolled polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot formation remain challenges. This work developed a Hierarchical-Integrated Mechanism (HI-Mechanism) by constructing detailed C₀-C₆, C₅-C₁₅ and C₁₆ mechanisms, and then hierarchically simplifying C₅-C₁₅ subsystems, ultimately integrating them into a final mechanism with 397 species and 5135 reactions. The HI-Mechanism accurately predicted shock tube ignition delays and major species concentrations. Microkinetic analyses, including production rates and reaction sensitivity, revealed key pathways and enabled reliable product distribution prediction. The HI-Mechanism provides theoretical guidance for optimizing POX of natural gas processes and can be extended to complex systems like heavy oil cracking, supporting clean energy technology development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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15 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mesquite Pods (Prosopis velutina) as a Functional Ingredient: Characterization and Application in a Meat Product

by Karla Joanna Aispuro-Sainz, Rey David Vargas-Sánchez, Gastón Ramón Torrescano-Urrutia, Brisa del Mar Torres-Martínez and Armida Sánchez-Escalante

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2286; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072286 - 17 Jul 2025

The present study aimed to characterize the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mesquite pods (Prosopis velutina) and evaluate the effect on meat qualities in a meat product, with a view to their application as a natural functional ingredient. Mesquite [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to characterize the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of mesquite pods (Prosopis velutina) and evaluate the effect on meat qualities in a meat product, with a view to their application as a natural functional ingredient. Mesquite pods were subjected to chemical characterization, revealing the presence of polyphenol contents with antioxidant activity (reducing power and antiradical effect). In addition, pork patties were formulated with different levels of mesquite pods powder (MPP, 2% and 5%) and mesquite pods extract (MPE, 0.1% and 0.3%), and were compared with control (CN) samples. The proximate composition of mesquite pod powder revealed a high proportion of carbohydrates and a low fat content. Additionally, the presence of polyphenols with antioxidant activity, including antiradical and reducing power, was evident. No significant differences were observed in the pork patties’ proximate composition. During 9 days of storage at 2 °C, patties treated with MPP and MPE exhibited higher pH values and lower TBARS values compared to the CN, with MPE-0.3% being the most effective in retarding lipid oxidation. Color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h*) were positively influenced by MPP and MPE, and both treatments improved water-holding capacity and reduced cooking weight loss, especially at 5% MPP. Fracture texture analysis showed that 5% MPP enhances firmness. Sensory attributes did not differ significantly from the CN. These results indicate that MPP and MPE are promising natural ingredients for extending the shelf life and maintaining the quality of pork patties without compromising sensory acceptability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production, Processing and Quality Assessment of Livestock Meat Products)

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14 pages, 4134 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Biodried Organic Waste as a Soil Amendment: Positive Effects on Germination and Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. Buttercrunch) as a Model Crop

by Rosa María Contreras-Cisneros, Fabián Robles-Martínez, Marina Olivia Franco-Hernández and Ana Belem Piña-Guzmán

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2285; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072285 - 17 Jul 2025

Biodrying and composting are aerobic processes to treat and stabilize organic solid waste, but biodrying involves a shorter process time and does not require the addition of water. The resulting biodried material (BM) is mainly used as an energy source in cement production [...] Read more.

Biodrying and composting are aerobic processes to treat and stabilize organic solid waste, but biodrying involves a shorter process time and does not require the addition of water. The resulting biodried material (BM) is mainly used as an energy source in cement production or in municipal solid waste incineration with energy recovery, but when obtained from agricultural or agroindustrial organic waste, it could also be used as a soil amendment, such as compost (CO). In this study, the phytotoxicity of BM compared to CO, both made from organic wastes (orange peel, mulch and grass), was evaluated on seed germination and growth (for 90 days) of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings on treatments prepared from mixtures of BM and soil, soil (100%) and a mixture of CO and soil. The germination index (GI%) was higher for BM extracts (200 g/L) than for CO extracts (68% vs. 53%, respectively). According to their dry weight, lettuce grew more on the CO mixture (16.5 g) than on the BM (5.4–7.4 g), but both materials far exceeded the soil values (0.041 g). The absence of phytotoxicity suggests that BM acts as a soil amendment, improving soil structure and providing nutrients to the soil. Therefore, biodrying is a quick and low-cost bioprocess to obtain a soil improver. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Chemical Systems: Catalysis, Green Processes, and Environmental Monitoring)

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30 pages, 7178 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Super-Resolution Reconstruction of Formation MicroScanner Images Based on the SRGAN Algorithm

by Changqiang Ma, Xinghua Qi, Liangyu Chen, Yonggui Li, Jianwei Fu and Zejun Liu

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2284; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072284 - 17 Jul 2025

Formation MicroScanner Image (FMI) technology is a key method for identifying fractured reservoirs and optimizing oil and gas exploration, but its inherent insufficient resolution severely constrains the fine characterization of geological features. This study innovatively applies a Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network (SRGAN) to [...] Read more.

Formation MicroScanner Image (FMI) technology is a key method for identifying fractured reservoirs and optimizing oil and gas exploration, but its inherent insufficient resolution severely constrains the fine characterization of geological features. This study innovatively applies a Super-Resolution Generative Adversarial Network (SRGAN) to the super-resolution reconstruction of FMI logging image to address this bottleneck problem. By collecting FMI logging image of glutenite from a well in Xinjiang, a training set containing 24,275 images was constructed, and preprocessing strategies such as grayscale conversion and binarization were employed to optimize input features. Leveraging SRGAN’s generator-discriminator adversarial mechanism and perceptual loss function, high-quality mapping from low-resolution FMI logging image to high-resolution images was achieved. This study yields significant results: in RGB image reconstruction, SRGAN achieved a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 41.39 dB, surpassing the optimal traditional method (bicubic interpolation) by 61.6%; its Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) reached 0.992, representing a 34.1% improvement; in grayscale image processing, SRGAN effectively eliminated edge blurring, with the PSNR (40.15 dB) and SSIM (0.990) exceeding the suboptimal method (bilinear interpolation) by 36.6% and 9.9%, respectively. These results fully confirm that SRGAN can significantly restore edge contours and structural details in FMI logging image, with performance far exceeding traditional interpolation methods. This study not only systematically verifies, for the first time, SRGAN’s exceptional capability in enhancing FMI resolution, but also provides a high-precision data foundation for reservoir parameter inversion and geological modeling, holding significant application value for advancing the intelligent exploration of complex hydrocarbon reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Acquisition, Processing, Analysis Methods and Process Control in Energy Exploration Systems)

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19 pages, 923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Bioactive Compound Recovery from Chestnut Shells Using Pressurized Liquid Extraction and the Box–Behnken Design

by Magdalini Pazara, Georgia Provelengiadi, Martha Mantiniotou, Vassilis Athanasiadis, Iordanis Samanidis, Ioannis Makrygiannis, Ilias F. Tzavellas, Ioannis C. Martakos, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis and Stavros I. Lalas

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2283; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072283 - 17 Jul 2025

Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is an edible nut recognized for its nutritional attributes, particularly its elevated levels of carbohydrates (starch) and proteins. Chestnuts are popular for their health-promoting properties and hold significant environmental and economic importance in Europe. During this study, after [...] Read more.

Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is an edible nut recognized for its nutritional attributes, particularly its elevated levels of carbohydrates (starch) and proteins. Chestnuts are popular for their health-promoting properties and hold significant environmental and economic importance in Europe. During this study, after the characterization of the fruit, attention was directed toward the valorization of chestnut shells, a predominant by-product of industrial chestnut processing that is typically discarded. Valuable bioactive compounds were extracted from the shells using Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE), a green, efficient, scalable method. Response surface methodology (RSM) was utilized to determine optimal extraction conditions, identified as 40% v/v ethanol as the solvent at a temperature of 160 °C for 25 min under a constant pressure of 1700 psi. High total polyphenol content (113.68 ± 7.84 mg GAE/g dry weight) and notable antioxidant activity—determined by FRAP (1320.28 ± 34.33 μmol AAE/g dw) and DPPH (708.65 ± 24.8 μmol AAE/g dw) assays—were recorded in the optimized extracts. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid trap ion mobility-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-TIMS-QTOF-MS) was applied to further characterize the compound profile, enabling the identification of phenolic and antioxidant compounds. These findings highlight the possibility of using chestnut shell residues as a long-term resource to make valuable products for the food, medicine, cosmetics, and animal feed industries. This study contributes to the advancement of waste valorization strategies and circular bioeconomy approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research of Bioactive Synthetic and Natural Products Chemistry)

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21 pages, 6787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fast Calculation of Thermal-Fluid Coupled Transient Multi-Physics Field in Transformer Based on Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition

by Yanming Cao, Kanghang He, Wenyuan Shangguan, Yuqi Wang and Chunjia Gao

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2282; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072282 - 17 Jul 2025

With the development of digital power systems, the establishment of digital twin models for transformers is of great significance in enhancing power system stability. Consequently, greater demands are placed on the real-time performance and accuracy of thermal-fluid-coupled transient multi-physics field calculations for transformers. [...] Read more.

With the development of digital power systems, the establishment of digital twin models for transformers is of great significance in enhancing power system stability. Consequently, greater demands are placed on the real-time performance and accuracy of thermal-fluid-coupled transient multi-physics field calculations for transformers. However, traditional numerical methods, such as finite element or computational fluid dynamics techniques, often require days or even weeks to simulate full-scale high-fidelity transformer models containing millions of grid nodes. The high computational cost and long runtime make them impractical for real-time simulations in digital twin applications. To address this, this paper employs the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method in conjunction with Koopman operator theory to perform data-driven reduced-order modeling of the transformer’s thermal–fluid-coupled multi-physics field. A fast computational approach based on extended dynamic mode decomposition (EDMD) is proposed to enhance the modal decomposition capability of nonlinear systems and improve prediction accuracy. The results show that this method greatly improves computational efficiency while preserving accuracy in high-fidelity models with millions of grids. The errors in the thermal and flow field calculations remain below 3.06% and 3.01%, respectively. Furthermore, the computation time is reduced from hours to minutes, with the thermal field achieving a 97-fold speed-up and the flow field an 83-fold speed-up, yielding an average speed-up factor of 90. This enables fast computation of the transformer’s thermal–fluid-coupled field and provides effective support for the application of digital twin technology in multi-physics field simulations of power equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Processes and Systems)

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19 pages, 9264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multispectral and Thermal Imaging for Assessing Tequila Vinasse Evaporation: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Satellite-Based Observations

by Jesús Gabriel Rangel-Peraza, Sergio Alberto Monjardin-Armenta, Osiris Chávez-Martínez and José de Anda

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2281; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072281 - 17 Jul 2025

This work aims to assess the droplets produced by a novel evaporation process, proposed as an alternative for managing tequila vinasses, using a spectral camera with three spectral bands and a thermal camera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). High-resolution satellite images [...] Read more.

This work aims to assess the droplets produced by a novel evaporation process, proposed as an alternative for managing tequila vinasses, using a spectral camera with three spectral bands and a thermal camera mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). High-resolution satellite images with seven spectral bands complemented this characterization. The spectral characterization was conducted by comparing three experimental conditions: the background of the study area without droplets, the droplets generated from purified water, and the droplets produced from tequila vinasses. Two monitoring campaigns, conducted in November 2024 and January 2025, revealed that the tequila vinasse droplets exhibited a maximum influence radius of 16 m, primarily regulated by wind speed conditions (6–16 km/h). Thermal analysis identified the droplet plume as a zone with a lower temperature, creating a thermal contrast of up to 6.6 °C against the average background temperature of 36.6 °C. No significant difference was observed in the influence radius between the droplets generated from vinasse and those from potable water. Spectral analysis of the UAV and satellite images showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in reflectance when the droplets were present (e.g., the coastal blue band increased from an average of 14.43 to 95.59 when vinasse droplets were present). This suggests that the presence of chemical compounds altered light absorption and reflection. However, the instrument’s sensitivity limited the detection of organic compounds at concentrations below its detection limit. The monitoring data presented in this manuscript is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the potential environmental impacts of the droplets emitted by this novel process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Wastewater Treatment Technology to Achieve Low Carbonization)

15 pages, 4942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Multiphase Flow in Horizontal Wells Based on Distributed Acoustic Sensing Monitoring

by Rui Zheng, Li Fang, Dong Yang and Qiao Deng

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2280; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072280 - 17 Jul 2025

This study focuses on the multiphase flow in horizontal wells based on distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) monitoring. Through laboratory experiments and field data analysis, it was found that the micro-seismic differences in flow patterns can be clearly observed in the fiber optic micro-seismic [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the multiphase flow in horizontal wells based on distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) monitoring. Through laboratory experiments and field data analysis, it was found that the micro-seismic differences in flow patterns can be clearly observed in the fiber optic micro-seismic waterfall chart. In the case of slug flow, the DAS acoustic energy decreases when the inclination angle increases. The performance of annular flow is similar to that of bubble flow, with the DAS energy increasing as the inclination angle increases. Overall, the order of DAS acoustic energy from the strongest to weakest is slug flow, followed by annular flow, and then bubble flow. The research shows that fiber optic DAS monitoring signals can effectively identify differences in gas volume, well inclination, and flow pattern, which provides an important technical basis and research foundation for the monitoring and analysis of multiphase flow in horizontal wells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oil and Gas Well Engineering: Experimental and Numerical Investigation)

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34 pages, 12075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Offset Temperature and Amplitude–Frequency Effect on Convection Heat Transfer in Partially Gradient Porous Cavity with Different Outlet Port Locations

by Luma F. Ali and Amjad J. Humaidi

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2279; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072279 - 17 Jul 2025

Based on admirable porous media performance and the popularity of additive manufacturing technology, gradient porous media are progressively being applied in increasing fields. In this study, convection heat transfer within a square vented cavity, partially occupied by two copper metal foam layers of [...] Read more.

Based on admirable porous media performance and the popularity of additive manufacturing technology, gradient porous media are progressively being applied in increasing fields. In this study, convection heat transfer within a square vented cavity, partially occupied by two copper metal foam layers of

10

and

20

PPI saturated with nanofluid, was assessed numerically. The left wall was heated uniformly and non-uniformly by applying multi-frequency spatial heating following a sinusoidal function. Governing equations, including continuity, the Darcy–Brinkmann–Forchheimer model, and local thermal non-equilibrium energy equations, were adopted and solved by employing the finite volume method. The influences of relevant parameters, including nanoparticle concentrations

(0 % \leq φ \leq 10 %)

, Reynolds number (

1 \leq R e \leq 100

), inlet and outlet port aspect ratios

(0.1 \leq D / H \leq 0.4)

, three outlet vent opening locations (

(S_{o} = 0)

left, (

S_{o} = (H / 2 - D / 2)

) middle, and (

S_{o} = (H - D)

) right), sinusoidal offset temperature (

θ_{o} = 0.5

,

1

), frequency (

f = 1, 3, 5

), and amplitude (

A = 0 - 1

), were examined. The results demonstrate that flow and heat transfer fields are impacted mainly by these parameters. Streamlines are more intensified at the upper-left corner when the outlet opening vent is shifted towards the right-corner upper wall. Fluid- and solid-phase Nusselt number increases

R e

,

D / H

,

θ_{o}

,

A

, and

f

are raised, specifically when

A \geq 0.3

. The Nusselt number remains constant when the frequency is raised from

3

to

5

, definitely when

D / H \geq 0.25

. In uniform and non-uniform heating cases, the Nusselt number of both phases remains constant as the outlet port is shifted right for

R e \leq 10

and slightly for higher

R e

as the outlet vent location is translated from left to right. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Multiphase Flows in Industrial and Environmental Applications)

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