Insects

16 pages, 1008 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sublethal Pyriproxyfen Exposure Alters Anopheles arabiensis Fitness and Pyrethroid Susceptibility Without Trans-Generational Carry-Over

by Simoni Twaha Mnzava, Augustino Thabiti Mmbaga, Anitha Mutashobya, Letus Laurian Muyaga, Mwema Felix Mwema, Halfan Ngowo and Dickson Wilson Lwetoijera

Insects 2026, 17(2), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020166 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Pyriproxyfen (PPF), a juvenile hormone analog, is a promising chemical for autodissemination strategies, where mosquitoes aid in transferring insecticides to their breeding sites. This study evaluated the effects of sublethal PPF doses on Anopheles arabiensis fitness (fecundity, fertility, and body size) and [...] Read more.

Background: Pyriproxyfen (PPF), a juvenile hormone analog, is a promising chemical for autodissemination strategies, where mosquitoes aid in transferring insecticides to their breeding sites. This study evaluated the effects of sublethal PPF doses on Anopheles arabiensis fitness (fecundity, fertility, and body size) and pyrethroids susceptibility across three generations. Methods: Laboratory-reared, pyrethroid-resistant mosquito larvae were exposed once to sublethal PPF concentrations of (0.0003, 0.0006, 0.0008, and 0.001 mg a.i./L), which caused emergence inhibition rates of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively, alongside a control group. Emerged adults were tested for susceptibility to 0.75% permethrin, 3.75% permethrin, and 0.05% deltamethrin using WHO tube bioassays. Knockdown was recorded at 1 h, mortality at 24 h post-exposure, while fecundity, fertility, and body size were measured across three generations. Results: First-generation Anopheles arabiensis emerging from PPF-treated larvae showed reduced susceptibility to 0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin compared to controls. Mortality from permethrin dropped from 22.7% in the controls to 11% and then 3% at 0.0003 and 0.001 mg a.i./L. For deltamethrin, mortality fell from 62.7% to 36% and then 23.3% at the same concentrations. Knockdown at 60 min was also significantly reduced, with permethrin KDT₆₀ dropping from 41.3% in controls to 9.3% and 3.3%, and deltamethrin KDT₆₀ from 79.7% to 66.7% and 65%. No significant differences were observed in subsequent generations (p > 0.05). PPF exposure also induced notable fitness costs in the first generation: mean wing length decreased from 3.07 mm in controls to 2.88–2.66 mm (6–13% reduction), mean egg production dropped from 30.1 to 13.9–18.8 eggs per female (37–54% reduction), and egg hatching rate declined from 87% to 79–82% (6–9% reduction). Conclusions: These findings suggest that sublethal PPF doses can temporarily enhance insecticide resistance without leading to heritable resistance and negatively impact key mosquito fitness traits. PPF may thus be a valuable addition to integrated vector management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biology, Ecology and Management of Mosquitoes Affecting Humans and Animals—2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 362 KB

Open AccessOpinion

Arthropods as Models for Transdisciplinary Bio-Inspired Research and Discovery

by Jillian Kurovski, Nicole R. Sexton, Angela K. Pannier and Eileen A. Hebets

Insects 2026, 17(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020165 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

This opinion article proposes that arthropods, with their tremendous biodiversity and evolutionary resilience, can offer abundant opportunities for integrative, transdisciplinary, solution-focused research. To support this proposal, we first (1) introduce arthropods and showcase their deep evolutionary history and tremendous diversity. Next, we (2) [...] Read more.

This opinion article proposes that arthropods, with their tremendous biodiversity and evolutionary resilience, can offer abundant opportunities for integrative, transdisciplinary, solution-focused research. To support this proposal, we first (1) introduce arthropods and showcase their deep evolutionary history and tremendous diversity. Next, we (2) briefly discuss the role of arthropods in the history of human innovation and highlight some of the challenges they have helped us overcome. We provide select examples of the importance and innovation of arthropods in food, medicine, agriculture, materials, and technology. We then discuss (3) arthropods and grand challenges, articulating how they are both part of the problem and key to the solution. (4) We discuss multiple models for creating transdisciplinary research teams—1. challenge-focused, 2. taxon-focused, and 3. innovatively open-ended with respect to challenge and taxon—and the scales at which they can be created—local/regional/global. Finally, (5) we suggest that arthropods can provide a centering focal point for transdisciplinary research; an inspirational magnet that can pull together distinct scholars to coalesce and collaborate around a common nature-based theme. Our strategic next steps include exploring open-ended arthropod-focused research teams, as they would be well-positioned to tackle multiple solution-based collaborations, and such collaborations are likely to lead to novel discoveries and nature-inspired innovations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arthropods in Ecosystem Resilience: Biodiversity, Distribution, and Conservation Strategies)

23 pages, 3685 KB

Open AccessArticle

Two New Species of the Genus Caryanda Stål, 1878 (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Yunnan, China Identified Based on Morphological and Molecular Data

by Fangting Li, Hong Song, Yongmei Zhao, Jianyu Chen, Jinchen Yang, Miao Li and Benyong Mao

Insects 2026, 17(2), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020164 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Carynada is a group of morphologically diverse, non-flying locusts. In November 2024, we first discovered two unknown species of the genus in Nangonghe Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province. In this study, the effectiveness of these two new species was verified by integrating morphological, morphometric, [...] Read more.

Carynada is a group of morphologically diverse, non-flying locusts. In November 2024, we first discovered two unknown species of the genus in Nangonghe Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province. In this study, the effectiveness of these two new species was verified by integrating morphological, morphometric, and mitochondrial genomic methods. Finally, two new species, Carynada gengmaensis Mao et Li sp. nov. and Carynada analbomaculata Mao et Li sp. nov., were proposed and described in detail, and two similar species color plates were attached: C. cyanonota Mao & Li, 2015 and C. albomaculata Mao, Ren & Ou, 2007. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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23 pages, 2868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Honey Bee Colony Strength on Foraging Productivity and Its Application to Precision Pollination

by Sandra Kordić Evans, George Clouston, Yuval Regev, Elizabeth M. Walsh, Kate Ihle, Frank Rinkevich, Michael Simone-Finstrom and Huw Evans

Insects 2026, 17(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020163 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Honey bee pollination of entomophilous commercial crops is a major input in agricultural management yet unlike irrigation, fertilisation and plant protection have yet to be integrated into precision agriculture practices. This study examines colony strength as a key determinant of efficient pollination. Over [...] Read more.

Honey bee pollination of entomophilous commercial crops is a major input in agricultural management yet unlike irrigation, fertilisation and plant protection have yet to be integrated into precision agriculture practices. This study examines colony strength as a key determinant of efficient pollination. Over three years and across two study sites, we evaluated the relationship between colony strength (frames of bees, FOBs) and colony productivity using continuous hive weight monitoring. Hive weight data were analysed for both absolute gains and relative gains normalised per FOB across colony strengths. In all study periods, stronger colonies showed disproportionately higher weight gains compared to weaker colonies. For each additional FOB, the average increase in normalised weight gain ranged from 0.1 to 0.41 kg per colony, indicating a non-linear relationship between colony strength and productivity. An efficiency factor calculated for groups of strong and weak colonies ranged from 1.2 to 2.6, depending on the season and crop. Moreover, during periods of forage dearth, strong colonies exhibited lower weight losses than the weak colonies per FOB, making them more efficient under resource limited conditions. Our findings demonstrate that colony strength significantly influences foraging efficiency and colony resilience, ultimately supporting the conclusion that fewer stronger colonies will improve pollination outcomes while reducing the economic and environmental costs associated with commercial pollination services. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Pollinators and Pollination Service Provision)

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17 pages, 5256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fumigant Toxicity of Essential Oils of the Lamiaceae Family Against Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae

by Luis Mario Ayala-Guerrero, Francisco Javier Mondragón-Rojas, Anselmo De Jesús Cabrera-Hidalgo, María de los Ángeles Bivian-Hernández, Mayra Beatriz Gómez-Patiño, Petra Andrade-Hoyos, Aarón Mendieta-Moctezuma and Patricia Ibarra-Torres

Insects 2026, 17(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020162 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Spodoptera frugiperda is a major pest affecting maize production worldwide, and its control relies heavily on synthetic insecticides, which generate environmental risks and resistance. Essential oils (EOs) represent a promising alternative due to their biodegradability and the biological activity of their terpenoid constituents. [...] Read more.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a major pest affecting maize production worldwide, and its control relies heavily on synthetic insecticides, which generate environmental risks and resistance. Essential oils (EOs) represent a promising alternative due to their biodegradability and the biological activity of their terpenoid constituents. This study evaluated the chemical composition, larvicidal activity, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of the EOs from Origanum vulgare, Lavandula dentata, and Mentha piperita against S. frugiperda larvae at the L1, L2, and L4 instars. Chemical characterization by GC–MS revealed distinct chemotypes: a phenolic/terpenoid profile in O. vulgare, a 1,8-cineole-type profile in L. dentata, and a menthol-rich composition in M. piperita. Larvicidal assays showed dose- and stage-dependent responses, and M. piperita EO tended to produce the most robust mortality across instars and times, consistently producing high mortality (75%) at 90 µg·mL⁻¹ air concentration. AChE inhibition assays revealed that carvacrol and menthone were the most active constituents with IC₅₀ values of 312–330 µg·mL⁻¹. Molecular docking supported these results, as carvacrol and menthone showed the most favorable interactions with amino acid residues of the AChE catalytic site. These data support their suitability as candidates for integrated pest management programs targeting S. frugiperda. Future research should focus on formulation strategies, synergistic combinations, detoxification mechanisms, and field validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spodoptera frugiperda: Current Situation and Future Prospects)

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17 pages, 730 KB

Open AccessArticle

Supercritical Defatting, Composition and Digestibility of Meals from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Fed Olive Leaves, Olive Pomace or Quinoa Husk By-Products

by Esther Rodríguez-González, Diego Martín-Hernández, María Dolores Hernández, Agnes T. Varga, Dmitri Fabrikov, Tiziana Fornari, Mónica R. García-Risco and Diana Martin

Insects 2026, 17(2), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020161 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

The nutritional composition of insect-derived meals is strongly influenced by insect diet, while defatting can further modulate nutritional quality. However, some defatting methods, such as supercritical CO₂ extraction, depend on sample properties, including density and macromolecule distribution. Therefore, diet-induced changes may affect [...] Read more.

The nutritional composition of insect-derived meals is strongly influenced by insect diet, while defatting can further modulate nutritional quality. However, some defatting methods, such as supercritical CO₂ extraction, depend on sample properties, including density and macromolecule distribution. Therefore, diet-induced changes may affect lipid extraction efficiency and kinetics, a relationship that remains unexplored. This study evaluated the impact of feeding Hermetia illucens larvae with by-products from olive oil industry (olive leaves, OL, at 15, 30 or 50%; dry full-fat olive pomace, OP, at 30, 50, 70, 90%) or quinoa processing (husk, QH, at 15, 30 or 50%) on supercritical CO₂ defatting performance, meal composition, amino acid profile and digestibility. Despite diet-induced variations in lipid accumulation, defatted kinetics mainly depended on the content and solubility of extractable material, while differences in packed bed microstructure had a minor effect. Protein-rich meals were obtained (25–35%), although most diets reduced protein content, except OP50. QH15 and OP30 worsened essential amino acids in meals, whereas OP50 improved them. Chitin content increased, especially for OP-based meals. Digestibility slightly improved with OP30, OP70, QH15, and QH50. These results show the potential of olive oil and quinoa by-products to be up-cycled by H. illucens into high-value insect meals, without compromising the processing by supercritical CO₂ defatting, supporting sustainable insect-based food and feed production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)

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19 pages, 9546 KB

Open AccessArticle

Different Senses for Different Roles: Sexual Dimorphism in the Sensory System of a Scoliid Wasp

by Andrea Ferrari and Carlo Polidori

Insects 2026, 17(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020160 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Mating and feeding behavioural differences have been observed between male and female wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). It is hypothesised that these behavioural differences are supported by morphological dimorphisms in their sensory systems. Here, this hypothesis was tested in the parasitoid aculeate wasp Scolia hirta [...] Read more.

Mating and feeding behavioural differences have been observed between male and female wasps (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). It is hypothesised that these behavioural differences are supported by morphological dimorphisms in their sensory systems. Here, this hypothesis was tested in the parasitoid aculeate wasp Scolia hirta (Scoliidae), which attacks beetle larvae located in the soil. We have found evidence of a link between the main stimuli used by the sexes to access their target resources and the morphology of the sensory system. Males have a more developed visual system with enlarged eyes, ocelli and a higher number of ommatidia, sinc they have to visually locate and chase females immediately after they emerge. Males possess nine types of sensilla (primarily hygrothermo- and mechanoreceptors), and females possess seven types of sensilla, primarily olfactory. In females, the sensilla placoidea occur in greater numbers and are larger in size, in line with their underground host-seeking behaviour. Furthermore, the females had a blunt tip on their distal flagellomere and wider fore tibiae, which suggests that they may use vibrational sounding to detect concealed hosts, similarly to what has been described for some non-aculeate parasitoid wasps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Insect Senses: From Perception to Cognition)

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12 pages, 21937 KB

Open AccessTechnical Note

A Beetle In Vitro: Establishment of a Short-Term Cell Culture from the Pest Popillia japonica

by Valerio Ciccone, Claudia Cecchin, Sandra Donnini, Lucia Morbidelli, Romano Dallai, Mariangela Gentile, David Mercati, Francesco Paoli, Rebecca Funari, Antonio Carapelli, Francesco Nardi, Francesco Frati and Claudio Cucini

Insects 2026, 17(2), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020159 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) is a highly invasive, polyphagous scarab causing significant agricultural and ecological damage across invaded regions. While molecular studies are gaining traction, the unavailability of P. japonica cell lines has constrained in vitro investigations. To overcome these [...] Read more.

The Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) is a highly invasive, polyphagous scarab causing significant agricultural and ecological damage across invaded regions. While molecular studies are gaining traction, the unavailability of P. japonica cell lines has constrained in vitro investigations. To overcome these limitations and provide a platform for controlled biological investigation, we developed the first cell culture derived from P. japonica larvae. Fat bodies from field-collected third-instar larvae were dissected and cultured. Cells initially formed floating spheroids before transitioning to adherent monolayers. Cultures remained stable over several splits, whereas a marked reduction in cell number was observed at the eighth split due to the onset of contamination. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed nuclear integrity, while transmission electron microscopy at split 5 revealed cytoplasmic features consistent with insect fat body cells, including lipid droplets. The cell culture predominantly contained trophocyte-like cells, consistent with the known cellular composition of insect fat bodies. Transcriptomic analyses comparing fresh fat bodies and cultured cells revealed moderate transcriptional divergence, with limited upregulation of genes associated with iron homeostasis and stress response, consistent with adaptive responses to in vitro conditions. While not immortalized, this cell culture offers a short-term model for studying P. japonica physiology, toxicology, host–pathogen interactions, and potential gene-targeting strategies under controlled conditions. This work represents a first step toward enabling molecular and cellular research in this economically important pest species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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19 pages, 1750 KB

Open AccessArticle

Contrasting Conservation Outcomes for Ground-Dwelling and Aerial Insects in Masson Pine Plantations: Reduced Ground-Dwelling Insect Diversity but Comparable Aerial Insect Diversity to Natural Forests

by Ziming Wei, Huanhuan Liu, Chenyang Li, Xinyu Zhu, Mengli Li and Fengqun Meng

Insects 2026, 17(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020158 - 2 Feb 2026

Abstract

Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is the most widely planted tree species in southern China, playing a critical role in forestry production and reforestation. Understanding the contribution of Masson pine plantations to biodiversity conservation is essential for sustainable land-use policies. We conducted [...] Read more.

Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) is the most widely planted tree species in southern China, playing a critical role in forestry production and reforestation. Understanding the contribution of Masson pine plantations to biodiversity conservation is essential for sustainable land-use policies. We conducted comparative studies to examine the family diversity and composition of ground-dwelling and aerial insects in Masson pine plantations and adjacent natural forests at regional (spanning five forest types across Guangxi, China) and local (at Yachang, Guangxi) scales. We investigated the mechanisms driving the differences in insect community assemblages between the two forest types at the local scale. Our results indicated that aerial insect diversity and composition in Masson pine plantations were comparable to those in natural forests. However, ground-dwelling insects in plantations showed a significant decline in diversity and a notable shift in community composition, with a decrease in highly mobile omnivores (e.g., Drosophilidae and Nitidulidae) and an increase in crawling detritivores (e.g., Blattidae and Gryllidae). These patterns were consistent at both regional and local scales. At the local scale, the shift in ground-dwelling insect community composition was linked to decreased understory tree density (explaining 45.9% of the compositional variation), reduced litter Ca content (29.7%), and increased litter cover (13.5%) in plantations. To enhance ground-dwelling insect diversity in Masson pine plantations, mixed planting with broad-leaved species offers an effective management strategy. This approach both enriches litter nutrients and reduces needle litter accumulation, thereby supporting the recovery of understory vegetation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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19 pages, 1971 KB

Open AccessArticle

Intraguild Predation and Chemical Cue Responses Between Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus in Laboratory Assays

by Fatma Sh. Kalmosh, Bo Zhang, Nikola Đukić, Abdulaziz Alamri, Salman Alrokayan and Xuenong Xu

Insects 2026, 17(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020157 - 31 Jan 2026

Abstract

Species sharing the same trophic level can interact not only through competition for resources but also through intraguild predation (IGP). Therefore, an important step toward implementing successful multiple predator releases in biological control strategies requires resolving how predators respond to the presence of [...] Read more.

Species sharing the same trophic level can interact not only through competition for resources but also through intraguild predation (IGP). Therefore, an important step toward implementing successful multiple predator releases in biological control strategies requires resolving how predators respond to the presence of heterogeneous competitors. This study examined the compatibility of two predatory mites, N. californicus and P. persimilis, which are both widely employed to suppress two-spotted spider mite populations in greenhouses and open fields. The experiments quantified the frequency and intensity of IGP across different developmental stages of these species on bean leaves, considering scenarios both with and without their shared prey being present. Additionally, a Y-tube olfactometer was employed to assess whether either predator avoided prey patches previously occupied by other heterospecifics, thereby providing insights into potential chemical cues that influence predator behavior. The results revealed that adult females of both predatory mite species predominantly targeted heterospecific eggs and larvae, whereas adults were largely avoided. In the absence of shared prey, N. californicus attacked 83% of the P. persimilis larvae and 37% of the eggs, whereas P. persimilis consumed 67% of the N. californicus eggs. The presence of shared prey reduced IGP risk by approximately 60%. Olfactometer assays revealed no significant avoidance of plants inhabited by heterospecifics at densities of 20 or 40 adults; both predators were similarly attracted to herbivore-induced volatiles. Generalized linear models indicated that host plant experience had a significant influence on the foraging response of N. californicus, whereas the effects of the feeding state weakened over time. Understanding predator foraging plasticity and responsiveness to chemical cues can help optimize biological control strategies in complex agroecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Pathogens as Biocontrol Agents Against Pests)

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18 pages, 938 KB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Richness, Abundance, and Occurrence of Beetles in South Korea over Ten Years: Identifier Bias and Selection of Climate Change Indicators

by Tae-Sung Kwon, Sung-Soo Kim, Go-Eun Park and Youngwoo Nam

Insects 2026, 17(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020156 - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Climate change is rapidly altering the distribution and abundance of species, with significant impacts on regional ecosystems, including reduced ecosystem services and the loss of biodiversity. Accurately predicting changes in the distribution and abundance of taxa under future climate scenarios is, therefore, crucial. [...] Read more.

Climate change is rapidly altering the distribution and abundance of species, with significant impacts on regional ecosystems, including reduced ecosystem services and the loss of biodiversity. Accurately predicting changes in the distribution and abundance of taxa under future climate scenarios is, therefore, crucial. In South Korea, beetle data collected via pitfall traps from approximately 300 forest sites between 2007 and 2009 (30 families, 4 genera, and 150 species) were used to forecast changes in their abundance and distribution under climate change scenarios RCP 4.5 and 8.5. This study evaluated the accuracy of those predictions using data from a subsequent survey conducted between 2017 and 2019. We compared species richness, abundance, changes in abundance (i.e., number of individuals), and occurrence (i.e., number of occupied sites) using data from 273 sites that were surveyed in both the initial (2007–2009) and follow-up (2017–2019) periods. All four parameters were found to be significantly influenced by the identifiers. This identifier bias was attributed to the omission of morphologically similar species in the initial survey or the loss of individuals during the preparation process of dry specimens. As a result, increases in abundance and distribution appear to have been affected by identification errors, whereas decreases more closely reflect actual ecological changes. When the comparison between predicted and observed results was restricted to taxa with reduced abundance and distribution, the number of taxa that matched the predictions was significantly higher than that of those that did not. Based on ease of identification, abundance, and sensitivity to climate change, we selected a set of indicator taxa (four families, two genera, and seven species) for climate change monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Ecology, Diversity and Conservation)

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18 pages, 9210 KB

Open AccessArticle

Current and Future Potential Distribution of the Flower Bud Fly (Dasiops saltans) in Pitahaya Cultivation in Northern Peru Under Climate Change Scenarios

by Katerin M. Tuesta-Trauco, Jorge M. Canta-Ventura, Marly Guelac-Santillan, Angel J. Medina-Medina, Jhon A. Zabaleta-Santisteban, Abner S. Rivera-Fernandez, Teodoro B. Silva-Melendez, Marlen A. Grandez-Alberca, Rolando Salas López, Cecibel Portocarrero, Manuel Oliva and Elgar Barboza

Insects 2026, 17(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020155 - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Dasiops saltans is a small insect pest associated with pitahaya cultivation, whose occurrence is strongly influenced by specific environmental conditions. This study examined where this species could live in the Amazonas region by using models that identify areas with favourable conditions. With this [...] Read more.

Dasiops saltans is a small insect pest associated with pitahaya cultivation, whose occurrence is strongly influenced by specific environmental conditions. This study examined where this species could live in the Amazonas region by using models that identify areas with favourable conditions. With this approach, the current and future distribution of the insect was estimated, considering possible changes in climate. The results show that the places with the best conditions for the species may decrease slightly in the coming decades, while most of the region will continue to be unfavorable for its presence. The study also identified which environmental factors most influence where the insect can survive, highlighting the role of the terrain, soil characteristics and climate conditions related to temperature and moisture. These findings help us better understand the environmental limits of Dasiops saltans and provide useful information for decision-makers, farmers and local authorities, who can use this knowledge to improve management, monitoring and prevention strategies in agricultural areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Adaptation of Insect Pests)

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16 pages, 5297 KB

Open AccessArticle

Human Activities and Climate Change Accelerate the Spread Risk of Hyphantria cunea in China

by Mu Duan, Jing Ning, Gejiao Wang, Zhaocheng Xu, Shengming Li, Zhen Zhang, Longwa Zhang and Lilin Zhao

Insects 2026, 17(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020154 - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Anthropogenic activities and climate change have accelerated biological invasions, leading to profound ecological, economic, social, and health impacts. The invasive species fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) has been reported to have outbreaks in areas with climate anomalies and human settlements in recent [...] Read more.

Anthropogenic activities and climate change have accelerated biological invasions, leading to profound ecological, economic, social, and health impacts. The invasive species fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) has been reported to have outbreaks in areas with climate anomalies and human settlements in recent years, highlighting the necessity to explore the species’ suitable habitat and associated future changes. We built an ensemble species distribution model using Random Forest, MaxEnt, and Support Vector Machine, achieving excellent predictive performance (AUC = 0.996). Our results identify human settlement density as the dominant driving factor, with a contribution > 50%, far exceeding climatic and forest structure variables. Therefore, densely urbanized regions such as Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, the Liaodong Peninsula, and the North China Plain comprise the current highly suitable areas. Future climate projections suggest a continued expansion of the suitable habitat for H. cunea, with the most pronounced growth expected under the high-emission pathway (SSP5-8.5), where human activity is greatest. Such a correlation indicates that highly urbanized regions should be given priority for corresponding monitoring and control measures. As climate warming continues, northeastern China will face escalating invasion risks. Conversely, some regions within the Yangtze River Delta may become less suitable for the habitation of H. cunea. These findings provide insightful guidance for region-specific surveillance, quarantine measures, and the precision management of H. cunea in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Pest Management and Climate Change—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 7579 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Pollen Deposition and Carrying Efficiency of Four Wild Pollinators for Oil-Seed Camellia Trees

by Zijian Li, Yu Qiao, Mvchir Huyun, Yan Li, Wei Zhang, Yue Ying and Jinping Shu

Insects 2026, 17(2), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020153 - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

To investigate how insect hair morphology influences pollination effectiveness, this study examined four common wild pollinators in Camellia oleifera plantations: two bee species (Colletes gigas and Apis cerana) and two hornet species (Vespa velutina and Vespa soror). We systematically [...] Read more.

To investigate how insect hair morphology influences pollination effectiveness, this study examined four common wild pollinators in Camellia oleifera plantations: two bee species (Colletes gigas and Apis cerana) and two hornet species (Vespa velutina and Vespa soror). We systematically measured hair length, hair density, and pollen loads on four body regions (head, thorax, abdomen, and legs). The results indicated that the following: (1) C. gigas possessed significantly longer and denser hairs across all body parts, especially on the legs, compared to the other three species. (2) Both the pollen load per body part and the total pollen load were markedly higher in C. gigas than in the other pollinators. The two hornet species did not differ significantly from A. cerana in pollen load, and even exceeded it in certain traits such as head hair length. (3) Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between total pollen load and both hair length (ρ = 0.545, p < 0.01) and hair density (ρ = 0.391, p < 0.01). Pollen loads on different body regions were also strongly positively correlated, suggesting functional synergy across the insect’s surface. Leg pollen load correlated positively with head and leg hair length, but negatively with head hair density. Notably, leg hair length and density showed a unique positive correlation, highlighting region-specific morphological adaptation. (4) Cluster analysis separated C. gigas from the other three species, which grouped together. In conclusion, hair length and density—particularly on the legs—are key morphological traits underpinning pollen-carrying efficiency in these pollinators. C. gigas demonstrates superior hair morphology and pollen-carrying performance, supporting its role as an effective pollinator of C. oleifera. This study provides a trait-based framework for identifying dominant pollinators and underscores that evaluating species with complex ecological roles, such as hornets, requires integrating morphological traits with broader behavioral and community contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bee Conservation: Behavior, Health and Pollination Ecology)

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13 pages, 1529 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization of CaSpr2 in Jasmonate-Dependent Induced Defense Against Western Flower Thrips in Capsicum annuum

by Xi Chen, Shuo Lin, Tingting Linghu, Yun Yu, Heng Li, Yixin Chen, Hui Wei and Yong Chen

Insects 2026, 17(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020152 - 30 Jan 2026

Abstract

Insect infestation poses a significant threat to global agriculture by impairing plant growth and reducing crop yields. The western flower thrip (WFT) causes substantial damage through both direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Although the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway is known [...] Read more.

Insect infestation poses a significant threat to global agriculture by impairing plant growth and reducing crop yields. The western flower thrip (WFT) causes substantial damage through both direct feeding and transmission of plant viruses. Although the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway is known to participate in plant defense against WFTs, the underlying molecular mechanisms in non-model crops such as peppers, remain largely elusive. This study investigates the role of suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (Spr2) within JA-mediated defense against WFTs in pepper. Through an integrated approach employing virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), transcription analysis, phytohormone quantification, insect behavior assays and life history investigations, we demonstrated that silencing CaSpr2 significantly reduced JA and JA-Ile accumulation, and led to a strong feeding preference of WFTs for CaSpr2-silenced plants. Furthermore, the adult lifespan, survival rate, female fecundity, oviposition rate, and population parameters of WFTs were significantly improved on CaSpr2-silenced plants. Spr2 functions as an essential component within the JA signaling pathway, thereby playing a critical role in conferring resistance to WFTs in cultivated pepper. These findings provide profound insights and practical implications for breeding thrips-resistant cultivars in non-model plants, through genetic manipulation of JA signaling, offering a promising avenue for sustainable agricultural pest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Insect Pest Management: Innovative Approaches to Enhance Plant Protection)

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22 pages, 4599 KB

Open AccessArticle

Melatonin as a Potential Dietary Supplement to Counteract Glyphosate-Induced Decline in Honeybee Populations

by Wenyan Fan, Jingfei Cao, Xinyan Liang, Yiping Wang, Shuhuai Ge, Ting Ji and Jinglan Liu

Insects 2026, 17(2), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020151 - 29 Jan 2026

Abstract

Due to their role as the main pollinators in agricultural environments, honeybees help improve crop quality and yield and also help maintain global and ecosystem biodiversity. However, pesticide exposure during foraging has resulted in declining honeybee populations, and there are increasing concerns about [...] Read more.

Due to their role as the main pollinators in agricultural environments, honeybees help improve crop quality and yield and also help maintain global and ecosystem biodiversity. However, pesticide exposure during foraging has resulted in declining honeybee populations, and there are increasing concerns about the potential adverse effects of the herbicide glyphosate (Gly) on honeybees. In this study, we show that exogenous melatonin (Mel) alleviated Gly toxicity in honeybees, and we investigated the mechanisms underlying Mel’s effects using RNA-seq and 16S rRNA sequencing. We show that the survival rate of honeybees exposed to Gly increased significantly after pretreatment with 10 mg/L exogenous Mel in the laboratory. RNA-seq showed that genes involved in immunity, digestion, the nervous system, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, and development were altered after Gly treatment; interestingly, pretreatment with Mel had a compensatory effect on transcription in response to Gly. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Mel treatment dramatically improved the abundance of lactic acid bacteria in honeybees. These findings reveal how melatonin protects honeybee intestines from glyphosate-induced damage, offering practical strategies for honeybee conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity of Insect-Associated Microorganisms)

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19 pages, 1502 KB

Open AccessReview

Pheromone-Mediated Social Organization and Pest Management of the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta: A Review

by Mengbo Guo, Nazakat Osman, Shunhai Yu, Junyan Liu, Yiping Wang and Jianyu Deng

Insects 2026, 17(2), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020150 - 28 Jan 2026

Abstract

Pheromone-mediated chemical communication plays a central role in shaping the social organization and ecological success of S. invicta, a globally invasive eusocial insect characterized by a highly developed semiochemical signaling system. This review summarizes recent advances in the chemical ecology of S. [...] Read more.

Pheromone-mediated chemical communication plays a central role in shaping the social organization and ecological success of S. invicta, a globally invasive eusocial insect characterized by a highly developed semiochemical signaling system. This review summarizes recent advances in the chemical ecology of S. invicta, with emphasis on the putative ecological roles of major pheromone classes, current understanding of the molecular and neurobiological basis of pheromone perception and signal processing, and the associations between chemical cues and colony-level social behavior dynamics. Furthermore, we evaluate progress in pheromone-based management approaches, including pheromone-enhanced baits and trail disruption techniques, highlighting both their potential to improve the specificity and efficacy of fire ant management and the current practical limitations for large-scale field applications. Finally, current significant knowledge gaps and challenges are discussed, particularly the partial characterization of pheromone identity, the ambiguous and biological significance of chemical cues, and challenges in applying laboratory research in pest management under field conditions. By linking chemical ecology, neurobiology, and invasion biology to pest management, this review outlines priority directions for future research and provides a theoretical foundation for developing more sustainable, targeted pest control approaches for fire ant management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Management of Invasive Insects)

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28 pages, 3235 KB

Open AccessArticle

Re-Examination: No True Tabidia Snellen, 1880 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in China, with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Three New Species

by Jia-Xin Wang, Jun Wu, Wan-Lu Liu and Yun-Li Xiao

Insects 2026, 17(2), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020149 - 28 Jan 2026

Abstract

Many species within the genus Tabidia Snellen, 1880 exhibit significant differences in wing pattern and genital morphology, which are inconsistent with the definition of Tabidia, indicating that the genus is not monophyletic. To address this, the present study revises the taxonomy of [...] Read more.

Many species within the genus Tabidia Snellen, 1880 exhibit significant differences in wing pattern and genital morphology, which are inconsistent with the definition of Tabidia, indicating that the genus is not monophyletic. To address this, the present study revises the taxonomy of the Chinese species previously placed in Tabidia based on wing morphological characteristics, differences in male and female genitalia, and phylogenetic relationships inferred from the mitochondrial COI gene and mitochondrial genomes. As a result, two new genera are established: Melanoleucagen. nov. and Scintillagen. nov. These new genera are confirmed to belong to the tribe Agroterini Acloque, 1897. Furthermore, three cryptic new species are discovered: Melanoleuca luteamacula sp. nov., Melanoleuca qianshanensis sp. nov., and Melanoleuca yingshanensis sp. nov. Based on the morphological characteristics of adult appearance and genitalia, an identification key to the species of these two new genera is provided. Illustrations of adult specimens and their genital structures are provided, along with a world catalog of the species for the three relevant genera: Tabidia, Melanoleuca, and Scintilla. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

18 pages, 1937 KB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in Midgut Phosphatases Activity and Hemolymph Composition in Lymantria dispar and Euproctis chrysorrhoea Larvae Exposed to the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Fluoranthene

by Aleksandra Filipović, Marija Mrdaković, Dragana Matić, Larisa Ilijin, Dajana Todorović, Milena Vlahović and Vesna Perić-Mataruga

Insects 2026, 17(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17020148 - 28 Jan 2026

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants that can exert significant effects on living organisms. This study investigated the effects of fluoranthene, a representative PAH, on the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases in the midgut, and on total lipid and trehalose [...] Read more.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants that can exert significant effects on living organisms. This study investigated the effects of fluoranthene, a representative PAH, on the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases in the midgut, and on total lipid and trehalose concentrations in the hemolymph, of larvae of the forest insect species Lymantria dispar and Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). The results revealed species-specific differences in midgut phosphatase responses to dietary fluoranthene exposure. In L. dispar larvae, the activity of non-lysosomal acid phosphatase decreased at the higher fluoranthene concentration. In contrast, the activities of total acid and lysosomal acid phosphatases increased in E. chrysorrhoea larvae exposed to the lower fluoranthene concentration, consistent with a defensive role. Zymogram analyses revealed different patterns of midgut phosphatase isoform expression in the two species. While lipid concentrations in the hemolymph were unaffected, a significant decrease in trehalose concentration was observed in L. dispar larvae exposed to the lower fluoranthene concentration. Furthermore, fluoranthene exposure resulted in reduced larval mass in both species, indicating the allocation of resources toward defense. These responses specify the significance of relationships between physiological changes and mass reduction in L. dispar and E. chrysorrhoea larvae affected by pollutant, and contribute to understanding their defense mechanisms and energy metabolism for coping with this environmental stressor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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