Insects

10 pages, 2543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Duplex PCR Detection and Differentiation of Insect DNA Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio in Various Types of Food

by Dagmar Stehlíková, Veronika Müllerová, Anna Adámková, Pavel Beran, Martin Adámek, Vladislav Čurn, Soňa Škrovánková and Jiří Mlček

Insects 2025, 16(9), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090983 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2025

Abstract

Edible insects, particularly Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus) (mealworm) and Zophobas morio (Fabricius) (superworm), have drawn increasing attention as alternative protein sources. This study aims to develop an accurate molecular detection method for T. molitor, an EU-approved food species, and to differentiate it from [...] Read more.

Edible insects, particularly Tenebrio molitor (Linnaeus) (mealworm) and Zophobas morio (Fabricius) (superworm), have drawn increasing attention as alternative protein sources. This study aims to develop an accurate molecular detection method for T. molitor, an EU-approved food species, and to differentiate it from Z. morio, which remains unapproved for human consumption in the EU. The process enables precise and sensitive identification methods by optimizing singleplex and duplex PCR techniques targeting 16S rRNA and COI gene regions. The DNA of T. molitor was detected in various food matrices, including pastries, chocolate, and porridge, while avoiding cross-reactivity with Z. morio, Gryllus asimilis, and Locusta migratoria. The detection limit for both singleplex and duplex PCR was 10 pg of DNA, ensuring robustness against inhibitory effects from complex food matrices. The developed approach ensures reliable detection and compliance with EU regulations regarding insect-based foods, providing a critical tool for food authentication and preventing adulteration. The key advancements of this approach lie in its improved specificity and sensitivity, allowing for the ability to detect complex food matrices. An applied perspective was evaluated using real commercial food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Role of Insects in Human Society)

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14 pages, 3128 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an LNA-Based qPCR Assay for Detecting Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell, 1897) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) from Insect and Honeydew DNA

by Domenico Rizzo, Alice Downes, Claudia Gabriela Zubieta, Michela Moriconi, Chiara Ranaldi, Bruno Palmigiano, Antonio Aronadio, Linda Bartolini, Edson Bolige, Antonio P. Garonna and Elia Russo

Insects 2025, 16(9), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090982 (registering DOI) - 20 Sep 2025

Abstract

The invasive sap-feeding pest Toumeyella parvicornis (pine tortoise scale) is rapidly spreading across Europe, threatening pine ecosystems, particularly in forest–urban areas of Italy. In this scenario, early detection and monitoring strategies are critical to prevent new outbreaks and mitigate impacts in infested regions. [...] Read more.

The invasive sap-feeding pest Toumeyella parvicornis (pine tortoise scale) is rapidly spreading across Europe, threatening pine ecosystems, particularly in forest–urban areas of Italy. In this scenario, early detection and monitoring strategies are critical to prevent new outbreaks and mitigate impacts in infested regions. Current surveillance is challenged by the lack of rapid, sensitive tools for indirect detection of this cryptic, canopy-dwelling pest, despite advancements in molecular diagnostics and environmental DNA (eDNA). Here, we established a highly specific qPCR assay using LNA probe chemistry for detecting T. parvicornis DNA from both adult insects and their excreted honeydew. DNA was successfully isolated/quantified from all tested matrices. We recorded average Cq values of 20.9 for insect specimens and 30.3 for collected honeydew samples. Targeting the COI barcoding region, the assay demonstrated excellent specificity in both in silico and in vitro tests, showing no cross-reactivity to other pine-associated taxa. The limit of detection for DNA isolated from insect was 64 fg/µL. This is the first diagnostic protocol to use honeydew as a matrix for indirect detection of T. parvicornis. Optimized for routine application by Plant Health Services, this eDNA-based tool offers a valuable approach for future monitoring of sap-sucking hemipterans in multiple environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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13 pages, 536 KB

Open AccessArticle

Relative Effectiveness of Amorphous Silica, Malathion, and Pirimiphos Methyl in Controlling Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum and Their Long-Term Effects on Stored Wheat Under Laboratory Conditions

by Nawal Abdulaziz Alfuhaid and Mohamed S. Shawir

Insects 2025, 16(9), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090981 (registering DOI) - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The relative efficacy of amorphous silica dusts, malathion, and pirimiphos methyl was assessed against S. oryzae and T. castaneum in stored wheat under laboratory conditions. Insecticidal performance was influenced by physical properties such as particle size, surface area, bulk density, and oil/water adsorption [...] Read more.

The relative efficacy of amorphous silica dusts, malathion, and pirimiphos methyl was assessed against S. oryzae and T. castaneum in stored wheat under laboratory conditions. Insecticidal performance was influenced by physical properties such as particle size, surface area, bulk density, and oil/water adsorption capacity. Fumed silicas showed the highest toxicity, particularly Wacker HDK H20 (LC₅₀ = 19.4 mg/100 g at 12% moisture). Precipitated silica, Sipernat 22, though less potent (LC₅₀ = 46.6 mg/100 g), displayed consistent efficacy across different moisture levels, making it a suitable inert carrier. Increasing grain moisture to 15% significantly reduced the effectiveness of all dusts. When insecticides were combined with silica, their toxicity increased markedly. Malathion on silica (0.2%) reduced LC₅₀ values to 21.5 and 23.3 µg a.i./100 g for T. castaneum and S. oryzae, respectively, compared to 52.3 and 84.7 µg a.i./100 g on talc. Pirimiphos methyl on silica (0.1%) was the most effective, achieving LC₅₀ values of 13.4 and 15.5 µg a.i./100 g. Long-term bioassays over 25 weeks showed declining mortality rates, particularly at 15% moisture. However, pirimiphos methyl on silica maintained over 90% mortality at 12% moisture throughout the period, indicating strong residual efficacy. The results highlight the synergistic potential of combining silica with chemical insecticides and the crucial role of environmental humidity in stored grain pest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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20 pages, 304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Segmentation of Young Polish Consumers in Relation to Product Attributes and Willingness to Consume Food Containing Edible Insects

by Anna Platta, Anna Mikulec, Monika Radzymińska, Karolina Mikulec and Stanisław Kowalski

Insects 2025, 16(9), 980; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090980 - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

This study investigated consumer segmentation regarding insect-based foods among Polish Generation Z students. Data from 947 respondents were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by k-means clustering. Two segmentation solutions were identified: a four-cluster model based on product categories and a three-cluster [...] Read more.

This study investigated consumer segmentation regarding insect-based foods among Polish Generation Z students. Data from 947 respondents were analyzed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) followed by k-means clustering. Two segmentation solutions were identified: a four-cluster model based on product categories and a three-cluster model based on product attributes. In the four-cluster solution, the segments were labeled insect product enthusiasts, pragmatic consumers of processed products, cautious explorers, and skeptical and disengaged. In the three-cluster solution, the clusters were identified as conscious enthusiasts, quality-oriented pragmatists, and skeptical and disengaged. Across both approaches, the clusters differed significantly in terms of food neophobia, perceptions of sustainability, and product-related attributes such as safety, nutritional value, and sensory appeal. Notably, socio-demographic factors such as gender, place of residence, economic status, and field of study did not show statistically significant differences across clusters. Food neophobia emerged as a strong and highly significant differentiator (p < 0.001), reinforcing its role as a major psychological barrier, while positive perceptions of safety, taste, and nutritional value enhanced acceptance. These findings extend current knowledge on consumer heterogeneity in sustainable food markets and provide practical guidance for developing tailored communication strategies to promote the acceptance of edible insects among young consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects and Their Derivatives for Human Practical Uses 3rd Edition)

13 pages, 3735 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developmental Biology and Seasonal Damage of the Grape Borer Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus in Grapevines

by Ganyu Zhang, Yuying Jia, Haibin Wu, Yong Zhang, Murad Ghanim, Yanan Ma and Ruihong Sun

Insects 2025, 16(9), 979; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090979 - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a major viticultural pest whose larval feeding damages grapevine canes and reduces yields, yet its internal development and damage progression are poorly understood. Using field surveys combined with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and in situ X-ray [...] Read more.

Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a major viticultural pest whose larval feeding damages grapevine canes and reduces yields, yet its internal development and damage progression are poorly understood. Using field surveys combined with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and in situ X-ray microscopy, we non-destructively tracked both tissue damage and life-cycle dynamics within canes. Damage intensity increased from December to May, with affected canes showing reduced porosity compared to healthy ones. Continuous imaging revealed a distinct prepupal stage and extended adult residence in pupal chambers before emergence. Morphometric analysis showed that adult size is constrained by pupal chamber dimensions, indicating adaptive adjustment to limited intra-cane space. These findings demonstrate the value of advanced imaging tools for clarifying the biology of X. pyrrhoderus and support the development of targeted management strategies for this and related agricultural pests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Insect Pest Management: Innovative Approaches to Enhance Plant Protection)

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16 pages, 904 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sardine Inclusion in a Food Waste-Based Substrate for Rearing Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae: Effects on Growth Performance, Body Composition, and Gut Microbiome

by Seong-Mok Jeong, Byung Hwa Min, Sang Woo Hur, Jinho Bae, Ki Hwan Park and Kang Woong Kim

Insects 2025, 16(9), 977; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090977 - 19 Sep 2025

Abstract

The drastic surge in Sardine landings in Korea underscores the urgent need for sustainable upcycling strategies. However, research on the feasibility of using sardine (SD) in food waste (FW)-based substrates during the cultivation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) [...] Read more.

The drastic surge in Sardine landings in Korea underscores the urgent need for sustainable upcycling strategies. However, research on the feasibility of using sardine (SD) in food waste (FW)-based substrates during the cultivation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) remains limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of incorporating varying SD contents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%), into which 4-day-old (third-instar) larvae weighing approximately 0.02 g were introduced and reared for 12 days in triplicate. SD inclusion in the substrate had a dose-dependent effect on BSFL growth; higher concentrations (≥50%) markedly inhibited key growth indices, including a significant reduction in total biomass (p < 0.05). Incorporating SD into the diet dose-dependently enriched the biomass with eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid while reducing the relative proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla in the intestinal microbiota of BSFL. Further, SD inclusion altered the gut microbial community structure. Increased SD concentration in the diet led to a progressive reduction in unique genera, indicating decreased microbial diversity at higher inclusion levels. Overall, incorporating SD into FW for BSFL cultivation is feasible; however, optimizing substrate composition—particularly moisture and nutrient balance—is necessary to enhance larval growth and productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects as the Nutrition Source in Animal Feed)

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21 pages, 4954 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Study of the Crane Fly Genus Brithura Edwards, 1916 (Diptera: Tipulidae) in East Asia: First Larval Descriptions of the Genus and Insights from Adult Morphology and DNA Barcoding

by Virginija Podeniene, Sigitas Podenas, Dalius Butkauskas, Donatas Sneideris, Jin Whoa Yum, Neung-Ho Ahn, Soen Yi Kim, Jisoo Kim and Pavel Starkevich

Insects 2025, 16(9), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090978 - 18 Sep 2025

Abstract

Brithura Edwards, 1916 (Diptera: Tipulidae) is a small genus of crane flies currently comprising 16 described species distributed across the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Although the adults of this genus rank among the largest representatives of the family Tipulidae, their immature stages [...] Read more.

Brithura Edwards, 1916 (Diptera: Tipulidae) is a small genus of crane flies currently comprising 16 described species distributed across the East Palaearctic and Oriental regions. Although the adults of this genus rank among the largest representatives of the family Tipulidae, their immature stages have remained undocumented until now. In this study, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragment sequences (DNA barcodes) of Brithura sancta Alexander, 1929 were analyzed using both recently collected adult specimens from the Republic of Korea and historical museum specimens from China (collected in 1933). These sequences were compared with COI data obtained from larvae collected in Republic of Korea. We present the first description, with detailed illustrations and ecological information, of the previously unknown final instar larva of Brithura, specifically for the East Palaearctic species B. sancta. Diagnostic larval characters for the genus are discussed. Additionally, a redescription and comprehensive morphological documentation of the adult male and female B. sancta, including habitus and genitalia, are provided. This study represents the first phylogenetic contribution to the taxonomy of Brithura larvae based on mitochondrial COI sequence data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revival of a Prominent Taxonomy of Insects)

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14 pages, 5225 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Morphological Characteristics of Antennae and Antennal Sensilla Among Three Species of Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

by Jinting Xie, Yi Liu, Junjue Li, Leming Zhou, Xiu Xu and Zhende Yang

Insects 2025, 16(9), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090976 - 18 Sep 2025

Abstract

Various types of sensilla are densely distributed on the antennal surfaces of insects. The specialization of perception and ecological adaptability of antennae in detecting external environmental signals are reflected in the morphology, function, number, and distribution pattern of sensilla. L. invasa, O. [...] Read more.

Various types of sensilla are densely distributed on the antennal surfaces of insects. The specialization of perception and ecological adaptability of antennae in detecting external environmental signals are reflected in the morphology, function, number, and distribution pattern of sensilla. L. invasa, O. bipolaris, and O. maskelli are three types of wasps that harm eucalyptus trees. To investigate the perception and reception methods of chemical signals from eucalyptus trees by the three gall wasps and compare interspecific differences, the antennal morphology and sensillar characteristics of these three gall wasps were systematically analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, including sensillar length, type, distribution, and number. Knee-shaped antennae, comprising the radicle, scape, pedicel, anelli, funicle, and club, are present in all three species. However, significant interspecific differences were observed in total antennal length and funicular number. Five major sensilla categories, comprising nine subtypes, were identified. Among these, five types (BS, CH, CS, TSI, TSII) were common to all three gall wasp species. PSI and PSII were unique to L. invasa, while O. bipolaris and O. maskell shared PSIII. Compared to O. maskelli, O. bipolaris possessed a significantly greater number of PSIII sensilla, which were also longer. TSIII was found exclusively in O. bipolaris. Interspecific differences were evident in antennal morphology, as well as in the number, size, and distribution of the sensilla. These variations in sensilla and antennal shape serve as a morphological foundation for species identification in addition to reflecting ecological adaptation and functional differentiation in environmental signal perception. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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13 pages, 2834 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Population Genomics of the Invasive Whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED in China: Implications for Surveillance and Sustainable Control

by Kun Yang, Hongran Li, Dong Guo, Zuowen Sun, Fujun Li and Dong Chu

Insects 2025, 16(9), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090975 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Bemisia tabaci MED is one of the most invasive and destructive agricultural pests worldwide, posing a serious threat to crop production and biosecurity. Understanding its spatiotemporal population dynamics and genetic structure is critical for early detection, effective surveillance, and sustainable management. Previous studies [...] Read more.

Bemisia tabaci MED is one of the most invasive and destructive agricultural pests worldwide, posing a serious threat to crop production and biosecurity. Understanding its spatiotemporal population dynamics and genetic structure is critical for early detection, effective surveillance, and sustainable management. Previous studies have shown that B. tabaci MED in China has a high genetic structure and an unstable genetic composition. The annual genetic dynamics of the B. tabaci MED population have not been investigated throughout the outbreak phase that began in 2008. Here, we report the use of 2b-RAD sequencing to estimate the spatial and temporal genetic structure of B. tabaci MED in Shandong Province over several years. We examined 198 individuals from five sites over four years (2008, 2013, 2015, and 2017). Although populations showed generally low within-population diversity (Shannon I ≤ 0.407) and a high gene flow, clear temporal differentiation emerged between the early invasion phase (2008) and later outbreak years (2013–2017). Furthermore, specific populations, notably 2017 Liaocheng and Zaozhuang, retained distinct genetic signatures compared with other regions, suggesting localized founder effects or adaptation. Our study underscores the importance of integrating high-resolution genomic tools into invasive pest surveillance programs, and understanding this heterogeneity is critical for targeted surveillance, quarantine prioritization, and sustainable management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance and Management of Invasive Insects)

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26 pages, 27932 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Review of the Genus Homidia (Collembola, Entomobryidae) in China Informed by COI DNA Barcoding, with the Description of Three New Species

by Xiaowei Qian, Yu Fu and Yitong Ma

Insects 2025, 16(9), 974; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090974 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The genus Homidia contains 84 species of which 60 have been reported from China. The sequence of COI for ten Homidia species are provided and a neighbour-joining tree is presented. Three new species of Homidia are described from Chongqing Municipality, China. Homidia wuxiensis [...] Read more.

The genus Homidia contains 84 species of which 60 have been reported from China. The sequence of COI for ten Homidia species are provided and a neighbour-joining tree is presented. Three new species of Homidia are described from Chongqing Municipality, China. Homidia wuxiensis sp. nov. is characterised by its colour pattern and chaetotaxy of Abd. IV; Homidia pseudochroma sp. nov. by some expanded post-labial chaetae and chaetotaxy of dorsal head and Abd. II–IV and Homidia yangi sp. nov. by its colour pattern. Based on similarities in COI sequences and morphology, we designate Homidia linhaiensis (Shi, Pan & Qi), as a junior synonym of Homidia tiantaiensis (Chen & Li). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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17 pages, 1993 KB

Open AccessArticle

Luthrodes pandava Larvae Can Distinguish Cycas Leaf Quality in Cafeteria Experiments

by Thomas E. Marler

Insects 2025, 16(9), 973; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090973 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Cycads are being endangered by several anthropogenic threats, and invasions of non-native herbivores are among those threats. Various country invasions by the cycad blue butterfly Luthrodes pandava have threatened the local horticulture cycad trade and native cycad populations. Little is known about behaviors [...] Read more.

Cycads are being endangered by several anthropogenic threats, and invasions of non-native herbivores are among those threats. Various country invasions by the cycad blue butterfly Luthrodes pandava have threatened the local horticulture cycad trade and native cycad populations. Little is known about behaviors of the larval stage of this specialist herbivore, the life phase that causes damage to cycad leaf tissue. The objective here was to determine larval ability to discriminate among Cycas species that are known to exhibit contrasting susceptibility to L. pandava herbivory. Dual-choice cafeteria protocols were used whereby a single larvae was provisioned with one leaflet of minimally damaged species (low quality) and one leaflet of heavily damaged species (high quality). Consumption after an 8 h feeding cycle was measured as loss in leaflet area. Wild L. pandava populations derived from in situ Philippine and Thailand Cycas habitats preferentially fed on high quality leaflets. In contrast, invasive L. pandava populations from urban locations in Guam, Philippines, and Thailand exhibited no preferences in leaflet feeding choice. The findings indicated that larvae of this Lycaenidae specialist herbivore exhibit complex selection behaviors that depend on origin of the butterfly and feeding history. Discrimination capabilities of the in situ populations that evolved with a single native Cycas species demonstrated beneficial behaviors that appear to be lost over time by invasive populations that feed on numerous novel Cycas hosts within the invasive range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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20 pages, 5623 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Acheta domesticus Powder Incorporation on Nutritional Composition, Technological Properties, and Sensory Acceptance of Wheat Bread

by Agnieszka Orkusz and Martyna Orkusz

Insects 2025, 16(9), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090972 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

The fortification of bakery products with alternative protein sources, including edible insects, offers a promising approach to improving nutritional quality while addressing sustainability challenges. This study evaluated graded replacement of type 750 wheat flour with Acheta domesticus (house cricket) powder—together with an extreme [...] Read more.

The fortification of bakery products with alternative protein sources, including edible insects, offers a promising approach to improving nutritional quality while addressing sustainability challenges. This study evaluated graded replacement of type 750 wheat flour with Acheta domesticus (house cricket) powder—together with an extreme 100% cricket-powder formulation—on the nutritional composition, color, particle size distribution, fermentative properties, baking loss, crumb hardness, and sensory quality of bread. Fifteen baked variants were prepared: a 100% wheat flour control; thirteen wheat–cricket blends containing 5–90% cricket powder; and an extreme formulation with 100% cricket powder. Increasing cricket-powder levels significantly increased protein, fat, fiber, zinc, and riboflavin contents while decreasing carbohydrate and starch levels. Technologically, higher substitution levels resulted in darker crumb color, a shift toward coarser particle size distribution, reduced gas retention during proofing, and increased baking loss. Sensory analysis indicated that up to 15% inclusion maintained full consumer acceptability, while 20–25% was at the acceptance threshold. Above 35%, acceptability declined sharply due to intensified earthy flavors and textural changes. The findings highlight 15% inclusion as the optimal balance between enhanced nutritional value and sensory quality, with potential for higher incorporation if appropriate technological modifications are applied. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Insects)

13 pages, 780 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Response, Interference, and Predation Efficiency of Diomus guilavoguii (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

by Qijing Lin, Guoguo Ruan, Mingjie Tang, Xuanjie Guo, Meixiaoyun Yang, Xingmin Wang and Xiaosheng Chen

Insects 2025, 16(9), 971; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090971 - 17 Sep 2025

Abstract

Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) poses a significant threat to over 200 plant species, severely impacting agricultural productivity. Diomus guilavoguii (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a natural predator of P. marginatus. To develop an effective and environmentally friendly management strategy against P. marginatus, [...] Read more.

Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) poses a significant threat to over 200 plant species, severely impacting agricultural productivity. Diomus guilavoguii (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a natural predator of P. marginatus. To develop an effective and environmentally friendly management strategy against P. marginatus, this study investigates the predation relationship between D. guilavoguii and P. marginatus by focusing on functional response and mutual interference under controlled laboratory conditions (Petri dishes). The results indicated that D. guilavoguii exhibits a type II functional response toward P. marginatus, with adults of D. guilavoguii demonstrating superior efficiency in preying upon P. marginatus (the theoretical daily maximum predation rate for female adults of D. guilavoguii on young mealybugs is 416.667). However, a decrease in the predators’ search effect was observed with increasing prey density. Additionally, interspecific interference competition intensified as the number of predators increased, resulting in reduced predation efficiency. Consequently, D. guilavoguii shows promise biological control agent for the management of P. marginatus under laboratory conditions, although further studies in greenhouse and field environments are required to validate its potential in practical pest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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16 pages, 3177 KB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Nutritional Values and Gut Microbiomes to Dietary Intake of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Tenebrio molitor Larvae

by Aifen Yang, Yiting Ye, Qiwei Liu, Jingjing Xu, Ruixi Li, Mingfeng Xu, Xiu Wang, Sida Fu and Rongrong Yu

Insects 2025, 16(9), 970; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090970 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Due to their high nutritional value and a lower environmental impact, Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae are regarded as an alternative protein and lipid source in food industries, animal husbandry, and fishery. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ω-3 [...] Read more.

Due to their high nutritional value and a lower environmental impact, Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae are regarded as an alternative protein and lipid source in food industries, animal husbandry, and fishery. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ω-3 PUFA intake on the nutritional value and gut microbiota of T. molitor larvae. Tenebrio molitor (T. molitor) larvae were reared with wheat bran at 20–32 °C for 4 weeks to screen for a suitable temperature. EPA ethyl esters (EE), DHA ethyl esters (ED), DHA triglycerides (TG), and krill oil (KO) were supplemented in wheat bran to rear larvae for 4 weeks, and the compositions including moisture, carbohydrates, crude protein, and crude fats were analyzed. Gut microbiome was analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Larvae reared on wheat bran showed optimal growth at 28 °C. ω-3 PUFA supplements increased crude protein (1.07–1.16 fold) and crude fat (1.12–1.22 fold) contents without affecting survival. Gut microbiota composition shifted significantly in all ω-3 supplemented groups, altering over 10 genera. Bacteria with changed abundance (e.g., Clostridium), known for roles in protein/lipid metabolism, likely contributed to the enhanced nutritional contents. These findings demonstrate the benefits of ω-3 PUFA supplementation in T. molitor rearing and identify associated gut bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Microbiome and Immunity—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 344 KB

Open AccessReview

The Potential Risk of Bactrocera dorsalis (Tephritidae) Invasion into the Fruit Industry in the Iberian Peninsula: A Review

by Chandana Dammika Wijekoon, Amílcar Duarte and Luís Neto

Insects 2025, 16(9), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090969 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is considered a highly invasive fruit fly species already widespread in Indo-Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In recent years, this species has extended its range into new regions previously considered unsuitable, posing an alarming new risk for the [...] Read more.

Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel, 1912) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is considered a highly invasive fruit fly species already widespread in Indo-Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. In recent years, this species has extended its range into new regions previously considered unsuitable, posing an alarming new risk for the subtropical regions of Europe. This review aimed to assess the potential risk of B. dorsalis invasion into the fruit industry in the Iberian Peninsula, the southwesternmost tip of Europe. With the collected information from published scientific knowledge on B. dorsalis’s distribution, biology, climatic tolerance, host plant diversity, and recent invasion pathways, we have provided an assessment of the possibilities of introducing this alarming fruit fly species to the Iberian Peninsula. In this review, we found that B. dorsalis has been recently reported in several adjacent European countries such as France, Italy, and Austria, and it serves as a warning signal to the Iberian Peninsula for the possible risks that this species poses in the future. Considering this persistent threat posed by B. dorsalis, we reviewed its potential future threat by considering the status of the fruit industry and Mediterranean climate in the Iberian Peninsula. We also considered the findings of recent climatic forecasting models. This review provides a theoretical basis for the prospective intrusion of B. dorsalis into the Iberian Peninsula’s fruit industry, as well as the potential impact following its establishment, together with recommendations for restricting the introduction and spread. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

22 pages, 400 KB

Open AccessReview

Leveraging Adventive and Endemic Parasitoids Against Polyphagous Agromyzid Leafminers in Australia

by Peter M. Ridland, Elia I. Pirtle, Paul A. Umina and Ary A. Hoffmann

Insects 2025, 16(9), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090968 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

The recent incursions of three agromyzid leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae, and L. trifolii) into Australia pose a significant threat to horticultural production. Outbreaks of these polyphagous pests are consistently associated with the disruption of their parasitoids caused by [...] Read more.

The recent incursions of three agromyzid leafminers (Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae, and L. trifolii) into Australia pose a significant threat to horticultural production. Outbreaks of these polyphagous pests are consistently associated with the disruption of their parasitoids caused by the widespread use of non-selective insecticides and to increasing pesticide resistance in these agromyzids. An analysis of the international literature for records of parasitoids associated with L. huidobrensis, L. sativae, and L. trifolii revealed that they are attacked by a similar profile of parasitoid families: Eulophidae (63% of records), Braconidae (19%), Pteromalidae (9%), and Figitidae (8%). Diglyphus isaea, Neochrysocharis formosa and Hemiptarsenus varicornis (all already recorded in Australia) were the most commonly reported parasitoids worldwide. These species, along with Australia’s broader parasitoid fauna, will play an important role in managing invasive Liriomyza species, provided insecticide use does not disrupt their populations. However, key knowledge gaps remain, especially regarding the taxonomy of local parasitoids, their potential use in conservation biocontrol programs, and the local landscape features that support parasitoid populations. The use of various species in augmentative releases is considered, including constraints and opportunities related to strain selection and the potential use of thelytokous strains for mass-rearing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diapause Regulation and Biological Control of Natural Enemy Insects)

17 pages, 1621 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Diet Compositions on Colony Strength Parameters, and the Enzymatic Activity of Apis mellifera L. During Floral Scarcity

by Shams Ul Islam, Javeria Liaquat, Muhammad Anjum Aqueel, Asim Abbasi, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Shahid Rizwan, Muhammad Saqib, Nasir Masood, Nyasha J. Kavhiza, Saba Zafar, Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada, Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah, Dalal Saad Alharbi and Abeer Hashem

Insects 2025, 16(9), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090967 - 16 Sep 2025

Abstract

Dearth periods associated with less floral resources negatively impact Apis mellifera colony performance. Artificial diets offer nutritional supplements to sustain bee colonies under stressful conditions. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted using various artificial diets (eight diets, including a control diet), formulated with [...] Read more.

Dearth periods associated with less floral resources negatively impact Apis mellifera colony performance. Artificial diets offer nutritional supplements to sustain bee colonies under stressful conditions. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted using various artificial diets (eight diets, including a control diet), formulated with varying quantities of pulses, yeast, fenugreek powder, vegetable oil, dry apricot powder, and powdered sugar. Colony performance of bees subjected to different artificial diets was evaluated based on diet consumption, brood area, adult bee population, worker bee longevity, honey production, and enzymatic activity. Diet-7, which uniquely combined lupin, mung bean, and chickpea flours, proved the most efficacious and was the most consumed diet (84.29 ± 1.61 g), while diet-1 showed the lowest consumption (35.30 ± 1.08 g). Maximum brood area was recorded in colonies which were offered diet-7 (1385.95 ± 14.91 cm²), followed by diet-6, whereas the lowest was observed in the control (831.03 ± 18.95 cm²). The adult bee population was highest in diet-7 (21,594.50 ± 94.55 bees/hive), while lowest in the control (diet-0) (12,625.43 ± 385.06 bees/hive). Worker bee longevity was greatest in diet-7 (49.40 ± 0.41 days) and lowest in the control group (37.01 ± 0.39 days). Honey production was also highest in diet-7 (8.86 ± 0.21 kg), while lowest in the control (2.79 ± 0.35 kg). The results further showed that the enzymatic activities of bees were significantly improved due to diet-7, with the highest values for amylase (48.62 ± 0.23 U/mg), lipase (16.85 ± 0.20 U/mg), proteinase (25.21 ± 0.18 U/mg), and α-glucosidase (39.21 ± 0.21 U/mg). In conclusion, statistical analyses confirmed that diet-7 emerged as the most effective artificial diet, enhancing colony performance across all evaluated parameters. Future research should aim to optimize diet formulations and evaluate their effectiveness on colony health, including gut microbiome and immune function, across different seasons and ecological regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

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8 pages, 4451 KB

Open AccessCommunication

First Report of Two-Spot Cotton Leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula Ishida) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on Commercial Cotton in the Southeastern United States

by Isaac L. Esquivel, Tim Bryant, Sean Malone, Alana L. Jacobson, Scott H. Graham, Paulo S. Gimenez-Cremonez, Phillip Roberts, Silvana Paula-Moreas, Dominic Reisig, Anders Huseth, Jeremy Greene, Francis P. F. Reay-Jones and Sally Taylor

Insects 2025, 16(9), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090966 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

The two-spot cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula (Ishida, 1913) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a polyphagous pest native to the Indian subcontinent, where it is a significant pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus, Moench), and other crops. At adult and immature [...] Read more.

The two-spot cotton leafhopper, Amrasca biguttula (Ishida, 1913) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a polyphagous pest native to the Indian subcontinent, where it is a significant pest of cotton (Gossypium spp.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus, Moench), and other crops. At adult and immature stages, they feed on leaf cell contents, causing characteristic “hopperburn” symptoms and yield losses of up to 40% in cotton in its native range. In July 2025, A. biguttula was detected for the first time during the cotton growing season in commercial and experimental fields across multiple counties in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. Identification was confirmed through morphological examination of diagnostic external features and male genitalia. Within four weeks, the pest was found in 101 counties, with injury symptoms ranging from mild chlorosis to severe necrosis and defoliation. Given the southeastern United States’ average of 979,339 hectares of cotton valued at USD 1.7–USD 2.8 billion annually, the potential for economic impact is considerable. Rapid symptom development, broad host range, and multiple generations per year underscore the need for coordinated monitoring and research to determine preliminary control measures and to identify potential alternative hosts. This report documents the first confirmed occurrence of A. biguttula in U.S. cotton and highlights its potential as an established recurring pest threat in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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11 pages, 1999 KB

Open AccessArticle

Description of a New Species of Mountain Midges (Diptera, Deuterophlebiidae) from Xinjiang, China

by Xin Wang, Minghui Gao, Xinyang Li, Rui Han, Jiayang Feng and Wei Guo

Insects 2025, 16(9), 965; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16090965 - 15 Sep 2025

Abstract

The family Deuterophlebiidae is considered to be the most plesiomorphic Diptera family, with a striking morphology and life history. In this study, we provide detailed descriptions and figures of a new species from Northwestern China: Deuterophlebia shawanensis sp. nov., along with genetic distances [...] Read more.

The family Deuterophlebiidae is considered to be the most plesiomorphic Diptera family, with a striking morphology and life history. In this study, we provide detailed descriptions and figures of a new species from Northwestern China: Deuterophlebia shawanensis sp. nov., along with genetic distances of COI sequences among the eight known Chinese species of Deuterophlebia Edwards, 1922. The genetic distance from others is greater than 0.1. In terms of morphology, the new species could also be distinguished from others by the absence of spines in the mesothorax at the pupal stage and the outward protrusion of the second dorsal view of the mesothorax. As a result, China is currently the country with the highest Deuterophlebia species diversity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diptera Diversity: Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution)

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