Insects

28 pages, 1333 KB

Open AccessReview

Current Knowledge on Insecticide Resistance in Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) in Latin America and the Caribbean Nations

by João Simão Silva Gonçalves, Ademir J. Martins, Vincent Corbel, Laura Harburguer, Christian R. Gonzalez, Cynara Melo Rodovalho and José Bento Pereira Lima

Insects 2026, 17(3), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030264 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2026

Abstract

Aedes albopictus is an important vector of several arboviruses and has expanded its distribution throughout Latin America and the Caribbean in recent decades. Despite its increasing epidemiological relevance, data on insecticide resistance in this region remain limited compared to Aedes aegypti. This [...] Read more.

Aedes albopictus is an important vector of several arboviruses and has expanded its distribution throughout Latin America and the Caribbean in recent decades. Despite its increasing epidemiological relevance, data on insecticide resistance in this region remain limited compared to Aedes aegypti. This review compiled and analyzed the published evidence on this topic across the region. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, SciELO, Google Scholar, LILACS, and DOAJ, using combinations of the terms “insecticide resistance” or “insecticide susceptibility” plus “Aedes albopictus”, and the names of all countries recognized by the United Nations as part of the region. Studies published until May 2025 were considered, regardless of the publication year. Following the core PRISMA principles adapted for this review, 33 studies were identified, of which 17 met the inclusion criteria. Results indicate recurrent but uneven reports of resistance, with organophosphates being the most frequently evaluated insecticide (33.9%), followed by pyrethroids (27.7%) and carbamates (10.8%), and metabolic mechanisms being the most implicated. Evidence suggests that control actions focused on Ae. aegypti may also impose selective pressure over Ae. albopictus. Overall, the resistance found on Ae. albopictus emphasizes the need for expanded and standardized surveillance to support effective vector control across the Americas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insecticide Resistance in Disease Vectors: Mechanisms, Surveillance, and Control Perspectives)

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8 pages, 2407 KB

Open AccessArticle

Estimation of Selection Intensity Against Dark Color Forms of the Spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (L.) in a Warming Climate

by Vinton Thompson

Insects 2026, 17(3), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030263 (registering DOI) - 1 Mar 2026

Abstract

Climate warming puts new selective pressures on natural populations, but there are few quantitative measurements of selection in natural populations over protracted time periods. Observations made at the beginning and end ofa 47-year cumulative increase of 2.7 °C in the mean September temperature [...] Read more.

Climate warming puts new selective pressures on natural populations, but there are few quantitative measurements of selection in natural populations over protracted time periods. Observations made at the beginning and end ofa 47-year cumulative increase of 2.7 °C in the mean September temperature in Northern Minnesota, USA, permit quantitative estimation of selection against a suite of alleles at a single locus determining the expressionof dark color forms in populations of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae). Alternative methods of estimation of the selection coefficient s, a measure of the intensity of selection, produce values of s = 0.0125 and 0.0218, respectively, corresponding to a disadvantage of about one to two percent per year or, since P. spumarius is univoltine, per round of selection. The existence of a locus under selection presents an opportunity for molecular localization and characterization of the genetic locus determining color form. Philaenus spumarius is of particular interest in Europe, as it is the major local vector of the bacterial plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of the Environmental Temperature on Insects)

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23 pages, 3755 KB

Open AccessArticle

Immune and Metabolic Responses in Ectropis grisescens Infected by Metarhizium anisopliae: Insights from Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses

by Xiaozhu Wu, Xiaomin Xiong, Muxiang Dai, Juanjuan Cai, Suqing Zhu, Lisi He, Gongmin Cheng, Maosheng Gu, Hao Meng, Feng Wen and Liande Wang

Insects 2026, 17(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030262 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

The tea geometrid (Ectropis grisescens) is a significant pest in Chinese tea plantations. Although Metarhizium anisopliae serves as an environmentally friendly biocontrol agent against E. grisescens, the molecular mechanisms underlying the insect’s immune response remain unclear. This study investigates changes [...] Read more.

The tea geometrid (Ectropis grisescens) is a significant pest in Chinese tea plantations. Although Metarhizium anisopliae serves as an environmentally friendly biocontrol agent against E. grisescens, the molecular mechanisms underlying the insect’s immune response remain unclear. This study investigates changes in immunity-related genes and metabolites in E. grisescens larvae infected with a virulent strain of M. anisopliae through transcriptome sequencing and metabolome analysis. We identified 2409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 48 h post-infection, with 1611 genes up-regulated. GO analysis revealed that 119 DEGs were significantly enriched in immune-related processes. Additionally, 1860 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected, including 652 up-regulated and 1208 down-regulated metabolites, with 236 significantly enriched in 82 KEGG pathways. These findings indicate the activation of immunity-related and detoxifying enzyme-related genes, providing new insights into the physiological and biochemical responses of insects to biopesticides and potential targets for controlling tea geometrid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Pathogens as Biocontrol Agents Against Pests)

20 pages, 7167 KB

Open AccessArticle

Detoxification Metabolic Adaptation of Bombyx mori to Artificial Diet and Functional Study of Key Detoxification Gene BmGSTd2

by Lijing Liu, Long He, Xin Tang, Qingyou Xia and Ping Zhao

Insects 2026, 17(3), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030261 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

The exceptional adaptability of insects to diverse food sources is central to their survival and evolutionary success. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this rapid adaptation remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, adaptive phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic differences in silkworms fed mulberry leaves versus [...] Read more.

The exceptional adaptability of insects to diverse food sources is central to their survival and evolutionary success. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this rapid adaptation remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, adaptive phenotypic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic differences in silkworms fed mulberry leaves versus artificial diets were investigated. The results showed that dietary changes induced enrichment of multiple detoxification pathways in the fat body, midgut, and Malpighian tubules, accompanied by significant accumulation of secondary metabolites and xenobiotics such as flavonoids, terpenoids and saponins in these tissues. Stimulation experiments with nine upregulated metabolites in silkworm BmE cells revealed that most metabolites inhibited cell viability and induced detoxification genes such as GST, UGT and CYP upregulated, with flavonoids like genistein and daidzin exhibiting obvious inductive effects. Among the upregulated genes, GSTd2 frequently responded and was significantly upregulated in artificial diet-fed silkworms. Notably, overexpressing GSTd2 in BmE cells enhanced cell tolerance to genistein and daidzin. Furthermore, silkworms overexpressing GSTd2 showed higher flavonoid tolerance and better adaptability to artificial diets. In conclusion, this study provides valuable genetic targets for improving silkworm rearing efficiency on artificial diets, providing reference to optimize feed formulations and theoretical basis for understanding metabolic adaptation mechanisms to artificial diets in silkworms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

18 pages, 2942 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress-Associated BiP, IRE1, and XBP1 Genes in Diaphorina citri and Their Roles During Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Infection

by Zhiyou Xuan, Xinying Yang, Tao Peng, Yingzhe Yuan, Caifu Liu, Yali Wang, Aijun Huang, Long Yi, Xuefeng Wang, Mengji Cao and Changyong Zhou

Insects 2026, 17(3), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030260 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, or unfolded protein response (UPR), is crucial for cellular homeostasis and host defense. Its role in insect vectors of plant pathogens remains poorly understood. This study conducted a comprehensive molecular characterization of three core UPR genes—BiP [...] Read more.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, or unfolded protein response (UPR), is crucial for cellular homeostasis and host defense. Its role in insect vectors of plant pathogens remains poorly understood. This study conducted a comprehensive molecular characterization of three core UPR genes—BiP, IRE1, and XBP1—in Diaphorina citri, the insect vector of the citrus huanglongbing pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). Expression profiling showed distinct developmental and tissue-specific patterns for these genes. The IRE1-mediated unconventional splicing of XBP1 mRNA was identified in D. citri and predicted across diverse insect pests. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR assay was established to detect this splicing event for monitoring ER stress. Time-course analysis of CLas-infected D. citri revealed an early activation (upregulation of BiP, IRE1, XBP1 transcripts, and increased XBP1 splicing) followed by later suppression of the UPR. Functional studies demonstrated that induction of ER stress with thapsigargin increased CLas titer. RNAi-mediated silencing showed that IRE1 silencing increased CLas proliferation, whereas XBP1 silencing reduced it. These findings provide foundational insights into the ER stress pathway in D. citri and demonstrate that the IRE1-XBP1 branch of the UPR plays a critical role in modulating CLas infection dynamics within its insect vector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Molecular Biology: From Bioinformatics to Pest Management Applications)

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22 pages, 15388 KB

Open AccessArticle

Convergent Evolution of Silk Webbing in Eriophyoid Mites (Eriophyoidea) and Aceria–Cisaberoptus Sympatry on Mango

by Philipp E. Chetverikov, Charnie Craemer, Alexey G. Desnitskiy, Nikita S. Kopylov, Andrey T. Kudrjavtzev, Viert D. Nguen, Anna E. Romanovich, Hoat X. Trinh, Andrey E. Vishnyakov and James Amrine

Insects 2026, 17(3), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030259 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

Several lineages within the Eriophyoidea, an ancient group of phytoparasitic acariform mites, produce large protective silk webs on plant surfaces. This study examined the diversity and phylogeny of web-spinning eriophyoids associated with the leaves of Mangifera indica (mango) in Asia, Africa, and North [...] Read more.

Several lineages within the Eriophyoidea, an ancient group of phytoparasitic acariform mites, produce large protective silk webs on plant surfaces. This study examined the diversity and phylogeny of web-spinning eriophyoids associated with the leaves of Mangifera indica (mango) in Asia, Africa, and North America and Lepisanthes rubiginosa (mertajam) in Vietnam. We report, for the first time, silk-producing structures in Aceria aegyptindicae and Aculops knorri, as well as the presence of tibial seta l’ I and a lobular unpaired prosomal gland in Cisaberoptus kenyae. Molecular and morphological data indicate female dimorphism in A. knorri and reveal cryptic diversity within Cisaberoptus and mango-associated Aceria. The web-spinning species C. kenyae and Ac. aegyptindicae form a strongly supported clade and frequently coexist in syntopy on mango leaves, likely co-producing silk web. Phylogenetic analyses of COI and 28S genes place this clade as sister to Cecidophyinae, while grouping Aberoptus and A. knorri with Anthocoptini and Aceriini. These results demonstrate convergence, cryptic speciation, and unexpected mutualism in web-spinning eriophyoids, providing a framework for future research on the evolution of silk producing organs in this economically important mite group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Bio-Ecology and Control of Plant-Damaging Acari)

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16 pages, 4077 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feeding Preferences for Sugars and Amino Acids in the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren

by Pan Luo, Qing-Xing Shi, Jin-Huan Lou, Ting Chen, Jie Chen, De-Sen Wang, Ming-Yong Ma, Yan Wu, Da-Xing Yang and Guo-Jun Qi

Insects 2026, 17(3), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030258 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

Ant–hemipteran mutualism is mediated by honeydew through long-term coevolution. To clarify the feeding preferences for the main honeydew components (sugars and amino acids) in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), this study employed a self-developed feeding preference assay system [...] Read more.

Ant–hemipteran mutualism is mediated by honeydew through long-term coevolution. To clarify the feeding preferences for the main honeydew components (sugars and amino acids) in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), this study employed a self-developed feeding preference assay system to systematically determine the feeding and attraction preferences of workers for ten sugars, eleven amino acids, and their different concentrations and combinations in both laboratory and field experiments. Results showed that: (1) S. invicta workers exhibited a significant feeding preference for sucrose and leucine among all tested sugar and amino acid solutions; (2) Feeding preferences for both sucrose and leucine were concentration-dependent. Specifically, preferences for 20% sucrose and 0.5% leucine were significantly higher than for lower concentrations, while not significantly different from higher concentrations; (3) The feeding preference for 10% sucrose or 0.5% leucine alone was higher than that for multi-sugar mixtures or a mixture of all eleven amino acids. However, a mixture of sucrose and leucine solutions significantly enhanced field attraction compared to single solutions of sucrose or leucine. The self-developed feeding preference assay system provides a new tool for measuring feeding preferences in ant colonies under near-natural conditions. Overall, this study systematically clarifies the feeding preference for key nutrients in S. invicta workers and establishes a critical theoretical basis for understanding its foraging ecology and developing highly effective liquid baits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Pests: Bionomics, Damage, and Management)

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12 pages, 3507 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Functional Characterization of Tachykinin in Regulating Feeding and Energy Metabolism in the Chinese Oak Silkworm, Antheraea pernyi

by Guobao Wang, Yunhan Zhang and Yong Wang

Insects 2026, 17(3), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030257 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

Tachykinins (TKs), a conserved family of neuropeptides, play critical roles in regulating multiple physiological processes such as feeding and energy metabolism in insects. This study identified the TK gene (ApTK) from the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi, an economically important [...] Read more.

Tachykinins (TKs), a conserved family of neuropeptides, play critical roles in regulating multiple physiological processes such as feeding and energy metabolism in insects. This study identified the TK gene (ApTK) from the Chinese oak silkworm, Antheraea pernyi, an economically important insect species. Bioinformatic analysis showed that ApTK possesses four FX₁GX₂R motifs (X₁ and X₂ represent variable amino acid residues), comprising FMGVR, FYGVR, FIGVR, and FFGMR, in the C-terminus and shares a close phylogenetic relationship with TKs from Bombyx mori and Manduca sexta. Tissue-specific expression profiling demonstrated that ApTK was mainly expressed in the brain and midgut. Starvation–refeeding experiments showed that the expression of ApTK was significantly upregulated during food deprivation and returned to baseline after refeeding, evincing its involvement in hunger signaling. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown of ApTK led to a significant increase in larval body weight and increased levels of triglyceride, glycogen, and trehalose, indicating enhanced energy storage. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ApTK acts as a key regulator in restraining feeding and modulating energy homeostasis in A. pernyi. Our findings provide insights into the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying feeding behavior and energy metabolism in A. pernyi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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18 pages, 3550 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characterization of OasiCSP12: A Chemosensory Protein Regulating Olfaction and Phase Change in Oedaleus decorus asiaticus

by Shu Xu, Wenchang Duan, Huijuan Shi, Yajing Cai, Yaojie Zheng, Haibin Han, Ling Li, Yanyan Li and Yu Zhang

Insects 2026, 17(3), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030256 (registering DOI) - 28 Feb 2026

Abstract

The Asian migratory locust (Oedaleus decorus asiaticus) is a major grassland pest in northern China, with outbreak dynamics closely linked to phase transition mediated by chemical communication. This study focused on a chemosensory protein, OasiCSP12, to explore its potential role in [...] Read more.

The Asian migratory locust (Oedaleus decorus asiaticus) is a major grassland pest in northern China, with outbreak dynamics closely linked to phase transition mediated by chemical communication. This study focused on a chemosensory protein, OasiCSP12, to explore its potential role in this process. We analyzed its expression patterns via qRT-PCR, purified the recombinant protein, and identified potential ligands through fluorescence competitive binding assays. Structural insights were gained through homology modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, with binding energetics assessed using MM/PBSA. Results showed that OasiCSP12 expression is phase- and sex-specific, being significantly upregulated in gregarious adult antennae. The protein bound selectively to 15 locust body-surface volatiles, including aldehydes and esters. Its structure features a hydrophobic binding cavity where van der Waals interactions, primarily predicted to be mediated by residues Val86, Leu71, and Trp101, likely stabilize ligand complexes. These findings indicate that OasiCSP12 is potentially associated with both chemical perception and phase regulation in O. d. asiaticus, providing a candidate target for developing behavior-based green control strategies against this pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

12 pages, 5074 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Pregabalin on the Development of Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Veterinary Forensics—Preliminary Study

by Katarzyna Czepiel-Mil, Piotr Listos, Robert Stryjecki, Ewa Pietrykowska-Tudruj and Martyna Czyżowska

Insects 2026, 17(3), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030255 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Pregabalin, as the active ingredient of various medications, is used in humans to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), epilepsy, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain. In animals, pregabalin is used as an anesthetic. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of [...] Read more.

Pregabalin, as the active ingredient of various medications, is used in humans to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), epilepsy, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain. In animals, pregabalin is used as an anesthetic. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of pregabalin on the developmental parameters of Sarcophaga argyrostoma (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), a fly used in forensic entomology. A culture of S. argyrostoma larvae was conducted on mouse carcasses. Two doses of the active substance were used in the experiment: 100 mg/kg (dose 1) and 300 mg/kg (dose 2). A control sample (without the drug) was used for comparison. The duration of the life cycle, the body weight of individual developmental stages (larvae, pupae, and adults), and their mortality were studied. The study showed that (1) pregabalin prolonged the life cycle of S. argyrostoma—dose 1 by two days and dose 2 by three days; (2) pregabalin caused an increase in body weight at each stage of development (larvae, pupae, and adults); (3) pregabalin caused high mortality among pupae. The highest mortality was observed in the treatment with 300 mg/kg. The preliminary results indicate that estimation of the time of death based on analysis of the developmental stages of S. argyrostoma on a carcass with a high content of pregabalin may be distorted relative to a case without the impact of this exogenous substance. Research on the effect of pregabalin on flies used in forensic entomology should be expanded to investigate how this compound affects the life cycles of these insects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Physiology, Reproduction and Development)

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42 pages, 1786 KB

Open AccessReview

Present and Future of Mosquito-Borne Disease Control in Europe with a Specific Focus on the Mediterranean

by Maria Cholvi, Riccardo Moretti, Hugo Costa Osório, Gregory L’Ambert, Gonçalo Seixas, Mihaela Kavran, Antonios Michaelakis, Avgoustinos S. Stephanou, Christiana P. Antoniou, Angeliki F. Martinou, David Roiz, Maurizio Calvitti and Rubén Bueno-Marí

Insects 2026, 17(3), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030254 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Mosquito-borne diseases are an emerging public health challenge in Europe, driven by the spread of invasive mosquito species capable of sustaining outbreaks of tropical arboviral diseases. Rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, human-driven habitat changes, and prolonged transmission seasons have increased the risk of [...] Read more.

Mosquito-borne diseases are an emerging public health challenge in Europe, driven by the spread of invasive mosquito species capable of sustaining outbreaks of tropical arboviral diseases. Rising temperatures, shifting precipitation patterns, human-driven habitat changes, and prolonged transmission seasons have increased the risk of dengue, chikungunya, and West Nile virus outbreaks, among other vector-borne diseases. Effective control requires a multifaceted approach, combining traditional and novel methods with advanced surveillance technologies and community involvement. However, growing insecticide resistance and concerns about insecticide use highlight the need for more prudent management of current tools and the development of innovative alternatives. Genetic control strategies, including the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT), Wolbachia-based approaches, and genetically modified (GM) mosquitoes, offer promising solutions but still face scientific, regulatory, and societal challenges. This review explores the current landscape of mosquito-borne disease control in Mediterranean Europe, emphasizing key challenges and emerging solutions. An integrated approach that strengthens surveillance, promotes sustainable control methods, and incorporates novel biotechnological tools supported by smart technologies will be essential to reduce the future burden of mosquito-borne diseases in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Surveillance of Mosquitoes to Reduce the Spread of Mosquito-Borne Disease)

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13 pages, 1186 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Rice Volatile Secondary Metabolites and Their Role in Modulating the Behavior of the Brown Planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål)

by Lang Yang, Li-Fei Huang, Wen-Jie Huang, Guy Smagghe, Jian-Jun Jiang and En-Hai Chen

Insects 2026, 17(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030253 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Rice volatiles play a crucial role in mediating resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a major pest of rice crops. In this study, we analyzed secondary metabolites from rice plants to identify compounds associated with insect behavior. A [...] Read more.

Rice volatiles play a crucial role in mediating resistance to the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, Hemiptera: Delphacidae), a major pest of rice crops. In this study, we analyzed secondary metabolites from rice plants to identify compounds associated with insect behavior. A total of 31 volatile metabolites were detected, among which 16 differed significantly between 51 resistant or susceptible varieties. Fifteen volatiles were more abundant in susceptible plants, while one was enriched in resistant varieties. Electrophysiological (EAG) and Y-tube olfactometer assays revealed that both male and female adults exhibited positive chemotaxis toward five volatiles: Cyclohexanone, 2,2,6-trimethyl-; 3-Cyclohexen-1-one, 3,5,5-trimethyl-; (+)-Isomenthol; Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, methyl ester; and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol. In contrast, male adults were repelled by Benzaldehyde, 3-ethyl-, and 3-Buten-2-one, 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-. These results indicate that characteristic volatiles serve as functional cues for host selection and may act as phytochemical markers for assessing rice resistance. The findings provide new insights into plant–insect chemical interactions and suggest potential strategies for environmentally friendly pest management, including the use of attractant- or repellent-based approaches and breeding for optimized volatile profiles to control N. lugens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Behavior and Pathology)

20 pages, 1342 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Vibratory Sorting Machine of Crickets: Effects of Surface Friction, Oscillation Dynamics, and Energy Consumption

by Arthit Duangchanchote, Sarawut Saenkham, Siripuk Suraporn, Ahmad Zainuddin and Sopa Cansee

Insects 2026, 17(3), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030252 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

This study presents a two-stage, mechanics-based method for optimizing vibratory sorting machine of adult crickets for post-harvest size grading. In the first stage, the static coefficient of friction (COF) was measured for three cricket size classes across seven tray surface conditions [...] Read more.

This study presents a two-stage, mechanics-based method for optimizing vibratory sorting machine of adult crickets for post-harvest size grading. In the first stage, the static coefficient of friction (COF) was measured for three cricket size classes across seven tray surface conditions to quantify cricket–substrate interactions relevant to vibratory transport. COF varied significantly with both morphology and surface microtexture (p < 0.0001), with intermediate roughness levels generating higher friction than smooth or highly rough surfaces. In the second stage, a factorial experiment evaluated the effects of oscillating speed (300–350 rpm), tray inclination (2°–3°), and surface roughness (G0–G5) on sorting efficiency, throughput, batch sorting time, and specific energy consumption (SEC). All main factors and most interactions significantly influenced sorting performance (p < 0.0001). The optimal operating condition—350 rpm, 2° inclination, and G2 roughness—achieved 95% sorting accuracy, 39 crickets·min⁻¹ throughput, and the lowest SEC (0.37 Wh·cricket⁻¹). The results demonstrate that friction–vibration coupling governs cricket transport on vibrating surfaces and provide an engineering framework for designing scalable, energy-efficient sorting systems for insect rearing and processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Science of Insect Rearing Dynamics: Discovery-Based Inquiry)

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19 pages, 4863 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Molecular Docking and Electrophysiology Reveals Sesquiterpenes as Candidate Attractants for Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae)

by Daniela Ordaz-Pérez, Julio C. Rojas and David Alavez-Rosas

Insects 2026, 17(3), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030251 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) is a globally invasive pest that affects a wide range of fruit and vegetable crops. Identifying cost-effective attractants is essential for sustainable integrated pest management (IPM). This study explored whether molecular docking, combined with electrophysiological [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) is a globally invasive pest that affects a wide range of fruit and vegetable crops. Identifying cost-effective attractants is essential for sustainable integrated pest management (IPM). This study explored whether molecular docking, combined with electrophysiological recordings, can help prioritize structurally diverse compounds with potential relevance to medfly olfaction. We assessed the predicted interactions of more than 100 attractant-related and semiochemical compounds, including multiple stereoisomers, with 14 odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and four odorant receptors (ORs). Trimedlure served as a benchmark ligand. Docking suggested that several sesquiterpenes may interact favorably with subsets of OBPs and ORs, although these predictions require biochemical validation. A small set of compounds with high predicted affinity, readily available in the laboratory, was further examined using electroantennography (EAG), which confirmed that selected sesquiterpenes elicited peripheral antennal activation in irradiated males. Overall, our results demonstrate the utility of computational screening as an exploratory tool for prioritizing candidate ligands and generating hypotheses about chemosensory processing in C. capitata. Integrating molecular modeling with biochemical and behavioral validation is a promising approach to developing next-generation IPM attractants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimizing Insect Trap Systems: Advances in Lures, Dispensers, and Field Performance)

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15 pages, 3516 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insect-Resistant Variety Populus deltoides ‘Shalinyang’ May Decrease Anoplophora glabripennis Females’ Fecundity by Suppressing the Serine/Threonine Kinase AglaAkt Gene

by Hui-Quan Sun, Yu-Jun Kong, Qiu-Mei Zhong, Xin-Yi Liu, Fei-Fei Cui, Jian-Feng Liu, Zhi Su and Jian-Rong Wei

Insects 2026, 17(3), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030250 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is notorious for its wide host range, serious damage caused, and the difficulties involved in controlling it. Populus deltoides ‘Shalinyang’ (PdS) has demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on the larval growth and the adult lifespan of A. glabripennis [...] Read more.

Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is notorious for its wide host range, serious damage caused, and the difficulties involved in controlling it. Populus deltoides ‘Shalinyang’ (PdS) has demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on the larval growth and the adult lifespan of A. glabripennis and can be used as an “attract-and-kill” tree in mixed shelterbelt construction. However, how A. glabripennis react to this resistant poplar remains unclear. This research employed transcriptomics techniques to study transcriptional responses in the midgut of A. glabripennis after consuming PdS, Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (EA), and Salix matsudana Koidz (SM), respectively. One of the key findings revealed that the PIK3-Akt signaling pathway was suppressed in A. glabripennis feeding on PdS compared with those feeding on EA or SM. Further RNA interference results demonstrated that silencing the AglaAkt gene significantly decreased the levels of AKT, phospho-AKT, vitellogenin, vitellogenin receptor, and vitellin in A. glabripennis. Therefore, we speculate that the AglaAkt gene may be an underlying target gene that causes the low reproductive capacity of A. glabripennis when feeding on PdS. This finding provides important insights into the role of the AglaAkt gene in mediating the reproductive development in A. glabripennis and its molecular response to the resistant poplar. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Molecular Biology and Genomics)

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10 pages, 2091 KB

Open AccessArticle

Central Projections of Antennal Sensory Neurons in the Aphid Myzus persicae

by Baiwei Ma, Jing Li, Feiyue Ding, Xi Chu, Xiaoyan Zhu, Shuai Liu, Guirong Wang, Qi Chen and Bingzhong Ren

Insects 2026, 17(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030249 - 27 Feb 2026

Abstract

The aphid Myzus persicae is an important agricultural pest relying on olfactory cues to find food and escape from predators. The considerable difficulty of anatomical manipulation and other related technical challenges may underlie the absence of studies systematically mapping the central projections of [...] Read more.

The aphid Myzus persicae is an important agricultural pest relying on olfactory cues to find food and escape from predators. The considerable difficulty of anatomical manipulation and other related technical challenges may underlie the absence of studies systematically mapping the central projections of antennal sensory neurons in its central nervous system. We used mass stain, immunohistochemistry, laser scanning confocal microscope and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques to trace the central projections of sensory neurons from the antennae. The ipsilateral antennal nerve targets mainly the antennal lobe, the antennal mechanosensory and motor center, and most neuromeres of the ventral nerve cord. There are also several axons that project to other regions, like the contralateral antennal lobe, the contralateral antennal nerve, the ipsilateral calyx and some region of the protocerebrum. The numerous neuropils innervated by axons from the antenna indicate the multiple roles that this sensory organ serves in insect behavior, and the results which provide information about the basic anatomical arrangement of the olfactory nervous system in aphid M. persicae may provide some basic knowledge for the further investigations of the aphid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insect Sensory Biology—2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 19836 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Rediscovery and Life History of the Enigmatic Weevil Hypera libanotidis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A Description of the Mature Larva and Pupa After More than a Century

by Jiří Skuhrovec, Rafał Gosik, Jiří Krátký, Valentin Szénási and Filip Trnka

Insects 2026, 17(3), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030248 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

Last instar larva and pupa of Hypera libanotidis Reitter, 1896 (Curculionidae: Hyperini) are described for the first time and compared with 44 other hyperine taxa. Larval morphology generally matches the diagnostic characters of Hyperini but shows distinctive traits, including thorn-like setae on conspicuous [...] Read more.

Last instar larva and pupa of Hypera libanotidis Reitter, 1896 (Curculionidae: Hyperini) are described for the first time and compared with 44 other hyperine taxa. Larval morphology generally matches the diagnostic characters of Hyperini but shows distinctive traits, including thorn-like setae on conspicuous black protuberances, relatively long body setae, and dense spiculate coverings in larvae and pupae. Several unusual pupal characters, such as an atypical mesocoxal seta and a peculiar spiracular covering, further distinguish this species. These characters indicate close morphological affinity with species within the subgenus Eririnomorphus and also the genus Metadonus, suggesting a potentially close phylogenetic relationship. Biological observations confirm typical hyperine traits, including ectophytic larval feeding, cryptic coloration, and cocoon construction prior to pupation. Larval coloration, especially in early instars, partly corresponds with the host plant Libanotis pyrenaica. Larvae pupate in mesh-like cocoons on host plant remains, and no larval parasitism was observed. The species is associated with xerothermic loess grasslands, with adults apparently overwintering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beetles in Integrative Entomology: Biology, Taxonomy, and Conservation)

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23 pages, 1948 KB

Open AccessReview

The Black Fig Fly, Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae): Current Knowledge and Future Research Needs for an Invasive Pest of Fig Production

by Rodrigo Lasa, Iain MacGowan, Julián Bartual and Trevor Williams

Insects 2026, 17(3), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030247 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

The presence of Silba adipata in countries outside its native range has raised increasing concern among fig (Ficus carica L.) producers due to its growing economic importance. Information on this lonchaeid remains scarce and is frequently fragmented across regional reports, technical documents, [...] Read more.

The presence of Silba adipata in countries outside its native range has raised increasing concern among fig (Ficus carica L.) producers due to its growing economic importance. Information on this lonchaeid remains scarce and is frequently fragmented across regional reports, technical documents, and isolated scientific studies. The lack of consolidated and reliable knowledge on S. adipata, together with its sporadic impacts on figs and frequent confusion with closely related species, has hindered the development of effective and sustainable management strategies. Here, we provide a comprehensive synthesis of the current geographic distribution of S. adipata and its expansion into new areas, addressing diagnostic aspects and potential misidentifications reported in the literature that have the potential to confound distribution records and assessments of its pest status. We critically review current knowledge of the biology, ecology, and behavior of S. adipata, together with existing and emerging management and control approaches, including cultural practices, monitoring tools, mass trapping strategies, and biological- and chemical-based tactics. The strengths and limitations of these approaches are discussed in the context of their applicability to fig production systems. Advancing the management of S. adipata requires not only accurate species identification and evaluation of conventional control methods, but also a deeper understanding of its ecology and sexual behavior. Addressing these knowledge gaps will be essential for the development of innovative, effective, and environmentally sustainable management strategies for this emerging pest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fly Biology, Ecology, Behavior and Management—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1094 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spectral Preferences of Encarsia formosa: Unravelling Attraction to LED Monitoring Traps

by Emeka Emmanuel Ekejiuba and Rainer Meyhöfer

Insects 2026, 17(3), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects17030246 - 26 Feb 2026

Abstract

LED-enhanced sticky traps improve monitoring of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), but their effects on its parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), are unclear, which may compromise biological control. Methods: We quantified E. formosa visual responses in climate-chamber multiple-choice arenas using [...] Read more.

LED-enhanced sticky traps improve monitoring of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), but their effects on its parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), are unclear, which may compromise biological control. Methods: We quantified E. formosa visual responses in climate-chamber multiple-choice arenas using six LED colors at equal photon flux (8.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and in greenhouse choice/no-choice assays comparing a standard yellow sticky trap with a green LED-enhanced yellow trap, with and without host-infested tomato leaves. We further tested modified LED traps (green LEDs with white or green backgrounds) and assessed intensity-dependent responses (18.0–25.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Results: E. formosa showed the highest attraction to green LEDs (peak ≈ 521–524 nm) and a significantly lower response to other colors. In greenhouse assays, E. formosa preferred the standard yellow sticky trap over the LED-enhanced yellow trap; in no-choice tests, only 9% were recaptured on the LED-enhanced yellow trap, both without and with hosts. Modified traps with white or green backgrounds substantially increased E. formosa recapture (≈54% higher than the yellow-background LED trap). Encarsia formosa attraction to the white-background LED trap declined with increasing intensity (61% at 18.0 to 4% at 25.6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), whereas whitefly captures were stable to slightly higher. Conclusions: The standard LED-enhanced yellow trap is compatible with E. formosa releases and does not disrupt biocontrol. Modified LED traps show promise for simultaneous monitoring of E. formosa and whiteflies, warranting validation under commercial conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Insect Pest and Vector Management)

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