Animals

14 pages, 1237 KB

Open AccessArticle

Galba truncatula: Distribution, Presence in Fountains and Identification of Factors Related to Its Occurrence in Bulgaria

by Katya Georgieva and Boyko Neov

Animals 2026, 16(2), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020226 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Galba truncatula acts as an intermediate host for several parasitic flukes of veterinary importance, but a targeted study on its spatial presence as well as the impact of environmental factors in Southeastern Europe has not been conducted. During the summer months of 2017 [...] Read more.

Galba truncatula acts as an intermediate host for several parasitic flukes of veterinary importance, but a targeted study on its spatial presence as well as the impact of environmental factors in Southeastern Europe has not been conducted. During the summer months of 2017 and 2018, a survey of 191 water bodies in 14 districts in Central, Southern and Western Bulgaria was conducted, with a focus on animal drinking fountains. Each site was assessed for snail presence and characterized by altitude, temperature, precipitation, shade and type of water body. Logistic regression modeling was used to identify the important factors related to the occurrence of snail species. The frequency of habitats found was 29.3%, with no differences observed between the studied districts (p > 0.05). Snails were present across a wide range of altitudes (78–1926 m), annual mean temperature (7.8–14.0 °C) and annual mean precipitation (523–796 mm). The high habitat frequencies were recorded in streams (60.0%) and on the banks on small rivers (50.0%). The presence of snails in the two studied types of fountains (without or with a concrete platform) was 24.1% and 17.2%, respectively, with no significant difference between them (p > 0.05). Regression analysis revealed temperature, shade, and type of water body as factors that could significantly influence the spatial presence of G. truncatula. The findings demonstrate the ecological adaptability of G. truncatula and highlight its presence in habitats with high potential for contact with domestic and wild ruminants. This information fills a regional knowledge gap and can support risk assessment and control measures for fluke-borne diseases in livestock and wildlife. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wildlife)

20 pages, 4492 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Analysis of Testicular Histology, Sperm Quality, and Gene Expression (TGFB2, DMRT1) in Rooster Semen (Gallus gallus domesticus)

by Anastasiya Ivershina, Yuliya Silyukova, Elena Fedorova, Olga Stanishevskaya, Irina Mirzakaeva and Marina Pozovnikova

Animals 2026, 16(2), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020225 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

The study of the relationship between testicular morphology and sperm quality is a pressing issue, for which molecular genetic approaches, including quantitative analysis of gene expression, are being implemented. The aim of this study was to identify correlations between the histomorphological structure of [...] Read more.

The study of the relationship between testicular morphology and sperm quality is a pressing issue, for which molecular genetic approaches, including quantitative analysis of gene expression, are being implemented. The aim of this study was to identify correlations between the histomorphological structure of the testes, fresh sperm parameters, and the expression level of key spermatogenesis genes—TGFB2 and DMRT1—in roosters. The experiment was conducted on 10 Russian Snow White roosters aged 28–32 weeks. Sperm quality was assessed by volume, sperm concentration, total and progressive motility, and viability; histological analysis of the rooster testes was performed. The relative expression of the TGFB2 and DMRT1 genes in sperm was analyzed. Multiple correlation analysis of the data was conducted. A positive correlation was found between ejaculate volume and the number of spermatogonia (p = +0.651), a negative correlation between ejaculate volume and the number of second-order spermatocytes (p = −0.704), a negative correlation between the total cross-sectional area of the seminiferous tubules of the testes and sperm viability (p = −0.782), a negative correlation between the number of seminiferous tubules and the average diameter of their cross-section (p = −0.685), and a positive correlation between total and progressive sperm motility (p = +0.794). Analysis of TGFB2 and DMRT1 gene expression in sperm demonstrated a certain relationship between molecular genetic mechanisms and histomorphometric parameters. The expression level of the DMRT1 gene, which plays a key role in sex determination in birds during embryogenesis, had a number of negative correlations with such parameters as testicle weight (r = −0.782), total/progressive sperm motility (r = −0.552; r = −0.612), and viability (r = −0.552). Expression of the TGFB2 gene had no significant relationship with the studied parameters, but correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive relationship (r = +0.321) with DMRT1 gene expression. The data obtained indicate the expediency of integrating morphometric, cellular, and molecular analysis for an objective assessment of rooster reproductive function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Male Germ Cell Development in Animals)

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16 pages, 1596 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial and Temporal Trends in the Invasion Dynamics of the Ring-Necked Parakeet (Psittacula krameri) in the Urban Complex of Thessaloniki, Greece

by Charalambos T. Thoma, Konstantina N. Makridou and Dimitrios E. Bakaloudis

Animals 2026, 16(2), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020224 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Invasive alien species pose a major threat to global biodiversity, especially within Europe. Understanding their spatial and temporal dynamics is essential for effective management planning and implementation. The ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri, hereafter RNP) has been established in Greece for over [...] Read more.

Invasive alien species pose a major threat to global biodiversity, especially within Europe. Understanding their spatial and temporal dynamics is essential for effective management planning and implementation. The ring-necked parakeet (Psittacula krameri, hereafter RNP) has been established in Greece for over four decades, yet its invasion dynamics remain unstudied despite pilling evidence of ecological impacts. During 2024 and 2025, we conducted repeated transect surveys across 99 1 km² grid squares within the urban complex of Thessaloniki to assess environmental factors influencing occupancy and abundance, and to estimate RNP population trends. Dynamic occupancy and N-mixture models revealed that both the presence and abundance of RNP were positively associated with the proportion of dense urban fabric and urban green areas. The proportion of occupied sites increased by more than 10% between survey years (2024–2025), while the estimated population growth rate for this interval was 1.64, signaling a substantial short-term increase. Our findings provide the first detailed evidence of an established and growing RNP population within the urban complex of Thessaloniki, Greece. Continued monitoring and research on ecological impacts are essential, while any management actions should be developed with public engagement to ensure social acceptance and long-term effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Wildlife Insights: Exploring the Behavior and Adaptations of Animals in Urban Environments)

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11 pages, 7895 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Surveillance of Shrew-Borne Hantaviruses Expands Viral Host Range in Hungary

by Gréta Varga, Renáta Dóró, Anett Kuczmog, Győző Horváth, Gábor Kemenesi, Krisztián Bányai and Mónika Madai

Animals 2026, 16(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020223 (registering DOI) - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Since the late 2000s, a growing diversity of distinct hantaviruses has been identified in shrews across Europe. However, knowledge about shrew-borne hantaviruses in Hungary is limited. This study was initiated to investigate the prevalence and host range of these viruses in shrew populations [...] Read more.

Since the late 2000s, a growing diversity of distinct hantaviruses has been identified in shrews across Europe. However, knowledge about shrew-borne hantaviruses in Hungary is limited. This study was initiated to investigate the prevalence and host range of these viruses in shrew populations in Hungary. Between 2007 and 2011, 129 shrew specimens, representing six species, were collected from four locations in Southern Transdanubia. Lung tissues were analyzed for the presence of hantaviral RNA by RT-PCR targeting the L genomic segment. Hantavirus RNA was detected in four shrew species. This study provides the first molecular evidence of hantavirus infection in the pygmy shrew (Sorex minutus), Miller’s water shrew (Neomys milleri), and the Eurasian water shrew (Neomys fodiens) in Hungary, while also confirming infection in the Eurasian common shrew (Sorex araneus). The overall prevalence varied among species, with marked detection rates in S. minutus (50%) and N. fodiens (33.3%). Our findings document the co-circulation of hantaviruses in four distinct shrew species within the same ecosystems in Hungary, thereby expanding the known host range for these viruses within the country. This contributes to the understanding of the complex hantavirus landscape in Central Europe and highlights the need for genetic characterization of identified viruses to assess their evolutionary dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surveillance of Microbial and Parasitic Agents in Wildlife: Second Edition)

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22 pages, 650 KB

Open AccessReview

Euthanasia Methods in Invertebrates: A Critical Narrative Review of Methodological and Welfare Standards

by Jaco Bakker, Melissa A. de la Garza, Margot Morel, Anne H. Outwater, John Chipangura, Job B. G. Stumpel, Francis Vercammen, Gregory A. Lewbart and Remco A. Nederlof

Animals 2026, 16(2), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020222 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Invertebrates are increasingly consumed and kept as pets, research models, and in zoological exhibits, creating a growing need to better understand their clinical management and welfare. However, the knowledge regarding nociception, pain perception, and euthanasia in invertebrates remains limited, and standardized protocols are [...] Read more.

Invertebrates are increasingly consumed and kept as pets, research models, and in zoological exhibits, creating a growing need to better understand their clinical management and welfare. However, the knowledge regarding nociception, pain perception, and euthanasia in invertebrates remains limited, and standardized protocols are largely absent. Current guidelines are incomplete, often anecdotal, and omit several major invertebrate phyla. To address this gap, we conducted a narrative review of the literature, aiming to critically evaluate existing euthanasia methods, associated welfare implications, and opportunities for refinement. The amount of peer-reviewed species-specific literature is limited and scattered. In addition, most described methods are insufficiently studied and/or do not align with our definition of euthanasia. Based on the available literature, and to provide practical guidance despite these limitations, we propose a two-step approach to invertebrate euthanasia. The first step consists of inducing anesthesia to achieve loss of responsiveness, followed by a second step; a terminal procedure involving physical or chemical destruction of the brain or major ganglia. Our review focuses on the application of this two-step approach. The effectiveness and humaneness of euthanasia techniques vary considerably across taxa and life stages. Substantial further research is required to validate and optimize humane end-of-life procedures for diverse invertebrate species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Welfare)

19 pages, 886 KB

Open AccessArticle

Survival Prospects of Wild Birds Depending on the Type of Injury and Other Stressors Leading to Hospitalisation: A Long-Term (1988–2020) Retrospective Study from an Urbanised Area of the Alps

by Christiane Böhm, Molinia Wilberger and Armin Landmann

Animals 2026, 16(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020221 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

We analysed data collected at the Innsbruck Alpenzoo (Tyrol, Austria) over 33 years (1988–2020). We examined data from 4542 wild birds of 137 species that were rescued in the increasingly urbanised and densely populated Inn Valley around Innsbruck and examined the outcome of [...] Read more.

We analysed data collected at the Innsbruck Alpenzoo (Tyrol, Austria) over 33 years (1988–2020). We examined data from 4542 wild birds of 137 species that were rescued in the increasingly urbanised and densely populated Inn Valley around Innsbruck and examined the outcome of hospital treatment (survival or death); for a subgroup of 3440 birds, we examined the length of stay at the zoo. The birds were divided into nine different groups, and the reasons for admission were divided into nine categories to analyse how the reasons for admission and membership of a bird group influences rehabilitation success and the duration of care required. Orphaned birds, birds that had become entangled in man-made structures, and birds with unknown reasons for admission had the best survival rates (60%), while birds with physical injuries, victims of collisions, and attacks by cats had the lowest survival rates (37%). Survival rates were highest among areal insectivores (66%) and waterbirds (62%), and lowest among small songbirds (45%) and woodpeckers (<39%), which suffered disproportionately from the consequences of window collisions. The overall survival rate of hospitalised birds (51%) was higher, and the duration of care required (median 11 days) was especially shorter at Innsbruck Alpenzoo than at most other rehabilitation centres. We attribute this mainly to the professional care and varied, group-specific diet provided to the patients, which we describe in detail. We also discuss the problems and limitations of wild bird care for zoo staff in addition to their daily tasks. Thereby, it became apparent that the retirement of experienced bird carers at the beginning of the study period and the subsequent steady changeover of staff members had a negative impact on success rates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Birds)

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23 pages, 1886 KB

Open AccessArticle

Liquid Microbial-Enzymatic Co-Fermentation of Walnut and Sesame Meals and Its Effects on Nutrient Digestibility in Growing Pigs

by Caimei Wu, Meihong Li, Ziyun Zhou, Kun Zhang, Yixuan Zhou, Fali Wu, Jie Yu, Jian Li, Ruinan Zhang, Hua Li, Jiayong Tang, Lianqiang Che and Yang Lyu

Animals 2026, 16(2), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020220 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study first adopted a liquid microbial-enzymatic co-fermentation process to enhance the nutritional value of walnut meal (WM) and sesame meal (SM), and systematically evaluated its effect on the nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. WM and SM are two underutilized high-protein by-products, whose [...] Read more.

This study first adopted a liquid microbial-enzymatic co-fermentation process to enhance the nutritional value of walnut meal (WM) and sesame meal (SM), and systematically evaluated its effect on the nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. WM and SM are two underutilized high-protein by-products, whose application is hindered by anti-nutritional tannin and fiber. Optimal fermentation parameters were determined via single-factor experiments and response surface methodology, utilizing a consortium of Lactobacillus I, Candida utilis, and protease. Fermentation significantly reduced tannin (39.41% in WM) and crude fibre (28.79% in WM), reduced tannin (18.67% in SM) and crude fibre (4.00% in SM), while elevating crude protein (10.63% in WM, 7.47% in SM) and acid-soluble protein in both WM and SM. Results of the microstructure of fermented WM and SM revealed structural loosening, surface porosity, and polysaccharide degradation. Microbial community shifts highlighted the dominance of Lactobacillus and Bacillus in fermented substrates. In growing pigs, fermented WM and SM exhibited improved standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of key amino acids (threonine, tryptophan, valine; p < 0.05), alongside enhanced digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) for SM (p < 0.05). These findings demonstrate that liquid co-fermentation effectively degrades anti-nutritional factors, enhances nutrient bio-availability, and positions WM and SM as viable alternatives to conventional protein sources in swine diets, supporting strategies to reduce reliance on soybean meal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Feed Efficiency in Pigs)

16 pages, 713 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adding a Yeast Blend to the Diet of Holstein Females Minimizes the Negative Impacts of Ingesting Feed Naturally Contaminated with Aflatoxin B1

by Mario Augusto Torteli, Andrei Lucas Rebelatto Brunetto, Emeline P. Mello, Guilherme Luiz Deolindo, Luisa Nora, Tainara Letícia dos Santos, Luiz Eduardo Lobo e Silva, Roger Wagner and Aleksandro Schafer da Silva

Animals 2026, 16(2), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020219 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Although a yeast-based additive was initially employed as a performance enhancer, subsequent analysis revealed high aflatoxin B1 levels in the corn silage. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine if the use of a yeast blend in the diet of Holstein [...] Read more.

Although a yeast-based additive was initially employed as a performance enhancer, subsequent analysis revealed high aflatoxin B1 levels in the corn silage. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine if the use of a yeast blend in the diet of Holstein calves that consumed feed naturally contaminated with high levels of aflatoxin can minimize the negative impacts of mycotoxins on animal health, contributing to improved performance. For this, we used 24 Holstein calves (6 months old) divided into two groups: Control (n = 12; no additive) and Treatment (n = 12; 5 g additive/animal/day). During the 100-day experiment, animals were weighed, feed intake was measured, blood samples were collected to assess health, and ruminal fluid was analyzed for ruminal fermentation. We observed greater weight gain and better feed efficiency in cattle that consumed the yeast-based additive compared to the control group. Yeast ingestion increased the concentration of propionic acid in the experimental environment, as well as increasing the protozoan count. Higher lymphocyte counts combined with higher levels of immunoglobulin G in the blood of females that consumed the additive were observed. Lower activity of enzymes that are biomarkers of liver damage, as well as markers of oxidative stress, was observed when animals consumed the yeast blend compared to the control group. Lower levels of ceruloplasmin (positive acute phase protein) and higher levels of transferrin (negative acute phase protein) are indicative of an anti-inflammatory response to the additive. The results preliminarily suggest that the consumption of the yeast blend is a nutritional tool capable of acting as a performance enhancer, even under challenging conditions, such as diets contaminated with aflatoxin at levels exceeding international limits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Components in Animal Nutrition: Favoring Sustainability, Welfare and Safety)

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20 pages, 5363 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bovine Muscle Satellite Cell-Derived Exosomes Modulate Preadipocyte Adipogenesis via bta-miR-2904

by Mengxia Sun, Mengdi Chen, Yang Yi, Binru Li, Tianyu Zhang, Ziqi Liu, Wenyu Jiao, Tianqi Si, Yunkai He and Guangjun Xia

Animals 2026, 16(2), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020218 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Intramuscular fat (IMF) significantly impacts meat quality. Exosomes have attracted increasing attention for their regulatory roles in muscle-adipose tissue crosstalk; however, their precise mechanisms remain largely unclear. Based on this, this study aimed to establish a muscle-adipose co-culture system to better simulate the [...] Read more.

Intramuscular fat (IMF) significantly impacts meat quality. Exosomes have attracted increasing attention for their regulatory roles in muscle-adipose tissue crosstalk; however, their precise mechanisms remain largely unclear. Based on this, this study aimed to establish a muscle-adipose co-culture system to better simulate the in vivo physiological environment. Using exosomal miRNAs as molecular links, we investigated how bovine muscle satellite cells influence lipid accumulation and adipogenesis in preadipocytes. We established a co-culture system of bovine muscle satellite cells and preadipocytes and found that co-culture significantly inhibited lipid droplet accumulation and adipogenesis in preadipocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that exosomes derived from bovine muscle satellite cells regulate the adipogenic differentiation of bovine preadipocytes through intercellular communication and that specific exosomal miRNAs play pivotal roles in this regulatory process. We successfully isolated and identified muscle-derived (Mu-EXO), adipose-derived (Ad-EXO), and co-culture exosomes (Co-EXO). High-throughput sequencing revealed the differential expression profiles of miRNAs. Notably, the bovine-specific miRNA bta-miR-2904, annotated in miRBase v22 with limited cross-species conservation, was significantly enriched in Mu-EXO and Co-EXO compared with Ad-EXO. Further functional experiments demonstrated that overexpression of bta-miR-2904 markedly inhibited lipid droplet accumulation, triglyceride content, and the expression of adipogenesis-related genes in preadipocytes; inhibition had opposite effects. Our results demonstrate that bovine muscle-derived exosomal miR-2904 inhibits lipid accumulation and adipogenesis in preadipocytes. These results establish a theoretical basis for understanding skeletal muscle-adipose crosstalk and offer a novel molecular target for regulating intramuscular fat deposition in beef cattle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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16 pages, 1447 KB

Open AccessReview

Silent Threats: A Narrative Review of Urinary Bladder Cancer in Dogs and Cats—Epidemiology and Risk Factors

by Isabel Pires and Rita Files

Animals 2026, 16(2), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020217 - 12 Jan 2026

Abstract

Urinary bladder neoplasms are clinically relevant in dogs and cats and are also common in humans, all of which may share exposure to environmental factors that influence disease risk. In Veterinary Medicine, however, their etiological determinants remain poorly defined. Urinary bladder neoplasia range [...] Read more.

Urinary bladder neoplasms are clinically relevant in dogs and cats and are also common in humans, all of which may share exposure to environmental factors that influence disease risk. In Veterinary Medicine, however, their etiological determinants remain poorly defined. Urinary bladder neoplasia range from non-invasive lesions limited to the mucosa to invasive forms that infiltrate the muscular layer, which are more aggressive and metastatic. In dogs, invasive urothelial carcinoma (UC) represents the most frequently diagnosed type, while in cats, it is less common but displays similar biological behavior. Hematuria and dysuria are the predominant clinical signs, and although urinary bladder cancer accounts for only a small proportion of canine neoplasms, it is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Several risk factors have been identified, including breed, sex, age, obesity, diet, neuter status, and environmental exposures. Female dogs, especially Terrier breeds, are more susceptible, whereas in cats, males and short-haired animals are more often affected. Contact with insecticides, herbicides, and antiparasitic products is a recognized risk factor in dogs, although this association has not been consistently demonstrated in cats. Neutering and obesity appear to increase risk in dogs, and dietary patterns may offer protection, with regular vegetable consumption linked to a reduced incidence. Understanding these determinants is essential to improve early detection, guide preventive measures, and strengthen comparative oncology research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Perspectives on the Urinary System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Disease)

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17 pages, 847 KB

Open AccessArticle

Supplementation of Rosemary Extract Improves Lactation Performance and Rumen Function in Dairy Buffaloes Under Hot Weather

by Yinghui Li, Chenglong Li, Hanxing Yao, Pingting Liu, Mengwei Li, Xingguo Huang and Chengjian Yang

Animals 2026, 16(2), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020216 - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Rosemary extract (RE), rich in carnosic and rosmarinic acid, which have antibacterial/antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects, is a potential natural feed supplement for heat-stressed dairy buffaloes. This study systematically evaluated dietary RE effects on dairy buffaloes during hot weather. Twenty Mediterranean dairy buffaloes were randomly allocated [...] Read more.

Rosemary extract (RE), rich in carnosic and rosmarinic acid, which have antibacterial/antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effects, is a potential natural feed supplement for heat-stressed dairy buffaloes. This study systematically evaluated dietary RE effects on dairy buffaloes during hot weather. Twenty Mediterranean dairy buffaloes were randomly allocated into two groups for a 35-day trial: the control (CON) group receiving a basal diet, and the RE group receiving the same basal diet supplemented with 20 g/d of RE. Results showed RE tended to reduce buffalo body surface temperature; increased milk production, 4% fat-corrected milk, milk protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat; and optimized milk fatty acid profiles. In regard to blood, the RE group exhibited higher catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity, and concentrations of immunoglobulin A and M, together with lower concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, RE markedly elevated concentrations of total volatile fatty acid, acetate, propionate, and butyrate; improved microbial α-diversity indices (Sobs and Ace); and increased the abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group and Butyrivibrio spp., as well as the enrichment of multiple genera belonging to the family Lachnospiraceae. In conclusion, supplementing the diet of heat-stressed dairy buffaloes with 20 g/d of RE improves milk production and composition-related performance by optimizing the rumen ecosystem and enhancing systemic health status, with these effects observed as short-term responses under the conditions of the present study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Agro-Industrial Co-Products in Animal Nutrition)

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17 pages, 15010 KB

Open AccessArticle

Plant Diversity and Seasonal Variation Drive Animal Diversity and Community Structure in Eastern China

by Xiangxiang Chen, Runhan Jiang, Yunhan Chen, Rui Yang, Yan He, Shuai Zou, Jianping Ying, Lixiao Yi, Yuxin Ye, Sili Peng and Zhiwei Ge

Animals 2026, 16(2), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020215 - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

Montane forests, characterized by complex terrain and diverse climates, serve as critical global biodiversity hotspots, particularly for birds and mammals. However, the patterns and underlying processes of bird and mammal diversity remain insufficiently studied in the montane forests of eastern China. This study [...] Read more.

Montane forests, characterized by complex terrain and diverse climates, serve as critical global biodiversity hotspots, particularly for birds and mammals. However, the patterns and underlying processes of bird and mammal diversity remain insufficiently studied in the montane forests of eastern China. This study employed infrared-triggered camera trapping to conduct a four-year field monitoring of birds and mammals, analyzing the effects of plant diversity and seasonal variations on the diversity of habitat-associated animals. Our results revealed that species-level habitat visit frequency in ground-dwelling birds exhibited a significant phylogenetic signal, particularly in spring and summer. Plant diversity metrics demonstrated significant positive correlations with corresponding bird metrics of species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), and the standardized effect size of PD (Phylo SES PD). In contrast, for mammals, plant diversity metrics were significantly positively correlated with corresponding SR, mean pairwise phylogenetic distance (Phylo MPD), and mean nearest phylogenetic taxon distance (Phylo MNTD), as well as community structure metrics, including the net relatedness index (Phylo NRI) and nearest taxon index (Phylo NTI). Furthermore, the plant Shannon–Wiener index showed significant positive correlations with both bird and mammal metrics of SR, PD, and Phylo SES PD but significant negative correlations with Phylo MNTD. Seasonal variations triggered the mean altitudinal migration in ground-dwelling birds and mammals. There were significant differences in the diversity and community structure metrics of birds (Shannon–Wiener, Funct FNND, and PD) and mammals (Shannon–Wiener, Funct MPD, Funct FNND, PD, Phylo MPD, Phylo MNTD, and Phylo SES PD), which varied across different seasons. These findings emphasize that plant diversity and seasonal changes are closely related to the diversity and community structure of birds and mammals. They provide theoretical support for the role of habitat vegetation and seasonal dynamics in maintaining the stability and functioning of montane animal ecosystems, offering important insights for addressing habitat fragmentation and species migratory behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Wildlife Intelligent Monitoring: Advancing Conservation Through Visual and Acoustic Monitoring Technologies)

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21 pages, 9119 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Omics Integration Reveals Key Genes, Metabolites and Pathways Underlying Meat Quality and Intramuscular Fat Deposition Differences Between Tibetan Pigs and Duroc × Tibetan Crossbred Pigs

by Junda Wu, Qiuyan Huang, Baohong Li, Zixiao Qu, Xinming Li, Fei Li, Haiyun Xin, Jie Wu, Chuanhuo Hu, Sen Lin, Xiangxing Zhu, Dongsheng Tang, Chuang Meng, Zongliang Du, Erwei Zuo, Fanming Meng and Sutian Wang

Animals 2026, 16(2), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020214 - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

The sensory quality of pork constitutes a complex phenotype that arises from the interplay between genetic factors and environmental conditions. As a local pig breed in China, Tibetan pigs (TPs) are known for their high-quality meat. However, their slow growth rate and low [...] Read more.

The sensory quality of pork constitutes a complex phenotype that arises from the interplay between genetic factors and environmental conditions. As a local pig breed in China, Tibetan pigs (TPs) are known for their high-quality meat. However, their slow growth rate and low production efficiency limit their large-scale breeding. We have used Duroc as a hybrid sire to improve TP. Our study found that TPs have higher intramuscular fat content and higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids. Duroc × Tibetan crossbred pigs (DZs) not only retain the paternal high productivity but also inherit the superior meat quality of the maternal parent. Transcriptome analysis identified IL6, GPX1, GPX3, AOX1, ALDH7A1, PTGS2, NFKBIA, ADIPOQ and PPARG as being involved in affecting meat quality. Metabolomic analysis found that betaine, carnosine, L-carnitine, and lysophosphatidylcholine were important components that affect meat quality. Joint analysis further reveals that the expression of ATF4, DGKB, GNMT, and ADSL genes is closely related to arachidonic acid, lysophosphatidylcholine, betaines, and hypoxanthine, ultimately affecting the quality of the meat. By comprehensively analyzing the carcass and meat qual Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Livestock Omics)

16 pages, 2145 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Integrated Transcriptomics and Targeted Metabolomics Approaches: Comparative Analysis of the Ileum in Neonatal Piglets with Different Birth Weight

by Hyunseo Lee, Gyuseong Kim, Wonvin Choi and Minju Kim

Animals 2026, 16(2), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020213 - 11 Jan 2026

Abstract

This study was conducted to elucidate the molecular and metabolic differences in ileal development according to birth weight in neonatal piglets. A total of 126 neonatal piglets born from Yorkshire × Landrace × Duroc crossbred sows were used, and the top 5% (H [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to elucidate the molecular and metabolic differences in ileal development according to birth weight in neonatal piglets. A total of 126 neonatal piglets born from Yorkshire × Landrace × Duroc crossbred sows were used, and the top 5% (H group, 1.77 ± 0.02 kg) and bottom 5% (L group, 0.72 ± 0.03 kg) of birth weights were selected for analysis. Ileal tissues were collected for transcriptomic (RNA-seq) and targeted metabolomic (GC–MS) analyses, and selected genes were validated using RT-qPCR. A total of 112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, among which RFC3, PCNA, MCM3, MCM10, AURKA, AURKB, CCNB2, CCNA2, CCNF, and SI were significantly upregulated in the H group (p < 0.05). These genes were mainly involved in pathways related to DNA replication, cell division, and nutrient digestion and absorption. In addition, metabolomic analysis revealed that pyruvic acid concentrations were significantly higher in the H group (p < 0.05), indicating the activation of energy metabolic pathways. These results indicate that high-birth-weight piglets possess a genetic foundation for enhanced cellular proliferation and energy metabolism, and they further highlight potential molecular targets for improving growth performance and intestinal development in low-birth-weight piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nutriomics for Pig and Poultry Production)

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39 pages, 1445 KB

Open AccessReview

An Annotated Checklist of Symbiotic Copepods of Mollusks in the Global Oceans: A Review of Diversity, Hosts and Geographical Distributions

by Jing Sun, Huidong Ju, Xin Du, Congmei Xu, Muhammad Saleem Chang, Ziteng Liu and Xiaobing Li

Animals 2026, 16(2), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020212 - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Symbiotic copepods have a wide host group, including not only invertebrates but also vertebrates, with variable symbiotic sites and morphological characteristics. Even though symbiotic copepods exhibit remarkable diversity, our knowledge of them is still very limited, causing significant lacunae in our understanding of [...] Read more.

Symbiotic copepods have a wide host group, including not only invertebrates but also vertebrates, with variable symbiotic sites and morphological characteristics. Even though symbiotic copepods exhibit remarkable diversity, our knowledge of them is still very limited, causing significant lacunae in our understanding of their taxonomic characteristics, host associations, and geographical distributions. To fill these knowledge gaps, we have compiled a comprehensive list of symbiotic copepods and their molluscan hosts in the global oceans based on an extensive literature review. The inventory provides a comprehensive synthesis of the diversity, hosts, and geographical distributions of the symbiotic copepods. This review summarizes information on copepods symbiotic with mollusks from 1863 to 2025. Our compilation records a total of 342 symbiotic copepod species associated with more than 435 species of mollusks. This total includes some copepod species for which no specific host has been identified. For each copepod species, we provide details on its hosts, geographical distributions and the original references. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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16 pages, 3364 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Avian-RUM Block: A Locoregional Technique for Distal Wing Procedures in Birds—An Anatomical Cadaveric Feasibility Study with a Clinical Illustration

by Matteo Serpieri, Giuseppe Bonaffini, Elena Passarino, Margherita de Silva, Giuseppe Quaranta and Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld

Animals 2026, 16(2), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020211 - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Anaesthesia in avian species presents significant challenges due to high peri-anaesthetic mortality rates and marked anatomical variability. Multimodal anaesthetic protocols incorporating locoregional techniques are advocated to improve analgesia and minimise systemic drug requirements. While brachial plexus blocks are described for avian wing surgery, [...] Read more.

Anaesthesia in avian species presents significant challenges due to high peri-anaesthetic mortality rates and marked anatomical variability. Multimodal anaesthetic protocols incorporating locoregional techniques are advocated to improve analgesia and minimise systemic drug requirements. While brachial plexus blocks are described for avian wing surgery, the proximity to major vessels and air sacs increases the risk of complications. This study introduces the “Avian-RUM block,” a novel locoregional technique for the distal wing, adapted from the mammalian RUMM block but modified to reflect avian neuroanatomy, which lacks a distinct musculocutaneous nerve. Twelve rock doves (Columba livia) and twelve hooded crows (Corvus cornix) received transcutaneous injections of a dye solution targeting the radial and median-ulnar nerves at two volumes (0.15 and 0.3 mL/kg). Both species demonstrated high rates of nerve staining and procedural feasibility, with no significant difference in staining length between volumes. An illustrative clinical application of the Avian-RUM block in a domestic goose is also reported to contextualise the cadaveric findings within a multimodal perioperative setting. The results confirm the feasibility of the Avian-RUM block and its potential as a simple, equipment-free technique for regional anaesthesia of the avian wing. These findings provide a foundation for future clinical validation across bird species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches for Companion and Exotic Animals)

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18 pages, 2633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Ammonia Mitigation Efficiency in Sodium Bisulfate-Treated Broiler Litter Using Artificial Neural Networks

by Busra Yayli and Ilker Kilic

Animals 2026, 16(2), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020210 - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

The increasing demand for poultry meat, driven by its favorable nutritional profile, including low cholesterol and high protein content, has resulted in intensified production volumes and, consequently, elevated ammonia (NH₃) emissions. Artificial intelligence-based predictive approaches offer an effective alternative to conventional [...] Read more.

The increasing demand for poultry meat, driven by its favorable nutritional profile, including low cholesterol and high protein content, has resulted in intensified production volumes and, consequently, elevated ammonia (NH₃) emissions. Artificial intelligence-based predictive approaches offer an effective alternative to conventional treatment-oriented methods by enabling faster and more accurate estimation of NH₃ removal performance. This study aimed to predict the ammonia removal efficiency of broiler litter generated during a production cycle under controlled laboratory-scale conditions using artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained with different learning algorithms. Four ANN models were developed based on the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), Fletcher–Reeves (FR), Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG), and Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithms. The results showed that the LM-based model with 12 hidden neurons achieved the highest predictive performance (R² = 0.9777; MSE = 0.0033; RMSE = 0.0574; MAPE = 0.0833), while the BR-based model with 10 neurons showed comparable accuracy. In comparison with the FR and SCG models, the LM algorithm demonstrated superior predictive accuracy and generalization capability. Overall, the findings suggest that ANN-based modeling is a reliable, data-informed approach for estimating NH₃ removal efficiency, providing a potential decision-support framework for ammonia mitigation strategies in poultry production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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9 pages, 458 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Combination of Postbiotics and Essential Oil Compounds Supports a Consistent Improvement in Broiler Performance

by Vivek A. Kuttappan, Gregory S. Archer, Yann Fournis and Marc Decoux

Animals 2026, 16(2), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020209 - 10 Jan 2026

Abstract

Recent innovations in poultry feed technology have emphasized the role of postbiotics and phytogenics as promising strategies to strengthen gut health and improve overall performance in broilers. Within this context, the current study evaluated the effectiveness of Biostrong™ Dual (Cargill Inc., Cedar Rapids, [...] Read more.

Recent innovations in poultry feed technology have emphasized the role of postbiotics and phytogenics as promising strategies to strengthen gut health and improve overall performance in broilers. Within this context, the current study evaluated the effectiveness of Biostrong™ Dual (Cargill Inc., Cedar Rapids, IA, USA), a novel product that integrates Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation-derived postbiotic products (SCFPs) with a proprietary blend of essential oil compounds (EOCs). The objective was to determine whether this dual formulation could consistently enhance growth, feed efficiency, and carcass quality across multiple production phases. To test this, three independent trials were conducted using commercial broiler strains. Birds were allocated to either a control group (CON) receiving a basal diet or a treatment group (DUAL) receiving the same diet supplemented with 0.4 kg/MT of Biostrong™ Dual. Each trial employed a randomized block design with 24 replicates per treatment and 16–25 birds per replicate. Results consistently demonstrated that DUAL improved (p < 0.05) body weight and the cumulative feed conversion ratio (cFCR) at 42 days. Pooled analysis revealed body weight gains of 5.5%, a cFCR improvement of 5 points, increased feed intake, and a 0.86% rise in breast meat yield. Additionally, one trial showed reduced footpad lesion scores. Collectively, these findings highlight Biostrong™ Dual as a valuable nutritional intervention to optimize productivity and carcass quality in poultry production and further research is needed to understand the mode of action of the product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Feed Additives in Livestock and Poultry Nutrition)

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25 pages, 1670 KB

Open AccessReview

Staphylococcus spp. Epidemiology, Virulence, Genomic Adaptability and Coinfection in Broiler Chickens

by Delvin O. Combar, Sung J. Yu, Emmanuel Asare, Thi T. H. Van, Yadav S. Bajagai and Dragana Stanley

Animals 2026, 16(2), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16020208 - 9 Jan 2026

Abstract

Staphylococcus species are saprophytic, opportunistic, and nosocomial pathogens that frequently co-infect with other microorganisms, causing severe infections in birds. Some of the notable examples include bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), cellulitis, dermatitis, and systemic infections. Understanding of how Staphylococcus spp. cause infections evading [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus species are saprophytic, opportunistic, and nosocomial pathogens that frequently co-infect with other microorganisms, causing severe infections in birds. Some of the notable examples include bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO), cellulitis, dermatitis, and systemic infections. Understanding of how Staphylococcus spp. cause infections evading the host immune system is crucial for helping farmers and veterinarians develop long-term solutions for poultry production system management. The aim of this review is to broaden the understanding of Staphylococcus spp. epidemiology, virulence, genomic adaptability and coinfection patterns. The peer-reviewed articles were obtained from various databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, and PubMed. The review primarily focused on papers published between 1999 and 2025. The review presents an opportunity to identify research gaps and apply this knowledge to develop innovative approaches to address staphylococcal infections in broiler chickens. Additionally, BCO is often attributed to coinfection with Staphylococcus species and other pathogens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Poultry)

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