Behavioral Sciences

29 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Verification of the Impact of Sports Event Service Quality and Host Destination Image on Sports Tourists’ Behavioral Intentions Through Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling

by Hui Jia, Daehwan Kim and Kyungun Kim

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081019 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2025

Abstract

Given that participating in or spectating sports events plays a vital role in enhancing individuals’ mental health, understanding the key factors that promote continued participation and attendance in sports events is of significant theoretical and practical importance within the context of sports tourism. [...] Read more.

Given that participating in or spectating sports events plays a vital role in enhancing individuals’ mental health, understanding the key factors that promote continued participation and attendance in sports events is of significant theoretical and practical importance within the context of sports tourism. From this perspective, the service quality of sports events and the image of the host destination have been identified as major determinants of sustained engagement among sports tourists. However, a review of the literature reveals that findings on the influence of sports event service quality and host destination image on the behavioral intentions of sports tourists have been inconsistent. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to employ a meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) approach to synthesize data from 39 independent studies comprising 16,335 participants, which were collected up to 30 September 2024, thereby providing generalizable conclusions. The results indicate that, first, host destination image is the most critical factor in enhancing visitor satisfaction. Additionally, the service quality of sports events significantly influences visitor satisfaction, which in turn impacts their future behavioral intentions. Second, tourist satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between event service quality and behavioral intentions, and it partially mediates the relationship between host destination image and behavioral intentions. Third, under the moderating effect of event scale (small scale vs. mega scale), host destination image and physical environment quality are more important in small-scale sports events than in mega-scale sports events. Furthermore, under the moderating effect of cultural context (Eastern vs. Western), service quality dimensions are more influential in Western cultural settings, whereas host destination image is more important in Eastern cultural settings. The significance of this study lies in its integration of previously disparate findings into a unified model, offering a more comprehensive understanding of the relationships among the variables. The results provide broad implications for future academic research and practical insights for sports tourism practitioners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Subjective Well-Being in Sport Participants and Spectators)

37 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leader Communication Techniques: Analyzing the Effects on Followers’ Cognitions, Affect, and Behavior

by Chantal Utzinger, Anna Luca Heimann, Fabiola H. Gerpott, Hubert Annen and Martin Kleinmann

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081018 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2025

Abstract

How leaders communicate with followers is a core element of leadership. However, research on leader communication techniques remains fragmented, limiting our understanding of their differential effects on follower cognition, affect, and behavior. To facilitate systematic research comparing the effects of different communication techniques, [...] Read more.

How leaders communicate with followers is a core element of leadership. However, research on leader communication techniques remains fragmented, limiting our understanding of their differential effects on follower cognition, affect, and behavior. To facilitate systematic research comparing the effects of different communication techniques, we propose a framework for leader communication techniques. We hypothesize that different communication techniques can be categorized into cognitive, affective, and behavioral leader communication techniques that influence cognitive, affective, and behavioral follower outcomes, respectively. To test this assumption, we developed and pre-tested video vignette material, which we then used in a between-subjects experiment in the military context. We assigned 368 military recruits to one of the three conditions (cognitive versus affective versus behavioral) to examine how these techniques relate to proximal and distal follower outcomes. We found few differences in the impact of cognitive, affective, and behavioral leader communication techniques on follower outcomes. The leader was perceived similarly, regardless of the communication techniques used. Only for specific affective follower outcomes (i.e., warmth and charisma of the leader), affective leader communication techniques were more effective than cognitive and behavioral techniques. We discuss implications for leader communication research, outline practical implications for leaders, and propose directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

21 pages, 528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Skeptical Optimism Scale (SkO): Initial Development and Validation

by Cătălina Oțoiu, Petru Lucian Curșeu and Lucia Rațiu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081017 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study introduces the Skeptical Optimism Scale (SkO) and presents preliminary evidence of its content, construct, and criterion validity. Skeptical optimism refers to dispositional tendencies of having general positive expectations about the future, conditional on critical analysis and in-depth exploration of (potential negative) [...] Read more.

This study introduces the Skeptical Optimism Scale (SkO) and presents preliminary evidence of its content, construct, and criterion validity. Skeptical optimism refers to dispositional tendencies of having general positive expectations about the future, conditional on critical analysis and in-depth exploration of (potential negative) outcomes. We developed an initial pool of 31 items that explore positive expectations in three main life domains (finding solutions to difficult problems, mastering novel and challenging tasks, and effectively dealing with general life challenges) that were subject to content analysis by eight independent raters. The remaining items were tested for criterion and predictive validity in two samples (N = 198 and N = 417 participants). Factor analyses supported a three-factor structure and the refined 17-item version of the scale showed good reliability and validity. To support applications in settings requiring brief instruments, we also developed a 9-item version, preserving the factorial structure and psychometric qualities of the original scale. The results show that the 17 as well as 9-item SkO scales have a good criterion validity as they positively and significantly correlate with the core self-evaluation scale, critical thinking disposition, and grit. Moreover, our results show that the SkO has good predictive validity as it is the only significant predictor of the creativity quotient in our sample. Full article

32 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessReview

Linguistic Markers of Theory of Mind in Spontaneous Speech: A Narrative Review

by Chaimaa El Mouslih, Vegas Hodgins, Lena Palaniyappan and Debra A. Titone

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081016 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2025

Abstract

The relationship between theory of mind (ToM) or mentalizing, i.e., the cognitive ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, and language has been widely explored across disciplines. Identifying reliable linguistic markers of ToM extractable from individuals’ speech provides a promising path [...] Read more.

The relationship between theory of mind (ToM) or mentalizing, i.e., the cognitive ability to attribute mental states to oneself and others, and language has been widely explored across disciplines. Identifying reliable linguistic markers of ToM extractable from individuals’ speech provides a promising path for both research and clinical practice. In this narrative review, we aimed to synthesize findings from studies identified through a PSYCINFO search to provide an overview of speech-based markers associated with ToM abilities. Our results revealed six primary categories of relevant speech markers: mental state terms, general linguistic ability, embedded clauses, referring expressions, and pragmatic markers. Standardizing these markers could enhance the replicability and applicability of ToM assessments across diverse populations. We encourage future research to build on these findings to examine how mentalizing is expressed through language in varied social, cultural, and clinical contexts. Advancing this line of inquiry will deepen our understanding of the interplay between language and mentalizing and contribute to broader insights into language and cognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Other Intentions: Merging Evidence on Theory of Mind across Various Research Areas)

10 pages, 289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Social Motivation Can Promote Time-Based Prospective Memory Performance

by Yadong Zhou, Mingyuan Wang, Yu Tian and Yunfei Guo

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081015 (registering DOI) - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Prospective memory, the ability to remember to execute a preplanned activity, is important in social interactions, insofar as such interactions frequently involve preplanned activities. The importance of prospective memory varies across different social contexts and individuals generally make greater efforts to ensure the [...] Read more.

Prospective memory, the ability to remember to execute a preplanned activity, is important in social interactions, insofar as such interactions frequently involve preplanned activities. The importance of prospective memory varies across different social contexts and individuals generally make greater efforts to ensure the completion of prospective memory tasks under high social motivation conditions compared to low social motivation conditions. We aimed to investigate the effects of various levels of social motivation on prospective memory. A single-factor between-subjects experimental design was implemented to explore the influence of social motivation intensity on time-based prospective memory and its processing mechanism. We found that only the high social motivation group demonstrated superior prospective memory performance compared to the control group. The high social motivation group also had slower response speeds in response to the ongoing tasks than both the control group and the low social motivation group, but the number of strategies used was not different among the three groups. Moreover, in comparison with the control group, the high social motivation group monitored time more frequently. The results suggest that only high-intensity social motivation can promote time-based prospective memory performance, and increased attention consumption is necessary for the occurrence of this effect. Full article

30 pages, 2493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Teaching Multiple Responses on Resurgence of Target Behavior and Persistence of Alternative Responding

by Brittany H. Loder-Lafferty, Amanda N. Zangrillo, Alexandra M. Cicero, Cynthia P. Livingston, Jessica P. Tran and Mark Connelly

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1014; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081014 (registering DOI) - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of teaching multiple alternative responses on the resurgence of a target response and the persistence of an alternative response in an applied setting. Using a between-participants design, we examined how teaching multiple alternative responses impacted resurgence and persistence [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of teaching multiple alternative responses on the resurgence of a target response and the persistence of an alternative response in an applied setting. Using a between-participants design, we examined how teaching multiple alternative responses impacted resurgence and persistence upon exposure to extinction. Additionally, we investigated the role of preference in response allocation and shifts in participant preference following extinction. Results indicated resurgence across both conditions, with no consistent difference in severity between single and multiple alternative response conditions. However, within-session analyses revealed greater persistence of the alternative response for participants taught multiple alternative responses, suggesting potential benefits for sustained engagement. Future researchers should continue to investigate the role of preference, as teaching order may have impacted findings. Despite mixed findings, this study provides valuable insights into clinical strategies for promoting alternative responding. While teaching multiple alternative responses may not prevent resurgence, it may enhance communication flexibility, particularly when certain responses become unavailable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenging Behavior of Individuals with Autism and/or Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities)

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24 pages, 679 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Physiological Approach to Vocalization and Expanding Spoken Language for Adolescents with Selective Mutism

by Evelyn R. Klein and Cesar E. Ruiz

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081013 (registering DOI) - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Selective Mutism (SM) is a childhood anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent inability to speak in specific social settings while being able to speak freely in more comfortable environments, such as at home with family. This condition often leads to significant impairments in [...] Read more.

Selective Mutism (SM) is a childhood anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent inability to speak in specific social settings while being able to speak freely in more comfortable environments, such as at home with family. This condition often leads to significant impairments in social, academic, and occupational functions. This article presents a novel treatment methodology that integrates the physiology of vocal production with pragmatic language instruction through teletherapy, administered to two adolescents diagnosed with selective mutism (SM). The frequency of speaking on the Selective Mutism Questionnaire increased from 35% to 86% and from 25% to 55% for the two children. Pragmatic language skills on the Social Communication Skills: Pragmatics Checklist improved from 47% to 96% and 13% to 40% after treatment. It is crucial to emphasize vocal control for speech initiation and pragmatic language for verbal expression. Detailed strategies, specific activities, and treatment outcomes are provided. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Overcoming Selective Mutism in Children and Youths)

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Graphical abstract

18 pages, 539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identifying Opponent’s Neuroticism Based on Behavior in Wargame

by Sihui Ge, Sihua Lyu, Yazheng Di, Yue Su, Qian Luo, Aizhu Mei and Tingshao Zhu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081012 (registering DOI) - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Traditional neuroticism assessments primarily rely on self-report questionnaires, which can be difficult to implement in highly confrontational scenarios and are susceptible to subjective biases. To overcome these limitations, this study develops a machine learning-based approach using behavioral data to predict an opponent’s neuroticism [...] Read more.

Traditional neuroticism assessments primarily rely on self-report questionnaires, which can be difficult to implement in highly confrontational scenarios and are susceptible to subjective biases. To overcome these limitations, this study develops a machine learning-based approach using behavioral data to predict an opponent’s neuroticism in competitive environments. We analyzed behavioral records from 167 participants on the MiaoSuan Wargame platform. After data cleaning and feature selection, key behavioral features associated with neuroticism were identified, and predictive models were developed. Neuroticism was assessed using the 8-item neuroticism subscale of the Big Five Inventory. Results indicate that this method can effectively infer an individual’s neuroticism level. The best-performing model was LinearSVR, which balances interpretability, robustness to noise, and the ability to capture moderate nonlinear relationships—making it suitable for behavior-based psychological inference tasks. The correlation between predicted scores and self-reported questionnaire scores was 0.606, the R-squared value was 0.354, and the test–retest reliability was 0.516. These behavioral features provide valuable insights into neuroticism prediction and have practical applications in psychological assessment, particularly in competitive environments where conventional methods are impractical. This study demonstrates the feasibility of behavior-based neuroticism assessment and suggests future research directions, including refining feature selection techniques and expanding the application scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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17 pages, 1035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Whether and When Could Generative AI Improve College Student Learning Engagement?

by Fei Guo, Lanwen Zhang, Tianle Shi and Hamish Coates

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081011 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Generative AI (GenAI) technologies have been widely adopted by college students since the launch of ChatGPT in late 2022. While the debate about GenAI’s role in higher education continues, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding whether and when these technologies can [...] Read more.

Generative AI (GenAI) technologies have been widely adopted by college students since the launch of ChatGPT in late 2022. While the debate about GenAI’s role in higher education continues, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding whether and when these technologies can improve the learning experience for college students. This study utilizes data from a survey of 72,615 undergraduate students across 25 universities and colleges in China to explore the relationships between GenAI use and student learning engagement in different learning environments. The findings reveal that over sixty percent of Chinese college students use GenAI technologies in Academic Year 2023–2024, with academic use exceeding daily use. GenAI use in academic tasks is related to more cognitive and emotional engagement, though it may also reduce active learning activities and learning motivation. Furthermore, this study highlights that the role of GenAI varies across learning environments. The positive associations of GenAI and student engagement are most prominent for students in “high-challenge and high-support” learning contexts, while GenAI use is mostly negatively associated with student engagement in “low-challenge, high-support” courses. These findings suggest that while GenAI plays a valuable role in the learning process for college students, its effectiveness is fundamentally conditioned by the instructional design of human teachers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Educational Psychology)

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21 pages, 807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wellbeing, Sense of Belonging, Resilience, and Academic Buoyancy Impacts of Education Outside the Classroom: An Australian Case Study

by Helen Cooper, Tonia Gray, Jacqueline Ullman and Christina Curry

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1010; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081010 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper examines the importance of ‘education outside the classroom’ (EOtC) in an Australian secondary school. The primary aim was to develop a sense of belonging, build resilience, and enhance wellbeing in female students. This study investigated two cohorts of Year 9 students [...] Read more.

This paper examines the importance of ‘education outside the classroom’ (EOtC) in an Australian secondary school. The primary aim was to develop a sense of belonging, build resilience, and enhance wellbeing in female students. This study investigated two cohorts of Year 9 students (aged 14–15 yrs) who participated in a four-week residential EOtC pilot program. The first cohort (Wave 1; N = 58) undertook the program alongside (N = 39) boys. The second cohort was single-sex girls (Wave 2; N = 28). A mixed-methods research design was implemented to inform experiences of students, parents, and staff and to triangulate inferences drawn from the data. Quantitative data was gained from pre- and post-program surveys with students and parents, whilst qualitative data was gathered from student focus groups, staff, and parents through semi-structured interviews to assess more nuanced impacts. School belonging was measured using the PISA six-item scale. Academic buoyancy was quantified using the four-item Academic Buoyancy Scale. Self-efficacy, peer relations, and resilience were evaluated by employing the 34-item Adolescent Girls’ Resilience Scale. The findings revealed significant improvements in students’ sense of belonging, including higher levels of school belonging than reported Australia-wide averages for 15-year-olds. Despite students’ mean academic buoyancy scores being more than a point lower than reported baseline scores for Australian high school students, it was promising to see a modest increase following the EOtC program. In conclusion, EOtC is a potent vehicle for developing a sense of belonging, enhancing resilience, and equipping students to deal with academic challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Recreation and Outdoor Activities in Promoting Mental Health and Positive Behaviors in People of All Ages)

34 pages, 3155 KiB

Open AccessReview

Suicide Prevention Measures at High-Risk Locations: A Goal-Directed Motivation Perspective

by Laura Joyner, Jay-Marie Mackenzie, Andy Willis, Penny Phillips, Bethany Cliffe, Ian Marsh, Elizabeth Pettersen, Keith Hawton and Lisa Marzano

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081009 - 25 Jul 2025

Abstract

Understanding the effectiveness of suicide prevention measures for high-risk locations can often be challenging as many rely, at least to some degree, on psychological processes (e.g., engaging with help-seeking behaviours). Establishing how these measures may influence decision-making during a suicide attempt could be [...] Read more.

Understanding the effectiveness of suicide prevention measures for high-risk locations can often be challenging as many rely, at least to some degree, on psychological processes (e.g., engaging with help-seeking behaviours). Establishing how these measures may influence decision-making during a suicide attempt could be helpful for understanding how and when they may be most effective at preventing deaths. In the present work, we consider how suicide prevention measures may influence “goal pursuit” as it unfolds. Drawing on findings from across the suicide prevention literature, we apply the descriptive framework outlined in GOAL Architecture to consider how different measures may shape perceptions of “distance”, “time”, and “rate of progress” and, in turn, could influence levels of motivational drive associated with specific acts (e.g., “accessing means for suicide”). This is discussed in relation to real-time decisions around accessing means for suicide, avoiding intervention by a third party, and engaging in help-seeking behaviours. As well as the psychological processes that could encourage or prevent an individual from disengaging from a suicide attempt, we also consider potential risks and the influence of person-level factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicidal Behaviors: Prevention, Intervention and Postvention)

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32 pages, 1149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Digital, Person-Centered, Photo-Activity Intervention on the Social Interaction of Nursing Home Residents with Dementia, Their Informal Carers and Formal Carers: An Explorative Randomized Controlled Trial

by Josephine Rose Orejana Tan, Teake P. Ettema, Adriaan W. Hoogendoorn, Petra Boersma, Sietske A. M. Sikkes, Robbert J. J. Gobbens and Rose-Marie Dröes

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1008; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081008 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

To enhance social interaction of residents living with dementia and their (in)formal carers in nursing homes, we examined the effects of a digital, person-centred, Photo-Activity (PA) versus a conversation activity (control). An explorative randomized controlled trial was conducted in 81 resident-informal carer (IC) [...] Read more.

To enhance social interaction of residents living with dementia and their (in)formal carers in nursing homes, we examined the effects of a digital, person-centred, Photo-Activity (PA) versus a conversation activity (control). An explorative randomized controlled trial was conducted in 81 resident-informal carer (IC) dyads and 51 formal carers (FC) with three measurements (pre/post-test, 2-week follow-up). Intervention effects were tested using Mann–Whitney U’s, and ANCOVA’s with pre-test scores as covariates. Interaction effects were examined between dementia severity (DS; less/more) and condition (PA/control). A post-test effect was observed in social interaction (INTERACT-subscale: Mood [p = 0.037, ηp² = 0.07]), with PA residents showing better mood than controls. Residents with less DS showed more positive effects of PA than residents with more DS (interaction effects: INTERACT-subscales Mood [p = 0.017, ηp² = 0.092], Stimulation Level [p = 0.011, ηp² = 0.106], and Need for Prompting [p = 0.013, ηp² = 0.099]). Higher QUALIDEM Positive Affect scores were observed in the PA group, post-test (p = 0.025, ηp² = 0.082), and follow-up (p = 0.042, d = 0.39). PA FC showed less empathy (IRI; p = 0.006, ηp² = 0.185;) than controls, but reported getting to know the residents better (p = 0.035, r = 0.299). PA improved mood and positive affect of residents with dementia and led to FC knowing the residents better. Less empathy was observed in FC providing PA, requiring further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychosocial Care and Support in Dementia)

18 pages, 1067 KiB

Open AccessReview

Conceptual Framework for Nutritional Psychology as a New Field of Research

by Nanette Stroebele-Benschop, Vladimir Hedrih, Shereen Behairy, Nabila Pervaiz and Ephi Morphew-Lu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1007; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081007 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

Many recent discoveries highlight the existence of a robust bidirectional link between nutrition and psychological processes. Despite these developments, the systematic and formalized study of this connection is only beginning to be undertaken, and nutritional psychology is not yet considered a formal area [...] Read more.

Many recent discoveries highlight the existence of a robust bidirectional link between nutrition and psychological processes. Despite these developments, the systematic and formalized study of this connection is only beginning to be undertaken, and nutritional psychology is not yet considered a formal area of study within the psychological sciences. This paper defines the scope of nutritional psychology through 6 core areas of conceptualization, each informed by an interdisciplinary and growing body of evidence spanning the psychological and nutritional sciences. These include the diet-conative/affective, diet-cognitive, diet-sensory/perception, diet-interoceptive, diet-psychosocial, and diet-environmental relationships. Introducing these conceptualizations contributes to the development of innovative interdisciplinary language, method, and conceptualization of the diet-mental health relationship within nutritional psychology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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17 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Redefining Body-Self Relationships Through Outdoor Physical Activity: Experiences of Women Navigating Illness, Injury, and Disability

by Joelle Breault-Hood, Tonia Gray, Jacqueline Ullman and Son Truong

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081006 - 24 Jul 2025

Abstract

Physical challenges such as illness, injury, and disability significantly alter women’s relationships with their bodies, disrupting established notions of functionality and self-worth. This study re-examines the Holistic Model of Positive Body Image and Outdoor Physical Activity through secondary analysis focusing on women with [...] Read more.

Physical challenges such as illness, injury, and disability significantly alter women’s relationships with their bodies, disrupting established notions of functionality and self-worth. This study re-examines the Holistic Model of Positive Body Image and Outdoor Physical Activity through secondary analysis focusing on women with illness, injury, and disability. From the original sample of N = 553 female participants, open-ended survey responses were identified from n = 84 participants (15.2%) who self-disclosed as having illness, injury, or disability to examine how outdoor settings facilitate positive body image. Through reflexive thematic analysis, the study revealed three key mechanisms: (1) personalized redefinition of functionality transcending standardized metrics, (2) therapeutic engagement with natural environments fostering embodied acceptance, and (3) cyclical reinforcement between physical capability and psychological wellbeing. The findings confirm the model’s utility while indicating necessary adaptations to address the fluctuating nature of body functionality. The adapted model emphasizes how outdoor recreational activities create contexts for reimagining body-self relationships across the spectrum of physical experiences—from temporary recovery to ongoing adaptation of persistent conditions—with implications for rehabilitation professionals, outdoor educators, and healthcare providers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Recreation and Outdoor Activities in Promoting Mental Health and Positive Behaviors in People of All Ages)

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12 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessReview

Psychoeducation for Suicidal Behaviors in Inpatient Settings: A Scoping Review

by Laura Fusar-Poli, Camilla Figini, Francesca Moioli, Caterina Marchesi, Ana Kovic, Pierluigi Politi and Natascia Brondino

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081005 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Suicide is a worldwide leading cause of death among people with mental disorders. Psychoeducation is an integral component of mental health care that may offer patients valuable tools to understand their conditions, develop coping strategies, and engage more effectively in the [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Suicide is a worldwide leading cause of death among people with mental disorders. Psychoeducation is an integral component of mental health care that may offer patients valuable tools to understand their conditions, develop coping strategies, and engage more effectively in the treatment process. In the present scoping review, we aimed to summarize the evidence on the implementation of psychoeducational interventions in inpatient settings after suicide attempts. (2) Methods: In August 2024, we searched the Web of Knowledge (all databases), PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We included original articles evaluating the effects of psychoeducational interventions for patients hospitalized in psychiatric settings after a suicide attempt. We provided a narrative synthesis of the study characteristics and the main findings of the included studies. (3) Results: We included five papers reporting the results of six studies, of which two were randomized controlled trials. Participants were diagnosed with diverse mental disorders, and interventions were generally short in the hospitalization phase, with follow-ups in the short or long term. Outcomes were focused on suicidal ideation, depressive symptoms, and general functioning, along with feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Psychoeducational interventions were generally well accepted, but more evidence is needed to determine their efficacy. (4) Conclusions: Psychoeducational intervention in an inpatient psychiatric setting may be important for the prevention of future suicide attempts. Nevertheless, research on the topic is still scarce. Methodologically sound randomized controlled trials evaluating the long-term efficacy of psychoeducational interventions on suicide prevention are needed. Future research should also investigate the utility of psychoeducation in non-psychiatric inpatient settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychoeducation and Early Intervention)

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28 pages, 2071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers and Facilitators for Implementing Music Interventions in Care Homes for People with Dementia and Depression: Process Evaluation Results of the Multinational Cluster-Randomized MIDDEL Trial

by Naomi Rasing, Annemieke Vink, Mirjam Schmitz, Jo Dugstad Wake, Monika Geretsegger, Vigdis Sveinsdottir, Christian Gold, Yesim Saltik, Hazal Nevruz, Burcin Ucaner, Ulrike Frischen, Johanna Neuser, Gunter Kreutz, Joanne Ablewhite, Justine Schneider, Sytse Zuidema and Sarah Janus

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1004; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081004 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

A process evaluation was embedded in the multinational Music Interventions for Dementia and Depression in ELderly care (MIDDEL) trial to better understand barriers and facilitators for implementing music-based interventions (MBIs). Stakeholders from 66 care home units across 5 countries completed a survey at [...] Read more.

A process evaluation was embedded in the multinational Music Interventions for Dementia and Depression in ELderly care (MIDDEL) trial to better understand barriers and facilitators for implementing music-based interventions (MBIs). Stakeholders from 66 care home units across 5 countries completed a survey at baseline (n = 229) and after a six-month intervention period (n = 101), comparing expectations and experiences between countries, intervention groups, and stakeholders. MBIs were evaluated and found to be relevant and feasible. Barriers include a lack of support, turnover among employees, and a lack of motivation. Facilitators include individual stakeholders who proactively facilitate and stimulate implementation, as well as the presence of stable, well-functioning teams, clear communication, and adhering to project plans. Fewer barriers than expected related to care staff workload and the time needed for implementing new MBIs in care homes. MBIs can be beneficial for people with dementia, yet implementation in care homes can be challenging due to contextual factors. Involving stakeholders in key positions is essential: care home managers are pivotal for policy-making and the sustainable adoption of MBIs, whereas the commitment and the involvement of care staff are needed for day-to-day implementation. Insight into these barriers to and facilitators of implementation can contribute to the interpretation of trial results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychosocial Care and Support in Dementia)

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16 pages, 773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Humor Production Promotes Creativity: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Fear of Authority

by Zhiwen Dong, Boxuan Han, Tianchen Yang, Shiqi Chen, Yi Cao and Yubo Hou

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081003 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

We conducted four empirical studies to investigate how, why, and when humor production impacts people’s creativity. Study 1 (N = 175), using the cartoon humor production paradigm, found that humor production was positively associated with creativity. Study 2 (N = 243), [...] Read more.

We conducted four empirical studies to investigate how, why, and when humor production impacts people’s creativity. Study 1 (N = 175), using the cartoon humor production paradigm, found that humor production was positively associated with creativity. Study 2 (N = 243), using a new sample, found that self-efficacy mediated the relationship between humor production and creativity. Study 3 (N = 225), via a manipulation-of-mediation-as-a-moderator (MMM) design, manipulating participants’ self-efficacy, replicated the results of Study 2. Furthermore, Study 4 (N = 433), using a cross-lagged design and three-wave data, extended the theoretical model to the workplace, and further demonstrated that the fear of authority alleviated the indirect effect of humor production on people’s creativity. These findings are of theoretical and practical significance for our understanding of humor production and creativity. Full article

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25 pages, 807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Initial Development and Psychometric Validation of the Self-Efficacy Scale for Informational Reading Strategies in Teacher Candidates

by Talha Göktentürk, Yiğit Omay, Ali Fuat Arıcı, Emre Yazıcı and Sevgen Özbaşı

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081002 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

Assessing teacher candidates’ self-efficacy in using reading strategies is essential for understanding their academic development. This study developed and validated the Teacher Candidates’ Self-Efficacy Scale for Informational Reading Strategies (TCSES-IRS) using a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design. Initial qualitative data from interviews with 33 [...] Read more.

Assessing teacher candidates’ self-efficacy in using reading strategies is essential for understanding their academic development. This study developed and validated the Teacher Candidates’ Self-Efficacy Scale for Informational Reading Strategies (TCSES-IRS) using a mixed-methods sequential exploratory design. Initial qualitative data from interviews with 33 candidates and a literature review guided item generation. Lawshe’s method confirmed content validity. The scale was administered to 1176 teacher candidates. Exploratory (n = 496) and confirmatory factor analyses (n = 388) supported a five-factor structure—cognitive, note-taking, exploration and preparation, physical and process-based, and reflective and analytical strategies—explaining 63.71% of total variance, with acceptable fit indices (χ²/df = 2.64, CFI = 0.912, TLI = 0.900, RMSEA = 0.069). Internal consistency was high (α = 0.899 total; subscales α = 0.708–0.906). An additional sample of 294 participants was used for nomological network validation. Convergent validity was demonstrated by significant item-total correlations and strong factor loadings. Discriminant validity was evidenced by moderate inter-factor correlations. Criterion-related validity was confirmed via significant group differences and meaningful correlations with an external self-efficacy measure. The TCSES-IRS emerges as a psychometrically sound tool for assessing informational reading self-efficacy, supporting research and practice in educational psychology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)

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22 pages, 1226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dark Side of Employee’s Leadership Potential: Its Impact on Leader Jealousy and Ostracism

by Zhen Yu, Feiwen Wang, Long Ye, Ganli Liao and Qichao Zhang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(8), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15081001 - 23 Jul 2025

Abstract

In today’s rapidly evolving organizations, talent management plays a critical role in driving sustainable growth. Talents, particularly those exhibiting leadership potential, are often seen as essential assets for organizational development. However, the presence of high employee’s leadership potential can also generate adverse emotional [...] Read more.

In today’s rapidly evolving organizations, talent management plays a critical role in driving sustainable growth. Talents, particularly those exhibiting leadership potential, are often seen as essential assets for organizational development. However, the presence of high employee’s leadership potential can also generate adverse emotional reactions from leaders, potentially leading to behaviors such as leader jealousy and leader ostracism. This study investigates the dark side of employee’s leadership potential by examining the mechanisms through which employee’s leadership potential influences leader ostracism, with leader jealousy acting as a mediator. Drawing on social comparison theory, we propose a theoretical model that includes organizational competitive climate and leader’s core self-evaluation as moderating factors. Using a three-wave survey of 672 leaders in the Chinese construction industry, hierarchical regression analysis was employed to test the hypotheses. The results show that employee’s leadership potential significantly increases both leader jealousy and leader ostracism, with leader jealousy serving as a mediator. Moreover, a high organizational competitive climate strengthens the relationship between employee’s leadership potential and leader jealousy, thereby enhancing the entire mediated effect. In contrast, high leader core self-evaluation weakens the relationship between employee’s leadership potential and leader jealousy, reducing the likelihood of leader ostracism and attenuating the mediated effect. This study provides both theoretical contributions and practical insights for organizations seeking to manage high-leadership potential employees while minimizing the risk of negative leadership behaviors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

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Behavioral Sciences

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