Journal Description
Behavioral Sciences
Behavioral Sciences
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on psychology, neuroscience, cognitive science, behavioral biology and behavioral genetics published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SSCI (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, PsycInfo, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Psychology, Multidisciplinary) / CiteScore - Q2 (Development)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 28.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journal: International Journal of Cognitive Sciences
Impact Factor:
2.5 (2023);
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.7 (2023)
Latest Articles
Exploring Students’ Learning Experiences Under the China–Korea Cooperative Teaching Model: A Positive Psychology Perspective
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030374 (registering DOI) - 16 Mar 2025
Abstract
Based on the theory of learning experiences and the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA) model, this research aims to interpret the learning experiences of students majoring in Animation under the China–Korea cooperative teaching model from a perspective of positive psychology.
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Based on the theory of learning experiences and the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment (PERMA) model, this research aims to interpret the learning experiences of students majoring in Animation under the China–Korea cooperative teaching model from a perspective of positive psychology. Purposive sampling was conducted to carry out semi-structured interviews with 25 students and 3 teachers. In the thematic analysis, it was found that students’ learning experiences are accompanied by emotions, both positive and negative, and that emotions are correlated with engagement, relationships, meaning, and achievement, which together constitute students’ learning experiences. In addition, this research confirms that students’ learning motivation and learning experiences mutually affect each other, with learning motivation affecting students’ learning experiences on the one hand, and positive elements of learning experiences enhancing students’ learning motivation and bringing positive learning outcomes on the other.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
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Open AccessArticle
The Impact of Self-Sacrificial Leadership on Employee Creativity: A Moderated Mediation Model in the Post-Pandemic Chinese Service Sector
by
Yong Liu, Woo-Sung Choi, Wenxian Wang and Seung-Wan Kang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030373 (registering DOI) - 16 Mar 2025
Abstract
Since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the economies and trade of many countries have recovered. Executives in various countries have demonstrated self-sacrificial leadership in response to the pandemic by reducing their salaries, emphasizing solidarity and social responsibility, and setting a good example
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Since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the economies and trade of many countries have recovered. Executives in various countries have demonstrated self-sacrificial leadership in response to the pandemic by reducing their salaries, emphasizing solidarity and social responsibility, and setting a good example of how companies can weather a storm. In this context, this study investigated the effects of self-sacrificial leadership on China’s service industry. Based on self-determination theory, a moderated mediation model was constructed to investigate the impact on the service industry in China. Surveys were conducted with 472 employees from three service companies located in Hebei Province, China, to construct a research model of self-sacrificial leadership, autonomy, competence, and creative behavior. We employed a two-wave approach with a one-month interval between waves for data collection. Statistical analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using STATA 18.0. Intriguingly, as competence intensifies, the mediating role of autonomy between self-sacrificial leadership and creative behavior intensifies. Our study underscores that increasing competence is imperative for organizations to harness self-sacrificial leadership and boost creative behavior via autonomy.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Leisure Activity Participation on Leisure Attitude, Recreational Specialization, Leisure Satisfaction, and Intention to Re-Participate in South Korea
by
Byoungwook Ahn
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030372 (registering DOI) - 16 Mar 2025
Abstract
The importance of leisure in post-COVID-19 society has been underscored by the pandemic, illustrating the need to view leisure not merely as an option but as an essential component of a fulfilling life. This study investigates whether leisure attitudes, considered a novel perspective
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The importance of leisure in post-COVID-19 society has been underscored by the pandemic, illustrating the need to view leisure not merely as an option but as an essential component of a fulfilling life. This study investigates whether leisure attitudes, considered a novel perspective or belief regarding leisure, along with leisure activities, recreational specialization (the process of becoming proficient in particular leisure activities), and satisfaction derived from these experiences, prompt continued participation. The study surveyed 259 adults, both men and women, residing in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Chungcheong Province who had engaged in leisure activities for over a year. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21 program for frequency, reliability, and correlation analyses, while confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were performed with the AMOS 18.0 program. The research yielded the following findings: Firstly, the leisure attitudes of participants significantly influenced their leisure satisfaction. Secondly, their leisure attitudes did not influence recreational specialization. Thirdly, their attitudes did not affect their intention to re-participate. Fourthly, recreational specialization significantly affected both leisure satisfaction and intention to re-participate. Lastly, leisure satisfaction significantly influenced the intention to re-participate. With the evolving perceptions of leisure post-pandemic, there is a need for policies and infrastructure that support the sustainable engagement of leisure activity participants.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Empirical Categorization of Factors Affecting Online Consumer Behavior of Gen Z Regarding Newly Launched Technological Products and Moderating Impact of Perceived Risk
by
Dimitrios Theocharis, Georgios Tsekouropoulos, Chryssoula Chatzigeorgiou and Georgios Kokkinis
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030371 (registering DOI) - 15 Mar 2025
Abstract
In previous years, studying consumer behavior was seen as important, but in today’s fast-changing market, with rapid technological advancements, understanding consumer behavior can be a key factor in a product’s success or failure. The aim of the current research was to investigate the
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In previous years, studying consumer behavior was seen as important, but in today’s fast-changing market, with rapid technological advancements, understanding consumer behavior can be a key factor in a product’s success or failure. The aim of the current research was to investigate the factors that can influence the online consumer behavior of Generation Z, regarding technological products that have just been launched and are available to the public. To achieve this goal, a cross-sectional research study was conducted with a sample of 302 Generation Z consumers selected using convenience sampling and elements of systematic sampling. This research used a structured questionnaire with established measurement scales to explore different aspects of online consumer behavior. The questionnaire was based on variables identified from various consumer behavior theories and models. The results led to the identification of six groups of influencing factors on online consumer behavior, highlighting the importance of these factors in shaping online consumer behavior and showing the influence of perceived risk as a moderating factor. These findings provide a thorough understanding of the factors that influence online consumer behavior while simultaneously laying the foundation for the creation of targeted and differentiated marketing strategies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Behavioral Economics)
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We Are Not Alone: Examining the Impact of a Teen Diabetes Day Camp
by
Heidi Blaylock, Eddie Hill, Carter Leuba, Christina Aguilar and Carla Cox
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030370 (registering DOI) - 15 Mar 2025
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease that influences all health aspects. The self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that three psychological needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness are necessary for motivation to engage in healthy behaviors. Through medical specialty camps, these needs can
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Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic disease that influences all health aspects. The self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that three psychological needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness are necessary for motivation to engage in healthy behaviors. Through medical specialty camps, these needs can be met by educating campers on how to manage T1D and realize they are not alone. The volunteer-based, five-day, inaugural tween–teen camp for youth with T1D was held on the campus of a university. The entire camp experience was engineered around the three basic needs described by the SDT. These needs were promoted by physical and educational activities and meeting friends. The Basic Psychological Needs and Frustration Scale was administered as a pre-, post-, and follow-up test. Two of the four measures were significant, the autonomy pretest (M = 3.93; SD = 0.75) to posttest (M = 4.49; SD = 0.56), with t(25) = −6.258; p ≤ 0.001) and relatedness pretest (M = 4.31; SD = 0.79) to posttest (M = 4.53; SD = 0.49), with t(25) = −2.168; p = 0.040; however, mean scores declined at the 3-month follow-up. Campers’ blood glucose levels were collected through an online platform that allowed staff to monitor blood glucose levels, with the week’s average being 150 mg/dL, and almost 71% remaining in the TIR. The results can be helpful for practitioners who want to use the SDT to structure and examine the effectiveness of medical specialty camps for youth with T1D.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Recreation and Outdoor Activities in Promoting Mental Health and Positive Behaviors in People of All Ages)
Open AccessArticle
The Measurement-Unit Bias: People Walk or Drive Less to Save a Constant Money Amount When Answering in Meters Compared to Miles
by
Nir Reich and Ofer H. Azar
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030369 - 14 Mar 2025
Abstract
Traditional economic theory suggests that when consumers decide whether to exert effort and travel to a remote store that is cheaper, the decision should compare the time and effort of travelling the relevant distance to the money that can be saved. Our research
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Traditional economic theory suggests that when consumers decide whether to exert effort and travel to a remote store that is cheaper, the decision should compare the time and effort of travelling the relevant distance to the money that can be saved. Our research examined whether the unit of distance measurement, meters or miles, affects the actual distance an individual is willing to travel to save a certain amount of money. We studied the cases of both walking and driving to the remote store. We found in both cases that participants were willing to travel a greater distance for the same amount saved when they answered in miles. This supports our hypothesis, grounded in the literature on heuristics and biases, that the nominal value (which is smaller in miles) affects decisions even though it should be irrelevant from a rational perspective. We denote this behavior as the Measurement-Unit Bias. These findings have important implications for consumer behavior and marketing strategies.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Value Co-Creation in Participatory Sports Event Tourism: A Mixed Methods Study
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Xiaowei Jiang, Brandon Mastromartino, Xin Li and James J. Zhang
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030368 - 14 Mar 2025
Abstract
This study adopts a mixed methods approach to investigate the realization process of value co-creation in participatory sports event tourism by examining the pathways linking predisposing factors, process factors, and outcome factors in event tourists’ value co-creation behaviors. The findings illuminate the unique
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This study adopts a mixed methods approach to investigate the realization process of value co-creation in participatory sports event tourism by examining the pathways linking predisposing factors, process factors, and outcome factors in event tourists’ value co-creation behaviors. The findings illuminate the unique dimensions of value co-creation in participatory sports event tourism. Governments and event organizers play a pivotal role by proposing value initiatives and fostering co-creation environments through proactive measures, thereby shaping the conditions conducive to co-creation behaviors among event tourists. Embedded in the value co-creation process, tourists’ behaviors are driven by the interplay of their intrinsic motivations and external environmental factors. Their co-creation activities follow patterns of interaction and resource integration, generating diverse experiential values. This study provides innovative strategies for value enhancement to event organizers and offers theoretical insights for governmental governance in sports tourism development.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
The Intention of Sports Participants to Utilize Digital Technology for Engagement: The Moderating Role of Self-Efficacy
by
Rubin Qian and Kitak Kim
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030367 - 14 Mar 2025
Abstract
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Digital technology has greatly influenced the way the public engages in sports activities. However, the behavioral decision-making process associated with the adoption of digital technology for sports participation remains unclear. This study employs the Behavioral Reasoning Theory to elucidate the cognitive processes underlying
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Digital technology has greatly influenced the way the public engages in sports activities. However, the behavioral decision-making process associated with the adoption of digital technology for sports participation remains unclear. This study employs the Behavioral Reasoning Theory to elucidate the cognitive processes underlying participants’ behavioral intentions by examining the reasons for and against the adoption, as well as the influence of self-efficacy. The model presented is a theoretical expansion of the current innovation frameworks within sports management and marketing. The findings indicate that the reasons against adoption by respondents exert a more substantial impact on their attitudes and behavioral intentions than the reasons for adoption. Perceived enjoyment and perceived barriers to use are identified as the leading factors for reasons in favor of and against adoption, respectively. The study also highlights the pivotal role of participants’ self-efficacy in the cognitive decision-making process concerning the adoption of digital technology for sports participation. To amplify the impact of digital technology within the sports domain, it delineates the reasons for and against adoption and to account for the influence of self-efficacy in the decision-making process, thereby ensuring that the integration of digital technology with sports more effectively addresses the practical needs of participants.
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Open AccessArticle
Research on Psychological Resilience, Digital Competence, and Self-Efficacy in Online TCFL Teachers
by
Qian Shi, Xiangdong Xu, Youwen Zhang and Bo Hu
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030366 - 14 Mar 2025
Abstract
In the context of the increasing digitization of education, online teachers’ competence and the affective factors of digital competence, psychological resilience, and self-efficacy have become prominent areas of academic inquiry. However, there is a dearth of extant research addressing the interactions between these
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In the context of the increasing digitization of education, online teachers’ competence and the affective factors of digital competence, psychological resilience, and self-efficacy have become prominent areas of academic inquiry. However, there is a dearth of extant research addressing the interactions between these variables in an online teaching Chinese as a foreign language (TCFL) environment. This study investigated the relationships among the digital competence, psychological resilience, and self-efficacy of online TCFL teachers via quantitative research methods. The questionnaires were administered to 610 online TCFL teachers, and the data were analyzed via structural equation modeling. The results indicate that digital competence and psychological resilience can significantly predict online teachers’ self-efficacy, and that the relationship between psychological resilience and self-efficacy can be significantly moderated by digital competence. This finding not only provides novel perspectives and insights for enhancing online teaching effectiveness, particularly in the domain of online foreign language instruction, but also complements and extends self-efficacy theory from the perspective of social cognitive theory.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educator Well-Being and Resilience: Paradigms, Pathways, and Possibilities)
Open AccessArticle
Trajectories of Cognitive Change and Their Association with All-Cause Mortality Among Chinese Older Adults: Results from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey
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Yifang Wei, Yi Zhang, Yuansheng Li, Fanshuo Meng, Ruixiang Zhang, Zuming You, Chenxi Xie and Jiyuan Zhou
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030365 - 14 Mar 2025
Abstract
The analysis of cognitive trajectories is relatively underexplored in China. Furthermore, most previous studies examining the association between cognitive function and mortality have been limited to cross-sectional perspectives. This study aims to identify distinct cognitive trajectories and the corresponding influencing factors and investigate
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The analysis of cognitive trajectories is relatively underexplored in China. Furthermore, most previous studies examining the association between cognitive function and mortality have been limited to cross-sectional perspectives. This study aims to identify distinct cognitive trajectories and the corresponding influencing factors and investigate the impact of these trajectories on all-cause mortality in Chinese older adults. A total of 6232 subjects aged 65 years and above were drawn from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Growth mixture models were utilized to identify different cognitive trajectories, while Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between the cognitive trajectories and all-cause mortality after adjusting for covariates. Four cognitive trajectories were identified: rapid decline group, slow decline group, low-level stable group, and high-level stable group. Some factors such as age, sex, and marital status were significantly associated with trajectories. Compared to the high-level stable group, adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the all-cause mortality were 3.87 (95% CI: 3.35–4.48), 1.41 (95% CI: 1.24–1.59), and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.18–1.58) for the rapid decline group, the slow decline group, and the low-level stable group, respectively, indicating that these three groups had a higher mortality risk. In summary, these findings facilitate the development of targeted health promotion measures, which have implications for reducing the social and economic burdens of cognitive decline.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)
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Understanding Public Emotions: Spatiotemporal Dynamics in the Post-Pandemic Era Through Weibo Data
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Yi Liu, Xiaohan Yan, Tiezhong Liu and Yan Chen
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030364 - 14 Mar 2025
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to public health crises in the post-pandemic era poses significant threats to global mental health. To address this, we developed a conceptual model to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of public emotions, using Weibo data from the 2022 Beijing bar outbreak (9
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Prolonged exposure to public health crises in the post-pandemic era poses significant threats to global mental health. To address this, we developed a conceptual model to analyse the spatiotemporal distribution of public emotions, using Weibo data from the 2022 Beijing bar outbreak (9 June–18 August). The model integrates lexicon-based emotion analysis, spatial autocorrelation tests, and content analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of emotional responses across stages and regions. The findings reveal a multi-peak emotional cycle spanning emergency, contagion, and resolution stages, with significant emotional clustering in emergency zones, surrounding areas, and regions visited by infected individuals. Through coding, we identified 24 main-categories and 90 sub-categories, distilled into nine core themes that illustrate the interplay between influencing factors, public emotions, and online behaviours. Positive public emotions (e.g., hopefulness, gratitude, optimism) were linked to pandemic improvements and policy implementation, driving behaviours such as supporting prevention measures and resisting misinformation. Negative emotions (e.g., anger, anxiety, sadness) stemmed from severe outbreaks, insufficient controls, and restrictions on freedoms, leading to criticism and calls for accountability. This study bridges big data analytics with behavioural science, offering critical insights into evolving public emotions and behaviours. By highlighting spatiotemporal patterns and emotional dynamics, it provides actionable guidance for governments and health organizations to design targeted interventions, foster resilience, and better manage future social crises with precision and empathy.
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Open AccessArticle
Flow Experience and Innovative Behavior of University Teachers: Model Development and Empirical Testing
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Xing Chen, Ling Wu, Lehan Jia and Mohammed A. M. AlGerafi
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030363 - 14 Mar 2025
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The innovative behavior of university teachers plays a vital, long-term role in advancing scientific and technological innovation and in nurturing high-level talent. Flow experience is influenced by flow antecedents such as the balance between challenge and skill, clear goals, immediate feedback, intrinsic motivation,
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The innovative behavior of university teachers plays a vital, long-term role in advancing scientific and technological innovation and in nurturing high-level talent. Flow experience is influenced by flow antecedents such as the balance between challenge and skill, clear goals, immediate feedback, intrinsic motivation, and perceived risk. Moreover, flow experience, characterized by deep concentration and effective attention allocation, is essential in facilitating innovative behavior by enhancing problem-solving and analytical abilities. This study explores the relationship between flow experience and innovative behavior among university teachers, providing a fresh theoretical perspective for encouraging such behavior. To investigate this, the study developed the “University Teacher Flow Experience Scale” and the “University Teacher Innovative Behavior Scale”. A survey of 316 university teachers in China was conducted, with statistical analysis utilizing variance analysis and structural equation modeling. Results showed that both flow experience and innovative behavior were at moderate levels. Significant variations in innovation levels were noted across disciplines, professional titles, and positions, but no gender differences were found. Antecedents such as a balance between challenges and skills, clear goals, immediate feedback, and intrinsic motivation positively influenced flow experience, while perceived risk had a negative impact. Flow experience itself significantly enhanced innovative behavior among university teachers. The findings highlight the importance of optimizing the factors contributing to flow experience at institutional and individual levels to promote innovation in higher education.
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Open AccessArticle
Can ChatGPT Boost Students’ Employment Confidence? A Pioneering Booster for Career Readiness
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Yu Xiao and Li Zheng
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030362 - 14 Mar 2025
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This study examines the impact of ChatGPT on university students’ employment confidence, utilizing comprehensive methodologies such as regression analysis, Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicate that the regular use of ChatGPT significantly enhances students’ confidence in securing
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This study examines the impact of ChatGPT on university students’ employment confidence, utilizing comprehensive methodologies such as regression analysis, Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results indicate that the regular use of ChatGPT significantly enhances students’ confidence in securing employment, with stronger effects observed among undergraduate students and those in social sciences. Additionally, this study reveals that students’ experience with ChatGPT plays a partial mediating role in this effect, underscoring the importance of user interaction in realizing the benefits of AI tools. These findings suggest that ChatGPT not only improves cognitive abilities and career-related knowledge but also boosts students’ proactive job-seeking behaviors, fostering increased job market readiness. The implications are far-reaching, highlighting how AI tools can enhance career development support, particularly for students at earlier stages of their academic journey. As AI technologies continue to influence education, this study offers valuable insights into how such tools can effectively prepare students for the job market, potentially contributing to future research and shaping educational practices in ways that address employment challenges.
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Open AccessArticle
Does Cognitive Load Influence Moral Judgments? The Role of Action–Omission and Collective Interests
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Mufan Zheng, Liying Wang and Yueying Tian
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030361 - 13 Mar 2025
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the impact of cognitive load on moral judgments while incorporating action propensities and collective interests as variables. Study 1 (N = 102) used the dot matrix memory task to manipulate cognitive load, and participants made moral choices
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This study aimed to investigate the impact of cognitive load on moral judgments while incorporating action propensities and collective interests as variables. Study 1 (N = 102) used the dot matrix memory task to manipulate cognitive load, and participants made moral choices in action dilemmas and omission dilemmas. The findings revealed that when confronted with action moral dilemmas, participants in the high-cognitive load group exhibited a greater inclination towards utilitarian responses compared to those in the low-load group. However, cognitive load did not affect utilitarian choices in omission moral dilemmas. Study 2 (N = 100) further introduced the identities of protagonists in dilemmas involving conflicts between collective and individual interests. When facing a collective–individual interest conflict, participants under high cognitive load were more inclined to prioritize collective interests over individual interests compared to those under low load. Additionally, participants were more likely to choose collective interests in omission moral dilemmas than in action dilemmas. The impact of cognitive load on moral judgments was also influenced by the identities of the protagonists.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Picturing Morality from Multidisciplinary Perspectives—Second Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
From Individual Expression to Group Polarization: A Study on Twitter’s Emotional Diffusion Patterns in the German Election
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Yixuan Zhang, Bing Zhou, Yiyan Hu and Kun Zhai
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030360 - 13 Mar 2025
Abstract
This study analyzes 194,151 tweets from the 2021 German federal election using sentiment analysis and statistical techniques to examine social media’s role in shaping group emotions, voters’ emotional expression and derogatory speech toward candidates, and the relationship between sentiment intensity and tweet spread.
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This study analyzes 194,151 tweets from the 2021 German federal election using sentiment analysis and statistical techniques to examine social media’s role in shaping group emotions, voters’ emotional expression and derogatory speech toward candidates, and the relationship between sentiment intensity and tweet spread. The findings show that negative emotions dominated social media discussions. Additionally, voter perceptions towards candidates on social media also follow a pattern of negativity, often characterized by derogatory speech. This takes four main forms: intelligence-based attacks, animal metaphors, character insults, and gender-based discrimination, with female candidates disproportionately affected. Moreover, the study finds that negative emotions exhibit significantly greater diffusion and reach compared to positive and neutral sentiments on social media. This study further examines election fairness and political dialog openness through the lens of equity, inclusion, diversity, and access (IDEA). These findings emphasize individual and collective emotional dynamics in the social media environment, highlighting the need for governance strategies that promote equity, inclusivity, and diversity in digital political discussions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Media as Interpersonal and Masspersonal)
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Teacher Emotional Competence for Inclusive Education: A Systematic Review
by
Emanuela Calandri, Sofia Mastrokoukou, Cecilia Marchisio, Alessandro Monchietto and Federica Graziano
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030359 - 13 Mar 2025
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Although many studies have examined which teaching strategies are effective in achieving inclusive education, less attention has been paid to the role of teachers’ emotional competence. This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the relationship between teachers’ emotional competence and inclusive
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Although many studies have examined which teaching strategies are effective in achieving inclusive education, less attention has been paid to the role of teachers’ emotional competence. This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the relationship between teachers’ emotional competence and inclusive education through the following research questions: (1) What aspects of teachers’ emotional competence have been studied in relation to inclusive education? (2) How does teachers’ emotional competence influence different aspects of inclusive education? Five electronic databases were searched for all peer-reviewed empirical studies published from 2010 to February 2025. Studies were selected if they focused on K-12 teachers’ emotional competence in relation to inclusive education and were based on empirical designs. The CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) checklist was used to assess the quality of included studies. Eighteen studies were included. They drew on partially overlapping definitions of emotional competence (i.e., emotional intelligence, emotional awareness, empathy, and emotion regulation) and considered multiple indicators of inclusion that focused on student (engagement, motivation, emotional self-regulation, emotional development, and academic outcomes) and contextual variables (classroom management, teacher–student relationships, and classroom climate). Outcomes differed across various disabilities and special educational needs (SENs). The role of emotional competence should be considered both in improving teachers’ skills in professional practice and in providing adequate and comprehensive training for future teachers. These findings highlight the need to integrate emotional competence training into teacher education programs and inform education policy aimed at fostering more inclusive learning environments.
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Open AccessArticle
Workers’ Psychological Distress During the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Melissa Spröesser Alonso, Maria Cristina Pereira Lima, Adriano Dias, Hélio Rubens de Carvalho Nunes, Carlos Ruiz-Frutos, Javier Fagundo-Rivera, Juan Gómez-Salgado and João Marcos Bernardes
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030358 - 13 Mar 2025
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the mental health of workers. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of psychological distress among Brazilian workers during the early months of the pandemic and explore its associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online
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The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the mental health of workers. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of psychological distress among Brazilian workers during the early months of the pandemic and explore its associated factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire administered to 2903 Brazilian workers, including 1752 non-healthcare workers (NHCWs) and 1151 healthcare workers (HCWs), between April and May 2020. Snowball sampling was employed for participant recruitment, and the research questionnaire was adapted for use with the Brazilian population through a process of translation and cultural adaptation, based on an instrument initially created and validated for use in Spain. Differences between NHCWs and HCWs were tested using the chi-square or Fisher’s Exact test and Mann–Whitney test followed by effect size measurement. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the association between psychological distress and the predictor variables. Psychological distress was observed in 72.6% (95% CI 70.1–74.2%) of the participants, with no significant difference observed between NHCWs and HCWs. Although 32 variables showed statistically significant differences between NHCWs and HCWs, only 7 demonstrated clinical–epidemiological relevance, primarily related to occupational factors. Work-related stress was positively associated with psychological distress, but this relationship diminished in the absence of family members infected with COVID-19. Conversely, a higher sense of coherence was protective against psychological distress, although this effect weakened in the absence of family members infected with COVID-19. The study highlights the high prevalence of psychological distress among Brazilian workers during the pandemic’s early months. Work stress played a significant role, while sense of coherence appeared to mitigate mental health challenges. These findings highlight the need for targeted mental health interventions, particularly for workers facing both professional and family-related stressors during crises.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Psychology and Behaviors during COVID-19)
Open AccessArticle
Exploring the Social Validity and Diffusion Potential of Common Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Strategies Implemented in Community Preschools
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Sophia R. D’Agostino, Trenton J. Landon, Alyssa Roylance, Avery Briggs and Naima Bhana-Lopez
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030357 - 13 Mar 2025
Abstract
It is imperative that researchers include the perspectives from key voices regarding early support practices, yet very few studies have included direct assessment of autistic individuals and parents of young autistic children. Despite emerging evidence of effectiveness of naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention (NDBI)
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It is imperative that researchers include the perspectives from key voices regarding early support practices, yet very few studies have included direct assessment of autistic individuals and parents of young autistic children. Despite emerging evidence of effectiveness of naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention (NDBI) strategies, it is currently unknown whether autistic adults and parents of autistic individuals know about NDBI and if they view NDBI strategies as socially valid practice. We aimed to explore the perceptions of autistic adults and parents of young autistic children regarding the social validity of NDBI strategies implemented in community preschool classrooms and their dissemination potential. We conducted a convergent mixed methods research design to collect quantitative survey data and qualitative semi-structured interview data. We received survey responses from 33 autistic adults and 37 parents of young autistic children and interviewed 12 autistic adults and 12 parents of young autistic children. We conducted a series of paired samples and independent samples t-tests to compare perceptions between groups and thematic analysis to analyze qualitative data. Results indicated high levels of social validity for NDBI across both groups of participants and the need for dissemination of NDBI. Agreement between autistic adults and parents of young autistic children on the social validity of NDBI and recommendations for dissemination are promising preliminary findings that NDBI researchers and practitioners may draw upon when engaging in collaborative support planning and participatory research efforts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Early Identification and Intervention of Autism)
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Open AccessArticle
The Effect of Verbal Working Memory Intervention on the Reading Performance of Students with Specific Learning Disabilities
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Mehmet Okur and Veysel Aksoy
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030356 - 13 Mar 2025
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of verbal working memory (VWM) interventions on reading speed, accuracy, and comprehension in elementary school students diagnosed with specific learning disabilities (SLD). Given the limited research on the role of VWM in reading
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of verbal working memory (VWM) interventions on reading speed, accuracy, and comprehension in elementary school students diagnosed with specific learning disabilities (SLD). Given the limited research on the role of VWM in reading performance, this study fills a critical gap in the literature. A pre-test and post-test design was employed, with an experimental group (n = 14) receiving VWM interventions over 4 weeks, while the control group (n = 12) received no intervention. The intervention focused on enhancing VWM and verbal short-term memory (V-STM) through structured cognitive tasks, including rehearsal techniques and phonological loop strengthening activities, delivered over 24 sessions. Results showed that although VWM interventions significantly enhanced VWM capacity (t(24) = 3.39, p < 0.05, d = 1.48), they did not lead to significant improvements in reading speed or accuracy. However, a statistically significant improvement in reading comprehension was observed (p = 0.04, d = 0.92). These findings suggest that while enhancing VWM may not directly improve reading fluency, it can positively affect comprehension. The study highlights the importance of considering VWM in educational interventions targeting reading comprehension and recommends further research into other cognitive and linguistic factors influencing reading speed and accuracy. Additionally, future studies should explore the long-term effects of diverse intervention strategies on reading outcomes.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic: Typical and Atypical Cognitive Development—2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Translating Formative Research into Intervention Content: Experiences with Face Washing for Trachoma Control in Rural Ethiopia
by
Claire Collin, Adam Biran, Alexandra Czerniewska, Demitu Legesse, Meseret Guye, Asanti Ahmed Mume, Edao Sinba Etu, Aida Abashawl, Wondu Alemayehu, Sarity Dodson, Oumer Shafi Abdurahman, Esmael Habtamu, Dereje Adugna, Matthew J. Burton, Anna Last and Katie Greenland
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(3), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030355 - 13 Mar 2025
Abstract
Face washing for trachoma, like most public health improvements, necessitates behaviour change, yet traditional educational interventions frequently fail to achieve this goal. Behavioural science frameworks offer guidance to develop alternative types of interventions, helping to translate formative research and insights about the target
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Face washing for trachoma, like most public health improvements, necessitates behaviour change, yet traditional educational interventions frequently fail to achieve this goal. Behavioural science frameworks offer guidance to develop alternative types of interventions, helping to translate formative research and insights about the target population and behavioural determinants into more effective strategies. This paper outlines the outputs and decision-making underlying the five-stage process we followed to translate formative research findings into intervention activities and materials: (1) synthesising formative research findings into a creative brief to guide intervention development; (2) selecting behaviour change techniques (BCTs) to address key behavioural targets; (3) selecting an overarching intervention concept; (4) developing intervention content; and (5) finalising the intervention’s Theory of Change. This paper presents our experiences and reflections on the intervention design process, using a practical example of a face washing intervention for trachoma control. The intervention was designed for delivery in the Stronger SAFE trial in rural Oromia, Ethiopia (ISCRTN 40760473).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Behavioural Science in Improving Public Health)
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