Horticulturae

12 pages, 1503 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synergistic Effects of Supplemental Lighting and Foliar Phosphorus Application on Flowering in Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis)

by Dongyu Sun, Caizhu Hu, Yinyan Yang, Huanhuan Wang, Tongbo Yan, Chubin Wu, Zhiqun Hu, Xingyu Lu and Biyan Zhou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 478; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050478 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), a commercially vital tropical crop, faces flowering instability due to photoperiod-sensitive flowering patterns, particularly under the cloudy, rainy climates of subtropical regions. To mitigate floral suppression during unfavorable light conditions, this study implemented a dual-modality strategy combining [...] Read more.

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), a commercially vital tropical crop, faces flowering instability due to photoperiod-sensitive flowering patterns, particularly under the cloudy, rainy climates of subtropical regions. To mitigate floral suppression during unfavorable light conditions, this study implemented a dual-modality strategy combining 16 h daily supplementary lighting (460 nm blue + 630 nm red spectrum) and foliar application of a high-phosphorus-containing nutrient, the Plant-Prod (nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium = 10:52:10) grown in field ‘Qinmi No. 9’. The treatment significantly stimulated lateral branch formation, internode elongation, flower retention, stage IV flower bud development, and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. Physiological analyses revealed that the treatment increased the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), reduced the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and enhanced stomatal conductance (Gs), indicating the improvement of carbon assimilation. Controlled seedling trials further confirmed these effects, with treated groups exhibiting accelerated lateral branching and stress resilience. This integrated approach, combining optimized supplemental lighting and precision phosphorus fertilization, offers a practical and scalable strategy to stabilize passion fruit yields in climate-variable regions, with immediate potential for commercial orchards and greenhouse production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

33 pages, 1764 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant Defense System in Plants: Reactive Oxygen Species Production, Signaling, and Scavenging During Abiotic Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage

by Muhammad Junaid Rao, Mingzheng Duan, Caixia Zhou, Jiejie Jiao, Peiwen Cheng, Lingwei Yang, Wei Wei, Qinyuan Shen, Piyu Ji, Ying Yang, Omar Conteh, Daoliang Yan, Huwei Yuan, Abdul Rauf, Jianguo Ai and Bingsong Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050477 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Plants face various abiotic stresses in their natural environments that trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. This comprehensive review examines the interplay between plant antioxidant defense systems and ROS under abiotic stress conditions. [...] Read more.

Plants face various abiotic stresses in their natural environments that trigger the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and potential cellular damage. This comprehensive review examines the interplay between plant antioxidant defense systems and ROS under abiotic stress conditions. We discuss the major enzymatic antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, reductases, and peroxidases, as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, glutathione, polyphenols, and flavonoids, which play crucial roles in ROS detoxification. This review elaborates on different types of ROS, their production sites within plant cells, and their dual role as both damaging oxidants and key signaling molecules. We discuss how various abiotic stresses—including heat, cold, drought, flooding, salinity, and heavy metal toxicity—induce oxidative stress and trigger specific antioxidant responses in plants. Additionally, the mechanisms of ROS generation under these abiotic stress conditions and the corresponding activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavenging systems are discussed in detail. This review also discusses recent advances in understanding ROS signaling networks and their integration with other stress-response pathways. This knowledge provides valuable insights into plant stress-tolerance mechanisms and suggests potential strategies for developing stress-resistant crops by enhancing antioxidant defense systems. Moreover, the strategic ROS modulation through priming, exogenous antioxidants, nanoparticles, or genetic tools can enhance plant resilience. Integrating these methods with agronomic practices (e.g., irrigation management) offers a sustainable path to climate-smart agriculture. Our review reveals that ROS accumulation can be detrimental; however, the coordinated action of various antioxidant systems helps plants maintain redox homeostasis and adapt to environmental stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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38 pages, 3547 KiB

Open AccessReview

CO₂ Enrichment in Protected Agriculture: A Bibliometric Review on Greenhouses, Controlled Environment Systems, and Vertical Farms—Part 1

by John Javier Espitia, Gina Amado, Jader Rodriguez, Luisa Gomez, Rodrigo Gil, Jorge Flores-Velasquez, Esteban Baeza, Cruz Ernesto Aguilar, Mohammad Akrami, Luis Alejandro Arias and Edwin Villagran

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050476 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

CO₂ enrichment in protected agriculture is a key strategy for enhancing crop productivity and quality, optimizing photosynthetic efficiency, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. In this study, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research on CO₂ enrichment is conducted by compiling [...] Read more.

CO₂ enrichment in protected agriculture is a key strategy for enhancing crop productivity and quality, optimizing photosynthetic efficiency, and mitigating the impacts of climate change. In this study, a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of research on CO₂ enrichment is conducted by compiling and evaluating 171 relevant documents published between 1982 and 2024 in Scopus, utilizing R-Studio and VOSviewer for data processing. The analysis explores scientific output trends, predominant research methodologies, influencing factors, and emerging applications in controlled-environment agriculture. The findings reveal an exponential growth in scientific publications since 2015, with Asia and Europe leading the research landscape. The physiological and agronomic benefits of CO₂ enrichment in C3 crops, particularly tomatoes and lettuce, include enhanced photosynthesis, improved nitrogen assimilation, and reduced abiotic stress. Additionally, advancements in sustainable CO₂ capture and delivery technologies, such as industrial capture and fermentation-based systems, have been documented. However, significant challenges remain regarding the economic feasibility, accessibility for small-scale farmers, and environmental sustainability of CO₂ enrichment strategies. A network analysis of scientific collaboration highlights an increasing trend of international cooperation, with China, the United States, and Japan emerging as key contributors. The integration of plant physiology, agricultural engineering, and environmental sustainability reflects a transition toward multidisciplinary approaches aimed at optimizing CO₂ utilization in controlled environments. This study underscores the potential of CO₂ enrichment as a transformative tool in protected agriculture. However, its large-scale adoption necessitates international collaboration, rigorous research on socio-economic and environmental impacts, and the development of context-specific technologies. Strengthening global research networks and fostering applied innovation will be essential to ensuring the widespread and sustainable implementation of CO₂ enrichment strategies in protected agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue i-RTgreenhouse, Green Walls, Urban Agriculture, Vetical Farm and Hi-Tech City Landscape for Sustainability)

5 pages, 165 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

New Advance in Germplasm Resources, Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding of Vegetable Crops

by Hao Wu, Jie Zheng and Yong Zhou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050475 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The acquisition, characterization and exploitation of germplasm resources are fundamentally important for mining key genes, thereby providing critical genetic foundations for future improvements in productivity and quality of vegetable crops [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advance in Germplasm Resources, Biotechnology and Genetic Breeding of Vegetable Crops)

18 pages, 10426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antifungal and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Compounds Such as Chitosan, Citral, and Hexanal Against Colletotrichum asianum

by Edson Rayón-Díaz, Luis G. Hernández-Montiel, Víctor Manuel Zamora-Gasga, Jorge A. Sánchez-Burgos, Surelys Ramos-Bell, Rita María Velázquez-Estrada, Juan Antonio Herrera-González and Porfirio Gutiérrez-Martínez

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050474 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Colletotrichum genus is one of the ten most relevant pathogenic fungi in the post-harvest sector owing to its high infection rate in tropical fruits; however, the search for alternatives to synthetic fungicides is crucial because of their adverse effects on health and [...] Read more.

The Colletotrichum genus is one of the ten most relevant pathogenic fungi in the post-harvest sector owing to its high infection rate in tropical fruits; however, the search for alternatives to synthetic fungicides is crucial because of their adverse effects on health and the environment. This study evaluated the efficacy of chitosan (CH), citral (CT), and hexanal (HX) against Colletotrichum asianum, as well as the toxicological potential of these treatments. In in vitro tests, 1.0% CH, 0.03% CT, and 0.06% HX significantly inhibited fungal development in parameters of radial growth, sporulation, fungal biomass, and germination by 78–100% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the toxicity index was low to moderate for most concentrations using cucumber and tomato seed germination as a study model. Toxicokinetic predictions suggest that CH, CT, and HX molecules do not pose a danger to human consumption, suggesting that they are promising alternatives to chemical fungicides for the control of phytopathogenic fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Diseases in Horticultural Crops)

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19 pages, 1644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploitation of Heterosis for Yield and Quality Enhancement in Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch. Ex Poir.) Hybrids

by Akshita Bisht, Suresh Kumar Maurya, Lalit Bhatt, Dhirendra Singh, Birendra Prasad, Sudhanshu Verma, Vinay Kumar, Pratapsingh S. Khapte, Nazim S. Gruda and Pradeep Kumar

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050473 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

The hybrid development of pumpkins, utilizing local genetic material, has recently garnered attention in India. This study aimed to evaluate the combining ability, heterosis, and per se performance of pumpkin hybrids for yield-related and biochemical traits. In the present investigation, eight parental lines [...] Read more.

The hybrid development of pumpkins, utilizing local genetic material, has recently garnered attention in India. This study aimed to evaluate the combining ability, heterosis, and per se performance of pumpkin hybrids for yield-related and biochemical traits. In the present investigation, eight parental lines of pumpkins were hybridized using a half-diallel mating design, resulting in 28 F₁ hybrids (reciprocals not included). The produced F₁ hybrids, parental lines, and a commercial check were assessed in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the summers of 2023 and 2024. The results obtained in the study show that the best performers with the most desirable characteristics were P-7 for total soluble solid, dry matter content, and average fruit weight; P-3 for total carotenoids, number of seeds per fruit, and antioxidant activity; P-2 for yield per plant and flesh thickness; and P-8 for number of fruits per plant. The parent P-5 for fruit number, average fruit weight, and yield per plant; P-2 for flesh thickness and antioxidant activity; P-7 for TSS and dry matter content; P-1 for fruit number; and P-3 for total carotenoids were noted as the best general combiners in terms of the effects of the parental lines on general combining ability. Conversely, the crosses P-2 × P-5 for yield per plant and flesh thickness and P-1 × P-2 for DPPH activity were found to outperform better-parent heterosis and standard heterosis in terms of heterosis and the specific combining ability magnitude of the F₁ hybrids. Thus, the findings of this study reveal that these hybrids possess strong potential for commercial cultivation, contributing to the development of high-yielding and nutritionally superior pumpkin hybrids after being tested in various seasons and locations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Germplasm Resource Identification and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 3417 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Exploration of Cordyceps militaris Extract as a Postharvest Preservative for Flammulina filiformis

by Wenjing Chen, Yan Li, Youran Shao, Hongyu Chen, Ming Gong, Li Wang, Nanyi Li, Ying Wang and Gen Zou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050472 - 27 Apr 2025

Abstract

Postharvest Flammulina filiformis is prone to quality degradation, adversely impacting its commercial value. Cordyceps militaris, rich in antioxidant and antibacterial components, shows promise as a natural biological preservative. This study aimed to explore the potential of C. militaris extract (CME) as a [...] Read more.

Postharvest Flammulina filiformis is prone to quality degradation, adversely impacting its commercial value. Cordyceps militaris, rich in antioxidant and antibacterial components, shows promise as a natural biological preservative. This study aimed to explore the potential of C. militaris extract (CME) as a preservative for F. filiformis. Through analyzing indicators such as browning, stipe elongation, and cap diameter, this study confirmed the effectiveness of CME in delaying oxidation and inhibiting microbial growth during storage. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed that CME modulated gene expression in F. filiformis, enhancing its antioxidant defense mechanisms. The results demonstrated that CME could effectively extend the shelf life of F. filiformis, providing valuable insights into preservation strategies for this and other edible fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)

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12 pages, 1075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of Oligaphorura ursi in Morchella Cultivation Soil, Screening of Pesticides, and Analysis of Their Effects on Mycelial Growth and Pesticide Residues

by Xueqian Bai, Yicong Wang, Muhan Wang, Jiabei Zhang, Lingyue Wu, Xuecheng Wang and Yiping Li

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050471 - 27 Apr 2025

Abstract

To identify the species of Collembola that harm Morchella and to screen for pesticides that are effective in controlling these pests with minimal inhibition of mycelial growth, a five-point sampling method was used to investigate the population of Collembola and its damaging effects [...] Read more.

To identify the species of Collembola that harm Morchella and to screen for pesticides that are effective in controlling these pests with minimal inhibition of mycelial growth, a five-point sampling method was used to investigate the population of Collembola and its damaging effects on Morchella and to analyze its spatial distribution in the soil. The indoor control efficacy of ten insecticides was determined using the mushroom disc immersion method and the pesticide film method. The most effective insecticides were then selected for field testing. The effect of the best-performing field pesticides on the mycelial growth of Morchella was measured using the Petri dish mycelial growth rate method, and pesticide residues were detected using chromatography. The survey revealed that in three Morchella greenhouses, the average Collembola population was 220,333 individuals/m³. The spatial distribution of Collembola was uniform. The collected Collembola specimens were identified as Oligaphorura ursi from the family Onychiuridae. Through the lab and field screening of pesticides, it was found that 40% phoxim EC, 1.8% abamectin EC, 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin EW, and 4.5% beta-cypermethrin EC had the best efficacy. Meanwhile, residues of these four pesticides were not detected. Mycelial growth inhibition experiments showed that 2.5% lambda-cyhalothrin EW, 1.8% abamectin EC, and 4.5% beta-cypermethrin EC exhibit low inhibition of mycelial growth and can be used as control pesticides for Collembola on Morchella, providing a technical reference for the green pesticide control of Collembola on Morchella in the study region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Propagation and Cultivation of Mushroom)

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14 pages, 1546 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Characterization of Humulus lupulus L. Varieties Cultivated in Brazil: Agricultural Zoning for the Crop in Tropical Areas

by Bárbara Cristina Claro Sabino, Filipe Pereira Giardini Bonfim, Mariana Nunes Ferreira Cabral, Viviany Viriato, Olivia Pak Campos, Caio Scardini Neves, Gustavo do Carmo Fernandes, Jordany Aparecida Oliveira Gomes, Roselaine Facanali and Marcia Ortiz Mayo Marques

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050470 - 27 Apr 2025

Abstract

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a crucial ingredient in beer, valued for its bitter acids and essential oils. Traditionally cultivated in temperate regions, hop production faces challenges from climate change, necessitating the exploration of new growing areas. This study evaluated the chemical [...] Read more.

Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a crucial ingredient in beer, valued for its bitter acids and essential oils. Traditionally cultivated in temperate regions, hop production faces challenges from climate change, necessitating the exploration of new growing areas. This study evaluated the chemical quality of hop varieties grown in Brazil’s subtropical conditions to assess their suitability for brewing. Seven hop varieties (Cascade, Centennial, Columbus, Chinook, Comet, Fuggle, and Nugget) were analyzed for total α- and β-acids and essential oil composition. Bitter acids were quantified by spectrophotometric analysis, and volatile compounds were identified using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Comet exhibited the highest a-acid level (10.54%), indicating strong bittering potential. Essential oil analysis revealed β-myrcene, (E)-caryophyllene, and α-humulene as predominant compounds. Centennial showed a distinct (E)-β-farnesene profile, a characteristic of noble hops. All varieties contained α- and β-selinene, suggesting a common metabolic pattern. The results indicate that Brazil has the potential to produce high-quality hops with suitable chemical profiles for brewing. As traditional hop-growing regions face climate-related challenges, hops cultivated in Brazil may offer a viable alternative for achieving the desired chemical composition required by the brewing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management Under Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 9744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of CaGA20ox Gene Family Members Related to Floral Organ Development in Pepper (Capsicum annuum) at Different Temperatures

by Yin Luo, Jin Wang, Chaohui Ren, Yaqian Chen, Shimei Yang, Qinbiao Yin, Meiqi Wang, Xiaoyan Sui, Hao Tian, Feng Liu and Xuexiao Zou

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050469 - 27 Apr 2025

Abstract

Environmental temperature significantly affects plant growth and development, particularly flower development. In pepper (Capsicum annuum), the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-mediated floral organ development remain unclear. Gibberellins (GAs) are key plant hormones regulating growth and development, including flower development, and the CaGA20ox [...] Read more.

Environmental temperature significantly affects plant growth and development, particularly flower development. In pepper (Capsicum annuum), the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-mediated floral organ development remain unclear. Gibberellins (GAs) are key plant hormones regulating growth and development, including flower development, and the CaGA20ox gene family may play a crucial role in this process due to its involvement in GA biosynthesis. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the CaGA20ox gene family across six pepper genomes (‘Zhangshugang’, ‘Zunla’, ‘Chiltepin’, ‘CM334’, ‘Ca59’, and ‘T2T’) to explore their roles in flower development and temperature stress response, identifying five to six genes per genome. These genes exhibited distinct expression patterns across different tissues and developmental stages, with some members showing higher expression in specific floral organs, particularly pistils. Our results revealed that temperature significantly impacts pepper flower development and GA content, with lower temperatures enhancing antioxidant capacity and increasing GA levels. Specifically, the expression levels of four CazGA20ox genes (CazGA20ox1, CazGA20ox2, CazGA20ox4, and CazGA20ox6) were significantly influenced by temperature changes. Our systematic analysis of the role of the CaGA20ox gene family in temperature-mediated pepper flower development provides a foundation for further studies on the molecular mechanisms as well as the development of improved pepper varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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24 pages, 4812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Ripening Period on the Quality Attributes of Pear Fruit

by Smaranda-Oana Boghean, Mădălina Militaru, Eugenia Gherghina (Mareși), Radu E. Sestras, Orsolya Borsai, Andreea F. Andrecan, Catalina Dan, Adriana F. Sestras and Anca Livia Butiuc-Keul

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050468 - 27 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pear fruit quality is a key determinant of consumer preference, yet it remains insufficiently characterized in many newly developed cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate 25 pear genotypes (Pyrus communis L.), internationally renowned cultivars and new cultivars developed through Romanian breeding programs, [...] Read more.

Pear fruit quality is a key determinant of consumer preference, yet it remains insufficiently characterized in many newly developed cultivars. This study aimed to evaluate 25 pear genotypes (Pyrus communis L.), internationally renowned cultivars and new cultivars developed through Romanian breeding programs, with distinct ripening periods, using an integrative approach based on morphological, biochemical, and sensory traits. Standardized methods were applied to assess attributes including fruit size, firmness, soluble solids, organic acid composition, skin color, and hedonic sensory responses for taste, aroma, texture, and visual appeal. Results revealed significant variability across ripening groups, with several cultivars, such as ‘Paradox’, ‘Pandora’, ‘Isadora’, and ‘Daciana’, displaying favorable combinations of appearance, internal quality, and consumer-rated acceptability. ‘Paradox’ and ‘Pandora’ achieved the highest sensory scores, comparable to or surpassing those of commercial standards like ‘Packham’s Triumph’. Multivariate analyses confirmed trait correlations and distinct phenotypic profiles among cultivars. These findings underscore the utility of multidimensional quality assessment for selecting cultivars suited to modern market demands, both for fresh consumption and processing. Moreover, several genotypes demonstrated potential as parental sources in pear breeding programs targeting improved organoleptic and physicochemical traits. The study suggests that a differentiated sensory scoring approach, rather than a uniform 1–9 hedonic scale, may more effectively identify high-quality pear cultivars for breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rosaceae Crops: Cultivation, Breeding and Postharvest Physiology)

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20 pages, 4141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interaction Between Soil Microorganisms and Understory Ginseng During Its Growth

by Yiming Lan, Yumu Shen, Yingxin Sun, Mei Han, Mingming Wan and Limin Yang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050467 - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Soil, as the foundation for the survival of understory ginseng, directly impacts its growth and development. However, studies focusing on the role of soil in determining the quality of understory ginseng are limited. This study examines the relationship between quality and yield of [...] Read more.

Soil, as the foundation for the survival of understory ginseng, directly impacts its growth and development. However, studies focusing on the role of soil in determining the quality of understory ginseng are limited. This study examines the relationship between quality and yield of 5-, 9-, and 17-year-old understory ginseng and their soil microbiota. The results indicate that with the increase in growth years, the overall biomass of understory ginseng generally shows an upward trend, while its quality slightly decreases at 9 years. Compared to the other two growth years, the soil from 9-year-old ginseng shows lower enzyme activity and pH and a higher abundance of pathogens. The 17 years soil has higher OM and AHN content, along with increased abundance of denitrifying and nitrogen-reducing bacteria. Correlation networks reveal that AK significantly influences ginsenoside content, while AP and AHN are more closely related to soil microorganisms. Compared with other types of ginsenosides, ginsenosides Rh2 and Rd are affected by a greater variety of soil microorganisms and chemical factors. As growth years increase, the changes in ginseng quality, soil nutrients, and soil microbiota do not follow a single linear trend; instead, there appears to be a bottleneck phase at certain intermediate stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)

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18 pages, 2131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenological Development, Thermal Requirement, and Quality of ‘BRS Núbia’ (Vitis vinifera L. x Vitis labrusca L.) Grapes on Different Rootstocks

by Harleson Sidney Almeida Monteiro, Marco Antonio Tecchio, Sinara de Nazaré Santana Brito, Francisco José Domingues Neto, Camilo André Pereira Contreras Sánchez, Juan Carlos Alonso, Daví Eduardo Furno Feliciano, Carolina Ragoni Maniero, Pedro Henrique Hortolani Cunha and Marcelo de Souza Silva

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050466 - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

The cultivation of table grapes in Brazil is economically significant, with production influenced by edaphoclimatic factors and rootstock selection. The cultivar ‘BRS Núbia’ (Vitis vinifera L. x Vitis labrusca L.) is a promising alternative; however, its phenological behavior, thermal requirements, and compatibility [...] Read more.

The cultivation of table grapes in Brazil is economically significant, with production influenced by edaphoclimatic factors and rootstock selection. The cultivar ‘BRS Núbia’ (Vitis vinifera L. x Vitis labrusca L.) is a promising alternative; however, its phenological behavior, thermal requirements, and compatibility with different rootstocks under subtropical conditions require further evaluation. This study aimed to assess the duration of phenological stages, thermal requirement, and ripening dynamics of ‘BRS Núbia’ grapevines grafted onto the rootstocks ‘IAC 572 Jales’, ‘IAC 766 Campinas’, and ‘Paulsen 1103’. The experiment was conducted in São Manuel, São Paulo, Brazil during the 2021 and 2022 production cycles using a split-plot experimental design (3 × 2). Evaluations included the duration of phenological stages from pruning to budburst, flowering, fruit set, onset of ripening, and harvest, as well as the ripening curve and thermal accumulation from pruning to harvest. Rootstocks did not significantly affect (p > 0.05) the duration of phenological stages; however, differences were observed between production cycles. The 2022 cycle was longer (167.7 days) compared to 2021 (142.6 days), with greater thermal accumulation (1871.7 GDDs vs. 1743.4 GDDs). The analysis of phenological stages revealed that, across both production cycles evaluated, the ‘BRS Núbia’ cultivar required an average accumulation of 1807.5 growing degree days from pruning to harvest. Soluble solids content ranged from 17.43 to 18.50°Brix, and titratable acidity decreased throughout maturation. The maturation index was highest in vines grafted onto ‘Paulsen 1103’, indicating its positive influence on fruit quality. The ‘BRS Núbia’ grapevine exhibited a mean thermal requirement of 1807.5 growing degree days (GDDs) to complete its phenological cycle, which lasted approximately 150 days under subtropical conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management Under Climate Change: 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 4646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Transcription Factor of Regulating Ag-8 Biocontrol to Grapevine Crown Gall

by Shiyu Li, Yaping Zhang, Zhenxing Liu, Yilin Gu, Yue Bi, Jianyu Yang, Weiwei Yu, Zhuoran Li and Yuanhong Wang

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050465 - 26 Apr 2025

Abstract

Grapevine crown gall (GCG) is a major disease caused by the Allorhizobium vitis that causes significant losses in the grape industry. In this study, a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Ag-8) from soil was found to have a significant effect on grapevine crown gall. [...] Read more.

Grapevine crown gall (GCG) is a major disease caused by the Allorhizobium vitis that causes significant losses in the grape industry. In this study, a strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Ag-8) from soil was found to have a significant effect on grapevine crown gall. The present study was conducted to investigate the potential impact of the AraC family transcription factor ata (Agrobacterium tumefaciens AraC) on the biocontrol capacity of Ag-8 and to elucidate the potential mechanisms of its action. To this end, an ata deletion mutant (Δata) was constructed. It was found that the biofilm, motility, and colonization of the ata deletion mutant strain were significantly lower than those of the wild strain Ag-8. By analyzing the Δata transcriptome data, we focused our attention on the ABC transporter protein araH, and RT-qPCR showed that it was significantly down-regulated in the Δata strain. In a follow-up study, the candidate gene araH deletion strain (ΔaraH) was found to have significantly lower biofilm formation, motility, and biocontrol ability than the wild-type strain Ag-8. Therefore, araH may be implicated as a pivotal target gene of ata in modulating the biocontrol capability of Ag-8. This study supports developing biocontrol strategies targeting ata-regulated colonization in Agrobacterium to enhance the sustainable management of grapevine crown gall. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))

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18 pages, 2397 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interaction Effects of Cucumber Varieties and Pruning Methods Across Different Growth Stages

by Chen Cheng, Chaoyang Dong, Lu Wu, You Wu, Jiali Wang, Zhihong Gong, Liping Feng, Zhenfa Li, Feiyun Yang and Shenghong Zheng

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050464 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

In order to investigate the stage plant architecture and productivity characteristics of different cucumber varieties and pruning methods and to construct a comprehensive productivity evaluation system based on plant architecture parameters, this study used JY35 and JS206 as experiment materials and conducted a [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the stage plant architecture and productivity characteristics of different cucumber varieties and pruning methods and to construct a comprehensive productivity evaluation system based on plant architecture parameters, this study used JY35 and JS206 as experiment materials and conducted a dual factor control experiment with variety and pruning methods (single-stem pruning (SP) and natural growth (NG)) to systematically analyze the key phenotypic characteristics and productivity indicators of cucumbers at different developmental stages based on variance analysis and principal component evaluation. The results indicated the following: (1) Varieties and pruning methods have a significant impact on the plant architecture characteristics and productivity indicators. (2) The dominant plant architecture characteristics and productivity indicators of JY35 include dry and fresh weights of the tendril, main stem, total stem, leaves, petioles, flowers, overground parts, and overall plant, as well as dry and fresh weight distribution index of the tendril, total stem, leaves, petioles, flowers, overground parts, and overall plant, main stem fresh weight distribution index, water content of roots, tendrils, main stem, leaves, petioles, and flowers, volume of total stem, main stem, and petioles, plant height, total leaf area per plant, leaf area index, and specific leaf area. The remaining plant architecture characteristics and productivity indicators are dominated by the plant architecture of JS206. (3) The dominant plant architecture characteristics and productivity indicators of the SP method include dry and fresh weight distribution index of roots, fruit carpopodiums, main stems, and total stems, water content of petioles, stems, and leaves, and root-to-shoot ratio. The remaining plant architecture characteristics and productivity indicators are dominated by the NG method. This study quantified the dynamic correlation between cucumber plant architecture and productivity characteristics, and the research results can provide a morphological basis for facility cucumber variety breeding and theoretical support for optimizing pruning cultivation mode and achieving efficient utilization of light and heat resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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21 pages, 4729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Characterization of Flavonoid Biosynthetic Gene Families in Paeonia Species and Their Roles in Stamen Petalization of Paeonia lactiflora

by Yanyi Zheng, Yongming Fan, Xiang Ji and Xiaopei Wu

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050463 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Flavonoid biosynthesis is proposed to play a critical role in floral organ development in Paeonia species. However, its specific involvement in stamen petalization remains unclear. This study identified and characterized 13 gene families related to flavonoid biosynthesis across four Paeonia species. Comparative and [...] Read more.

Flavonoid biosynthesis is proposed to play a critical role in floral organ development in Paeonia species. However, its specific involvement in stamen petalization remains unclear. This study identified and characterized 13 gene families related to flavonoid biosynthesis across four Paeonia species. Comparative and phylogenetic analysis revealed that most flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes experience lineage-specific expansion in P. ludlowii. Genes belonging to the same family were commonly clustered on chromosomes and displayed highly conserved domain and motif compositions. The cis-element analysis identified Cis-acting elements associated with light, hormonal, and stress responses, implicating their regulatory roles in flavonoid biosynthesis. To further investigate the role of these genes in stamen petalization of P. lactiflora, expression profiling analyses were performed on ‘Fen Yu Nu’ (normal stamens) and ‘Lian Tai’ (petaloid stamens) cultivars using transcriptomic data released previously. Three quercetin-related genes revealed distinct stage-specific patterns in ‘Fen Yu Nu’ and ‘Lian Tai’. Notably, PlaF3’H03 exhibited significant upregulation during petaloid stamen development in ‘Lian Tai’, suggesting its role in stamen transformation. Molecular docking identified PlaF3’H07 as a key enzyme with strong substrate-binding affinity (ΔG = −4.7 kcal/mol), supporting its catalytic function in quercetin synthesis. The expression pattern of key flavonoid biosynthetic genes was also confirmed across three developmental stages of floral buds by real-time quantitative PCR. This study provides insights into the genetic basis underlying stamen petalization in P. lactiflora and offers potential targets for genetic improvement of floral traits in Paeonia and other ornamental plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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13 pages, 2388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Potassium Phosphite Solution as a Dual-Action Strategy Against Bean Anthracnose: Antifungal Activity and Defense Gene Priming

by Catalina Saldarriaga-Gómez, Paula Natalia Paez-Monroy and Adriana González-Almario

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050462 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Anthracnose in beans is an important disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, which affects crop productivity and infects the plant in all growth stages, affecting the quality of the pod and grains. The most viable strategy to control this disease is using bean [...] Read more.

Anthracnose in beans is an important disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, which affects crop productivity and infects the plant in all growth stages, affecting the quality of the pod and grains. The most viable strategy to control this disease is using bean cultivars; however, fungal variability is a limitation. Among the strategies proposed is using phosphite-based compounds, which can act as fungicides or priming stimulators. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of a phosphite-based solution (potassium phosphite (H₃PO₃), potassium hydroxide, and potassium citrate, in a formulation of phosphorus (P₂O₅) 28% and potassium (K₂O) 26%) on C. lindemuthianum under in vitro conditions. In addition, its effects as a defense inducer in Sutagao bean plants was determined by changes in disease severity and the expression of PR1, PR3, PR4, and POD (defense-related genes) in plants treated with the phosphite solution before infection with the fungus. The results showed that the potassium phosphite solution had a statistically significant antifungal effect on C. lindemuthianum, reducing mycelial growth by 42% and germination by 48%, at a dose of 5 mL L⁻¹. Foliar application of the phosphite-based solution showed a 17% reduction in anthracnose severity associated with high expression of the PR1, PR3, PR4, and POD defense genes, which increased in plants that were subsequently infected with the pathogen, demonstrating a priming effect. In conclusion, a potassium phosphite solution can be included in a management program to control bean anthracnose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant–Microbial Interactions: Mechanisms and Impacts)

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16 pages, 2452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Deficit Irrigation During Pre-Ripening Stages on Jujube (Ziziphus jujube Mill.‘Jing39’) Fruit-Soluble Solids Content and Cracking

by Yang Wu, Zhi Zhao, Yuping Zhang, Dongye Lu and Qinghua Pan

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050461 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in 2023 and 2024 in Beijing, China, to investigate effects of soil water stress, applied before the fruit ripening stage, on the fruit total soluble solid accumulation and cracking of jujube trees. The experiment consisted of two variation [...] Read more.

A field experiment was conducted in 2023 and 2024 in Beijing, China, to investigate effects of soil water stress, applied before the fruit ripening stage, on the fruit total soluble solid accumulation and cracking of jujube trees. The experiment consisted of two variation factors: (a) irrigation levels (MDI and SDI, applied 80% and 50% of the irrigation volume, respectively) and (b) growth stages (stage 1, before the fruit enlargement stage, and 2, before the fruit ripening stage). The two irrigation levels were applied at each growth stage in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, plus a control treatment receiving 100% irrigation volume, resulting in five treatments per replicate. The findings indicated that pre-enlargement stage water stress enhanced the accumulation of total soluble solid content within fruits, which subsequently promoted faster fruit growth in from the early- to mid-August period. However, by late August, both the total soluble solid content and fruit growth rates had declined, thereby mitigating the risk of fruit cracking. During the fruit enlargement stage, the fruit total soluble solid content in SDI-2 increased by approximately 24% by the end of August compared to the control, leading to lower osmotic potential and higher turgor pressure during the following ripening stage. As skin growth ceased, high turgor pressure caused fruit cracking at the following ripening stage. The SDI-2 treatment demonstrated a fruit cracking rate approximately 1.5 times higher than that of the control. Pearson correlation analysis also indicated that fruit cracking was positively correlated with total soluble solids accumulated in August. Meanwhile, the yield of SDI-2 was reduced about 18%. Therefore, the adequate soil moisture during the fruit enlargement stage was crucial to minimize jujube fruit cracking and economic losses. Meanwhile, the deficit irrigation applied during the pre-enlargement stage could effectively conserve water resources and mitigate the occurrence of extensive jujube fruit cracking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orchard Management: Strategies for Yield and Quality)

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20 pages, 6044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordinated Regulation of Iron-Acquisition Genes and Citrate Biosynthesis Drives Seasonal Iron Deficiency Adaptation in ‘Yali’ Pears (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)

by Shuilin Liu, Ming Zhang, Huiying Wang, Yue Xu, Chaodie Wen, Jianguang Zhang, Yuxing Zhang and Haiyan Shi

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050460 - 25 Apr 2025

Abstract

Iron deficiency chlorosis severely limits the productivity of ‘Yali’ pears in alkaline soils. This study systematically investigated the physiological and molecular responses of ‘Yali’ pears to varying degrees of iron deficiency, focusing on the roles of PbFRO2 (Pyrus bretschneideri Ferric Reductase Oxidase 2) [...] Read more.

Iron deficiency chlorosis severely limits the productivity of ‘Yali’ pears in alkaline soils. This study systematically investigated the physiological and molecular responses of ‘Yali’ pears to varying degrees of iron deficiency, focusing on the roles of PbFRO2 (Pyrus bretschneideri Ferric Reductase Oxidase 2), PbIRT1 (Pyrus bretschneideri Iron-Regulated Transporter 1), and PbCS2 (Pyrus bretschneideri Citrate Synthase 2) in iron uptake and homeostasis. Based on field observations, pear trees were categorized into normal, moderately chlorotic, and severely chlorotic groups. Results demonstrated that moderate iron deficiency upregulated PbFRO2 (2.86–7.09-fold), enhanced root ferric reductase (FCR) activity, and promoted Fe³⁺ reduction and Fe²⁺ transport. In contrast, severe deficiency suppressed the expression of these genes and reduced photosynthetic efficiency. Leaf citrate content significantly increased with chlorosis severity, while root citrate content exhibited seasonal fluctuations, peaking in July. Multivariate analyses (PCA and PLS-DA) revealed distinct physiological clustering: normal and moderately chlorotic groups overlapped, whereas the severely chlorotic group formed a separate cluster, reflecting a transition from compensatory activation to metabolic collapse. PbFRO2 emerged as a central regulator, driving root iron storage in spring and redistribution in summer. These findings elucidate a biphasic adaptation strategy, where moderate deficiency triggers gene-mediated iron mobilization, whereas severe stress disrupts homeostasis. This study provides critical insights into iron metabolism dynamics and proposes PbFRO2 as a molecular target for breeding iron-efficient pear cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gene Expressions in Response to Diseases, Abiotic Stresses and Pest Damage of Horticultural Products)

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