Horticulturae

22 pages, 7184 KB

Open AccessArticle

Boron Mitigates Cadmium Toxicity by Reducing Cadmium Accumulation, Enhancing Cell Wall Immobilization and Regulating Gene Expression in Malus Rootstock Under Hydroponic Conditions

by Ying Tong, Xiang Li, Mingze Xu, Sijun Qin, Deguo Lyu and Jiali He

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091163 - 15 Sep 2026

Abstract

To investigate the mitigating role and underlying mechanisms of exogenous boron (B) in cadmium (Cd)-stressed woody fruit trees, a hydroponic study was conducted using Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings treated with different B concentrations (0, 12.5, 50, and 150 μM H₃BO₃ [...] Read more.

To investigate the mitigating role and underlying mechanisms of exogenous boron (B) in cadmium (Cd)-stressed woody fruit trees, a hydroponic study was conducted using Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings treated with different B concentrations (0, 12.5, 50, and 150 μM H₃BO₃). Cd stress significantly inhibited plant growth and reduced photosynthetic parameters, pigment content, biomass, and root activity, but induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In contrast, the 50 μM B treatment (B2) effectively alleviated Cd toxicity. This treatment significantly decreased Cd accumulation, bioconcentration factor, and translocation factor across tissues. The B2 treatment enhanced Cd immobilization in root cell walls by increasing pectin content and pectin methylesterase activity. Additionally, it shifted Cd chemical forms toward lower-toxicity forms—increasing pectin- and protein-bound, phosphate-bound, and oxalate-bound Cd—while reducing inorganic and water-soluble Cd fractions. The B2 treatment elevated the activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase, and increased free proline and ascorbic acid, thereby reducing ROS and malondialdehyde accumulation. The B2 treatment also downregulated key genes including ZIP6 and IRT1 involved in Cd uptake. In conclusion, the most effective concentration among those tested (50 μM) alleviated Cd stress in Malus hupehensis Rehd., accompanied by modified Cd uptake and translocation, enhanced cell wall fixation, altered Cd chemical forms, improved antioxidant responses, and changes in stress-related gene expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Response of Horticultural Crops to Abiotic Stress)

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23 pages, 6754 KB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of Natural Populations of Macleania rupestris (Kunth) in Southern Ecuador: Relationships Between Morphological Traits and Total Phenolic Content

by Denisse Peña-Tapia, Diana Curillo-Santos, Santiago Guanuche, Patricio Castro-Quezada, Fabián León-Tamariz, Jéssica Calle-López, Oswaldo Jadán, Paulina G. Villena-Ochoa, Carlos A. Jiménez, Álvaro Monteros-Altamirano and Santiago Pereira-Lorenzo

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091162 - 15 Sep 2026

Abstract

Macleania rupestris is an underutilized wild fruit-bearing shrub native to the Ecuadorian Andes, with considerable ecological importance and potential for sustainable local development. However, information regarding its genetic, morphological, and phytochemical diversity remains scarce. This study aimed to characterize the genetic and morphological [...] Read more.

Macleania rupestris is an underutilized wild fruit-bearing shrub native to the Ecuadorian Andes, with considerable ecological importance and potential for sustainable local development. However, information regarding its genetic, morphological, and phytochemical diversity remains scarce. This study aimed to characterize the genetic and morphological diversity and total phenolic content (TPC) of M. rupestris populations. A multilocus analysis was performed using three previously amplified concatenated sequences. Fruit characterization was conducted using quantitative morphological and physicochemical traits, while TPC was expressed as gallic acid equivalents and determined in fruits collected from the same individuals. Relationships among genetic, fruit, phytochemical, and environmental variables were also explored. The multilocus phylogenetic structure showed no clear geographic pattern, while most fruit traits exhibited limited differentiation among provinces. However, soluble solids content (°Brix), seed number, and pedicel length differed significantly among provinces. Fruit moisture content was moderately negatively correlated with soluble solids content (r = −0.45) and moderately positively correlated with seed number (r = 0.46). These correlations represent observational associations and do not demonstrate causal relationships. No significant correlation was detected between fruit traits and TPC. These findings provide important scientific basis for the conservation, selection of promising genotypes, and future domestication of this underutilized Andean fruit species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Neglected and Underutilized Plant Species in Horticultural and Ornamental Systems: Perspective for Biodiversity, Nutraceuticals and Agricultural Sustainability)

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25 pages, 1117 KB

Open AccessReview

Grape Cultivation and Breeding in Tropical Regions: A Review

by Xinyuan Zhou, Xinyi Tang, Yingjie Suo, Yueran Ma, Rongrong Guo, Jianjun He, Xiongjun Cao, Guo Cheng, Miaomiao Cheng, Longyan Zhang, Haifeng Jia, Sihong Zhou, Jiayu Han, Ying Zhang, Ling Lin, Yang Bai, Shuyu Xie, Yaqin Song, Xiaoyun Huang, Li Lu, Xianjin Bai and Bo Wang Show full author list Hide full author list

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091161 - 15 Sep 2026

Abstract

Tropical viticulture has reached a considerable scale worldwide. Driven by innovative production systems such as two-harvests-a-year cultivation and ripening regulation, tropical grape-growing regions have become dynamic and economically significant viticultural areas. Most grape varieties currently cultivated in the tropics were originally bred in [...] Read more.

Tropical viticulture has reached a considerable scale worldwide. Driven by innovative production systems such as two-harvests-a-year cultivation and ripening regulation, tropical grape-growing regions have become dynamic and economically significant viticultural areas. Most grape varieties currently cultivated in the tropics were originally bred in traditional temperate zones. When introduced to tropical regions, they often suffer from poor dormancy release, high disease and pest pressure, and compromised fruit quality. Therefore, it is imperative to conduct localized breeding directly under tropical stress conditions (e.g., high temperature, high humidity) to develop varieties with key target traits, including low chilling requirement, heat tolerance, disease resistance, suitability for two-harvest cultivation, good flavor, and good storage and transport tolerance. This paper systematically reviews the current status and breeding progress of the grape industry in major tropical viticultural regions, such as India, Brazil, and China. It summarizes the advances made by breeding teams in these countries in germplasm collection, crossbreeding, bud mutation selection, and the breeding and release of new varieties. The review concludes that developing adapted varieties through targeted breeding in tropics is essential for the sustainable and high-quality development of the grape industry in tropical regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress on Grape Genetic Diversity)

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18 pages, 17386 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the TRM Gene Family in Melon (Cucumis melo L.)

by Jianxiu Hao, Xinmeng Jiang, Zhiqiang Wei, Chuandong Wu, Xuezheng Wang, Shi Liu, Xufeng Fang and Feishi Luan

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091160 - 15 Sep 2026

Abstract

Melon (Cucumis melo L.), a widely cultivated species of the Cucurbitaceae family, is one of the most economically important fruit crops globally. TRM proteins have been implicated in the regulation of plant development, including processes related to cell division, cell expansion, and [...] Read more.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.), a widely cultivated species of the Cucurbitaceae family, is one of the most economically important fruit crops globally. TRM proteins have been implicated in the regulation of plant development, including processes related to cell division, cell expansion, and organ morphology. Although the functions of TRM family members have been extensively characterized in Arabidopsis, tomato, and cucumber, their roles in melon fruit development remain poorly understood. In this study, a total of 22 CmTRM (Cucumis melo) genes containing the conserved DUF3741 and DUF4378 domains were identified from the melon genome data via bioinformatics approaches. Subsequently, we systematically analyzed the physicochemical properties of CmTRM-encoded proteins as well as the chromosomal distribution, gene organization, conserved motif patterns, and promoter regulatory elements of all 22 CmTRM members. Notably, the high-accuracy three-dimensional structure prediction of the CmTRM proteins were predicted using the AlphaFold3, intraspecific collinearity analyses of the CmTRMs were performed, seven pairs of collinear genes were identified. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CmTRM proteins could be classified into eight distinct clades, with CmTRM05 and CmTRM21 assigned to Group I. We performed quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis on all 22 CmTRMs. The results showed that CmTRM05, CmTRM19 and CmTRM21 exhibited significantly distinct stage-specific expression patterns across fruit developmental gradients between the two melon accessions with contrasting fruit phenotypes. These three genes were therefore prioritized as candidate genes for subsequent genetic functional validation. Furthermore, subcellular localization assays revealed that CmTRM05 primarily resides in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, this study advances our understanding of the TRM gene family in melon and offers a theoretical and practical basis for investigating the influence of TRM on melon fruit shape, which is of great significance for developing new melon varieties with desirable fruit shapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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18 pages, 1538 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress on Floral Morphotype of Ornamental Plants

by Xing He, Qi Guo, Ziyi Li and Xiaogai Hou

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091159 - 14 Sep 2026

Abstract

Ornamental plants encompass herbaceous to woody trees with rich interspecific diversity and morphological divergence; they are also horticultural crops of great ornamental, economic, and ecological importance. Floral morphotype constitutes a pivotal ornamental trait and a critical breeding indicator for novel cultivar improvement. Herein, [...] Read more.

Ornamental plants encompass herbaceous to woody trees with rich interspecific diversity and morphological divergence; they are also horticultural crops of great ornamental, economic, and ecological importance. Floral morphotype constitutes a pivotal ornamental trait and a critical breeding indicator for novel cultivar improvement. Herein, we review floral morphotype formation from a multilevel regulatory perspective, focusing on the genetic and developmental networks, environmental signals, and biotic interactions that collectively shape floral diversity in ornamentals. We further summarize major technical approaches used in floral development research and highlight current knowledge gaps, particularly the limited understanding of interactions among regulatory layers. This review provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying floral diversification and offers a conceptual framework for targeted breeding of ornamental cultivars with novel floral morphology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

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11 pages, 1207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Single-Stem Training Combined with High Plant Density Enhances Canopy Development and Yield of Parthenocarpic Eggplant Under a Constant Stem Density

by Kazuya Maeda, Airi Okuyama and Dong-Hyuk Ahn

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091158 - 14 Sep 2026

Abstract

In eggplant production, parthenocarpic cultivars are increasingly adopted to reduce labor associated with exogenous hormone applications for fruit set. Although optimizing training systems is essential to maximize the potential of these cultivars, associated quantitative evaluations of key physiological determinants, such as dry matter [...] Read more.

In eggplant production, parthenocarpic cultivars are increasingly adopted to reduce labor associated with exogenous hormone applications for fruit set. Although optimizing training systems is essential to maximize the potential of these cultivars, associated quantitative evaluations of key physiological determinants, such as dry matter production and source–sink balance, remain limited. In this study, we investigated the effects of stem numbers on the yield and physiology of parthenocarpic eggplants grown in a soilless culture. Three treatments were established with varying stem numbers per plant (one, two, and four stems) and uniform stem density per area (3.75 stems m⁻²). The total yield and fruit number per unit area were highest in the one-stem treatment (1S) (8.5 kg m⁻² and 60.0 fruits m⁻², respectively), followed by the two-stem (2S) (7.1 kg m⁻² and 50.9 fruits m⁻²) and four-stem (4S) (6.4 kg m⁻² and 46.6 fruits m⁻²) treatments. Total dry matter production (TDM) varied similarly and was significantly higher in the 1S treatment than in the other systems. The 1S treatment exhibited rapid canopy development, reaching a higher leaf area index in the early stages, which contributed to greater cumulative light interception. Light use efficiency did not differ significantly among the treatments (5.2, 4.6, and 4.3 g MJ⁻¹ for the 1S, 2S, and 4S treatments, respectively). Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive relationship between TDM and yield, whereas dry matter partitioning to fruit remained stable across treatments. These results indicated that the yield under these conditions was strongly driven by source capacity. We conclude that this single-stem training system represents an effective strategy for enhancing the canopy development and yield of parthenocarpic eggplants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)

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15 pages, 6808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Progress of Black Spot and Mycoparasitic Fungi in Papaya Genotypes Under Natural Inoculation Conditions

by Janieli Maganha Silva Vivas, Marcelo Vivas, Derivaldo Pureza da Cruz and Silvaldo Felipe da Silveira

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091157 - 13 Sep 2026

Abstract

Papaya black spot, caused by Asperisporium caricae, is commonly accompanied by fungi with potential mycoparasitic activity, but their temporal occurrence across host genotypes is poorly understood. We monitored black spot and fungal colonization monthly for 12 months in ‘Golden’, ‘Maradol’, and ‘Sekati’ [...] Read more.

Papaya black spot, caused by Asperisporium caricae, is commonly accompanied by fungi with potential mycoparasitic activity, but their temporal occurrence across host genotypes is poorly understood. We monitored black spot and fungal colonization monthly for 12 months in ‘Golden’, ‘Maradol’, and ‘Sekati’ papaya plants established in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates. Papaya black spot incidence, the incidence of leaves containing mycoparasitized lesions, total and mycoparasitism-associated disease severity, the proportion of non-colonized lesions, and the occurrence of fungal morphotypes were evaluated on intermediate and last fully expanded leaves. Repeated observations were analyzed using linear mixed models with genotype, evaluation time, and their interaction as fixed effects and block and plant as random effects. Evaluation time and the genotype × evaluation-time interaction were significant for all response variables, indicating that genotype differences varied among months. Disease severity discriminated genotypes more clearly than incidence, with ‘Golden’ generally showing greater severity, particularly on the last fully expanded leaf. Structures morphologically consistent with Hansfordia pulvinata and Acremonium-like fungi predominated and showed distinct temporal patterns. These results demonstrate pronounced temporal variation in disease, lesion colonization status, and fungal occurrence, but do not establish biocontrol efficacy. Culture-based and molecular identification, followed by controlled antagonism assays, is required before management recommendations can be made. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Disease Diagnostics and Pathogen Biocontrol of Horticulture Crops: 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 11315 KB

Open AccessArticle

Point Localization and Pose Estimation Based on RGB-D and HSN-YOLOv8n-seg Model for Marigold Harvesting

by Baojian Ma, Yinghui Xia and Bangbang Chen

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091156 - 12 Sep 2026

Abstract

Accurate picking-point localization and pose estimation are essential for selective robotic harvesting of marigolds, yet side-view imaging suffers from slender pedicel morphology, frequent occlusions, and weak visual contrast at the corolla–pedicel junction. This study aims to deliver a reliable perception framework that outputs [...] Read more.

Accurate picking-point localization and pose estimation are essential for selective robotic harvesting of marigolds, yet side-view imaging suffers from slender pedicel morphology, frequent occlusions, and weak visual contrast at the corolla–pedicel junction. This study aims to deliver a reliable perception framework that outputs both the 3D picking-point coordinates and the corresponding grasping pose angle for each harvestable flower. To achieve this, we propose an RGB-D based pipeline that integrates depth-assisted foreground extraction, a lightweight instance segmentation model, a dual-strategy corolla–pedicel association module, and geometric pose estimation. To improve pedicel segmentation under weak-boundary and occlusion conditions, an enhanced lightweight model, HSN-YOLOv8n-seg, was developed by incorporating Haar wavelet downsampling to preserve fine-grained texture features, Spatial Group-wise Enhancement to strengthen responses in ambiguous regions, and a lightweight segmentation head to improve mask boundary delineation. The model achieved a Precision of 78.53% and an mAP50 (mean Average Precision at IoU threshold 0.5) of 75.43%, with only 3.17 M parameters and an inference time of 9.42 ms, outperforming representative lightweight segmentation models such as YOLOv9t and YOLOv11n. The framework computes the pedicel centroid as the candidate picking point and pairs it with the corresponding corolla centroid via distance priority matching and cross-line verification; the axis connecting the paired centroids defines the picking pose. Outdoor experiments showed that the largest group-wise mean localization error was 0.0095 m (individual sample maximum: 0.0107 m), and the largest group-wise mean pose angle error was 5.11° (individual sample maximum: 14.14°). Overall, the framework consistently maintains reliable perception under occlusion and indistinct corolla–pedicel boundaries, demonstrating its potential for automated marigold harvesting. Nevertheless, further validation under diverse and complex field backgrounds is necessary before practical deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Floriculture, Nursery and Landscape, and Turf)

12 pages, 27467 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Efficient Genetic Transformation and Genome Editing Methods for Solanum americanum Mill., a Medicinal and Vegetable Plant

by Chun-Lan Piao, Sui-Min Zhu and Min-Long Cui

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091155 - 12 Sep 2026

Abstract

Highly efficient tissue culture and transformation systems are indispensable for micropropagation, the molecular studies of secondary metabolism, the biotechnological enhancement of bioactive compounds, and genome editing in plants. Solanum americanum is a diploid species with both vegetable and medicinal value, yet remains largely [...] Read more.

Highly efficient tissue culture and transformation systems are indispensable for micropropagation, the molecular studies of secondary metabolism, the biotechnological enhancement of bioactive compounds, and genome editing in plants. Solanum americanum is a diploid species with both vegetable and medicinal value, yet remains largely underutilized. It produces a various pharmacologically active secondary metabolites, including glycoalkaloids, tropane alkaloids, and resveratrol. However, stable genetic transformation and reliable genome editing protocols for this species remain underdeveloped. In this study, we established an efficient genetic transformation and genome editing method for S. americanum. Our results showed that nearly all leaf explants responded positively to MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L⁻¹ 6-benzylamino purine (6-BA) and 0.1 mg L⁻¹ α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), generating an average of 25.85 adventitious shoots per explants within four weeks. Furthermore, among kanamycin-resistant shoots, approximately 89.7% exhibited normal growth and over 75% showed strong GFP expression as well as inheritance, which was confirmed through molecular analysis and fluorescence assays in flowers, fruits, and T1 progeny. Moreover, we successfully utilized this transformation method to achieve stable genome editing of the phytoene desaturase gene (SaPDS). Our results demonstrate that the tissue culture, transformation, and genome editing methods established for S. americanum provide a valuable toolkit for large-scale propagation, the study of secondary metabolism, and the biotechnological improvement of this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Cell and Tissue Culture: A Tool in Biotechnology)

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21 pages, 4027 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Production of Ocimum basilicum L. Through Supplemental Blue Light Treatment and Microalgae Application

by Tamiris Dias Santana, Iasmin Freitas Souza, Thaise Dantas, Fernanda Pacheco de Almeida Prado Bortolheiro, Flávio Ferreira da Silva Binotti, Eduardo Pradi Vendruscolo, Eliana Duarte Cardoso Binotti, Luís Humberto da Cunha Andrade, Sandro Marcio Lima and Edilson Costa

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091154 - 12 Sep 2026

Abstract

Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a widely valued plant species with multiple applications, including use as a culinary herb and condiment, essential oil extraction, and traditional medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange of [...] Read more.

Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a widely valued plant species with multiple applications, including use as a culinary herb and condiment, essential oil extraction, and traditional medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange of sweet basil plants under blue light supplementation and microalgae-based bioinput application. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, comprising three blue light treatments (blue light was provided by LED lighting, dark blue glossy reflective laminate, and light blue glossy reflective laminate) plus a control, and bioinput application (presence and absence). The bioinput was prepared from Chlorella vulgaris microalgae biomass. Indirect blue light delivered by the dark blue reflective laminate, combined with C. vulgaris bioinput application, promoted the greatest increases in plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, and total dry matter. Both direct blue light (LED) and indirect blue light (dark blue and light blue reflective laminates), in combination with microalgae bioinput application, significantly enhanced photosynthetic pigment contents—including chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids—as well as transpiration, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, stomatal conductance, and net photosynthetic assimilation rate. The multivariate analyses confirmed that blue light supplementation and C. vulgaris bioinput application act synergistically, promoting a distinct and superior physiological profile in sweet basil plants. These findings establish the combined use of blue light—direct or indirect—with Chlorella vulgaris microalgae bioinput as a promising and sustainable strategy for enhancing growth and photosynthetic performance of O. basilicum L. in protected cultivation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Light, Water, and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Controlled-Environment Horticulture)

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18 pages, 2970 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Grafting as a Sustainable Approach to Mitigate Potato Virus Y (C-To Strain) Infection in Local Tomato Ecotypes from the Campania Region

by Lorenza Vaccaro, Roberta Spanò, Fabio D’Alessandro, Carmine Del Grosso, Daniela Alioto and Tiziana Mascia

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091153 - 12 Sep 2026

Abstract

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important solanaceous crops due to its economic and nutritional relevance. It hosts a wide range of plant pathogens, including a recombinant strain of potato virus Y (PVY^C-to), which is considered one [...] Read more.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important solanaceous crops due to its economic and nutritional relevance. It hosts a wide range of plant pathogens, including a recombinant strain of potato virus Y (PVY^C-to), which is considered one of the major threats in tomato cultivation. PVY^C-to, a single-stranded RNA plant virus (family Potyviridae), mainly causes symptoms of mosaic, chlorosis, and vein necrosis in the leaves of horticultural crops, resulting in significant production losses. The ongoing evolution of viral strains, combined with the absence of natural resistance genes in commercial germplasm, requires the exploration of alternative management strategies, such as grafting, and the identification of resistant genetic resources within local biodiversity. This study aims to evaluate the response of five local tomato ecotypes (LTEs) from the Campania region—Corbarino, Giallo determinato da serbo, Pizzutello, San Marzano, and Vesuviano—to PVY^C-to infection. The goal is to identify a naturally tolerant ecotype for use as a rootstock for commercial tomato varieties and expand the pool of resilient genetic resources against viral diseases. Visual symptom evaluation at 14 and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi), quantification of virus accumulation by qDot-blot, and thermal imaging analysis showed that all tested tomato ecotypes were susceptible to PVY^C-to infection, although at different levels among the tested ecotypes. More specifically, Corbarino showed no significant changes in canopy temperature values, fewer symptoms, and reduced virus accumulation upon PVY^C-to infection, compared to the other LTEs, and was therefore selected as a rootstock in subsequent experiments. The reduction in both symptom severity and viral RNA accumulation observed in grafted plants, combined with the mitigation of thermal stress in grafted scions, confirmed the efficacy of grafting as a viable management strategy and eco-friendly cornerstone for safeguarding regional agro-biodiversity against escalating viral pressures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Rootstock in Horticultural Crops and Its Influence on Growth and Development)

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26 pages, 2344 KB

Open AccessReview

Postharvest Melatonin Applications in Soft Fruits: Mechanisms and Factors Determining Treatment Efficacy

by Grecia Hurtado and Karla Pérez-Revelo

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091152 - 12 Sep 2026

Abstract

Soft fruits are highly perishable due to their delicate surface barriers, rapid cell-wall disassembly, turgor loss, oxidative imbalance, and tightly coordinated ripening and senescence processes that collectively accelerate water loss, softening, and decay after harvest. This review examines how melatonin (MLT) interacts with [...] Read more.

Soft fruits are highly perishable due to their delicate surface barriers, rapid cell-wall disassembly, turgor loss, oxidative imbalance, and tightly coordinated ripening and senescence processes that collectively accelerate water loss, softening, and decay after harvest. This review examines how melatonin (MLT) interacts with these deterioration processes in blueberries, raspberries, strawberries, grapes, and sweet cherries. Current evidence identifies redox regulation as the most consistent mechanism of MLT action, including modulation of reactive oxygen species, enhancement of antioxidant enzymes and the ascorbate–glutathione cycle, and maintenance of phenolic and other non-enzymatic antioxidants. These responses are linked with lower lipid peroxidation, reduced membrane leakage, delayed cell-wall degradation, and improved firmness, water retention, and decay resistance. More limited and species-specific evidence suggests that MLT may influence cuticular wax metabolism, endogenous MLT biosynthesis, H₂S signaling, GABA and polyamine metabolism, phenylpropanoid pathways, and host-defense responses. However, direct evidence for effects on cuticular permeability, cellular compartmentation, and hormonal signaling remains limited. Overall, MLT should be regarded as a context-dependent regulator of redox homeostasis, tissue integrity, ripening, and defense rather than as a universal anti-senescence treatment, because its effects vary with species, cultivar, concentration, maturity stage, and storage conditions and still require validation under commercial conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Preservation and Processing Techniques for Horticultural Products)

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24 pages, 6743 KB

Open AccessArticle

ABA-Responsive Peach PpMYB6 Enhances Freezing Tolerance and Restricts Plant Growth: PpCBF2 as a Direct Transcriptional Target

by Yiqin Du, Dongliang Zuo, Beibei Gong, Shilong Wang, Mohan Li, Ruxuan Guo, Junkai Wu, Xiao Xiao, Libin Zhang, Chenguang Zhang and Xiaoshuang Zhang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091151 - 11 Sep 2026

Abstract

Peach (Prunus persica) production and the northward expansion of its cultivation boundaries are severely constrained by recurrent extreme climatic events. Based on time-series transcriptomic analysis of two independent parallel treatments (cold stress and ABA application) and qRT-PCR validation, multiple candidate transcription [...] Read more.

Peach (Prunus persica) production and the northward expansion of its cultivation boundaries are severely constrained by recurrent extreme climatic events. Based on time-series transcriptomic analysis of two independent parallel treatments (cold stress and ABA application) and qRT-PCR validation, multiple candidate transcription factor genes co-responsive to both cold stress and ABA were identified (PpERF48, PpERF017, PpMYB6, PpWRKY46, PpWRKY40, and PpbHLH35). Among these, PpMYB6 was further characterized through bioinformatic analysis, and transgenic peach callus and Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing PpMYB6 were generated, revealing its dual role in modulating plant growth and conferring low-temperature stress tolerance. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that PpMYB6 directly binds to and activates the PpCBF2 promoter. Yeast two-hybrid library screening identified DWARF8 as a candidate interacting protein, pointing to a working hypothesis by which PpMYB6 may negatively regulate vegetative growth via the gibberellin pathway. Together, this study characterizes a novel molecular module associated with cold tolerance and growth balance in peach, providing a promising candidate gene for molecular breeding of cold-resistant cultivars and rootstocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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29 pages, 6753 KB

Open AccessArticle

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Editing of Terpene Synthase Gene Reduces Volatile Emission and Attraction of Hypothenemus hampei to Coffea arabica Fruits

by Paula A. Figueroa-Varela, Carmenza E. Góngora, Claudia P. Martínez, Aristófeles Ortiz, Lucio Navarro-Escalante, Ricardo Acuña and Diego Villanueva-Mejía

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091150 - 11 Sep 2026

Abstract

The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is one of the most destructive pests of coffee, causing significant losses in yield, bean quality, and overall crop profitability. Current integrated pest management strategies reduce damage but cannot prevent insects from [...] Read more.

The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), is one of the most destructive pests of coffee, causing significant losses in yield, bean quality, and overall crop profitability. Current integrated pest management strategies reduce damage but cannot prevent insects from locating and infesting coffee fruit. Because host selection by CBB relies on olfactory cues, modifying the emission of key volatile compounds represents a potential strategy to reduce pest attraction. This study aimed to decrease CBB attraction by editing genes involved in the biosynthesis of the monoterpenes limonene and pinene, which participate in host recognition. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was performed in Coffea arabica seedlings, and gene editing used a binary vector carrying sgRNAs targeting terpene synthase genes, the cas9 gene, and the bar selection marker. Nine cas9-positive plants were obtained, including six of them also positive for bar, with seven plants exhibiting non-synonymous mutations at the target site for limonene synthase. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis revealed a significant reduction in transcript levels in edited fruit, ranging from 95.5% to 99.2% compared to wild-type controls. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis confirmed a reduction of approximately 55% in limonene emission in variants exhibiting low-frequency mutations. Olfactometry bioassays revealed significantly reduced attraction, with only 17–36% of H. hampei females orienting toward edited fruit compared with 64–83% for wild-type controls (p < 0.05). These results suggest that targeted editing of limonene synthase can modulate volatile emissions and alter host-seeking behavior in H. hampei, providing a proof-of-concept for engineering crop plants with reduced pest attraction and offering a complementary, sustainable strategy for pest management in coffee production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Insights into Climate Resilience: Tools and Strategies for Coffee Improvement)

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15 pages, 670 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seeding Density Outweighs Light Intensity in Microgreens Yield on a Vertical Farming System

by Felipe Marques de Lima, Matheus Kainan de Paula Manjavachi, Andressa Jociane Franzotti Menas, Tiago José Leme de Lima de Nadai, Simone da Costa Mello, Fernando César Sala, Fabia Barbosa da Silva, Thais Queiroz Zorzeto-Cesar and Luis Felipe Villani Purquerio

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091149 - 11 Sep 2026

Abstract

The optimal photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and seeding density (SD) combinations for microgreens production on vertical farming systems remain unclear for many species. This study aimed to determine the effects of PPFD (50, 100, 150, and 200 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ [...] Read more.

The optimal photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and seeding density (SD) combinations for microgreens production on vertical farming systems remain unclear for many species. This study aimed to determine the effects of PPFD (50, 100, 150, and 200 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and SD for sunflower (1275, 1700, and 2125 g m⁻²), radish (272, 340, and 408 g m⁻²), and green and red cabbage (126, 180, and 235 g m⁻²) microgreens. PPFD had no effect on the yield of sunflower, radish, or red cabbage, indicating that 50 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ was sufficient to meet plant demands. Green cabbage yield increased ~10% at 150 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Increasing SD enhanced yields, with gains of up to ~22%, 49%, 52%, and 30% for sunflower, radish, green, and red cabbage, respectively (1700, 408, 235, and 180 g m⁻²). PPFD did not affect the nutrient content of sunflower, likely due to its high seed reserves. A higher SD increased anthocyanin in red cabbage but diminished its content in all other species. Our findings highlight that SD is more impactful than PPFD on determining yield, at least under low irradiance, in sunflower, radish, and red cabbage microgreens grown on indoor vertical farming systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production and Cultivation of Microgreens)

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17 pages, 745 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mycorrhizal Inoculation Enhances Heat Resistance in Trifoliate Orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) via Photosynthesis, Osmoregulatory Substances, the Antioxidant System, and the Expression of Related Genes

by Changlin Li, Qiaofeng Yang, Xian Pei, Yanfeng Xie, Xuan Wu, Chuanwu Yao, Shukai Zhang, Dejian Zhang, Fuyuan Su and Yan Wang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091148 - 10 Sep 2026

Abstract

High-temperature stress can negatively influence citrus growth and fruit quality. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance the absorption of water and nutrients, as well as improve heat resistance. In this experiment, we investigated the influence of heat stress (42 °C) on trifoliate orange [...] Read more.

High-temperature stress can negatively influence citrus growth and fruit quality. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance the absorption of water and nutrients, as well as improve heat resistance. In this experiment, we investigated the influence of heat stress (42 °C) on trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) with Funneliformis mosseae, (F.m, an symbiotic AMF associated with citrus). The results show that AMF markedly promoted seedling growth and enhanced photosynthesis. Compared with the 42 °C, 0 h conditions, the 42 °C, 6 h conditions markedly improved the REC and concentration of MDA, H₂O₂, soluble protein, soluble sugar, and Pro and significantly increased the enzyme activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), and POD (Peroxidase), but they dramatically reduced the relative water content and photosynthetic parameters. Under high temperature (42 °C, 6 h), in contrast to the non-AMF groups, AMF treatment also observably improved the chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic parameters, significantly decreased the REC by 26.52%, and markedly reduced MDA and H₂O₂ content by 25.61% and 35.66%. Moreover, AMF improved the concentrations of soluble protein, soluble sugar, and Pro markedly at 42 °C, 0 h (by 36.12%, 39.93%, and 20.81%), but these increased only by 13.31%, 3.11%, and 19.73% at 42 °C, 6 h. Furthermore, AMF increased the activities of SOD, CAT, and POD by 2.05%, 23.49%, and 2.02% at 42 °C, 0 h and by 4.74%, 20.85%, and 34.09% at 42 °C, 6 h compared with the non-AMF treatment. In addition, we found that the PtHSP7, PtHSP9, PtGOLS1, and PtHSFA1 genes all responded to high-temperature stress. Compared with the non-AMF treatment, after administering it at a high temperature (42 °C) for 6 h, AMF inoculation significantly up-regulated PtHSP7 but significantly down-regulated PtHSP9. In conclusion, AMF promotes the growth of trifoliate orange and enhances heat resistance via photosynthesis, osmoregulatory substances, the antioxidant system, and related genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Stress Physiology and Resistance Regulation in Horticultural Plants: 2nd Edition)

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40 pages, 10400 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Sowing Date on Productivity and Quality of Lobo Radish Cultivars (Raphanus sativus L. Convar. Lobo) During Summer Cultivation

by Ivan Fedosiy, Adolfs Rucins, Dainis Viesturs, Iryna Bobos, Oleksandr Komar, Oksana Tonkha, Svitlana Kalenska, Mykhailo Retman and Maksym Babych

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091147 - 9 Sep 2026

Abstract

Lobo radish yield and quality depend heavily on summer sowing dates. A three-year field trial (2022–2024) in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine evaluated four sowing dates–D1 (first decade of July), D2 (second decade of July), D3 (third decade of July), and D4 (first [...] Read more.

Lobo radish yield and quality depend heavily on summer sowing dates. A three-year field trial (2022–2024) in the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine evaluated four sowing dates–D1 (first decade of July), D2 (second decade of July), D3 (third decade of July), and D4 (first decade of August)–for cultivars Troiandova and Lebidka. Sowing in late July (D3) was optimal, securing maximum marketable yield (42.2 t·ha⁻¹ for Troiandova, 38.9 t·ha⁻¹ for Lebidka), peak marketability (70.5–72.0%), and minimal bolting (2.1–2.8%). Early sowing dates (D1–D2) increased bolting (up to 20.0%) and pest damage by cabbage root fly (Delia radicum L., 25.1–27.3%), reducing marketability to 45.4–52.0%. August sowing (D4) reduced root weight (204.6–224.3 g) but increased dry matter (8.6–9.8%) and soluble sugars (4.8–5.5%). AMMI and GGE biplots revealed higher yield stability for cultivar Lebidka (notably at D4), whereas Troiandova was highly responsive to optimal conditions (Troy-D3). Overall, sowing in the third decade of July (D3) is recommended for commercial production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies of Producing Horticultural Crops Under Climate Change)

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23 pages, 2398 KB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in Physicochemical Characteristics and Bioactive Potential of Corfu ‘Nagami’ Kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle) During the Harvesting Period

by Alexios Vasileios Tompros and Eugenia Papadaki

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091146 - 9 Sep 2026

Abstract

‘Nagami’ kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle), a citrus fruit cultivated in Corfu, Greece, contains bioactive constituents whose levels may vary during fruit maturation. This study investigated changes in the physicochemical composition and bioactive potential of Corfu ‘Nagami’ kumquat during the commercial harvesting period [...] Read more.

‘Nagami’ kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle), a citrus fruit cultivated in Corfu, Greece, contains bioactive constituents whose levels may vary during fruit maturation. This study investigated changes in the physicochemical composition and bioactive potential of Corfu ‘Nagami’ kumquat during the commercial harvesting period (December–March) and optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions for standardized comparisons among harvest stages. Fruits collected during the study period were analyzed for moisture, soluble sugars, proteins, lipids, total phenolic content, and free-radical scavenging capacity. Response surface methodology was used to optimize methanol concentration, extraction temperature, and extraction time, while principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to evaluate patterns associated with fruit maturation. During maturation, moisture and protein contents decreased, whereas lipid content increased. The optimized extraction conditions were 14% methanol, 45 min, and 54 °C. PCA showed clear separation of early- and late-harvest-stage samples, with the first two principal components explaining 97.9% of the total variability. The observed differentiation was primarily associated with DPPH scavenging, moisture, proteins, lipids, soluble sugars, and phenolic content. Late-harvest-stage fruits exhibited the highest free-radical scavenging capacity and phenolic content, with harvest stage related to variations in the bioactive potential of Corfu ‘Nagami’ kumquat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology)

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18 pages, 4275 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of a Core SSR Marker Set for DNA Fingerprinting and Accession Discrimination in Durian (Durio zibethinus)

by Yikai Wang, Jiaying Sheng, Chonghao Zhong, Chaofan Zheng, Jiaquan Huang, Dongdong Li, Fuwang Yang, Zhifu Cui, Guozhu Zhang, Meng Wang and Hua Tang

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091145 - 9 Sep 2026

Abstract

Durian (Durio zibethinus) germplasm may be incorrectly named, mislabeled, or genetically misidentified during introduction, exchange, and nursery stock distribution. Morphological identification is also affected by environmental conditions and plant developmental stages. A core simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker set was developed [...] Read more.

Durian (Durio zibethinus) germplasm may be incorrectly named, mislabeled, or genetically misidentified during introduction, exchange, and nursery stock distribution. Morphological identification is also affected by environmental conditions and plant developmental stages. A core simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker set was developed for the identification of durian germplasm. Genome-wide mining identified 106,776 SSR loci in the durian reference genome, and 18 stable and polymorphic markers were selected from 160 candidate primer pairs through agarose gel screening and M13-tailed fluorescent capillary electrophoresis. A total of 142 alleles were detected at the 18 SSR loci across the 58 durian accessions, with 3–15 alleles per locus and PIC values ranging from 0.422 to 0.849. Exhaustive evaluation of all marker combinations identified a minimum six-locus core SSR marker set comprising Y6, Y12, Y15, Y75, Y91, and Y108, which generated unique multilocus genotypes for all 58 accessions in the current validation panel, with a cumulative probability of identity (PID) of 7.99 × 10⁻⁸. STRUCTURE analysis, with K representing the number of inferred genetic clusters, supported K = 8 and revealed admixture in several accessions. The core SSR marker set developed in this study can distinguish the 58 durian accessions and be used to construct their DNA fingerprints. Validation in larger and more genetically diverse germplasm collections is required before routine commercial deployment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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