Journal Description
Metals
Metals
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Society of Materials (SPM), and the Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT) are affiliated with Metals and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and many other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q1 (Metals and Alloys)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision provided to authors approximately 17.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2021).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Metals include: Compounds and Alloys.
Impact Factor:
2.351 (2020)
;
5-Year Impact Factor:
2.487 (2020)
Latest Articles
Damage Evolution Simulations via a Coupled Crystal Plasticity and Cohesive Zone Model for Additively Manufactured Austenitic SS 316L DED Components
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071096 - 26 Jun 2022
Abstract
This study presents a microstructural model applicable to additively manufactured (AM) austenitic SS 316L components fabricated via a direct energy deposition (DED) process. The model is primarily intended to give an understanding of the effect of microscale and mesoscale features, such as grains
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This study presents a microstructural model applicable to additively manufactured (AM) austenitic SS 316L components fabricated via a direct energy deposition (DED) process. The model is primarily intended to give an understanding of the effect of microscale and mesoscale features, such as grains and melt pool sizes, on the mechanical properties of manufactured components. Based on experimental observations, initial assumptions for the numerical model regarding grain size and melt pool dimensions were considered. Experimental observations based on miniature-sized 316L stainless steel DED-fabricated samples were carried out to shed light on the deformation mechanism of FCC materials at the grain scale. Furthermore, the dependency of latent strain hardening parameters based on the Bassani–Wu hardening model for a single crystal scale is investigated, where the Voronoi tessellation method and probability theory are utilized for the definition of the grain distribution. A hierarchical polycrystalline modeling methodology based on a representative volume element (RVE) with the realistic impact of grain boundaries was adopted for fracture assessment of the AM parts. To qualify the validity of process–structure–property relationships, cohesive zone damage surfaces were used between melt pool boundaries as the predefined initial cracks and the performance of the model is validated based on the experimental observations.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Mechanics of Fatigue and Fracture in Metallic Materials)
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Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Prestrain on the Formability of Zn-Cu-Ti Alloy Zinc Sheet
by
, , , and
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071095 - 26 Jun 2022
Abstract
The forming limit diagrams (FLDs) characterizing the formability of sheet metals are usually obtained by applying proportional loadings. Nevertheless, the industrial processes involve strain path changes that can modify the limit-strain values. In addition, for strongly anisotropic sheet metals such as the Zn-Cu-Ti
[...] Read more.
The forming limit diagrams (FLDs) characterizing the formability of sheet metals are usually obtained by applying proportional loadings. Nevertheless, the industrial processes involve strain path changes that can modify the limit-strain values. In addition, for strongly anisotropic sheet metals such as the Zn-Cu-Ti zinc alloy, large differences in forming limit curves (FLCs) with respect to the sheet rolling direction are observed. In the present work, the analysis of the effect of bilinear strain paths on the FLC is addressed by both experimental measurements and numerical simulations. For this purpose, a miniature testing device was used that allows evaluation of the influence of strain path changes on the limit strain on samples at 0°, 45° and 90° with respect to the sheet rolling direction cut from non-standard large samples previously subjected to a prestrain along the RD up to an early deformation of ~0.12. Numerical simulations were carried out using the well-known Marciniak and Kuczynski (MK) theory in conjunction with the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) crystal plasticity model. In order to account for the grain fragmentation process due to the continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) mechanism, an ad hoc short-range interaction effect (SRE) model was included in the simulations. Additionally, the measured and simulated texture evolution of Zn-Cu-Ti alloy sheets at the different stages of the deformations were shown. The capacity of the MK-VPSC-SRE model was validated, and the limitations to simulating the texture development, flow stress and forming limit curves, including a non-proportional strain path, were discussed.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sheet Metal Forming)
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Open AccessArticle
Lateral Buckling of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems under Sleeper-Distributed Buoyancy—A Numerical Investigation
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071094 - 26 Jun 2022
Abstract
The crude oil in pipelines should remain at high temperature and pressure to satisfy the fluidity requirement of deep-sea oil transportation and consequently lead to the global buckling of pipelines. Uncontrolled global buckling is accompanied by pipeline damage and oil leakage; therefore, active
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The crude oil in pipelines should remain at high temperature and pressure to satisfy the fluidity requirement of deep-sea oil transportation and consequently lead to the global buckling of pipelines. Uncontrolled global buckling is accompanied by pipeline damage and oil leakage; therefore, active buckling control of pipelines is needed. Pipe-in-pipe (PIP) systems have been widely used in deep-sea oil pipelines because of the protection and insulation characteristics of the outer pipe to the inner pipe. In this study, sleeper-distributed buoyancy is used as an active buckling control method for the global buckling of PIP systems with initial imperfections. The accuracy of this technique is verified by comparing the finite element model of a 3D pipeline with experimental data. The effects of buoyancy density, pipe–soil friction coefficient, initial imperfection, stiffness ratio of inner and outer pipes, and buoyancy unit interval on the global buckling performance are also analyzed. The critical buckling force and lateral displacement of this method are studied using an analytic solution, and the relevant calculation formulas are obtained and verified to provide a basis for its engineering application.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Test and Practice of Steel Structures)
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Synthesis of Ni-Cu Heterostructures with SPS to Achieve a Balance of Strength and Plasticity
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071093 - 26 Jun 2022
Abstract
The balance between strength and plasticity has always been an urgent problem for researchers to solve. In this experiment, Ni-Cu heterostructures (HSs) were synthesized by spark plasma sintering (SPS), rolling deformation, and subsequent heat treatment. The density of the Ni/Cu interface of Ni-Cu
[...] Read more.
The balance between strength and plasticity has always been an urgent problem for researchers to solve. In this experiment, Ni-Cu heterostructures (HSs) were synthesized by spark plasma sintering (SPS), rolling deformation, and subsequent heat treatment. The density of the Ni/Cu interface of Ni-Cu HS materials can be independently tuned, and thus the effect of hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening in Ni-Cu heterostructures can be tuned. The density of the Ni/Cu interface is tuned by adding Cu with different volume fractions to obtain the best combination of strength and plasticity. Compared with the previous HSs, the hardness differences between different regions of Ni-Cu HSs are more significant, and they are all composed of single substances. The hard Ni domain and the soft Cu domain are not only different in phase composition but also different in grain size. More interestingly, the density of the hard/soft domains can be adjusted independently, which provides a new way to explore the strength and plasticity balance of HS materials. The yield strength of Ni-Cu HS materials first increases and then decreases gradually with the increase in the Cu volume fraction. When the Cu volume fraction is less than 30%, the HDI strengthening effect in the Ni-Cu HS material can offset the effect of the yield strength reduction caused by Cu; with a further increase in the Cu volume fraction, the HDI strengthening effect is less than the yield strength reduction effect brought on by Cu.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Manufacturing of Metallic Materials and Structures: Design, Processing and Characterization)
Open AccessReview
A Critical Review on Al-Co Alloys: Fabrication Routes, Microstructural Evolution and Properties
by
, , , and
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071092 - 26 Jun 2022
Abstract
Al-Co alloys is an emerging category of metallic materials with promising properties and potential application in various demanding environments. Over the years, different manufacturing techniques have been employed to fabricate Al-Co alloys, spanning from conventional casting to rapid solidification techniques, such as melt
[...] Read more.
Al-Co alloys is an emerging category of metallic materials with promising properties and potential application in various demanding environments. Over the years, different manufacturing techniques have been employed to fabricate Al-Co alloys, spanning from conventional casting to rapid solidification techniques, such as melt spinning, thus leading to a variety of different microstructural features. The effect of the fabrication method on the microstructure is crucial, affecting the morphology and volume of the precipitates, the formation of supersaturated solid solutions and the development of amorphous phases. In addition, the alloy composition has an effect on the type and volume fraction of intermetallic phases formed. As a result, alloy properties are largely affected by the microstructural outcomes. This review focuses on highlighting the effect of the fabrication techniques and composition on the microstructure and properties of Al-Co alloys. Another goal is to highlight areas in the field that are not well understood. The advantages and limitations of this less common category of Al alloys are being discussed with the scope of future prospects and potential applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructural Tailoring of Metals and Alloys)
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Open AccessArticle
Immune Optimization of Double-Sided Welding Sequence for Medium-Small Assemblies in Ships Based on Inherent Strain Method
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071091 - 26 Jun 2022
Abstract
The double-sided welding process is widely used in ship construction due to its high welding efficiency and forming quality. In order to further reduce the deformation caused by double-sided welding for medium-small assemblies in ships, the optimization of the double-sided welding sequence based
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The double-sided welding process is widely used in ship construction due to its high welding efficiency and forming quality. In order to further reduce the deformation caused by double-sided welding for medium-small assemblies in ships, the optimization of the double-sided welding sequence based on an artificial immune algorithm is carried out. First, the formation mechanism of welding deformation under the double-sided welding process is analyzed by the inherent strain method; next, the reduction of the welding deformation is taken as the optimization goal, and the welding sequence optimization model for double-sided welding is constructed; then, an immune clonal optimization algorithm based on similar antibody similarity screening and steady-state adjustment is introduced, and the immune optimization process for double-sided welding sequence is designed; finally, double-sided welding sequence optimization tests are carried out for four different types of medium-small assemblies in ships. Numerical test results show that, compared with IGA (Immune genetic algorithm), ICA (Immune clonal algorithm), and GA (Genetic algorithm), the maximum welding deformation caused by the welding sequence optimized by the proposed immune clonal algorithm is reduced by 2.4%, 2.8, and 3.3%, respectively, the average maximum welding deformation is reduced by 2.6%, 2.5, and 3.4%, respectively, and the convergence generation is reduced by 16.2%, 13.4, and 11.2%, respectively, which verifies the strong optimization ability and high optimization efficiency of the immune clonal algorithm introduced in the double-sided welding sequence optimization.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Development of Friction Stir Welding and Processing)
Open AccessEditorial
Microstructure Change and Mechanism during the Metal Machining Process, Modeling, and Applications
by
and
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071090 - 25 Jun 2022
Abstract
It is critical to understand the fundamental mechanisms during the metal-machining process [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure Change and Mechanism during the Metal Machining Process, Modeling, and Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Synthesis of Ti-Cu Multiphase Alloy by Spark Plasma Sintering: Mechanical and Corrosion Properties
by
, , , , , , , , , and
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071089 - 25 Jun 2022
Abstract
To study the material based on the binary system Ti + Cu (50% atm), samples were produced from powders of commercially pure metals and additionally ground in a ball mill (final size about 12 µm) by spark plasma sintering. The following intermetallic phases
[...] Read more.
To study the material based on the binary system Ti + Cu (50% atm), samples were produced from powders of commercially pure metals and additionally ground in a ball mill (final size about 12 µm) by spark plasma sintering. The following intermetallic phases were obtained in the materials: CuTi2, TiCu, and Ti3Cu4. The materials have a hardness of 363 and 385 HV (800 and 900 °C), a microhardness of 393 and 397 µHV, a density of 4.24 and 5.23 kg/m3, and resistance to corrosion in acids (weight gain + 0.002% after 24 h of testing according to ISO 16151 for a sample with 900 °C—the best result in comparison with steel 308, AA2024, CuA110Fe3Mn2). The hardness value varies due to the presence of pure metal agglomerates. The relationship between the temperature of spark plasma sintering and the characteristics of the material (material parameters improve with increasing temperature, segregation is reduced) is revealed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Titanium Alloys and Manufacturing and Processing Technologies)
Open AccessArticle
Long-Term Ultrasonic Benchmarking for Microstructure Characterization with Bayesian Updating
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071088 - 25 Jun 2022
Abstract
Ultrasonic non-destructive characterization is an appealing technique for identifying the microstructures of materials in place of destructive testing. However, the existing ultrasonic characterization techniques do not have sufficient long-term gage repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R), since benchmarking data are not updated. In this study,
[...] Read more.
Ultrasonic non-destructive characterization is an appealing technique for identifying the microstructures of materials in place of destructive testing. However, the existing ultrasonic characterization techniques do not have sufficient long-term gage repeatability and reproducibility (GR&R), since benchmarking data are not updated. In this study, a hierarchical Bayesian regression model was utilized to provide a long-term ultrasonic benchmarking method for microstructure characterization, suitable for analyzing the impacts of experimental setups, human factors, and environmental factors on microstructure characterization. The priori distributions of regression parameters and hyperparameters of the hierarchical model were assumed and the Hamilton Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithm was used to calculate the posterior distributions. Characterizing the nodularity of cast iron was used as an example, and the benchmarking experiments were conducted over a 13-week transition period. The results show that updating a hierarchical model can increase its performance and robustness. The outcome of this study is expected to pave the way for the industrial uptake of ultrasonic microstructure characterization techniques by organizing a gradual transition from destructive sampling inspection to non-destructive one-hundred-percent inspection.
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Quenching and Tempering on Mechanical Properties and Impact Fracture Behavior of Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071087 - 25 Jun 2022
Abstract
Conventional quenching and tempering were employed to achieve the optimal strength and toughness of low-carbon low-alloy steel. The fracture behavior (crack initiation and propagation) of the steel in the impact process was also analyzed. It was found that the microstructures of the steel
[...] Read more.
Conventional quenching and tempering were employed to achieve the optimal strength and toughness of low-carbon low-alloy steel. The fracture behavior (crack initiation and propagation) of the steel in the impact process was also analyzed. It was found that the microstructures of the steel after different tempering treatments were mainly composed of martensite, and its mechanical properties were dependent on the tempering temperature. With the increase in tempering temperature, martensitic laths merged and coarsened. Moreover, recovery occurred, causing a decrease in dislocation density. Subsequently, the strength of the steel gradually decreased, and the impact energy increased. When the tempering temperature was 600 °C, the optimal yield strength (557 MPa) and the impact energy (331 J) were achieved. In addition, high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) affected the impact energy and crack propagation. Cracks were easily deflected when they encountered high angle grain boundaries, and linearly expanded when they encountered low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs).
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Properties of Heterogeneous Materials)
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Data-Driven Construction Method of Material Mechanical Behavior Model
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071086 - 25 Jun 2022
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To obtain the mechanical behavior response of the material under loading, a data-driven construction method of material mechanical behavior model is proposed, which is universal for predicting the mechanical behavior of any material under different loads. Based on the framework of artificial intelligence
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To obtain the mechanical behavior response of the material under loading, a data-driven construction method of material mechanical behavior model is proposed, which is universal for predicting the mechanical behavior of any material under different loads. Based on the framework of artificial intelligence and finite element simulation, the method uses Python script to drive an Abaqus loop calculation to obtain data sets and performs artificial intelligence training on data sets to realize model construction. In this paper, taking the quasi-static tension of 9310 steel as an example, a material mechanical behavior model is constructed, and the accuracy of the prediction model is verified based on the experimental data. The results show that the simulation results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The error between the simulation results and the experimental results is within 2%, indicating that the model constructed by this method can effectively predict the mechanical properties of materials.
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Influence of Residual Stresses on the Crack Initiation and Short Crack Propagation in a Martensitic Spring Steel
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071085 (registering DOI) - 24 Jun 2022
Abstract
The crack initiation and short crack propagation in a martensitic spring steel were investigated by means of in-situ fatigue testing. Shot peened samples as well as untreated samples were exposed to uniaxial alternating stress to analyze the impact of compressive residual stresses. The
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The crack initiation and short crack propagation in a martensitic spring steel were investigated by means of in-situ fatigue testing. Shot peened samples as well as untreated samples were exposed to uniaxial alternating stress to analyze the impact of compressive residual stresses. The early fatigue damage started in both sample conditions with the formation of slip bands, which subsequently served as crack initiation sites. Most of the slip bands and, correspondingly, most of the short fatigue cracks initiated at or close to prior austenite grain boundaries. The observed crack density of the emerging network of short cracks increased with the number of cycles and with increasing applied stress amplitudes. Furthermore, the prior austenite grain boundaries acted as obstacles to short crack propagation in both sample conditions. Compressive residual stresses enhanced the fatigue strength, and it is assumed that this beneficial effect was due to a delayed transition from short crack propagation to long crack propagation and a shift of the crack initiation site from the sample surface to the sample interior.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Metallic Materials under Different Loading Conditions)
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Effect of Post-Processing Heat Treatments on Short-Term Creep Response at 650 °C for a Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Produced by Additive Manufacturing
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071084 - 24 Jun 2022
Abstract
Post-processing heat treatments of Ti-6Al-4V parts produced by additive manufacturing are essential for restoring the peculiar martensitic structure that originates from the extremely high cooling rates typical of this technology. In this study, the influence of a 1050 °C annealing on a Ti-6Al-4V
[...] Read more.
Post-processing heat treatments of Ti-6Al-4V parts produced by additive manufacturing are essential for restoring the peculiar martensitic structure that originates from the extremely high cooling rates typical of this technology. In this study, the influence of a 1050 °C annealing on a Ti-6Al-4V alloy, produced by additive manufacturing, on the minimum creep rate dependence on applied stress and temperature, was investigated at 650 °C. Experimental data obtained after two different subcritical annealings were also considered for comparison purposes. The analysis of the experimental creep data demonstrated that the alloy annealed at the highest temperature exhibited lower creep rates. The improved creep response was attributed to the combined effect of the presence of extended α-β interfaces and of a small volume fraction of Ti3Al particles.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in High-Temperature Deformation of Metals and Alloys)
Open AccessArticle
Reconfigurable Measuring System for Quality Control of Cross-Wire Welding Group of Products
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071083 - 24 Jun 2022
Abstract
Quality control of welded joint is an indispensable part of the welding production process. As part of spot resistance welding group, cross-wire welding process showed great application for welding of products for everyday usage. The non-contact quality control checking is fit for purpose
[...] Read more.
Quality control of welded joint is an indispensable part of the welding production process. As part of spot resistance welding group, cross-wire welding process showed great application for welding of products for everyday usage. The non-contact quality control checking is fit for purpose due to specific characteristics of welded products that consist of two cross welded wires or a combination of wires and strips. This work proposes a new method for detecting and measuring of required dimensional parameters, but also founds its applicability for other products if required. A crucial parameter of this research is the height of welded joint, which is necessary for calculating the penetration of the wire into the wire. The proposed measuring method with a reconfigurable measuring system is explained in this paper. The main component of this system is using a machine vision system, which has become an indispensable part of industrial metrology and is considered one of the industry 4.0 concepts. The calibration process for such systems could be very complicated. This work shows an elaborated calibration procedure for this kind of measuring system with referenced standards made for this purpose. Measurement results are compared with ones obtained by conventional method. The focus of vision system is a substantial part as it dictates the quality of the system. This research is done within the project in collaboration with the industrial sector and all samples are from real processes. The results of measured penetration on one product group are showing the applicability of a reconfigurable measuring system in the welding sector, and demonstrate that measurement of welding penetration based on machine vision is feasible and can ensure accuracy.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Developments in Welding and Joining Technologies)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Mechanical Behavior of Multi-Material Single-Lap Joints under High Rates of Loading Using a Split Hopkinson Tension Bar
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071082 - 24 Jun 2022
Abstract
In the presented research, a split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) was used to measure the mechanical response of multi-material single-lap joints in the high-rate loading regime. High-performance applications require high-quality measurements of the mechanical properties to define safe design rules. Servo-hydraulic machines are
[...] Read more.
In the presented research, a split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) was used to measure the mechanical response of multi-material single-lap joints in the high-rate loading regime. High-performance applications require high-quality measurements of the mechanical properties to define safe design rules. Servo-hydraulic machines are commonly used to investigate such small structures, but they are prone to produce oscillation-affected force measurements. To improve force–displacement measurements, an SHTB was chosen to investigate these joints. Three different kinds of joints were tested: multi-material bolted joints, multi-material bonded joints, and multi-material bonded/bolted joints. One substrate of the joints was made of aluminum (Al-2024-T3) and the other one was made of a laminated composite (TC250). A countersunk titanium bolt and a crash-optimized epoxy adhesive (Betamate 1496 V) were used to fasten the joints. A constant impedance mounting device was implemented to limit wave reflections and to improve the signal quality. Quasi-static experiments at a servo-hydraulic machine were performed to compare the data with the respective data from the high-rate loading conditions. The presented research shows that high-quality high-rate tests of multi-material single-lap joints can be achieved by employing an SHTB. With this high-quality measurement, a rate dependency of the mechanical behavior of these joints was identified. The dynamic increase (DI), which is the ratio of a high rate of loading over quasi-static loading, was measured for each of the joint types, where the dynamic increase in the max force was DI = 1.1 for the bolted, DI = 1.4 for the bonded, and DI = 1.6 for the bonded/bolted joints.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hybrid Metal-Polymer Joints)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Wall Thickness and Surface Conditions on Creep Behavior of a Single-Crystal Ni-Based Superalloy
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071081 - 24 Jun 2022
Abstract
The influence of wall thickness and specimen surface on the creep behavior of the single-crystal nickel-based superalloy MAR M247LC is studied. Specimens with wall thicknesses of 0.4, 0.8, 1 and 2 mm, with and without casting surface, are compared to specimens of the
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The influence of wall thickness and specimen surface on the creep behavior of the single-crystal nickel-based superalloy MAR M247LC is studied. Specimens with wall thicknesses of 0.4, 0.8, 1 and 2 mm, with and without casting surface, are compared to specimens of the same wall thickness prepared from bulk material. Creep behavior turned out to be independent from surface conditions even for the thinnest specimens. The thickness debit effect is not pronounced for short creep rupture times (≤100 h at 980 °C), whereas it is significant for creep rupture times longer than ~200 h at 980 °C. The thickness debit effect is time-dependent and caused by oxidation and diffusion-controlled mechanisms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior of Metallic Materials under Different Loading Conditions)
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Pulsed Magnetic Field Melt Treatment on Grain Refinement of Al-Si-Mg-Cu-Ni Alloy Direct-Chill Casting Billet
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071080 - 24 Jun 2022
Abstract
Al-Si-Mg-Cu-Ni alloy is widely used in the manufacture of high-performance car engine parts. Coarse, dendritic α-Al and large primary Si are common in Al-Si-Mg-Cu-Ni alloy DC casting billet, which is harmful to the performance of the final product. In this paper, a pulsed
[...] Read more.
Al-Si-Mg-Cu-Ni alloy is widely used in the manufacture of high-performance car engine parts. Coarse, dendritic α-Al and large primary Si are common in Al-Si-Mg-Cu-Ni alloy DC casting billet, which is harmful to the performance of the final product. In this paper, a pulsed magnetic field melt treatment technique was applied to the melt in the launder of a DC casting platform to modify the α-Al and primary Si in the billet. A transient numerical model was established to analyze the electromagnetic field, flow field and temperature field in the melt during the pulsed magnetic field treatment. The effect of the magnetic energy on the clusters in the melt was analyzed. We found that during the pulsed magnetic field melt treatment, the number of clusters close to the critical size was increased due to the cluster formation work being reduced by the magnetic energy, which facilitated nucleation and refined the solidification structure. Furthermore, the flow velocity increased, and temperature homogenized in the melt during the pulsed magnetic field melt treatment, which benefitted the clusters close to the critical size distributed and maintained in the melt uniformly. The experimental results show that the α-Al and primary Si were small and homogeneous following the pulsed magnetic field melt treatment. The size of α-Al and primary Si was reduced by 25.6–44.4% and 32.2–54.1%, respectively, in the billet center compared to the conventional process.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Forming/Processing of Metallic Materials)
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Open AccessReview
Management Control and Integration Technology of Intelligent Production Line for Multi-Variety and Complex Aerospace Ring Forgings: A Review
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071079 - 24 Jun 2022
Abstract
Large and complex ring forgings are key structural parts of the aerospace field, and their quality is closely related to the reliability of aerospace vehicles. However, high-quality production of aerospace ring forgings faces many problems, such as the long process design cycle and
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Large and complex ring forgings are key structural parts of the aerospace field, and their quality is closely related to the reliability of aerospace vehicles. However, high-quality production of aerospace ring forgings faces many problems, such as the long process design cycle and impoverished consistency, the difficulties of real-time detection under the severe time-varying state of the deformation process, the complexity of high-quality non-destructive testing under multitudinous defects, and the cumbersome management control of the multi-source and multi-dimensional heterogeneous data. Considering the current situation of multi-variety and multi-batch production for aerospace ring forgings, establishing an intelligent production line is a crucial means to solving the above problems and realizing the standardization and premiumization of key aerospace components. Therefore, management control and integration technology of the intelligent production line play a crucial role. An analysis, including the research progress of the intelligent computer-aided process planning (CAPP) system, the real-time detection and control system, the product quality testing system, and the intelligent management control and integration system, is systematically reviewed in this work. Through intelligently managing and controlling the integrated systems of the production line, the production efficiency of ring forgings can be effectively improved, and the production energy consumption can be remarkably reduced, which is of great significance for enhancing the manufacturing technology level of aerospace products.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Rolling, Heat Treatment and Electromagnetic Processing Technology of High Performance Metals)
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Open AccessArticle
Gram-Scale Synthesis of Carbon-Supported Sub-5 nm PtNi Nanocrystals for Efficient Oxygen Reduction
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071078 - 23 Jun 2022
Abstract
The preparation of a high performance and durability with low-platinum (Pt) loading oxygen reduction catalysts remains a challenge for the practical application of fuel cells. Alloying Pt with a transition metal can greatly improve the activity and durability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).
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The preparation of a high performance and durability with low-platinum (Pt) loading oxygen reduction catalysts remains a challenge for the practical application of fuel cells. Alloying Pt with a transition metal can greatly improve the activity and durability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this work, we present a one-pot wet-chemical strategy to controllably synthesize carbon supported sub-5 nm PtNi nanocrystals with a ~3% Pt loading. The as-prepared PtNi/C-200 catalyst with a Pt/Ni atomic ratio of 2:3 shows a high oxygen reduction activity of 0.66 A mgpt−1 and outstanding durability over 10,000 potential cycles in 0.1 M KOH in a half-cell condition. The PtNi/C-200 catalyst exhibits the highest ORR activity, with an onset potential (Eonset) of 0.98 V and a half-wave potential (E1/2) of 0.84 V. The mass activity and specific activity are 3.89 times and 9.16 times those of 5% commercial Pt/C. More importantly, this strategy can be applied to the gram-scale synthesis of high-efficiency electrocatalysts. As a result, this effective synthesis strategy has a significant meaning in practical applications of full cells.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Functional Materials)
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Open AccessArticle
Nanoscale Tribological Properties of Nanostructure Fe3Al and (Fe,Ti)3Al Compounds Fabricated by Spark Plasma Sintering Method
by
, , , and
Metals 2022, 12(7), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/met12071077 - 23 Jun 2022
Abstract
Nanostructured powder particles of Fe3Al and (Fe,Ti)3Al phases were produced using mechanical alloying. These intermetallic phases with a nearly complete density were consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The mechanical properties of the bulk samples, i.e., elasticity modulus, hardness, and
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Nanostructured powder particles of Fe3Al and (Fe,Ti)3Al phases were produced using mechanical alloying. These intermetallic phases with a nearly complete density were consolidated by spark plasma sintering. The mechanical properties of the bulk samples, i.e., elasticity modulus, hardness, and plasticity index, and also their tribological behavior were investigated using nanoindentation and nano-scratch tests. It was found that both Fe3Al and (Fe,Ti)3Al phases can be synthesized after 30 h of high-energy ball milling. In addition, no phase evolution was observed after spark plasma sintering. An analysis of the atomic force microscope images obtained from the nanoindentation tests showed a higher elasticity modulus, higher hardness, and lower plasticity index due to the addition of Ti to the Fe3Al system. (Fe,Ti)3Al displayed better tribological properties as compared with Fe3Al. A smaller volume of the scratched line was clearly seen in the atomic force microscope images of the nanostructured (Fe,Ti)3Al compound.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Structural Integrity of Metals)

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