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17 pages, 1113 KB

Open AccessReview

Towards Sustainable Processing of Chromite Resources: A Review of Methods for Magnesium and Platinum-Group Metal Extraction

by Rinat Abdulvaliyev, Yerkezhan Abikak, Nazym Akhmadiyeva, Sergey Gladyshev, Alfiyam Manapova and Asiya Kasymzhanova

Inorganics 2025, 13(11), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics13110353 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

This article provides a review of modern technologies for processing chromite ores and beneficiation wastes, with a focus on the recovery of magnesium and platinum-group metals (PGMs). It reveals that the traditional use of chromites solely as a source of chromium limits the [...] Read more.

This article provides a review of modern technologies for processing chromite ores and beneficiation wastes, with a focus on the recovery of magnesium and platinum-group metals (PGMs). It reveals that the traditional use of chromites solely as a source of chromium limits the potential of this raw material, whereas comprehensive processing enables the recovery of associated components, including serpentine minerals, which are widely present in chromite ores and tailings. Pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, plasma-arc, and biotechnological methods are examined, as well as their integration into combined flowsheets. Particular attention is given to sulfation, chloridization, and carbochlorination processes, which ensure a high degree of PGM recovery. Economic and environmental aspects of comprehensive processing are discussed, including carbon footprint reduction, waste minimization, and prospects for the development of “green metallurgy.” It is concluded that the further advancement of resource-efficient and environmentally safe technologies for chromite processing will increase production efficiency, ensure resource independence, and support compliance with global carbon neutrality requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mixed Metal Oxides, 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 11566 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Characterization of the PaO Gene Family and Pyramiding Effects of Superior Haplotypes on Yield-Related Traits in Sorghum

by Jinbiao Li, Haoxiang Li, Ruochen Zhang, Yizhong Zhang, Juanying Zhao, Xiaojuan Zhang and Huiyan Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(11), 2493; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15112493 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) is a key enzyme in chlorophyll degradation and plays an important role in plant senescence. However, the PaO gene’s function in sorghum remains underexplored. In this study, we identified five SbPaO gene family members in the sorghum genome [...] Read more.

The Pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO) is a key enzyme in chlorophyll degradation and plays an important role in plant senescence. However, the PaO gene’s function in sorghum remains underexplored. In this study, we identified five SbPaO gene family members in the sorghum genome through bioinformatics analysis. Analyses of gene structure, phylogeny, and collinearity revealed high conservation of this gene family among grass crops, suggesting similar functions. Subcellular localization and protein network predictions indicated that SbPaOs may participate in chlorophyll catabolism and regulate leaf senescence. Expression pattern analysis showed that SbPaO1, SbPaO3, SbPaO4, and SbPaO5 were highly expressed in leaves and significantly upregulated during senescence. Haplotype analysis found three SbPaO genes significantly linked to thousand-grain weight (TGW); superior haplotypes SbPaO1-hap4, SbPaO3-hap5, and SbPaO4-hap4 notably increased this trait. Single-gene improvements increased TGW by 10.57–17.20%, dual-gene aggregation by 18.78–24.75%, and three-gene aggregation by 29.09%. The study also developed Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers that identify superior haplotypes with 100% accuracy. In summary, this study’s results provide a theoretical basis and genetic resources for further exploration of haplotype pyramiding strategies to breed new high-yielding sorghum varieties and delineate a clear research direction for subsequent functional validation and breeding practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

23 pages, 14500 KB

Open AccessArticle

TFAM Loss Induces Oxidative Stress and Divergent Phenotypes in Glioblastoma Metabolic Subtypes

by Stella G. Cavalcante, Roseli da S. Soares, Miyuki Uno, Maria J. F. Alves, Ricardo C. Cintra, Paula R. Sola, Christiane Y. Ozaki, Antonio M. Lerário, Sueli M. Oba-Shinjo and Suely K. N. Marie

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110446 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is essential for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance and function, but its role in glioblastoma (GBM) remains largely unexplored. Analysis of patient astrocytomas and TCGA datasets has revealed progressive TFAM downregulation with increasing malignancy, with the lowest expression in [...] Read more.

Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is essential for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance and function, but its role in glioblastoma (GBM) remains largely unexplored. Analysis of patient astrocytomas and TCGA datasets has revealed progressive TFAM downregulation with increasing malignancy, with the lowest expression in glycolytic/plurimetabolic (GPM) subtypes. Functional and transcriptomic profiling of mesenchymal GBM cell lines showed that TFAM silencing in GPM-type U87MG cells enhanced proliferation, S-phase entry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and adhesion, while reducing motility. These changes were correlated with upregulation of LDHC and TRAF2 and downregulation of androgen receptor-linked motility genes and LOXL2. By contrast, TFAM loss in mitochondrial (MTC)-type A172 cells caused minimal phenotypic alterations, associated with elevated SOD1 expression and activation of antioxidant, mitochondrial membrane, and survival pathways, alongside suppression of oxidative phosphorylation and vesicle-trafficking genes. TFAM overexpression reduced proliferation in U87MG but had a limited impact on A172 cells. Taken together, these findings establish TFAM as a subtype-specific regulator of GBM cell proliferation, redox balance, and motility. TFAM loss drives a proliferative, ROS-sensitive phenotype in GPM-type cells, while eliciting adaptive, stress-resilient programs in MTC-type cells. This study identifies TFAM and downstream effectors, TRAF2 and LOXL2, as potential therapeutic targets, supporting the development of metabolic subtype-tailored strategies for GBM treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Players in the Research of Oxidative Stress and Cancer)

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23 pages, 696 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inverse-Time Overcurrent Protection Scheme for Smart Grids Based on Composite Parameter Protection Factors

by Yangqing Dan, Ke Sun, Chenxuan Wang, Xiahui Zhang and Le Yu

Electronics 2025, 14(21), 4204; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214204 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

When internal faults occur in a microgrid, the switching between grid-connected and islanded modes can lead to extended tripping times for traditional inverse-time overcurrent (ITOC) protection and failure in coordination between protection levels. To address these issues, this paper proposes an improved inverse-time [...] Read more.

When internal faults occur in a microgrid, the switching between grid-connected and islanded modes can lead to extended tripping times for traditional inverse-time overcurrent (ITOC) protection and failure in coordination between protection levels. To address these issues, this paper proposes an improved inverse-time overcurrent protection scheme based on a composite parameter protection factor. This scheme utilizes the phase relationship between the positive-sequence voltage fault component at the bus and the positive-sequence current fault component in the feeder after a fault occurrence, combined with the severity of bus voltage sags, to construct a composite parameter protection factor. This factor incorporates a phase-difference acceleration factor and a voltage-sag acceleration factor, aiming to shorten the operation time of the inverse-time overcurrent protection. Furthermore, leveraging the proportional relationship between the composite parameter protection factor and the fault location, the coordination between different protection levels is optimized. Simulations were conducted using PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed improved scheme under various fault scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Wireless Power Transfer for IoT, EVs, and Smart Infrastructure)

20 pages, 1890 KB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation into 18650 Li-Ion Battery Temperature Control Applying Immersion Cooling with FC-40 Dielectric Fluid

by Sara El Afia, Rachid Hidki, Francisco Jurado and Antonio Cano-Ortega

Batteries 2025, 11(11), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11110397 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Nowadays, immersion cooling-based battery thermal management systems have demonstrated their effectiveness in controlling the temperature of lithium-ion batteries. While previous scientific research has primarily concentrated on traditional dielectric fluids such as mineral oil, the current research investigates the effectiveness of the dielectric fluid [...] Read more.

Nowadays, immersion cooling-based battery thermal management systems have demonstrated their effectiveness in controlling the temperature of lithium-ion batteries. While previous scientific research has primarily concentrated on traditional dielectric fluids such as mineral oil, the current research investigates the effectiveness of the dielectric fluid FC-40. A three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics model of an eight-cell 18650 battery system was constructed using ANSYS Fluent 19.2 to examine the effect of cooling fluids (air, mineral oil, and FC-40), velocity of flow (0.01 m/s to 0.15 m/s), discharge rate (1C to 5C), and inlet/outlet size (2.5 mm to 3.5 mm) on thermal efficiency as well as pressure drop. The findings indicate that employing FC-40 as the dielectric fluid significantly reduces the peak cell temperature, with an absolute decrease of 2.80 °C compared to mineral oil and 15.10 °C compared to air. Furthermore, FC-40 achieves the highest uniformity with minimal hotspot. On the other hand, as the fluid velocity increases, the maximum temperature of the battery drops, reaching a minimum of 26 °C at a velocity of 0.15 m/s. Otherwise, at lower flow velocities, the pressure drop remains minimal, thereby reducing the pumping power consumption. Additionally, increasing the inlet and outlet diameter of the fluid directly improves cooling uniformity. Consequently, the temperature dropped by up to 4.3%. Finally, the findings demonstrate that elevated discharge rates contribute to increased heat dissipation but adversely affect the efficiency of the thermal management system. This study provides critical knowledge for the enhancement of battery thermal management systems based on immersion cooling using FC-40 as a dielectric. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety of Lithium Ion Batteries—2nd Edition)

15 pages, 1363 KB

Open AccessArticle

Decoupling Water Consumption from Economic Growth in Inner Mongolia, China

by Danjun Wang, Yunqi Zhou and Fengwei Wang

Water 2025, 17(21), 3073; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17213073 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Using economic and water consumption data from Inner Mongolia and its 12 cities (2004–2023), this study employs the Tapio decoupling model to investigate the relationship between water consumption and economic growth. The results show a general shift from weak to strong decoupling across [...] Read more.

Using economic and water consumption data from Inner Mongolia and its 12 cities (2004–2023), this study employs the Tapio decoupling model to investigate the relationship between water consumption and economic growth. The results show a general shift from weak to strong decoupling across the region, with extreme events such as the 2020–2021 pandemic period (decoupling index, DI = 10.31) causing clear disruptions. Regional disparities followed a triple pattern: industrial areas (e.g., Ordos, Baotou) achieved strong decoupling via innovation; agricultural regions (e.g., Tongliao, Bayannur) remained in weak negative decoupling modes due to rigid water demand; and ecologically vulnerable areas (e.g., Alxa League, Xilin Gol) saw high volatility and unsustainable policy effects. Our interpretation of the three patterns highlights the need for region-specific governance. The driving mechanisms mainly include uneven adoption of water-saving technology (e.g., low drip irrigation rates in agriculture), virtual water trade shifting pressures across regions, and climate extremes worsening imbalances. Based on these findings, we recommend differentiated subsidies, regional compensation mechanisms, and adaptive policies to support sustainable water–economy coordination in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water: Economic, Social and Environmental Analysis)

36 pages, 1513 KB

Open AccessReview

Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) Solar Collector and System Overview

by Sahand Hosouli, Mansoureh Aliakbari, Forough Raeisi, Muhammad Talha Jahangir, João Gomes, Damu Murali and Iván P. Acosta Pazmiño

Energies 2025, 18(21), 5643; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215643 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) solar collector technologies are considered a highly efficient solution for sustainable energy generation, capable of producing electricity and heat simultaneously. This paper reviews and discusses different aspects of PVT collectors, including fundamental principles, materials, diverse classifications, such as air-type and water-type, [...] Read more.

Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) solar collector technologies are considered a highly efficient solution for sustainable energy generation, capable of producing electricity and heat simultaneously. This paper reviews and discusses different aspects of PVT collectors, including fundamental principles, materials, diverse classifications, such as air-type and water-type, and different cooling mechanisms to boost their performance, such as nano-fluids, Phase Change Materials (PCMs), and Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs). At the system level, this paper analyses PVT technologies’ integration in buildings and industrial applications and gives a comprehensive market overview. The methodology focused on evaluating advancements in design, thermal management, and overall system efficiency based on existing literature published from 2010 to 2025. From the findings of various studies, water-based PVT systems provide electrical efficiencies ranging from 8% to 22% and thermal efficiencies between 30% and 70%, which are almost always higher than air-based alternatives. Innovations, including nanofluids, phase change materials, and hybrid topologies, have improved energy conversion and storage. Market data indicates growing adoption in Europe and Asia, stressing significant investments led by Sunmaxx, Abora Solar, Naked Energy, and DualSun. Nonetheless, obstacles to PVT arise regarding aspects such as cost, design complexity, lack of awareness, and economic incentives. According to the findings of this study, additional research is required to reduce the operational expenses of such systems, improve system integration, and build supportive policy frameworks. This paper offers guidance on PVT technologies and how they can be integrated into different setups based on current normativity and regulatory frameworks. Full article

27 pages, 5014 KB

Open AccessArticle

Axial Compressive Behavior of Square Double-Skin Hybrid Concrete Bar Columns with Small-Diameter Concrete-Infilled GFRP Tubes

by Jingran He, Yi Liu, Qinling Hong, Runran Li, Ruofan Gao, Bing Fu, Luchuan Ding and Xiaodi Dai

Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3888; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213888 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

With the increasing demand for lightweight, high-strength, and ductile structural systems in modern infrastructure, the hybrid composite column has emerged as a promising solution to overcome the limitations of single-material members. This paper proposes an innovative variant of double-skin tubular columns (DSTCs), termed [...] Read more.

With the increasing demand for lightweight, high-strength, and ductile structural systems in modern infrastructure, the hybrid composite column has emerged as a promising solution to overcome the limitations of single-material members. This paper proposes an innovative variant of double-skin tubular columns (DSTCs), termed as square double-skin hybrid concrete bar columns (SDHCBCs), composed of one square-shaped outer steel tube, small-diameter concrete-infilled glass FRP tubes (SDCFs), interstitial mortar, and an inner circular steel tube. A series of axial compression tests were conducted on eight SDHCBCs and one reference DSTC to investigate the effects of key parameters, including the thicknesses of the outer steel tube and GFRP tube, the substitution ratio of SDCFs, and their distribution patterns. As a result, significantly enhanced performance is observed in the proposed SDHCBCs, including the following: ultimate axial bearing capacity improved by 79.6%, while the ductility is increased by 328.3%, respectively, compared to the conventional DSTC. A validated finite element model was established to simulate the mechanical behavior of SDHCBCs under axial compression. The model accurately captured the stress distribution and progressive failure modes of each component, offering insights into the complex interaction mechanisms within the hybrid columns. The findings suggest that incorporating SDCFs into hybrid columns is a promising strategy to achieve superior load-carrying performance, with strong potential for application in high-rise and infrastructure engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Composite Material Technologies and Structural Design)

17 pages, 643 KB

Open AccessArticle

Voluntary Food Reformulation Initiatives Failed to Reduce the Salt Content of Artisanal Breads in Greece

by Georgios Marakis, Sotiria Kotopoulou, Stavroula Skoulika, Georgios Petropoulos, Zoe Mousia, Emmanuella Magriplis and Antonis Zampelas

Nutrients 2025, 17(21), 3374; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17213374 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Reducing salt in bread is considered a straightforward, cost-effective public health intervention and is implemented in several countries, either voluntarily or through legislation. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in Greece in 2016, setting a voluntary maximum salt content of 1.2% [...] Read more.

Background: Reducing salt in bread is considered a straightforward, cost-effective public health intervention and is implemented in several countries, either voluntarily or through legislation. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in Greece in 2016, setting a voluntary maximum salt content of 1.2% in artisanal bread. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the MoU and assessed the potential impact of reducing salt in bread on overall salt intake, using the MoU target and the relevant WHO global sodium benchmark. Methods: Artisanal bread samples (n = 253) randomly collected from different parts of Greece in 2024 were analyzed for salt content and compared with samples collected in 2012 (n = 220). Salt intake from bread was estimated using data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS), and modeling scenarios were conducted. Results: The MoU and related voluntary awareness activities were ineffective as a strategy to reduce salt in bread. The mean salt content in bread in 2024 was 1.41 (0.30)%, representing a 6.8% increase compared to 1.32 (0.31)% in 2012. Only 19.4% of samples in 2024 contained ≤1.2% salt, compared to 31.8% in 2012. Full MoU compliance would enable an additional 3.1% of Greek bread consumers, currently exceeding 5 g in their daily salt intake from foods alone, to reduce their intake to below 5 g. This would rise to 6.2% if the WHO sodium benchmark was implemented. Conclusions: A mandatory salt limit, aligned with the WHO global benchmark, is urgently needed to support national reformulation strategies. This work can contribute to European and international discussions on food reformulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards Healthy and Sustainable Diets: Environmental and Nutritional Perspectives)

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24 pages, 940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems in Supporting South Africa’s Energy Transition

by Mxolisi Miller, Xolani Yokwana and Mbuyu Sumbwanyambe

Processes 2025, 13(11), 3455; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113455 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

This report evaluates the role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs) in supporting South Africa’s energy transition amidst persistent power shortages, coal dependency, and growing decarbonisation imperatives. Drawing on national policy frameworks including the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP 2019), the Just Energy Transition [...] Read more.

This report evaluates the role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRESs) in supporting South Africa’s energy transition amidst persistent power shortages, coal dependency, and growing decarbonisation imperatives. Drawing on national policy frameworks including the Integrated Resource Plan (IRP 2019), the Just Energy Transition (JET) strategy, and Net Zero 2050 targets, this study analyses five major HRES configurations: PV–Battery, PV–Diesel–Battery, PV–Wind–Battery, PV–Hydrogen, and Multi-Source EMS. Through technical modelling, lifecycle cost estimation, and trade-off analysis, the report demonstrates how hybrid systems can decentralise energy supply, improve grid resilience, and align with socio-economic development goals. Geographic application, cost-performance metrics, and policy alignment are assessed to inform region-specific deployment strategies. Despite enabling technologies and proven field performance, the scale-up of HRESs is constrained by financial, regulatory, and institutional barriers. The report concludes with targeted policy recommendations to support inclusive and regionally adaptive HRES investment in South Africa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs))

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11 pages, 763 KB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Leaf Functional Traits of Quercus rehderiana Hand.-Mazz. to Elevation Gradient

by Xiao-Long Bai, Shun Zou, Bin He and Wang-Jun Li

Forests 2025, 16(11), 1641; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111641 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Studying the response of plant leaf functional traits to elevation helps us understand plant adaptation to the environment and their distribution trends under global climate change. Currently, how plant leaf functional traits respond to elevation across different scales or among different species remains [...] Read more.

Studying the response of plant leaf functional traits to elevation helps us understand plant adaptation to the environment and their distribution trends under global climate change. Currently, how plant leaf functional traits respond to elevation across different scales or among different species remains controversial. Quercus rehderiana Hand.-Mazz. is widely distributed across various altitude ranges in southwestern China, making it an ideal species to address this question. Therefore, this study established three 20 × 20 m quadrats at each of five altitude gradients (2000, 2200, 2400, 2600, and 2800 m). By measuring morphological and nutrient indicators in leaves from five individuals of Quercus rehderiana in each quadrat, we analyzed the response of leaf functional traits to elevation. The results showed that leaf thickness (LT), specific leaf area (SLA), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) concentrations, carbon phosphorus ratio (C:P ratio), and nitrogen phosphorus ratio (N:P ratio) of Quercus rehderiana varied significantly across different elevations. Regression analysis revealed that leaf area (LA), K concentration, and carbon nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) decreased with increasing elevation, while LT and nitrogen (N) concentration increased. Correlation analysis indicated that LA was significantly negatively correlated with LT and leaf P concentration, but positively correlated with carbon (C) concentration and stoichiometric ratios (C:N, C:P, N:P). Leaf thickness (LT) was significantly negatively correlated with K and calcium (Ca) concentration. Specific leaf area (SLA) and K concentration were significantly negatively correlated with leaf dry matter content (LDMC). The leaves of Quercus rehderiana mainly adapt to different elevations through trade-offs among different morphological and chemical traits. These findings can support the conservation of germplasm resources and forest management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Ecophysiology and Biology)

9 pages, 2093 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Cosmic Radiation Modular Telescope on the Moon: The MoonRay Concept

by Pier Simone Marrocchesi

Particles 2025, 8(4), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8040086 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

The MoonRay project is carrying out a concept study of a permanent lunar cosmic-ray (CR) and gamma-ray observatory, in view of the implementation of habitats on our satellite. The idea is to build a modular telescope that will be able to overcome the [...] Read more.

The MoonRay project is carrying out a concept study of a permanent lunar cosmic-ray (CR) and gamma-ray observatory, in view of the implementation of habitats on our satellite. The idea is to build a modular telescope that will be able to overcome the limitations, in available power and weight, of the present generation of CR instruments in Low Earth Orbit, while carrying out high-energy gamma-ray observations from a vantage point at the South Pole of the Moon. An array of fully independent modules (towers), with limited individual size and mass, can provide an acceptance more than one order of magnitude larger than instruments in flight at present. The modular telescope is designed to be deployed progressively, during a series of lunar missions, while collecting meaningful scientific data at the intermediate stages of its implementation. The operational power will be made available by the facilities maintaining the lunar habitats. With a geometric factor close to 15 m²sr and about 8 times larger sensitive area than FERMI-LAT, MoonRay will be able to carry out a very rich observational program over a time span of a few decades with an energy reach of 10 PeV allowing the exploration of the CR “knee” and the observation of the Southern Sky with gamma rays well into the TeV scale. Each tower (of approximate size 20 cm × 20 cm ×100 cm) is equipped with three instruments. A combined Charge and Time-of-Flight detector (CD-ToF) can identify individual cosmic elements, leveraging on an innovative two-layered array of pixelated Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) sensors, with sub-ns time resolution. The latter can achieve an unprecedented rejection power against backscattered radiation from the calorimeter. It is followed by a tracker, providing also photon conversion, and by a thick crystal calorimeter (55 radiation lengths, 3 proton interaction lengths at normal incidence) with an energy resolution of 30–40% (1–2%) for protons (electrons) and a proton/electron rejection in excess of 10⁵. A time resolution close to 100 ps has been obtained, with prototypal arrays of 3 mm × 3 mm LGAD pixels, in a recent test campaign carried out at CERN with Pb beam fragments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Space AstroParticle Physics: Frontier Technologies for Particle Measurements in Space, 2025 Edition)

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10 pages, 1215 KB

Open AccessBrief Report

Reclassifying IDUA c.250G>A (p.Gly84Ser): Evidence for a Possible Pseudodeficiency Allele

by Christopher Connolly, Rachel Fisher, Chen Yang, Susan Schelley, Bryce A. Mendelsohn, Chung Lee and Ayesha Ahmad

Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2025, 11(4), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns11040100 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate variant classification is crucial for newborn screening (NBS) to prevent missed diagnoses or unnecessary interventions. The IDUA gene variant denoted as c.250G>A (p.Gly84Ser) has been identified in individuals with positive NBS for Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPS I). This variant has conflicting pathogenicity [...] Read more.

Accurate variant classification is crucial for newborn screening (NBS) to prevent missed diagnoses or unnecessary interventions. The IDUA gene variant denoted as c.250G>A (p.Gly84Ser) has been identified in individuals with positive NBS for Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I (MPS I). This variant has conflicting pathogenicity reports including one publication classifying this variant as associated with a severe MPS I phenotype; therefore, we aim to clarify the clinical significance of this variant by presenting a case series describing three individuals, each homozygous for c.250G>A (p.Gly84Ser), identified in Michigan and California. All patients in this case series had low alpha-iduronidase (IDUA) enzyme activity with normal or mildly elevated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in blood or urine not falling into the range or pattern seen for affected individuals. None of these patients have developed clinical features of MPS I during follow-up ranging up to 3.5 years of age. Review of functional and population data supports a pseudodeficiency effect, resulting in no need for treatment. Based on our experience with three patients all homozygous for c.250G>A (p.Gly84Ser), despite causing low in vitro IDUA activity, homozygosity for the IDUA gene variant denoted as c.250G>A (p.Gly84Ser), does not cause symptoms of MPS I and may represent a pseudodeficiency allele. Caution should be exercised in newborns with this variant to help reduce unnecessary interventions and alleviate the psychosocial and economic consequences of false-positive NBS results, particularly for the South Asian population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Newborn Screening for Lysosomal Disorders: From Laboratory Screening to Diagnosis)

20 pages, 575 KB

Open AccessArticle

New Chlormequat-Based Ionic Liquids as Plant Resistance Inducers

by Rafal Kukawka, Maciej Spychalski, Patrycja Czerwoniec, Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska, Sylwia Stępniewska-Jarosz, Emilia Frydrych-Tomczak and Marcin Smiglak

Molecules 2025, 30(21), 4203; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30214203 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Active compounds used in agriculture are mainly in the form of acids. This applies primarily to substances that are inducers of systemic acquired resistance, which is one of the most promising methods of supporting plants in the fight against pathogens. The physicochemical properties [...] Read more.

Active compounds used in agriculture are mainly in the form of acids. This applies primarily to substances that are inducers of systemic acquired resistance, which is one of the most promising methods of supporting plants in the fight against pathogens. The physicochemical properties and biological activity of such substances can be improved by derivatizing them to salt forms. We used the concept of ionic liquids to obtain novel compounds in the form of chlormequat ionic liquids. In this study we present synthesis and characterization of a series of novel ionic liquids composed of the chlormequat cation paired with plant resistance-inducing anions, including salicylic acid and its chlorinated derivatives, nicotinic acid and isonicotinic acid. The results indicate that the new compounds in the form of salts are characterized by better biological activity related to SAR induction and lower phytotoxicity compared to the parent compounds as their equivalents in acid forms. The obtained compounds demonstrated the ability to activate defense responses in tobacco and to reduce susceptibility to viral infection, highlighting their potential for further application in crop protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Green Chemistry Section)

22 pages, 2997 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of HSS Model Parameters for Soft Clays in Hangzhou: Statistical Analysis and Engineering Validation

by Xing Zheng, Xiaowu Wang, Kanmin Shen and Xiaoqiang Gu

Buildings 2025, 15(21), 3886; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15213886 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

The hardening soil model with small-strain stiffness (HSS model), capturing nonlinear stiffness of soils at small strains, offers advantages for deformation analysis of tunnels or deep excavations in soft clay areas such as Hangzhou City. However, its complex parameters are rarely determinable via [...] Read more.

The hardening soil model with small-strain stiffness (HSS model), capturing nonlinear stiffness of soils at small strains, offers advantages for deformation analysis of tunnels or deep excavations in soft clay areas such as Hangzhou City. However, its complex parameters are rarely determinable via conventional tests, and regional geological differences render parameter determination methods of other areas inapplicable to Hangzhou. To address this issue, this paper summarizes the geological genesis, spatial distribution, and physical–mechanical properties of Hangzhou soft clays, and clarifies significance and acquisition of HSS model parameters. Via statistical analysis of existing literature data, the relationships between key HSS model parameters and physical indices (e.g., void ratio) were established. A 3D finite element (FE) simulation of a Hangzhou excavation validated the proposed parameter determination method: simulated lateral retaining structure displacement and surface settlement closely matched field measurements. The simulation results employing the model parameters proposed herein are closer to the measurements than those based on the method of Shanghai, providing guidance for excavation design and geotechnical parameter selection in Hangzhou soft soil region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)

16 pages, 749 KB

Open AccessReview

Celebrating 50 Years of Nationwide Newborn Screening in Hungary—Review, Current Situation, and Future Directions

by Péter Monostori, Ildikó Szatmári, Ákos Baráth, János Bókay, Marianna Csenki, Zsolt Galla, Balázs Gellén, Nóra Grecsó, Eszter Gyüre, Zita Halász, Krisztina Hegedűs, Judit Kincs, Erika Kiss, Magdolna Kósa, István Lénárt, Andrea Pálmay, Gábor Rácz, Hajnalka Szabó, Léna Szabó, Viktória Tőkési, Andrea Xue, Petra Zsidegh, Attila József Szabó and Csaba Bereczki Show full author list Hide full author list

Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2025, 11(4), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns11040099 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Newborn screening (NBS), one of the most important public health care prevention programs, aims at the early identification of asymptomatic newborns at increased risk for inherited disorders, facilitating timely intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality. NBS in Hungary is celebrating the 50th anniversary [...] Read more.

Newborn screening (NBS), one of the most important public health care prevention programs, aims at the early identification of asymptomatic newborns at increased risk for inherited disorders, facilitating timely intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality. NBS in Hungary is celebrating the 50th anniversary of the nationwide implementation of screening for phenylketonuria and galactosemia, as well as the 40th anniversary of congenital hypothyroidism screening. The present paper reviews the early years, the present situation, and future perspectives for the Hungarian NBS program. Today, screening for 27 disorders (opt-out) plus spinal muscular atrophy (opt-in) is supported by two centralized and well-equipped laboratories in Budapest and Szeged, in-depth laboratory knowledge, a robust follow-up system, and governmental financial support. Since 1975, 3,289 patients have been confirmed with a screened condition from over 5.6 million newborns screened. The 50-year anniversary of the Hungarian NBS program highlights the dedication of both past and current professionals, ongoing advancements in analytical methods and laboratory information management systems, and alignment with international standards. The equitable provision of screening services continues to be prioritized for all newborns nationwide and within the broader Euro-regional context. Full article

13 pages, 1754 KB

Open AccessArticle

An ERA-CRISPR/Cas12a Method for Highly Sensitive Detection of Human Adenovirus Type 55

by Letian Zhang, Zhenghan Luo, Taiwu Wang, Yifang Han, Fuqiang Ye, Chunhui Wang, Yue Chen and Jinhai Zhang

Diagnostics 2025, 15(21), 2725; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15212725 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Human adenovirus 55 (HAdV55) is a notable pathogen causing community-acquired pneumonia; outbreaks occur frequently in military camps, hospitals, and schools, thereby posing a threat to public health security. This study aimed to develop a method for detecting HAdV55 nucleic acid by targeting [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Human adenovirus 55 (HAdV55) is a notable pathogen causing community-acquired pneumonia; outbreaks occur frequently in military camps, hospitals, and schools, thereby posing a threat to public health security. This study aimed to develop a method for detecting HAdV55 nucleic acid by targeting the conserved region of the Hexon gene. The sequence was amplified using enzymatic recombination isothermal amplification (ERA) technology, in conjunction with CRISPR-Cas12a technology, to enhance the amplification signal. Methods: Optimized primer and crRNA sequences were selected through ERA isothermal amplification testing. The ERA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection method was completed within 30 min at a constant temperature of 42 °C. Results: Sensitivity was assessed by detecting standard plasmids and live strains at various dilution concentrations. The detection limits were determined to be 9 copies/reaction for standard plasmids and 2.5 copies/reaction for cultured HAdV55 strains. Specificity tests were conducted on positive samples for five common respiratory pathogens and five other adenovirus subtypes, all of which showed no cross-reactivity. Conclusions: A rapid ERA-CRISPR/Cas12a nucleic acid detection method for HAdV55 has been successfully developed, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity without the need for expensive or complex instruments. This method holds promise for on-site pathogen screening and detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) for Infectious Diseases)

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17 pages, 1250 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Dynamic Load-Altering Attacks on Grid Frequency with the Proportional–Integral Control Strategy

by Yunhao Yu, Meiling Dizha and Zhenyong Zhang

Electronics 2025, 14(21), 4203; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214203 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Grid frequency is a critical factor for the stability of a power system. However, with the penetration of massive dynamic load requirements and information and communication infrastructure, grid frequency is vulnerable to cyberattacks on the load side. In this paper, we model dynamic [...] Read more.

Grid frequency is a critical factor for the stability of a power system. However, with the penetration of massive dynamic load requirements and information and communication infrastructure, grid frequency is vulnerable to cyberattacks on the load side. In this paper, we model dynamic load-altering attacks (LAAs) on grid frequency and propose a control-based mitigation strategy. First, the dynamic grid-frequency model for frequency-sensitive loads is constructed. Then, the vulnerability of grid frequency to dynamic LAAs is analyzed using eigenvalue sensitivity analysis. To design the mitigation strategy, a stability condition with the first-order dynamic model is derived. Further, a second-order dynamic model is constructed to illustrate the joint impact of dynamic LAAs and the control strategy on eigenvalues, thereby revealing insights into mitigating factors for maintaining grid frequency stability. Finally, we conduct extensive simulations to evaluate the vulnerability of grid frequency under dynamic LAAs and to validate the effectiveness of the mitigation strategy. Full article

31 pages, 1852 KB

Open AccessArticle

QuantumTrust-FedChain: A Blockchain-Aware Quantum-Tuned Federated Learning System for Cyber-Resilient Industrial IoT in 6G

by Saleh Alharbi

Future Internet 2025, 17(11), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17110493 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems face severe security and trust challenges, particularly under cross-domain data sharing and federated orchestration. We present QuantumTrust-FedChain, a cyber-resilient federated learning framework integrating quantum variational trust modeling, blockchain-backed provenance, and Byzantine-robust aggregation for secure IIoT collaboration in [...] Read more.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems face severe security and trust challenges, particularly under cross-domain data sharing and federated orchestration. We present QuantumTrust-FedChain, a cyber-resilient federated learning framework integrating quantum variational trust modeling, blockchain-backed provenance, and Byzantine-robust aggregation for secure IIoT collaboration in 6G networks. The architecture includes a Quantum Graph Attention Network (Q-GAT) for modeling device trust evolution using encrypted device logs. This consensus-aware federated optimizer penalizes adversarial gradients using stochastic contract enforcement, and a shard-based blockchain for real-time forensic traceability. Using datasets from SWaT and TON IoT, experiments show 98.3% accuracy in anomaly detection, 35% improvement in defense against model poisoning, and full ledger traceability with under 8.5% blockchain overhead. This framework offers a robust and explainable solution for secure AI deployment in safety-critical IIoT environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Security and Privacy in Blockchains and the IoT—3rd Edition)

24 pages, 4069 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Precision HRWS SAR Phase Error Estimation with Inaccurate Baseline: A Joint-Pixel-Based Image Subspace Approach

by Jixia Fan, Quan Chen, Jixiang Xiang, Xiaojie Ding, Wenxin Zhao and Guangcai Sun

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(21), 3554; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17213554 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

HRWS (high resolution and wide swath, HRWS) SAR always suffers channel phase error in the multichannel reconstruction stage and results in a lower imaging quality. The image domain error estimation method can achieve superior performance by utilizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) advantage. Nevertheless, [...] Read more.

HRWS (high resolution and wide swath, HRWS) SAR always suffers channel phase error in the multichannel reconstruction stage and results in a lower imaging quality. The image domain error estimation method can achieve superior performance by utilizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) advantage. Nevertheless, in practice, the inevitable baseline error in HRWS SAR will lead to the inability of multichannel images to be registered in azimuth time and reduction of the channel phase error estimation accuracy. Considering that the joint-pixel model can fully contain the coherent information in such a case, a novel multichannel phase error estimation method is proposed. In this paper, by establishing a multichannel signal model in the image domain, an image domain subspace-based phase error estimation method based on joint-pixel selection and vector construction is derived. The proposed method can weaken the influence of subspace estimation inaccuracy caused by the inaccurate azimuth baseline and avoid the large amount of calculation caused by iterative elimination of baseline error and phase error in traditional algorithms, thus further improving computational efficiency. Simulation experiments and real acquired HRWS SAR data processing validate the estimation accuracy of the proposed method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing Methods and Techniques of Spaceborne SAR with Ultra-High Resolution)

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13 pages, 697 KB

Open AccessArticle

Distribution of Hematologic Parameters of Complete Blood Count in Anemic and Nonanemic Children in a Mining-Exposed Highland Peruvian Community

by Gloria Cruz-Gonzales, Arístides Hurtado-Concha, Héctor Bejarano-Benites, Hernán Bedoya-Vílchez, Merly Sarabia-Tarrillo, Eliane A. Goicochea-Palomino and Jeel Moya-Salazar

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(11), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111637 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Exposure to heavy metals from mining activities has been consistently associated with disruptions in hematologic homeostasis, adversely affecting children’s overall development. We aimed to determine population-specific distributions of hematological markers and to compare anemic and nonanemic children in a mining-exposed highland community. A [...] Read more.

Exposure to heavy metals from mining activities has been consistently associated with disruptions in hematologic homeostasis, adversely affecting children’s overall development. We aimed to determine population-specific distributions of hematological markers and to compare anemic and nonanemic children in a mining-exposed highland community. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 156 children aged 3 to 7 years from the Peruvian highlands, using non-probability sampling and following CLSI C28-A3 guidelines for this population. Inclusion criteria were children with complete blood count results and residency in mining-contaminated areas. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture and analyzed with a 3-part Sysmex differential hematology analyzer. The mean WBC count was 10.42 ± 1.76 × 10³/µL, with no significant differences between males and females (p = 0.770). Hematological indices, including RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, were consistent between sexes. However, significant differences were noted between anemic and nonanemic 3–4-year-old children for RBC (5.56 ± 0.47 vs. 7.06 ± 0.96 × 10⁶/µL) and HCT (33.97 ± 6.89 vs. 35.64 ± 5%) (each p < 0.00001), with lower values in anemic subjects. Also, anemic and nonanemic 5–7-year-old children had significant differences in RBC (5.87 ± 1.02 vs. 7.36 ± 0.79 × 10⁶/µL) and HCT (31.13 ± 1.73 vs. 36.54 ± 4) (each p < 0.00001). Our findings reveal variations in hematological parameter distributions, emphasizing the importance of personalized blood assessments for mining-exposed populations. This approach could enable earlier diagnosis and intervention for anemia among vulnerable pediatric groups. Full article

67 pages, 3389 KB

Open AccessReview

Metaflammation’s Role in Systemic Dysfunction in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review

by Ioana-Maria Crasan, Matei Tanase, Corina Elena Delia, Gratiela Gradisteanu-Pircalabioru, Anisoara Cimpean and Elena Ionica

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10445; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110445 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Obesity is redefined as a complex systemic disease, transcending mere caloric imbalance, driven by intricate dysregulation across metabolic, neuroendocrine, immunological, and epigenetic axes. Central to its pathology is adipose tissue, which is considered a dynamic endocrine and immune organ. Its dysfunctional expansion fuels [...] Read more.

Obesity is redefined as a complex systemic disease, transcending mere caloric imbalance, driven by intricate dysregulation across metabolic, neuroendocrine, immunological, and epigenetic axes. Central to its pathology is adipose tissue, which is considered a dynamic endocrine and immune organ. Its dysfunctional expansion fuels chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation, termed “metaflammation”, characterised by pathways such as NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as well as pervasive immune cell infiltration. This inflammatory state could profoundly impair insulin signalling and contribute to major complications, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Further exacerbating this systemic dysfunction is gut microbiota dysbiosis, which promotes metabolic endotoxemia and neuroendocrine dysregulation, impacting hypothalamic function, central hormone resistance, and reproductive health. Epigenetic modifications also serve as crucial mediators, translating environmental exposures into altered gene expression that perpetuates susceptibility across generations. This review summarises the current understanding of obesity by integrating molecular, neuroendocrine, and immunometabolic underpinnings, reinterpreting it as a comprehensive expression of systemic dysfunction. Through this integrated perspective our hope is to highlight the necessity of a paradigm shift towards personalised, multi-targeted interventions that extend beyond conventional weight management. An integrative, translational approach modulating the immunometabolic network, microbiota, and epigenetics is essential to effectively address the global obesity epidemic and its far-reaching health implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research in Obesity and Obesity Related Disorders: 3rd Edition)

25 pages, 1508 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Profiling and Anti-Obesogenic Potential of Scrophularia Aestivalis Griseb. (Scrophulariaceae)

by Konstantina Priboyska, Monika N. Todorova, Vanya I. Gerasimova, Martina S. Savova, Slaveya Krustanova, Zhanina Petkova, Stoyan Stoyanov, Milena P. Popova, Milen I. Georgiev and Kalina Alipieva

Molecules 2025, 30(21), 4202; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30214202 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Scrophularia aestivalis Griseb. is a Balkan endemic species whose phytochemical composition and medicinal properties have not been previously investigated. The therapeutic potential of Scrophularia species has attracted considerable attention, resulting in extensive studies on their chemical and pharmacological properties, with over 200 secondary [...] Read more.

Scrophularia aestivalis Griseb. is a Balkan endemic species whose phytochemical composition and medicinal properties have not been previously investigated. The therapeutic potential of Scrophularia species has attracted considerable attention, resulting in extensive studies on their chemical and pharmacological properties, with over 200 secondary metabolites identified to date. The present study aimed to explore the phytochemical composition of Bulgarian-origin S. aestivalis, including isolation and characterization of individual secondary metabolites. From methanol extract of the plant’s aerial parts, aucubin, harpagide, 8-O-acetylharpagide, cis- and trans-harpagoside, 6-O-methyl catalpol, acylated derivatives of catalpol, and linarin were isolated and identified. The anti-obesity activity of the extract and primary fractions was evaluated in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of obesity. Significant lipid-reducing activity was demonstrated in four fractions, indicating promising anti-obesogenic properties. Following chemical profiling and quantitative analysis, the main components of the most active fractions were identified, namely the cis- and trans-harpagoside isomers. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that treatment with harpagoside reduced lipid accumulation and improved mitochondrial function in glucose-supplemented worms, with the data suggesting potential involvement of the SKN-1 signaling pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)

29 pages, 3801 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermodynamic Assessment of Carbon Capture Integration in Reheat Gas Turbine Combined Cycles Using Transcritical CO₂ and Ammonia–Water Mixtures

by Mayank Maheshwari, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Pushpendra Kumar Singh Rathore and Arbind Kumar Amar

Energies 2025, 18(21), 5642; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18215642 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

At present, enhancing the first- and second-law efficiencies of power generation cycles is no longer the sole objective of engineers. Increasing attention is now being paid to reducing carbon emissions in the environment and minimizing the time required to recover the costs of [...] Read more.

At present, enhancing the first- and second-law efficiencies of power generation cycles is no longer the sole objective of engineers. Increasing attention is now being paid to reducing carbon emissions in the environment and minimizing the time required to recover the costs of the power plant, in addition to improving work output and first- and second-law efficiencies. The present analytical study compares the power generation cycle with and without a carbon capture unit. The combined cycle selected is the reheat gas turbine cycle using an ammonia–water mixture and transcritical carbon dioxide as working fluids in the bottoming cycle. The comparison of both the configurations depicts that at a cycle pressure ratio of 40, an ambient temperature of 303 K, and a turbine inlet temperature of 1600 K, the configuration incorporating the maximum number of ammonia–water turbines in the bottoming cycle yields the highest work output, amounting to 952.3 kJ/kg. The payback period is found to be the longest—approximately 8 years and 4 months for the configuration utilizing transcritical carbon dioxide as the working fluid. The integration of a carbon capture unit results in a reduction in carbon emissions ranging from a minimum of 15% to a maximum of 22.81%. However, a higher operating separation temperature for ammonia and water is observed to degrade the thermodynamic performance across all configurations analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Waste Heat Utilization Systems)

9 pages, 9195 KB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Early Radiological Limitations in Bone Healing Estimation After Allogeneic Bone Grafts Used for Mandible Reconstruction

by Kamil Nelke, Klaudiusz Łuczak, Maciej Janeczek, Mikołaj Włodarczyk, Magdalena Florek, Małgorzata Tarnowska, Agata Małyszek, Cyprian Olchowy, Maciej Dobrzyński and Piotr Kuropka

Diagnostics 2025, 15(21), 2724; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15212724 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

Xenograft bone, autologous bone grafts or allogeneic bones from a bone bank are used for bone augmentation, reconstruction or other purposes, when the volume, shape, and size of each jawbone defect require different bone materials. In the case of some bigger and locally [...] Read more.

Xenograft bone, autologous bone grafts or allogeneic bones from a bone bank are used for bone augmentation, reconstruction or other purposes, when the volume, shape, and size of each jawbone defect require different bone materials. In the case of some bigger and locally advanced bone defects, the use of allogeneic bone can be suitable and used with great success if the wound and bone are especially carefully maintained; however, the healing period of each bone depends on good and stable wound closure followed by improved local antiseptic protocol. The individuality of each bone defect might also require additional prophylactic titanium plating in order to decrease the risk of possible mandibular fracture or to help improve bone stability, reduce bone mobility and possible inflammation or granulation tissue formation. Early radiological estimation of bone healing evaluation might be troublesome and not fully visible in radiological evaluation in the early stages of bone healing. On the other hand, possible bone inflammation, radiolucent defects, and granulation formation could be noted in cases of acute or long-lasting bone grafting material inflammation, bacterial contamination within the bone defect area, or the presence of fistula. The presented case describes a very good outcome from a dentigerous cyst removal with bone defect grafting and plating; however, because of wound dehiscence and allogeneic bone graft exposure, the patient required one additional procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Interesting Images)

29 pages, 1285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Stability Assessment of Fully Inverter-Based Power Systems Using Grid-Forming Controls

by Zahra Ahmadimonfared and Stefan Eichner

Electronics 2025, 14(21), 4202; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214202 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

The displacement of synchronous machines by inverter-based resources raises critical concerns regarding the stability of future low-inertia power systems. Grid-forming (GFM) inverters offer a pathway to address these challenges by autonomously establishing voltage and frequency while emulating inertia and damping. This paper investigates [...] Read more.

The displacement of synchronous machines by inverter-based resources raises critical concerns regarding the stability of future low-inertia power systems. Grid-forming (GFM) inverters offer a pathway to address these challenges by autonomously establishing voltage and frequency while emulating inertia and damping. This paper investigates the feasibility of operating a transmission-scale network with 100% GFM penetration by fully replacing all synchronous generators in the IEEE 39-bus system with a heterogeneous mix of droop, virtual synchronous machine (VSM), and synchronverter controls. System stability is assessed under a severe fault-initiated separation, focusing on frequency and voltage metrics defined through center-of-inertia formulations and standard acceptance envelopes. A systematic parameter sweep of virtual inertia (H) and damping (

D_{p}

) reveals their distinct and complementary roles: inertia primarily shapes the Rate of Change in Frequency and excursion depth, while damping governs convergence speed and steady-state accuracy. All tested parameter combinations remain within established stability limitations, confirming the robust operability of a fully inverter-dominated grid. These findings demonstrate that properly tuned GFM inverters can enable secure and reliable operation of future power systems without reliance on synchronous machines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 2652 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eyeglass-Type Switch: A Wearable Eye-Movement and Blink Switch for ALS Nurse Call

by Ryuto Tamai, Takeshi Saitoh, Kazuyuki Itoh and Haibo Zhang

Electronics 2025, 14(21), 4201; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214201 (registering DOI) - 27 Oct 2025

Abstract

We present the eyeglass-type switch, an eyeglass-mounted eye/blink switch designed for nurse-call operation by people with severe motor impairments, with a particular focus on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The system targets real-world bedside constraints—low illumination at night, supine posture, and network-independent operation—by combining [...] Read more.

We present the eyeglass-type switch, an eyeglass-mounted eye/blink switch designed for nurse-call operation by people with severe motor impairments, with a particular focus on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The system targets real-world bedside constraints—low illumination at night, supine posture, and network-independent operation—by combining near-infrared (NIR) LED illumination with an NIR eye camera and executing all processing on a small, GPU-free computer. A two-stage convolutional pipeline estimates eight periocular landmarks and the pupil center; eye-closure is detected either by a binary classifier or by an angle criterion derived from landmarks, which also skips pupil estimation during closure. User intent is determined by crossing a caregiver-tunable “off-area” around neutral gaze, implemented as rectangular or sector shapes. Four output modes—single, continuous, long-press, and hold-to-activate—are supported for both oculomotor and eyelid inputs. Safety is addressed via relay-based electrical isolation from the nurse-call circuit and audio feedback for state indication. The prototype runs at 18 fps on commodity hardware. In feature-point evaluation, mean errors were 2.84 pixels for landmarks and 1.33 pixels for the pupil center. In a bedside task with 12 healthy participants, the system achieved

F = 0.965

in single mode and

F = 0.983

in hold-to-activate mode; blink-only input yielded

F = 0.993

. Performance was uniformly high for right/left/up and eye-closure cues, with lower recall for downward gaze due to eyelid occlusion, suggesting camera placement or threshold tuning as remedies. The results indicate that the proposed switch provides reliable, low-burden nurse-call control under nighttime conditions and offers a practical input option for emergency alerts and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) workflows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human-Robot Interaction and Applications: Challenges and Future Perspectives)

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