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Volume 22
Issue 11
10.3390/ijerph22111637
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Article

Distribution of Hematologic Parameters of Complete Blood Count in Anemic and Nonanemic Children in a Mining-Exposed Highland Peruvian Community

by
Gloria Cruz-Gonzales
1,*,
Arístides Hurtado-Concha
1,
Héctor Bejarano-Benites
1,
Hernán Bedoya-Vílchez
1,
Merly Sarabia-Tarrillo
1,
Eliane A. Goicochea-Palomino
2 and
Jeel Moya-Salazar
1,3,*
1
Faculty of Medical Technologist, Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima 15007, Peru
2
Faculties of Health Science, Universidad Tecnológica del Perú, Lima 15046, Peru
3
Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo 14002, Peru
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(11), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111637 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 14 August 2025 / Revised: 16 October 2025 / Accepted: 25 October 2025 / Published: 27 October 2025
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Exposure to heavy metals from mining activities has been consistently associated with disruptions in hematologic homeostasis, adversely affecting children’s overall development. We aimed to determine population-specific distributions of hematological markers and to compare anemic and nonanemic children in a mining-exposed highland community. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 156 children aged 3 to 7 years from the Peruvian highlands, using non-probability sampling and following CLSI C28-A3 guidelines for this population. Inclusion criteria were children with complete blood count results and residency in mining-contaminated areas. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture and analyzed with a 3-part Sysmex differential hematology analyzer. The mean WBC count was 10.42 ± 1.76 × 103/µL, with no significant differences between males and females (p = 0.770). Hematological indices, including RBC, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, were consistent between sexes. However, significant differences were noted between anemic and nonanemic 3–4-year-old children for RBC (5.56 ± 0.47 vs. 7.06 ± 0.96 × 106/µL) and HCT (33.97 ± 6.89 vs. 35.64 ± 5%) (each p < 0.00001), with lower values in anemic subjects. Also, anemic and nonanemic 5–7-year-old children had significant differences in RBC (5.87 ± 1.02 vs. 7.36 ± 0.79 × 106/µL) and HCT (31.13 ± 1.73 vs. 36.54 ± 4) (each p < 0.00001). Our findings reveal variations in hematological parameter distributions, emphasizing the importance of personalized blood assessments for mining-exposed populations. This approach could enable earlier diagnosis and intervention for anemia among vulnerable pediatric groups.
Keywords: anemia; mining pollution; children; hemoglobin; hematologic tests; pediatrics; Peru anemia; mining pollution; children; hemoglobin; hematologic tests; pediatrics; Peru

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cruz-Gonzales, G.; Hurtado-Concha, A.; Bejarano-Benites, H.; Bedoya-Vílchez, H.; Sarabia-Tarrillo, M.; Goicochea-Palomino, E.A.; Moya-Salazar, J. Distribution of Hematologic Parameters of Complete Blood Count in Anemic and Nonanemic Children in a Mining-Exposed Highland Peruvian Community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111637

AMA Style

Cruz-Gonzales G, Hurtado-Concha A, Bejarano-Benites H, Bedoya-Vílchez H, Sarabia-Tarrillo M, Goicochea-Palomino EA, Moya-Salazar J. Distribution of Hematologic Parameters of Complete Blood Count in Anemic and Nonanemic Children in a Mining-Exposed Highland Peruvian Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(11):1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111637

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cruz-Gonzales, Gloria, Arístides Hurtado-Concha, Héctor Bejarano-Benites, Hernán Bedoya-Vílchez, Merly Sarabia-Tarrillo, Eliane A. Goicochea-Palomino, and Jeel Moya-Salazar. 2025. "Distribution of Hematologic Parameters of Complete Blood Count in Anemic and Nonanemic Children in a Mining-Exposed Highland Peruvian Community" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 11: 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111637

APA Style

Cruz-Gonzales, G., Hurtado-Concha, A., Bejarano-Benites, H., Bedoya-Vílchez, H., Sarabia-Tarrillo, M., Goicochea-Palomino, E. A., & Moya-Salazar, J. (2025). Distribution of Hematologic Parameters of Complete Blood Count in Anemic and Nonanemic Children in a Mining-Exposed Highland Peruvian Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(11), 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111637

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