Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

With the increase in power electronic components and equipment, the power electronization of new power systems will lead to fundamental changes in their structural characteristics, operating characteristics, and control mode, causing complex electromagnetic transient processes and dynamic stability problems. These will challenge the safe and stable operation of power systems. To ensure the safe and stable operation of power electronic systems, the goals of this Topic are to reveal the operation mechanism and establish a numerical simulation model of the power electronic system, analyze and study the theory of instantaneous electrical parameters and the electromagnetic transient stability theory, explore new control methods and new power equipment, and realize more accurate analysis models, reasonable and stable analysis ideas, control technologies, and intelligent management and control strategies for power electronic systems.

This second edition expands upon the successful foundation laid by the first edition, continuing to encourage the dissemination of new concepts, ideas, and novel methods to analyze the modeling and dynamic stability of power electronic systems. It aims to disseminate fundamental research, innovation, and information exchange in these related fields. Application papers are also highly welcome. Topics of interest include but are not limited to the following:

1. A security and stability analysis of power electronic systems;
2. Research on mechanism models of power electronic systems;
3. Research on electromagnetic transient simulation models of power electronic systems;
4. An analysis of the power electronic system simulation method;
5. A power electronic system oscillation analysis and suppression measures;
6. A power electronic system oscillation control method;
7. Power electronic system stability and control based on cloud computing and artificial intelligence;
8. A parameter optimization method for power electronic system control;
9. Research on grid connection control strategies and methods;
10. Mechanism analysis methods for power electronic systems;
11. Power electronic oscillation suppression devices;
12. Research on the operation mode of power electronic systems.

Prof. Dr. Da Xie
Prof. Dr. Yanchi Zhang
Prof. Dr. Dongdong Li
Dr. Chenghong Gu
Dr. Ignacio Hernando-Gil
Dr. Nan Zhao
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Electricity electricity	1.8	5.1	2020	26.9 Days	CHF 1200
Electronics electronics	2.6	6.1	2012	16.4 Days	CHF 2400
Energies energies	3.2	7.3	2008	16.8 Days	CHF 2600
Eng eng	2.4	3.2	2020	18 Days	CHF 1400
Processes processes	2.8	5.5	2013	14.9 Days	CHF 2400

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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25 pages, 45989 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Transient Stability Assessment of a 9-Bus Power System with High Solar PV Penetration: An IEEE Benchmark Case Study

by Marvens Jean Pierre, Emmanuel Hernández-Mayoral, Oscar Alfredo Jaramillo Salgado, Manuel Madrigal-Martínez, Reynaldo Iracheta-Cortez, Jorge Sanchez-Jaime and Gregorio Martínez-Reyes

Electricity 2026, 7(2), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity7020046 - 20 May 2026

Abstract

This study examines the impact of increasing photovoltaic (PV) penetration on the transient stability of the IEEE 9-bus power system. Synchronous machines are modeled with standard subtransient dynamics, while PV units are represented as current-limited grid-following inverters. Transient stability is assessed through the [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of increasing photovoltaic (PV) penetration on the transient stability of the IEEE 9-bus power system. Synchronous machines are modeled with standard subtransient dynamics, while PV units are represented as current-limited grid-following inverters. Transient stability is assessed through the Critical Clearing Time (CCT) and the post-fault dynamic behavior, obtained from time-domain simulations carried out in MATLAB/Simulink^® R2023b. Two permanent three-phase faults are considered: a primary contingency on line 7–5 and a secondary contingency on line 9–6, introduced to assess the robustness of the observed trends across different fault locations. The results show an increase in CCT as PV generation progressively replaces the active power supplied by synchronous machines, whose inertia is therefore maintained: from 210 ms (0% PV) to 440 ms (25%)/1080 ms (40%) at bus 5, 410 ms (25%)/1130 ms (40%) and 290 ms (25%)/650 ms (40%) at buses 6 and 8, respectively, demonstrating that the penetration site is a key factor for system stability. For distributed penetration among the three buses, CCT values of 340 ms (25%) and 1020 ms (40%) highlight the significant influence of PV placement at bus 8. The fault on line 9–6 consistently yields higher CCT values across all scenarios, confirming the robustness of these trends independently of fault location. Although an overall increase in CCT was observed, higher PV penetration also led to more pronounced oscillations and operability issues after the fault. In particular, 75% of the penetration scenarios under the fault on line 9–6 do not meet the active power recovery requirements of IEEE 1547-2018 and IEEE 2800-2022, a result more severe than that observed for the fault on line 7–5. These results underscore that a higher CCT does not guarantee operational compliance, and that stability-oriented control strategies—such as grid-forming operation, fast active power support, and dynamic voltage control—remain essential. They also suggest that planning practices should favor interconnections electrically closer to the slack generator. Overall, a high PV penetration level—modifying only the operating point of synchronous machines—allows longer fault durations to be tolerated; however, appropriate siting of PV units and the adoption of advanced inverter controls could mitigate the observed oscillations and post-fault operability challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 45067 KB  

Open AccessArticle

A Feedforward Compensation Decoupling Control Strategy for VSG Converters Integrated into Terminal Weak Grids

by Zhenyu Zhao, Bingqi Liu, Xiaziru Xu, Xiaomin Zhao, Feng Jiang, Min Chen, Hongda Cai and Wei Wei

Eng 2026, 7(4), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng7040187 - 21 Apr 2026

Viewed by 406

Abstract

The increasing penetration of renewable energy has led to the large-scale integration of power electronic devices into the power grid. In weakly connected grids, such devices are connected to the grid via voltage source converters (VSCs) using grid-forming (GFM) control strategies. Ideally, the [...] Read more.

The increasing penetration of renewable energy has led to the large-scale integration of power electronic devices into the power grid. In weakly connected grids, such devices are connected to the grid via voltage source converters (VSCs) using grid-forming (GFM) control strategies. Ideally, the point of common coupling (PCC) with the grid is treated as a purely inductive circuit. However, in weak grids, the resistance-to-inductance ratio (R/X) cannot be ignored, which leads to the power coupling problem between active power (P) and reactive power (Q). This phenomenon impedes the precise control of P and Q, potentially resulting in steady-state power deviations and even system instability. Traditional power-decoupling methods based on virtual inductance (VI) have inherent limitations and fail to achieve complete decoupling between P and Q. To address this issue, this paper first analyzes the influencing factors of power coupling through an established power coupling model. Comparisons between the output voltage and the degree of power coupling demonstrate that power decoupling can be achieved by compensating the output voltage. Consequently, an improved power-decoupling strategy based on apparent power feedforward (APPFF) is proposed. The proposed APPFF method realizes complete P-Q decoupling, with a steady-state reactive power error of less than 1% of the rated value. Compared with the PI-decoupling method, the reactive power overshoot is reduced by about 24%, and no additional active power overshoot is introduced. Compared with the conventional virtual inductance method that only reduces coupling by up to 35%, APPFF eliminates the power coupling fundamentally while retaining the reactive power–voltage droop characteristics and fast dynamic response. By directly compensating the reference voltage to the ideal value using apparent power as the feedforward variable, the proposed method is essentially different from the existing voltage/angle compensation schemes. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed decoupling method are verified under various working conditions, such as different R/X ratios, line resistances and power references, through both Simulink simulations and experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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31 pages, 6313 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Virtual Impedance Fault Overcurrent Suppression Method and Reactive Power Support Method with Frozen Reactive Power–Voltage Droop Control for Grid-Forming Converters

by Chengshuai Li, Zirui Dong, Shuolin Zhang, Longfei Mu, Jiahao Liu, Jiafei Liu and Qian Kai

Processes 2026, 14(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14010009 - 19 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 908

Abstract

With the rapid development of new energy, high-proportion new energy power systems have significantly reduced inertia and voltage support capacity, facing severe stability challenges. Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control, which simulates the inertia and voltage source characteristics of traditional synchronous generators, enables friendly [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of new energy, high-proportion new energy power systems have significantly reduced inertia and voltage support capacity, facing severe stability challenges. Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control, which simulates the inertia and voltage source characteristics of traditional synchronous generators, enables friendly grid connection of new energy converters and has become a key technology for large-scale new energy applications. This paper addresses two key issues in low-voltage ride through (LVRT) of grid-forming converters under VSG control: (1) converter overcurrent suppression during LVRT; (2) reduced reactive power support due to retaining voltage-reactive power droop control during faults. It proposes an adaptive virtual impedance-based overcurrent suppression method and a frozen reactive power–voltage droop-based reactive support method. Based on the converter’s mathematical model, a DIgSILENT/PowerFactory simulation model is built. Time-domain simulations verify the converter’s operating characteristics and the improved LVRT strategy’s effect, providing theoretical and technical support for large-scale applications of grid-forming converters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1364 KB  

Open AccessReview

Review of Virtual Inertia Based on Synchronous Generator Characteristic Emulation in Renewable Energy-Dominated Power Systems

by Fikri Waskito, F. Danang Wijaya and Eka Firmansyah

Electricity 2025, 6(4), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/electricity6040069 - 1 Dec 2025

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2857

Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources is reshaping power systems from centralized, synchronous generator-based architectures to more inverter-dominated and decentralized architectures. This transition, however, results in a significant reduction in system inertia, posing challenges to frequency stability. To address this issue, various [...] Read more.

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources is reshaping power systems from centralized, synchronous generator-based architectures to more inverter-dominated and decentralized architectures. This transition, however, results in a significant reduction in system inertia, posing challenges to frequency stability. To address this issue, various control strategies have been proposed to emulate the inertial response of traditional synchronous generators—commonly known as virtual inertia. This study reviews inverter-based virtual inertia and related control strategies that replicate or extend synchronous generator dynamics, covering five main approaches: droop control, synchronverters, virtual synchronous generators (VSGs), the swing equation-based approach, and data-driven grid-forming (GFM) methods. While all approaches enhance frequency nadir and RoCoF, they differ in complexity, robustness, and adaptability. Droop control offers simplicity but lacks true inertia support, whereas synchronverter and swing equation-based controls provide closer emulation of synchronous behavior for grid-forming or islanded systems. VSG offers a more practical grid-following solution, and data-driven GFM introduces adaptability through learning-based mechanisms. Overall, this study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of how these control strategies can be implemented through inverter control to maintain frequency stability in renewable-dominated power systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 4897 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Fault-Ride-Through Strategies of Renewable Generation for the Enhancement of Power System Transient Stability and Security

by Shuanbao Niu, Jiaze Wu, Cong Li, Chao Duan and Zhiguo Hao

Energies 2025, 18(22), 5986; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18225986 - 14 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 939

Abstract

As renewable energy sources increasingly penetrate power systems, ensuring operational stability during grid faults poses a significant challenge. Conventional fault-ride-through (FRT) control strategies often lack systematic parameter optimization, resulting in limited support for transient rotor angle stability and inadequate suppression of transient overvoltages. [...] Read more.

As renewable energy sources increasingly penetrate power systems, ensuring operational stability during grid faults poses a significant challenge. Conventional fault-ride-through (FRT) control strategies often lack systematic parameter optimization, resulting in limited support for transient rotor angle stability and inadequate suppression of transient overvoltages. This paper introduces a comprehensive optimization framework to address these shortcomings. We first develop a novel quasi-steady-state model that accurately captures critical states governing transient stability and voltage security. Variational analysis at these states yields gradient information to guide stability enhancement. Leveraging this insight, we propose a gradient-informed optimization approach to tune FRT parameters, simultaneously improving transient rotor angle stability and mitigating overvoltages. The effectiveness of the proposed model and method is demonstrated through simulations on a benchmark renewable-integrated power system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 1286 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Stability Assessment of Fully Inverter-Based Power Systems Using Grid-Forming Controls

by Zahra Ahmadimonfared and Stefan Eichner

Electronics 2025, 14(21), 4202; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14214202 - 27 Oct 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3263

Abstract

The displacement of synchronous machines by inverter-based resources raises critical concerns regarding the stability of future low-inertia power systems. Grid-forming (GFM) inverters offer a pathway to address these challenges by autonomously establishing voltage and frequency while emulating inertia and damping. This paper investigates [...] Read more.

The displacement of synchronous machines by inverter-based resources raises critical concerns regarding the stability of future low-inertia power systems. Grid-forming (GFM) inverters offer a pathway to address these challenges by autonomously establishing voltage and frequency while emulating inertia and damping. This paper investigates the feasibility of operating a transmission-scale network with 100% GFM penetration by fully replacing all synchronous generators in the IEEE 39-bus system with a heterogeneous mix of droop, virtual synchronous machine (VSM), and synchronverter controls. System stability is assessed under a severe fault-initiated separation, focusing on frequency and voltage metrics defined through center-of-inertia formulations and standard acceptance envelopes. A systematic parameter sweep of virtual inertia (H) and damping ($D_p$) reveals their distinct and complementary roles: inertia primarily shapes the Rate of Change in Frequency and excursion depth, while damping governs convergence speed and steady-state accuracy. All tested parameter combinations remain within established stability limitations, confirming the robust operability of a fully inverter-dominated grid. These findings demonstrate that properly tuned GFM inverters can enable secure and reliable operation of future power systems without reliance on synchronous machines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 10146 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Damping Characteristic Analysis of LCL Inverter with Embedded Energy Storage

by Jingbo Zhao, Yongyong Jia, Guojiang Zhang, Haiyun An and Tianhui Zhao

Energies 2025, 18(12), 3127; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123127 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 908

Abstract

This paper investigates the system architecture and circuit topology of grid-connected inverters with embedded energy storage (EES), encompassing their modulation strategies and control methodologies. A mathematical model for an EES grid-connected inverter is derived based on capacitor current feedback control, from which the [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the system architecture and circuit topology of grid-connected inverters with embedded energy storage (EES), encompassing their modulation strategies and control methodologies. A mathematical model for an EES grid-connected inverter is derived based on capacitor current feedback control, from which the expression for the inverter’s output impedance is obtained. Building on this foundation, this study analyzes the influence of control parameters—such as the proportional coefficient, resonant coefficient, and switching frequency—on the inverter’s output impedance. Subsequently, the stability of single and multiple inverter grid-connected systems under various operating conditions is assessed using impedance analysis and the Nyquist criterion. Finally, the validity of the stability analysis based on the established mathematical model is verified through simulations conducted on the Matlab/Simulink platform, where models for both a single inverter and a two-inverter grid-connected system are constructed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 7943 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Fault Classification and Precise Fault Location Detection in 400 kV High-Voltage Power Transmission Lines Using Machine Learning Algorithms

by Ömer Özdemir, Raşit Köker and Nihat Pamuk

Processes 2025, 13(2), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020527 - 13 Feb 2025

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5781

Abstract

Fault detection, classification, and precise location identification in power transmission lines are critical issues for energy transmission and power systems. Accurate fault diagnosis is essential for system stability and safety as it enables rapid problem resolution and minimizes interruptions in electrical energy supply. [...] Read more.

Fault detection, classification, and precise location identification in power transmission lines are critical issues for energy transmission and power systems. Accurate fault diagnosis is essential for system stability and safety as it enables rapid problem resolution and minimizes interruptions in electrical energy supply. The characteristic parameters of mixed-conductor power transmission lines connected to the grid were calculated using the relevant line data. Based on these parameters, a dataset was created with computer-derived values. This dataset included variations in arc resistance and the short circuit power of the corresponding bus, facilitating the performance testing of various machine learning algorithms. It was observed that the correct determination of the faulty phase was of high importance in the correct determination of the fault position. For this reason, a gradual structure was preferred. It was achieved with a 100 percent success rate in fault detection with the ensemble bagged algorithm. It was obtained with the neural network algorithm with a 99.97 percent success rate in faulty phase detection. The most successful location results were obtained with the interaction linear algorithm with 0.0066 MAE for phase-to-phase faults and the stepwise linear algorithm with 0.0308 MAE for phase ground faults. Using the proposed algorithm, fault locations were identified with a maximum error of 26 m for phase-to-ground faults and 110 m for phase-to-phase faults on a transmission line with a mixed conductor of approximately 178 km. Additionally, we compared the training and testing results of several machine learning algorithms metrics including the accuracy, total error, mean absolute error, root mean square, and root mean square error to provide informed recommendations based on their performance. The findings aim to guide users in selecting the most effective machine learning models for predicting failures in transmission lines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 5644 KB  

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Control of the Green Low-Carbon Base Station System Based on the Concept of Energy Router

by Guangyi Shao, Tong Liu, Yanjia Wang, Zongping Wang, Yuhui Wang and Qi Wang

Processes 2025, 13(1), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13010288 - 20 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1680

Abstract

This paper establishes an energy router system for green and low-carbon base stations, a −48 V DC bus multi-source parallel system including photovoltaic, wind turbine, grid power, and energy storage batteries, and studies the control strategy managing system energy distribution. Firstly, from the [...] Read more.

This paper establishes an energy router system for green and low-carbon base stations, a −48 V DC bus multi-source parallel system including photovoltaic, wind turbine, grid power, and energy storage batteries, and studies the control strategy managing system energy distribution. Firstly, from the perspective of system physical layer design, we combine multiple power circuits to complete the design of the system’s modular power conversion circuits and linearize the power electronic converters for modeling and analyze their stability. Different control strategies are proposed for different power converters to ensure the stable operation of the system. Secondly, from the perspective of overall energy optimal control, we construct system operating states and control algorithms based on the switching strategy of the energy router between different operating states of the system and use a heuristic algorithm based on rolling optimization to achieve the optimal control of the system at the physical level. Finally, we use Simulink to simulate and verify the state switching of the multi-source system, analyze control results according to the actual typical working conditions, and conduct experiments on the overall system. Simulations demonstrate that the system can achieve smooth transitions among various modes. The results of actual experiments show that the established multi-source system can save 60.28% of energy utilization costs annually, and the bus voltage control strategy can be effectively implemented while maintaining an appropriate voltage deviation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Power System Dynamics and Stability, 2nd Edition)

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