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Recent Articles  

23 pages, 9229 KiB  
Article
Magnetopause Boundary Detection Based on a Deep Image Prior Model Using Simulated Lobster-Eye Soft X-Ray Images
by Fei Wei, Zhihui Lyu, Songwu Peng, Rongcong Wang and Tianran Sun
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(14), 2348; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142348 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study focuses on the problem of identifying and extracting the magnetopause boundary of the Earth’s magnetosphere using the Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) onboard the Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) mission. The SXI employs lobster-eye optics to perform panoramic imaging of [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the problem of identifying and extracting the magnetopause boundary of the Earth’s magnetosphere using the Soft X-ray Imager (SXI) onboard the Solar Wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE) mission. The SXI employs lobster-eye optics to perform panoramic imaging of the magnetosphere based on the Solar Wind Charge Exchange (SWCX) mechanism. However, several factors are expected to hinder future in-orbit observations, including the intrinsically low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of soft-X-ray emission, pronounced vignetting, and the non-uniform effective-area distribution of lobster-eye optics. These limitations could severely constrain the accurate interpretation of magnetospheric structures—especially the magnetopause boundary. To address these challenges, a boundary detection approach is developed that combines image calibration with denoising based on deep image prior (DIP). The method begins with calibration procedures to correct for vignetting and effective area variations in the SXI images, thereby restoring the accurate brightness distribution and improving spatial uniformity. Subsequently, a DIP-based denoising technique is introduced, which leverages the structural prior inherent in convolutional neural networks to suppress high-frequency noise without pretraining. This enhances the continuity and recognizability of boundary structures within the image. Experiments use ideal magnetospheric images generated from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations as reference data. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the accuracy of magnetopause boundary identification under medium and high solar wind number density conditions (N = 10–20 cm−3). The extracted boundary curves consistently achieve a normalized mean squared error (NMSE) below 0.05 compared to the reference models. Additionally, the DIP-processed images show notable improvements in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM), indicating enhanced image quality and structural fidelity. This method provides adequate technical support for the precise extraction of magnetopause boundary structures in soft X-ray observations and holds substantial scientific and practical value. Full article
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21 pages, 651 KiB  
Article
Validation of an Inventory of Sensitivity to Ideological Radicalization (ISIR-14) in a Mexican Sample
by Julio C. Penagos-Corzo and Isabel Govela
Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(7), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14070423 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
The development and validation of the Ideological Radicalization Sensitivity Inventory (ISIR-14) in a Mexican sample is presented. A total of 537 participants were assessed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a five-factor structure that explained 53.7% of the variance, with excellent model fit [...] Read more.
The development and validation of the Ideological Radicalization Sensitivity Inventory (ISIR-14) in a Mexican sample is presented. A total of 537 participants were assessed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a five-factor structure that explained 53.7% of the variance, with excellent model fit indices (CFI = 0.985, TLI = 0.978, RMSEA = 0.033). Evidence of concurrent validity was suggested through significant correlations with the Emotional Response to Unfairness Scale (ERU) and the Exposure to Violent Extremism Scale (EXPO-12). Reliability analyses indicated good internal consistency (ω = 0.819) for the instrument. Additionally, temporal stability, analyzed in a second study with 171 participants, showed moderate stability (r = 0.601). The study aimed to test the hypothesis that sensitivity to ideological radicalization can be reliably measured through a multidimensional instrument aligned with theoretically derived psychological risk factors, namely, inclination to seek redress, perceived social disconnection, ideological superiority, exposure to extreme ideologies, and collective/group identity. The results suggest that the ISIR-14 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing sensitivity to ideological radicalization. The scale provides a foundation for future research and interventions aimed at identifying and addressing factors associated with radicalization processes. Full article
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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1871 KiB  
Article
Impact of Health Education on Infectious Disease Knowledge in Indigenous Communities in Northwestern Malaysia
by Barathan Muttiah, Wathiqah Wahid and Alfizah Hanafiah
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2025, 10(7), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10070191 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Indigenous people possess unique health literacy issues and challenges with preventing infectious diseases. This research assessed the baseline knowledge and misinformation in the Semai indigenous subgroup in Perak state, Malaysia, and the impact of a culturally adapted health education intervention. A single-group pre-test/post-test [...] Read more.
Indigenous people possess unique health literacy issues and challenges with preventing infectious diseases. This research assessed the baseline knowledge and misinformation in the Semai indigenous subgroup in Perak state, Malaysia, and the impact of a culturally adapted health education intervention. A single-group pre-test/post-test design was used with 156 participants ranging from 7 to 69 years old, predominantly children. The survey addressed key issues of head lice, intestinal parasites, tuberculosis (TB), handwashing, and germ transmission. An interactive, multi-station health education session in the local language produced a significant increase in overall knowledge (mean score increased from 3.17 to 3.83 out of 5, p < 0.0001), with the largest increase among the adult group aged 31–50 years. This was most notable for handwashing knowledge, which had the greatest increase, and misconceptions about intestinal worms and head lice remained. Differences in outcome by age suggest the need for targeted educational strategies, particularly for teenagers and elderly individuals who achieved less gain. The results support the effectiveness of culturally tailored, community-based health education in promoting the awareness of disease among indigenous communities. The drawbacks are convenience sampling, the child dominance of the sample, and the short-term follow-up. Future emphasis should be placed on long-term, community-based intervention using culturally tailored content and digital media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Infectious Diseases)
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16 pages, 2086 KiB  
Article
High-Coverage Profiling of Hydroxyl and Amino Compounds in Sauce-Flavor Baijiu Using Bromine Isotope Labeling and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry
by Zixuan Wang, Youlan Sun, Tiantian Chen, Lili Jiang, Yuhao Shang, Xiaolong You, Feng Hu, Di Yu, Xinyu Liu, Bo Wan, Chunxiu Hu and Guowang Xu
Metabolites 2025, 15(7), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15070464 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: Hydroxyl and amino compounds play a significant role in defining the flavor and quality of sauce-flavor Baijiu, yet their comprehensive analysis remains challenging due to limitations in detection sensitivity. In this study, we developed a novel bromine isotope labeling approach combined [...] Read more.
Background: Hydroxyl and amino compounds play a significant role in defining the flavor and quality of sauce-flavor Baijiu, yet their comprehensive analysis remains challenging due to limitations in detection sensitivity. In this study, we developed a novel bromine isotope labeling approach combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) to achieve high-coverage profiling of these compounds in sauce-flavor Baijiu. Methods: The method employs 5-bromonicotinoyl chloride (BrNC) for rapid (30 s) and mild (room temperature) labeling of hydroxyl and amino functional groups, utilizing bromine’s natural isotopic pattern (Δm/z = 1.998 Da) for efficient screening. Annotation was performed hierarchically at five confidence levels by integrating retention time, accurate mass, and MS/MS spectra. Results: A total of 309 hydroxyl and amino compounds, including flavor substances (e.g., tyrosol and phenethyl alcohol) and bioactive compounds (e.g., 3-phenyllactic acid), were identified in sauce-flavor Baijiu. The method exhibited excellent analytical performance, with wide linearity (1–4 orders of magnitude), precision (RSD < 18.3%), and stability (RSD < 15% over 48 h). When applied to sauce-flavor Baijiu samples of different grades, distinct compositional patterns were observed: premium-grade products showed greater metabolite diversity and higher contents of bioactive compounds, whereas lower-grade samples exhibited elevated concentrations of acidic flavor compounds. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the established method is efficient for the comprehensive analysis of hydroxyl and amino compounds in complex food matrices. The findings provide valuable insights for quality control and flavor modulation in sauce-flavor Baijiu production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Analytical Techniques and Applications of Metabolomics and Lipidomics)
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20 pages, 1338 KiB  
Article
Two-Dimensional Fuel Assembly Study for a Supercritical Water-Cooled Small Modular Reactor
by Valerio Giusti
J. Nucl. Eng. 2025, 6(3), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/jne6030026 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Burnable poisoning and fuel enrichment zoning are two techniques often combined in order to optimize the fuel assembly behavior during the burnup cycle. In the present work, these two techniques will be applied to the 2D optimization of the fuel assembly conceptual design [...] Read more.
Burnable poisoning and fuel enrichment zoning are two techniques often combined in order to optimize the fuel assembly behavior during the burnup cycle. In the present work, these two techniques will be applied to the 2D optimization of the fuel assembly conceptual design for the supercritical water-cooled reactor developed in the framework of the Joint European Canadian Chinese development of Small Modular Reactor Technology project, funded within the Euratom Research and Training programme 2019–2020. The initial configuration of the fuel assembly does not include any burnable absorbers and uses a homogeneous fuel enrichment of 7.5% in 235U. The infinite multiplication factor, k∞, starts from approximately 1.32 and drops, almost linearly, to 1.0 after a burnup of 40.0 MWd·kg−1. The uniform enrichment is, however, responsible for a pin-power peaking factor that with fresh fuel starts from 1.32 and reduces to 1.08 at the end of the burnup cycle. A simplified analytical model is developed to assess the effect of different lumped burnable absorbers on the time dependence of the assembly k∞. It is shown that using an adequate number of B4C rods, positioned in the outer wall of the fuel assembly, together with a suitable distribution of six different 235U enrichments, it allows for obtaining an assembly k∞ factor that starts from 1.11 at the beginning of the cycle and remains quite constant over a large fraction of the burnup cycle. Moreover, the pin-power peaking factor is reduced to 1.03 at the beginning of the cycle and remains almost unchanged until the end of the burnup cycle. Full article
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31 pages, 3723 KiB  
Review
Chemical Profiling and Quality Assessment of Food Products Employing Magnetic Resonance Technologies
by Chandra Prakash and Rohit Mahar
Foods 2025, 14(14), 2417; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14142417 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are powerful techniques that have been employed to analyze foodstuffs comprehensively. These techniques offer in-depth information about the chemical composition, structure, and spatial distribution of components in a variety of food products. Quantitative NMR [...] Read more.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are powerful techniques that have been employed to analyze foodstuffs comprehensively. These techniques offer in-depth information about the chemical composition, structure, and spatial distribution of components in a variety of food products. Quantitative NMR is widely applied for precise quantification of metabolites, authentication of food products, and monitoring of food quality. Low-field 1H-NMR relaxometry is an important technique for investigating the most abundant components of intact foodstuffs based on relaxation times and amplitude of the NMR signals. In particular, information on water compartments, diffusion, and movement can be obtained by detecting proton signals because of H2O in foodstuffs. Saffron adulterations with calendula, safflower, turmeric, sandalwood, and tartrazine have been analyzed using benchtop NMR, an alternative to the high-field NMR approach. The fraudulent addition of Robusta to Arabica coffee was investigated by 1H-NMR Spectroscopy and the marker of Robusta coffee can be detected in the 1H-NMR spectrum. MRI images can be a reliable tool for appreciating morphological differences in vegetables and fruits. In kiwifruit, the effects of water loss and the states of water were investigated using MRI. It provides informative images regarding the spin density distribution of water molecules and the relationship between water and cellular tissues. 1H-NMR spectra of aqueous extract of kiwifruits affected by elephantiasis show a higher number of small oligosaccharides than healthy fruits do. One of the frauds that has been detected in the olive oil sector reflects the addition of hazelnut oils to olive oils. However, using the NMR methodology, it is possible to distinguish the two types of oils, since, in hazelnut oils, linolenic fatty chains and squalene are absent, which is also indicated by the 1H-NMR spectrum. NMR has been applied to detect milk adulterations, such as bovine milk being spiked with known levels of whey, urea, synthetic urine, and synthetic milk. In particular, T2 relaxation time has been found to be significantly affected by adulteration as it increases with adulterant percentage. The 1H spectrum of honey samples from two botanical species shows the presence of signals due to the specific markers of two botanical species. NMR generates large datasets due to the complexity of food matrices and, to deal with this, chemometrics (multivariate analysis) can be applied to monitor the changes in the constituents of foodstuffs, assess the self-life, and determine the effects of storage conditions. Multivariate analysis could help in managing and interpreting complex NMR data by reducing dimensionality and identifying patterns. NMR spectroscopy followed by multivariate analysis can be channelized for evaluating the nutritional profile of food products by quantifying vitamins, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and other nutrients. In this review, we summarize the importance of NMR spectroscopy in chemical profiling and quality assessment of food products employing magnetic resonance technologies and multivariate statistical analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantitative NMR and MRI Methods Applied for Foodstuffs)
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11 pages, 2806 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Doping with Aluminum on the Optical, Structural, and Morphological Properties of Thin Films of SnO2 Semiconductors
by Isis Chetzyl Ballardo Rodriguez, U. Garduño Terán, A. I. Díaz Cano, B. El Filali and M. Badaoui
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(7), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9070358 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
There is considerable interest in broadband nanomaterials, particularly transparent semiconductor oxides, within both fundamental research and technological applications. Historically, it has been considered that the variation in dopant concentration during the synthesis of semiconductor materials is a crucial factor in activating and/or modulating [...] Read more.
There is considerable interest in broadband nanomaterials, particularly transparent semiconductor oxides, within both fundamental research and technological applications. Historically, it has been considered that the variation in dopant concentration during the synthesis of semiconductor materials is a crucial factor in activating and/or modulating the optical and structural properties, particularly the bandgap and the parameters of the unit cell, of semiconductor oxides. Recently, tin oxide has emerged as a key material due to its excellent structural properties, optical transparency, and various promising applications in optoelectronics. This study utilized the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique to synthesize aluminum-doped tin oxide (ATO) thin films on quartz and polished single-crystal silicon substrates. The impact of varying aluminum doping levels (0, 2, 5, and 10 at. %) on morphology and structural and optical properties was examined. The ATO thin films were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmittance spectroscopy. SEM images demonstrated a slight reduction in the size of ATO nanoparticles as the aluminum doping concentration increased. XRD analysis revealed a tetragonal crystalline structure with the space group P42/mnm, and a shift in the XRD peaks to higher angles was noted with increasing aluminum content, indicating a decrease in the crystalline lattice parameters of ATO. The transmittance of the ATO films varied between 75% and 85%. By employing the transmittance spectra and the established Tauc formula the optical bandgap values of ATO films were calculated, showing an increase in the bandgap with higher doping levels. These findings were thoroughly analyzed and discussed; additionally, an effort was made to clarify the contradictory analyses present in the literature and to identify a doping range that avoids the onset of a secondary phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical–Electric–Magnetic Multifunctional Composite Materials)
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15 pages, 1758 KiB  
Article
Why Empirical Forgetting Curves Deviate from Actual Forgetting Rates: A Distribution Model of Forgetting
by Nate Kornell and Robert A. Bjork
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 924; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070924 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
For over a century, forgetting research has shown that recall decreases along a power or exponential function over time. It is tempting to assume that empirical forgetting curves are equivalent to the rate at which individual memories are forgotten. This assumption would be [...] Read more.
For over a century, forgetting research has shown that recall decreases along a power or exponential function over time. It is tempting to assume that empirical forgetting curves are equivalent to the rate at which individual memories are forgotten. This assumption would be erroneous, because forgetting curves are influenced by an often-neglected factor: the distribution of memory strengths relative to a recall threshold. For example, if memories with normally distributed initial strengths were forgotten at a linear rate, percent correct would not be linear, it would decrease rapidly when the peak of the distribution was crossing the recall threshold and slowly when one of the tails was crossing the threshold. We describe a distribution model of memory that explains the divergence between forgetting curves and item forgetting rates. The model predicts that forgetting curves can be approximately linear (or even concave, like the right side of a frown) when percent correct is high. This prediction was supported by previous evidence and an experiment where participants learned word pairs to a criterion. Beyond its theoretical implications, the distribution model also has implications for education: Creating memories that are just above the threshold helps on short-term tests but does not form lasting memories. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Educational Applications of Cognitive Psychology)
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21 pages, 3738 KiB  
Article
Morphologic Pattern Differences in Reconstructive Tissue Repair of Bone Defects Mediated by Bioactive Ceramics and Hydrogels: A Microscopic Follow-Up Evaluation of Re-Ossification
by Róbert Boda, Viktória Hegedűs, Sándor Manó, Andrea Keczánné-Üveges, Balázs Dezső and Csaba Hegedűs
Gels 2025, 11(7), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070529 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Although publications have documented the osteo-inductive effects of various bioactive materials on tissue sections, the associated morphologic patterns of tissue remodeling pathways at the cellular level have not been detailed. Therefore, we present a comparative histopathological follow-up evaluation of bone defect repair mediated [...] Read more.
Although publications have documented the osteo-inductive effects of various bioactive materials on tissue sections, the associated morphologic patterns of tissue remodeling pathways at the cellular level have not been detailed. Therefore, we present a comparative histopathological follow-up evaluation of bone defect repair mediated by silica aerogels and methacrylate hydrogels over a 6-month period, which is the widely accepted time course for complete resolution. Time-dependent microscopic analysis was conducted using the “critical size model”. In untreated rat calvaria bone defects (control), re-ossification exclusively started at the lateral regions from the edges of the remaining bone. At the 6th month, only a few new bones were formed, which were independent of the lateral ossification. The overall ossification resulted in a 57% osseous encroachment of the defect. In contrast, aerogels (AE), hydrogels (H), and their β-tricalcium-phosphate (βTCP)-containing counterparts, which were used to fill the bone defects, characteristically induced rapid early ossification starting from the 1st month. This was accompanied by fibrous granulomatous inflammation with multinucleated giant macrophages, which persisted in decreasing intensity throughout the observational time. In addition to lateral ossification, multiple and intense intralesional osseous foci developed as early as the 1st month, and grew progressively thereafter, reflecting the osteo-inductive effects of all compounds. However, both βTCP-containing bone substituents generated larger amounts and more mature new bones inside the defects. Nevertheless, only 72.8–76.9% of the bone defects treated with AE and H and 80.5–82.9% of those treated with βTCP-containing counterparts were re-ossified by the 6th month. Remarkably, by this time, some intra-osseous hydrogels were found, and traces of silica from AE were still detectable, indicating these as the causative agents for the persistent osseous–fibrous granulomatous inflammation. When silica or methacrylate-based bone substituents are used, chronic ossifying fibrous granulomatous inflammation develops. Although 100% re-ossification takes more than 6 months, by this time, the degree of osteo-fibrous solidification provides functionally well-suited bone repair. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Applications of Gelated Matrices in Biomedical and Environmental Engineering)
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3 pages, 157 KiB  
Editorial
Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites Based on ‘Three Pillars’ (Organic Compounds, Metal Nanoparticles, and Carbon Nanomaterials)
by Tamara Basova
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6578; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146578 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
A wide variety of organic molecules, ranging from simple aromatic molecules to complexes with organic ligands and polymers, offer the possibility of creating both simple and complex structures with diverse physicochemical properties [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposites on the Basis of 'Three Pillars' (Organic Compounds, Metal Nanoparticles, and Carbon Nanomaterials))
19 pages, 11070 KiB  
Article
The Effect of the Finishing Deformation Temperature on the Microstructure of CrVNb Micro-Alloyed Steel
by Gholam Ali Baqeri, Chris Killmore, Lachlan Smillie and Elena Pereloma
Materials 2025, 18(14), 3234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143234 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study explored the effects of the finishing deformation temperature on the microstructure and properties of CrVNb micro-alloyed steel following thermomechanical processing (TMP). The investigation encompassed the influence of the deformation temperature on the ferrite grain size, precipitate characteristics, hardness and flow stress. [...] Read more.
This study explored the effects of the finishing deformation temperature on the microstructure and properties of CrVNb micro-alloyed steel following thermomechanical processing (TMP). The investigation encompassed the influence of the deformation temperature on the ferrite grain size, precipitate characteristics, hardness and flow stress. The microstructure characterization was performed using optical and electron microscopy techniques. The results show that decreasing the deformation temperature refined the ferrite grains, though a bimodal ferrite grain structure formed when the deformation temperature fell to about 100 °C below the Ar3 temperature. Additionally, lower deformation temperatures increased the number density of strain-induced precipitates (SIPs), whereas the density of finer precipitates (random and interphase precipitates (IPs)) decreased. The highest hardness was observed in a sample deformed at 950–850 °C temperatures. These findings highlight the impact of the finishing deformation temperatures on the microstructural and mechanical properties, providing valuable insights for optimizing steel processing conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Metallic Materials: Solidification, Deformation, Heat Treatment and Other Related Phenomena—Third Edition)
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19 pages, 1788 KiB  
Article
Impact of Whole-Fruit Storage Conditions on the Quality of Minimally Processed Pears
by Vanessa Cuozzo, Eva Torres, Yanina Pariani and Ana Cecilia Silveira
Plants 2025, 14(14), 2108; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14142108 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
The shelf life of minimally processed fresh (MPF) pears is affected by raw material characteristics and production factors. This study evaluated the effect of raw material storage (3 months in regular atmosphere [RA], 3 and 6 months in controlled atmosphere [CA]) on the [...] Read more.
The shelf life of minimally processed fresh (MPF) pears is affected by raw material characteristics and production factors. This study evaluated the effect of raw material storage (3 months in regular atmosphere [RA], 3 and 6 months in controlled atmosphere [CA]) on the organoleptic and functional quality of MPF pears packaged in polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) for 0, 10, and 15 days at 0 °C. Wedges from 3-month CA showed the lowest respiratory activity (about 8.31 mg CO2 kg−1 h−1), and those from 6-mounth CA maintained higher firmness after 15 days. Lightness decreased during storage, less so in harvest samples, which also showed less browning. Nevertheless, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity increased fivefold after 15 days. Total polyphenol content decreased by about 50% during storage. Wedges in PP packaging exhibited higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC) measured by DPPH than those in LDPE (15.55 and 13.77 mg EAA 100 g−1 FW, respectively). In both, the contents were reduced after 15 days (15–38%). No differences in TAC were observed in the FRAP assay, where values remained unchanged. Significant correlations between PPO activity, TAC, and color variables suggest ongoing oxidative processes. In contrast to the effect of raw material storage, the type of packaging did not significantly affect any of the measured variables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Quality and Physiology of Vegetables and Fruits)
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16 pages, 907 KiB  
Review
The RhoGDIβ-Rac1-CARD9 Signaling Module Mediates Islet β-Cell Dysfunction Under Chronic Hyperglycemia
by Anjaneyulu Kowluru and Jie-Mei Wang
Cells 2025, 14(14), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14141046 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Small (monomeric) GTP-binding proteins (smgs; Cdc42 and Rac1) play requisite roles in islet beta cell function, including glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that sustained (constitutive) activation of smgs (e.g., Rac1) culminates in the genesis of islet beta cell dysfunction under [...] Read more.
Small (monomeric) GTP-binding proteins (smgs; Cdc42 and Rac1) play requisite roles in islet beta cell function, including glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In addition, emerging evidence suggests that sustained (constitutive) activation of smgs (e.g., Rac1) culminates in the genesis of islet beta cell dysfunction under the duress of chronic hyperglycemia. It is noteworthy that functions (i.e., activation–deactivation) of smgs in many cells, including the islet beta cell, have been shown to be under the regulatory control of at least three factors, namely the guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), the GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and the GDP-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). The overall objective of this review is to highlight our current understanding of the regulatory roles of the RhoGDIβ-Rac1-CARD9 signalome in the pathology of beta cell dysfunction under chronic hyperglycemic stress. For brevity, this review is structured by an overview of smgs and their regulatory proteins/factors in the beta cell, followed by a discussion of potential roles of the RhoGDIβ-Rac1-CARD9 axis in the onset of cellular dysfunction under the duress of metabolic stress. Overall conclusions, potential knowledge gaps, and opportunities for future research in this field of islet biology are highlighted in the last section. Full article
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17 pages, 4340 KiB  
Article
Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) Disrupts Brain Signalling in Embryo–Larval Stage of Zebrafish Leading to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
by Kandhasamy Veshaal, Ramasamy Vasantharekha, Usha Rani Balu, Mahesh Vallabi Aayush, Saheshnu Sai Balaji Pillai, Winkins Santosh and Barathi Seetharaman
J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(4), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15040116 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) has been extensively used in several commercial industries as a preservative. It causes severe cellular and neurological damage affecting the developing fetus and might induce attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Zebrafish embryos were subjected to five distinct doses [...] Read more.
Background: Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) has been extensively used in several commercial industries as a preservative. It causes severe cellular and neurological damage affecting the developing fetus and might induce attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Zebrafish embryos were subjected to five distinct doses of BHA—0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 ppb up to 96 h post fertilization (hpf). Hatching rate, heart rate, and body malformations were assessed at 48 hpf, 72 hpf, and 48–96 hpf, respectively. After exposure, apoptotic activity, neurobehavioral evaluation, neurotransmitter assay, and antioxidant activity were assessed at 96 hpf. At 120 hpf, the expression of genes DRD4, COMT, 5-HTR1aa, and BDNF was evaluated by real-time PCR. Results: BHA exposure showed a delay in the hatching rate and a decrease in the heart rate of the embryo when compared with the control. Larvae exhibited developmental deformities such as bent spine, yolk sac, and pericardial edema. A higher density of apoptotic cells was observed in BHA-exposed larvae at 96 hpf. There was a decline in catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, indicating oxidative stress. There was a significant decrease in Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and serotonin levels with an increase in concentration of BHA, leading to a dose-responsive increase in anxiety and impairment in memory. A significant decrease in gene expression was also observed for DRD4, COMT, 5-HTR1aa, and BDNF. Conclusions: Even at lower concentrations of BHA, zebrafish embryos suffered from developmental toxicity, anxiety, and impaired memory due to a decrease in AChE activity and serotonin levels and altered the expression of the mentioned genes. Full article
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19 pages, 265 KiB  
Article
The Climate Emergency and Place-Based Action: The Case of Climate Action Leeds, UK
by Paul Chatterton and Stella Darby
Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6274; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146274 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This paper is based on our engagement in a cross-sector network in Leeds, UK, taking local climate action. It draws on in-depth engagements with participants in this network, to explore how they negotiate being in, while at the same time wanting to push [...] Read more.
This paper is based on our engagement in a cross-sector network in Leeds, UK, taking local climate action. It draws on in-depth engagements with participants in this network, to explore how they negotiate being in, while at the same time wanting to push beyond, a climate emergency. We found three emergent trends: a reworked interpretation of the climate emergency through longer-term, holistic, historically grounded, and politicised definitions; novel forms of disruptive, collaborative place leadership that could help respond to this longer emergency; and a value-based focus on a reparative ethics of self-care, people-care, and Earth-care that foregrounds climate justice and accountability to frontline communities. We end by recommending that place-based actors can enhance the effectiveness of their collective action by broadening emergency definitions, developing politics and strategy, and supporting values-based climate justice and equity. Full article
23 pages, 1403 KiB  
Article
Stakeholder Insights and Presidential Capital: Leadership Turnover and Its Impact on Higher Education
by Trina Fletcher, Ahlam Alharbi and Lesia Crumpton-Young
Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070876 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States have been experiencing a leadership turnover crisis, with 23 president and chancellor changes announced in 2022 and 41 in 2023. A survey of HBCU stakeholders at the 2023 White House Initiative on HBCUs [...] Read more.
Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States have been experiencing a leadership turnover crisis, with 23 president and chancellor changes announced in 2022 and 41 in 2023. A survey of HBCU stakeholders at the 2023 White House Initiative on HBCUs was conducted to identify high-impact areas linked to this turnover, focusing on areas critical to the advancement and sustainment of HBCUs through the eyes of HBCU stakeholders. Additionally, it attempted to understand how campus dynamics and challenges can impact leaders using capital theory. The survey identified internal and external challenges, including engagement, morale, support, and retention across various stakeholders, suggesting that the turnover crisis needs to be viewed from the perspective of leaders’ turnover rather than leadership turnover. It was concluded that leaders’ forms of capital are compromised by misaligned campus dynamics, negatively impacting morale and engagement, leading to distrust, lack of support, pushback, and attrition. Therefore, leaders’ capitals can be depleted, leading to frustration, burnout, and ultimately voluntary resignation. The findings are crucial for institutions and leaders to understand and, most importantly, mitigate the impact of leader turnover on institutions, which demand stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Educational Leadership and Management for Effective Education Policy Implementation)
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11 pages, 3262 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Mandibular Bone Alterations by Panoramic Radiography: A Potential Tool in the Identification of Signs of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis
by Esdras Gabriel Alves-Silva, Betania Fachetti Ribeiro, Camila Fontes Silva, Rita de Kássia-Alves, Rodrigo Arruda-Vasconcelos, Lidiane Mendes Louzada, Rebecca F. Almeida-Gomes, João Miguel Marques Santos and Brenda P. F. A. Gomes
Bioengineering 2025, 12(7), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12070746 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the validity of panoramic radiography as an auxiliary method for identifying mandibular bone features consistent with a diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis. Ninety panoramic radiographs were analyzed to assess the quality of the mandibular cortical layer below the [...] Read more.
This study aimed to evaluate the validity of panoramic radiography as an auxiliary method for identifying mandibular bone features consistent with a diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis. Ninety panoramic radiographs were analyzed to assess the quality of the mandibular cortical layer below the mental foramen on both sides of the mandible. Scores C1 (normal), C2 (osteopenia), and C3 (osteoporosis) were attributed according to the cortical morphology. The sample consisted of 78 (86%) women aged 45 years or older and 12 (14%) men older than 60 years old. In 39 (43%) cases, the C1 score was evidenced as the lower mandibular cortical layer was normal on the image. The C2 score was identified in 47 (52%) cases, in which the cortical layer showed semilunar defects. Four (5%) cases presented a C3 score, with the cortical layer showing a clearly porous, thinner bone cortex. The presence of risk behaviors (e.g., smoking and alcoholism) as well as some comorbidities (e.g., systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders) was also observed. Mandibular bone changes were observed in association with a set of risk factors using panoramic radiography. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineered Approaches to Oral-Systemic Disease Diagnostics and Therapeutics)
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15 pages, 1792 KiB  
Article
The Enhancement of Immunity Gained from Feline Trivalent Vaccines in Mice Using Feline IL-15, IL-23 and Metabolic Regulatory Molecules
by Ruichen Gao, Wei Sun, Danning Zhang, Linhan Zhang, Dafang He, Mengxi Li, Yi Wei, Junjie Peng and Gang Wang
Biology 2025, 14(7), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14070834 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
The feline calicivirus, herpesvirus, and panleukopenia viruses are major infections that cause serious diseases in cats; however, current trivalent vaccines have limitations in immune efficacy and their duration of protection. This study assesses the immune-enhancing effects of novel adjuvants (feline IL-15, IL-23, and [...] Read more.
The feline calicivirus, herpesvirus, and panleukopenia viruses are major infections that cause serious diseases in cats; however, current trivalent vaccines have limitations in immune efficacy and their duration of protection. This study assesses the immune-enhancing effects of novel adjuvants (feline IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic modulators) on vaccine responses. Forty mice were randomly assigned to four groups: Group A (composite adjuvants), Group B (metabolic regulatory molecules and Mn adjuvant), Group C1 (Mn adjuvant), and Group C2 (a blank commercial vaccine). The results showed that Group A had significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers against calicivirus post-booster immunization, while both Groups A and B exhibited enhanced antibody responses against the herpesvirus and panleukopenia viruses. Notably, Group A displayed increased proportions of memory T cells, follicular B cells, and activated B cells. These findings suggest that the combination of feline IL-15, IL-23, and metabolic modulators are safe and effective immunoadjuvants for trivalent feline vaccines to promote immune cell differentiation and antibody production, thus representing a promising strategy to optimize vaccine efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Response Regulation in Animals)
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14 pages, 2168 KiB  
Article
Engineering Ultra-Low Thermal Conductivity in (Pb0.8Ge0.2Te)0.95-x(PbSe)0.05(PbS)x Quaternary Lead Chalcogenides Through PbS-Induced Phase Segregation
by Dianta Ginting, Hadi Pronoto, Nurato, Kontan Tarigan, Sagir Alva, Muhamad Fitri, Dwi Nanto, Ai Nurlela, Mashadi, Yunasfi, Toto Sudiro, Jumril Yunas and Jong-Soo Rhyee
Materials 2025, 18(14), 3232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143232 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
The shortage of tellurium and toxicity of lead are major obstacles to scaling mid-temperature thermoelectric generators. We engineer quaternary lead chalcogenides with composition (Pb0.8Ge0.2Te)0.95-x(PbSe)0.05(PbS)x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25), where Pb is lead, [...] Read more.
The shortage of tellurium and toxicity of lead are major obstacles to scaling mid-temperature thermoelectric generators. We engineer quaternary lead chalcogenides with composition (Pb0.8Ge0.2Te)0.95-x(PbSe)0.05(PbS)x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.25), where Pb is lead, Ge is germanium, Te is tellurium, Se is selenium, S is sulfur, and x denotes the molar fraction of lead sulfide (PbS). The primary novelty lies in achieving ultra-low thermal conductivity through controlled phase segregation induced by systematic PbS incorporation. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals single-phase solid solutions up to x ≈ 0.10, with secondary PbS precipitates forming beyond this threshold. These PbS-rich phases create hierarchical microstructures that scatter phonons across multiple length scales, suppressing total thermal conductivity to 0.6 Wm−1K−1 at x = 0.15—approximately 84% lower than pristine lead telluride (PbTe) and approaching glass-like thermal conductivity values. Electrical transport measurements demonstrate sulfur’s role as an electron donor, enabling carrier-type control from p-type to n-type conduction. Despite moderate electrical power factors, the optimized composition (x = 0.20) achieves a peak dimensionless figure of merit ZT ≈ 0.34 at 650 K. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for tellurium-lean, lead-reduced thermoelectric materials through sulfur-induced phase segregation, providing practical design guidelines for sustainable waste heat recovery applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Materials)
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23 pages, 3778 KiB  
Article
Evaluating Ecological Vulnerability and Its Driving Mechanisms in the Dongting Lake Region from a Multi-Method Integrated Perspective: Based on Geodetector and Explainable Machine Learning
by Fuchao Li, Tian Nan, Huang Zhang, Kun Luo, Kui Xiang and Yi Peng
Land 2025, 14(7), 1435; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071435 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study focuses on the Dongting Lake region in China and evaluates ecological vulnerability using the Sensitivity–Resilience–Pressure (SRP) framework, integrated with Spatial Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) to calculate the Ecological Vulnerability Index (EVI). The EVI values were classified into five levels using the [...] Read more.
This study focuses on the Dongting Lake region in China and evaluates ecological vulnerability using the Sensitivity–Resilience–Pressure (SRP) framework, integrated with Spatial Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) to calculate the Ecological Vulnerability Index (EVI). The EVI values were classified into five levels using the Natural Breaks (Jenks) method, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was applied to reveal spatial differentiation patterns. The Geodetector model was used to analyze the driving mechanisms of natural and socioeconomic factors on EVI, identifying key influencing variables. Furthermore, the LightGBM algorithm was used for feature optimization, followed by the construction of six machine learning models—Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Extremely Randomized Trees (ET), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), LightGBM, and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)—to conduct multi-class classification of ecological vulnerability. Model performance was assessed using ROC–AUC, accuracy, recall, confusion matrix, and Kappa coefficient, and the best-performing model was interpreted using SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations). The results indicate that: ① ecological vulnerability increased progressively from the core wetlands and riparian corridors to the transitional zones in the surrounding hills and mountains; ② a significant spatial clustering of ecological vulnerability was observed, with a Moran’s I index of 0.78; ③ Geodetector analysis identified the interaction between NPP (q = 0.329) and precipitation (PRE, q = 0.268) as the dominant factor (q = 0.50) influencing spatial variation of EVI; ④ the Random Forest model achieved the best classification performance (AUC = 0.954, F1 score = 0.78), and SHAP analysis showed that NPP and PRE made the most significant contributions to model predictions. This study proposes a multi-method integrated decision support framework for assessing ecological vulnerability in lake wetland ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Land Innovations – Data and Machine Learning)
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14 pages, 569 KiB  
Article
Assessing Choline, Carnitine, and Betaine Intake and Their Effects on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels: Validation of a Dietary Questionnaire in a Central European Population
by Witold Streb, Anna Olma, Mateusz Pajor, Alex Suchodolski, Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka, Anita Stanjek-Cichoracka, Katarzyna Mitręga, Jacek Kowalczyk and Zbigniew Kalarus
Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2263; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142263 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Preventive strategies must recognize the excessive consumption of products rich in choline, carnitine, and betaine, which are substrates essential for TMAO synthesis. The aim of this study was to [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is implicated in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Preventive strategies must recognize the excessive consumption of products rich in choline, carnitine, and betaine, which are substrates essential for TMAO synthesis. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a dietary questionnaire to assess the consumption of these compounds and investigate the correlation with serum TMAO levels in a Central European population. Methods: A dietary questionnaire was designed based on a literature review identifying foods high in TMAO precursors. The tool was validated in a prospective study with 94 participants. The theoretical relevance and reliability of the tool were assessed using factor analysis and statistical indices. Reproducibility was evaluated in a subgroup of 10 participants who completed the questionnaire a second time 24 h later. The results of the questionnaire helped us to determine factors contributing to serum TMAO levels. Results: The final questionnaire consisted of 15 questions, providing acceptable data quality (KMO = 0.654). Three main dietary factors were detected: (1) the consumption of fish products and legumes (SS loadings = 1.72; 10.78% variance), (2) the consumption of cereal products and root vegetables (SS loadings = 1.61; 10.05% variance), and (3) the consumption of meat (SS loadings = 1.47; 9.22% variance). Conclusions: The validated questionnaire is a useful tool for assessing the intake of TMAO-promoting foods in post-myocardial infarction patients from Central Europe. It may support dietary risk assessment and nutritional counseling in clinical practice, particularly for secondary cardiovascular prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)
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14 pages, 840 KiB  
Article
Veterinary Prescriptions of Antibiotics Approved for Human Use: A Five-Year Analysis of Companion Animal Use and Regulatory Gaps in Brazil
by Rana Zahi Rached, Regina Albanese Pose, Érika Leão Ajala Caetano, Joana Garrossino Magalhães and Denise Grotto
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070652 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global concern, influenced by antibiotic use in both human and veterinary medicine, especially in companion animals. In low- and middle-income countries, regulatory oversight on veterinary prescriptions is often limited, creating gaps that can accelerate AMR. This study [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global concern, influenced by antibiotic use in both human and veterinary medicine, especially in companion animals. In low- and middle-income countries, regulatory oversight on veterinary prescriptions is often limited, creating gaps that can accelerate AMR. This study aimed to characterize the use of antibiotics approved for human use that are prescribed by veterinarians for companion animals in Brazil, a country representative of broader regulatory challenges. We conducted a retrospective analysis of five years (2017–2021) of national sales data recorded by the National System for the Management of Controlled Products (SNGPC), maintained by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA). A total of 789,893 veterinary antibiotic prescriptions were analyzed over the five-year period, providing a comprehensive overview of prescribing patterns. The dataset included all oral and injectable antibiotics purchased in human pharmacies with veterinary prescriptions. Data wrangling and cleaning procedures were applied to extract information on volume, antibiotic classes, seasonal variation, and regional distribution. The results revealed a predominance of penicillins, first- and second-generation cephalosporins, and a marked increase in macrolide use, especially azithromycin. Notable regional disparities were observed, with the southeastern region leading in prescription volume. The findings, particularly the disproportionate use of azithromycin and the marked regional disparities, highlight the need for targeted monitoring policies and a stricter regulation of off-label antibiotic use in veterinary medicine. They also offer insights applicable to other countries facing similar AMR threats due to limited surveillance and regulatory frameworks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug Resistant Bacteria in Companion and Food Animals)
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13 pages, 4136 KiB  
Systematic Review
Surgical vs. Medical Management of Infective Endocarditis Following TAVR: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Dimitrios E. Magouliotis, Serge Sicouri, Massimo Baudo, Francesco Cabrucci, Yoshiyuki Yamashita and Basel Ramlawi
J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2025, 12(7), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12070263 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR-IE) is a rare but severe complication associated with high morbidity and mortality. The optimal treatment strategy—surgical explantation versus medical therapy—remains uncertain, particularly given the technical demands of TAVR removal and the advanced age of [...] Read more.
Background: Infective endocarditis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR-IE) is a rare but severe complication associated with high morbidity and mortality. The optimal treatment strategy—surgical explantation versus medical therapy—remains uncertain, particularly given the technical demands of TAVR removal and the advanced age of many affected patients. Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing the surgical and medical management of TAVR-IE. Primary outcomes included 30-day mortality and 1-year survival. Secondary analyses explored microbiological profiles, patient demographics, prosthesis type, postoperative complications, and surgical indications. A qualitative synthesis of surgical explantation techniques and reconstructive strategies was also performed based on recent consensus recommendations. Results: Three studies comprising 1557 patients with TAVR-IE were included; 155 (10.0%) underwent surgical treatment. Thirty-day mortality was comparable between groups (surgical: 9.7%; medical: 8.4%), while the pooled odds ratio for one-year survival did not reach statistical significance (OR: 1.91, 95% CI: 0.36–10.22; I2 = 88%). However, single-center outcomes demonstrated markedly improved survival with surgery (96% vs. 51%). The most common surgical indications included severe valvular dysfunction (50.3%), aortic root abscess (26.5%), and large vegetations (21.3%), in line with current guideline recommendations. Postoperative complications included acute renal failure (10%) and longer hospitalizations (19.8 vs. 18 days), although these were not statistically different. Contemporary explant strategies—such as the Double Kocher, Tourniquet, and Y-incision aortic enlargement techniques—were highlighted as critical tools for surgical success. Conclusions: While underutilized, surgical intervention for TAVR-IE may offer significant survival benefits in select patients, particularly when guided by established indications and performed at high-volume centers. Outcomes depend heavily on timing, surgical expertise, and appropriate patient selection. As TAVR expands to younger populations, TAVR-IE will become increasingly relevant, necessitating early multidisciplinary involvement and broader familiarity with advanced explant techniques among cardiac surgeons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Controversies and Evolving Paradigms in Cardiovascular Surgery)
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16 pages, 1246 KiB  
Article
Ischemic Mitral Valve Regurgitation in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting—Early and Late-Term Outcomes of Surgical Treatment
by Paweł Walerowicz, Mirosław Brykczyński, Aleksandra Szylińska and Jerzy Pacholewicz
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4855; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144855 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the most prevalent pathology within the circulatory system. Among its chronic complications, ischemic mitral valve regurgitation (IMR) is observed in approximately 15% of patients with sustained myocardial ischemia. The presence of this complex valvular defect significantly increases [...] Read more.
Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the most prevalent pathology within the circulatory system. Among its chronic complications, ischemic mitral valve regurgitation (IMR) is observed in approximately 15% of patients with sustained myocardial ischemia. The presence of this complex valvular defect significantly increases both overall mortality and the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events. Notably, the presence of moderate to severe mitral regurgitation in patients undergoing surgical revascularization has been shown to double the risk of death. Despite the well-established etiology of IMR, data regarding the efficacy of surgical interventions and the determinants of postoperative outcomes remain inconclusive. Methods: The objective of the present study was to evaluate both early and long-term outcomes of surgical treatment of mitral regurgitation in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) due to ischemic heart disease. Particular attention was given to the influence of the severity of regurgitation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and the dimensions of the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) on the postoperative prognosis. An additional aim was to identify preoperative risk factors associated with increased postoperative mortality and morbidity. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 421 patients diagnosed with ischemic mitral regurgitation who underwent concomitant mitral valve surgery and CABG. Exclusion criteria included emergent and urgent procedures as well as non-ischemic etiologies of mitral valve dysfunction. Results: The study cohort comprised 34.9% women and 65.1% men, with the mean age of 65.7 years (±7.57). A substantial proportion (76.7%) of patients were aged over 60 years. More than half (51.5%) presented with severe heart failure symptoms, classified as NYHA class III or IV, while over 70% were categorized as CCS class II or III. Among the surgical procedures performed, 344 patients underwent mitral valve repair, and 77 patients required mitral valve replacement. Additionally, 119 individuals underwent concomitant tricuspid valve repair. Short-term survival was significantly affected by the presence of hypertension, prior cerebrovascular events, and chronic kidney disease. In contrast, hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were identified as significant predictors of adverse late-term outcomes. Conclusions: Interestingly, neither the preoperative severity of mitral regurgitation nor the echocardiographic measurements of LA and LV dimensions were found to significantly influence surgical outcomes. The perioperative risk, as assessed by the EuroSCORE II (average score: 10.0%), corresponded closely with observed mortality rates following mitral valve repair (9.9%) and replacement (10.4%). Notably, the need for concomitant tricuspid valve surgery was associated with an elevated mortality rate (12.4%). Furthermore, the preoperative echocardiographic evaluation of LA regurgitation severity, as well as LA and LV dimensions, did not exhibit a statistically significant impact on either early or long-term surgical outcomes. However, a reduced LVEF was correlated with increased long-term mortality. The presence of advanced clinical symptoms and the necessity for tricuspid valve repair were independently associated with a poorer late-term prognosis. Importantly, the annual mortality rate observed in the late-term follow-up of patients who underwent surgical treatment of ischemic mitral regurgitation was lower than rates reported in the literature for patients managed conservatively. The EuroSCORE II scale proved to be a reliable and precise tool in predicting surgical risk and outcomes in this patient population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)
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32 pages, 2007 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Relationship Between Project Characteristics and Time–Cost Deviations for Colombian Rural Roads
by Jose Quintero, Alexander Murgas, Adriana Gómez-Cabrera and Omar Sánchez
Infrastructures 2025, 10(7), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures10070178 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
Rural road programs are essential for enhancing connectivity in remote areas, yet they frequently encounter schedule delays and budget overruns. This study explores the extent to which specific project characteristics influence these deviations in Colombian rural road contracts. A dataset comprising 229 projects [...] Read more.
Rural road programs are essential for enhancing connectivity in remote areas, yet they frequently encounter schedule delays and budget overruns. This study explores the extent to which specific project characteristics influence these deviations in Colombian rural road contracts. A dataset comprising 229 projects was extracted from the national SECOP open-procurement platform and processed using the CRISP-DM protocol. Following the cleaning and coding of 14 project-level variables, statistical analyses were conducted using Spearman correlations, Kruskal–Wallis tests, and post-hoc Wilcoxon comparisons to identify significant bivariate relations I confirm I confirm I confirm hips. A Random Forest model was subsequently applied to determine the most influential multivariate predictors of cost and time deviations. In parallel, a directed content analysis of contract addenda reclassified 22 recorded deviation descriptors into ten internationally recognized categories of causality, enabling an integrated interpretation of both statistical and documentary evidence. The findings indicate that contract value, geographical region, and contractor configuration are significant determinants of cost and time performance. Additionally, project intensity and discrepancies between awarded and bid values emerged as key contributors to cost escalation. Scope changes and adverse weather conditions together accounted for 76% of all documented deviation triggers, underscoring the relevance of robust front-end planning and climate-risk considerations in rural infrastructure delivery. The findings provide information for stakeholders, policymakers, and professionals who aim to manage the risk of schedule and budget deviations in public infrastructure projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Materials, Design, Maintenance, and Management for Transport Infrastructure)
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16 pages, 268 KiB  
Article
Queer Migration in Catholic Countries of Central and Eastern Europe: An Unexplored Topic
by Milda Ališauskienė, Halina Grzymala-Mosczynska, Jacek Prusak and Siniša Zrinščak
Religions 2025, 16(7), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16070881 (registering DOI) - 9 Jul 2025
Abstract
This paper explores the under-researched phenomenon of queer migration in Croatia, Lithuania, and Poland—three post-communist, Catholic-majority countries. Drawing on existing studies in the literature and empirical data, it examines how prevailing social conservatism—shaped by the influence of Catholicism and the distinct developmental trajectories [...] Read more.
This paper explores the under-researched phenomenon of queer migration in Croatia, Lithuania, and Poland—three post-communist, Catholic-majority countries. Drawing on existing studies in the literature and empirical data, it examines how prevailing social conservatism—shaped by the influence of Catholicism and the distinct developmental trajectories of these countries—is reflected in research on queer migration. Although limited, the current body of knowledge confirms that concerns over LGBTQIA+ rights are a factor motivating emigration. The three examples illustrate how queer migration must be analyzed within the complex interplay between Europeanization and liberalization, and the backlash against these processes. This backlash, prominently supported by the Catholic Church, includes resistance to gender equality and LGBTQIA+ rights. By critically engaging with existing research, the paper underscores the need for future studies—particularly those investigating the gap between legal protections and prevailing social attitudes toward LGBTQIA+ individuals, the relationship between human rights backlashes and queer migration, the intersections between spatial context and personal biographies, and the connection between the queer migration and recent immigration waves in these countries. Full article
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