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21 pages, 2421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosorption and Regeneration Studies for Cu (II) and Cd (II) Removal from Industrial Effluents Using Orange Peel and Composite Adsorbents

by Ahmed A. Bhran, Srinivas Tadepalli, Kasibatla S. R. Murthy and AbdulAziz A. AlGhamdi

Processes 2025, 13(7), 1972; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13071972 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the adsorption and desorption efficiencies of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from industrial effluents using orange peel powder and a newly developed mixed adsorbent composed of equal parts of activated charcoal (AC) and bone charcoal (BC). The mixed adsorbent (AC [...] Read more.

This study investigates the adsorption and desorption efficiencies of Cu (II) and Cd (II) from industrial effluents using orange peel powder and a newly developed mixed adsorbent composed of equal parts of activated charcoal (AC) and bone charcoal (BC). The mixed adsorbent (AC + BC) exhibited significantly higher removal efficiencies for both copper and cadmium metal ions compared to orange peel powder. This can be attributed to the high surface area of AC and the negative surface charge of BC, resulting in a synergistic adsorption effect. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted in an orbital shaker at 150–180 rpm for 60 min, followed by thorough rinsing to remove any residual metal ions. The optimal pH for maximum adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) was found to be 6. The effects of adsorbent dosage (ranging from 0.5 to 5 g/L) and contact time (ranging from 15 min to 4 h) on adsorption performance were systematically studied. Regeneration experiments using 0.2 M HCl demonstrated that the adsorption of Cu (II) and Cd (II) on the mixed adsorbent was highly reversible, achieving desorption efficiencies of 90% and 94%, respectively. Notably, Cd (II) consistently exhibited higher desorption rates across all tested dosages. These results confirm the potential of the proposed adsorbent and regeneration strategy for efficient and economical removal of heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Research on Adsorbent Materials in Environmental Protection)

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38 pages, 10825 KiB

Open AccessReview

Understanding Steel Corrosion: Surface Chemistry and Defects Explored Through DFT Modelling—A Review

by Heshani Balasooriya, Chunqing Li and Feng Wang

Processes 2025, 13(7), 1971; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13071971 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

Corrosion poses a critical challenge to the durability and performance of metals and alloys, particularly steel, with significant economic, environmental, and safety implications. The corrosion susceptibility of steel is influenced by aggressive chemical species, intrinsic material defects, and environmental factors. Understanding the atomic-scale [...] Read more.

Corrosion poses a critical challenge to the durability and performance of metals and alloys, particularly steel, with significant economic, environmental, and safety implications. The corrosion susceptibility of steel is influenced by aggressive chemical species, intrinsic material defects, and environmental factors. Understanding the atomic-scale mechanisms governing corrosion is essential for developing advanced corrosion-resistant materials. Density functional theory (DFT) has become a powerful computational tool for investigating these mechanisms, providing insight into the adsorption, diffusion, and reaction of corrosive species on iron surfaces, the formation and stability of metal oxides, and the influence of defects such as vacancies and grain boundaries in localised corrosion. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent DFT-based studies on iron and steel surfaces, emphasising the role of solvation effects and van der Waals corrections in improving model accuracy. It also explores defect-driven corrosion mechanisms and the formation of protective and reactive oxide layers under varying oxygen coverages. By establishing accurate DFT modelling approaches, this review provides up-to-date literature insights that support future integration with machine learning and multiscale modelling techniques, enabling reliable atomic-scale predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Processes)

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17 pages, 3652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Mechanism of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer in Red Mud Blended Cementitious Materials

by Lei Yang, Pengfei Wang, Shuqiong Luo, Yaxin Wang and Shengye Xu

Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1738; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131738 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

The utilization of red mud by blending it into cement paste is still facing poor workability issues due to the finer particle size and higher water absorption of red mud, which can be solved by the addition of polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) to effectively [...] Read more.

The utilization of red mud by blending it into cement paste is still facing poor workability issues due to the finer particle size and higher water absorption of red mud, which can be solved by the addition of polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE) to effectively maintain the working performance. However, the specific mechanisms by which different topologies of PCEs, in terms of water-reducing (WR)- and slump-retaining (SR)-type PCEs, influence red mud blended cement paste require further clarification. This research investigates the effect of WR-PCE and SR-PCE on the rheological properties, mechanical properties, and microscopic morphology of red mud blended cement paste under different red mud contents. The results demonstrated that at saturated dosages of 0.5% WR-PCE and 0.75% SR-PCE, both types of PCEs improved paste fluidity and reduced plastic viscosity and shear stress. Moreover, the time-dependent fluidity loss rate of the SR-PCE-incorporated paste was lower to that of the WR-PCE-incorporated paste at 30 and 60 min. With 0% and 25% red mud contents, the compressive strengths at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days were higher for WR-PCE than for SR-PCE due to the enhanced hydration of C₂S and C₃S. Furthermore, hydration products in the WR-PCE-incorporated paste were more uniformly distributed compared to the SR-PCE-incorporated paste. However, a 50% red mud content negatively impacted paste strength, likely due to the high alkalinity destabilizing the PCE. This study aims to elucidate the mechanistic relationship between PCE topology and the improved performance of red mud blended cement paste. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Polymers in Cementitious Materials)

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14 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Bond-Slip Properties of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Recycled-Aggregate Concrete

by Jianhua Ji, Zening Zhang, Yi Zhang and Xi Liu

Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132179 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

Steel-fiber-reinforced geopolymer recycled-aggregate concrete (SFGRC) represents a promising low-carbon building material, yet data on its bond behavior remains scarce, limiting its structural application. To study the mechanical properties and bond strength of SFGRC, five groups of different mix proportions were designed. The main [...] Read more.

Steel-fiber-reinforced geopolymer recycled-aggregate concrete (SFGRC) represents a promising low-carbon building material, yet data on its bond behavior remains scarce, limiting its structural application. To study the mechanical properties and bond strength of SFGRC, five groups of different mix proportions were designed. The main variation parameters were the content of recycled aggregate and the volume content of steel fiber. The cube compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength tests of SFGRC were completed. The influence law of different anchorage lengths on the bond strength between steel bars and SFGRC was studied through the central pull-out test. A multi-parameter probability prediction model of bond strength based on Bayesian method was established. The results show that with the increase of the content of recycled aggregate, the compressive strength of the specimen shows a downward trend, but the tension-compression ratio is increased by 18–22% compared to concrete with natural aggregates at equivalent strength grades. The content of steel fiber can significantly improve the mechanical properties of SFGRC. The bond strength between steel bars and SFGRC is 14.82–17.57 MPa, and the ultimate slip is 0.30–0.38 mm. A probability prediction model of ultimate bond strength is established based on 123 sets of bond test data. The mean and covariance of the ratio of the predicted value of the probability model to the test value are 1.14 and 2.61, respectively. The model has high prediction accuracy, and continuity and can reasonably calculate the bond strength between steel bars and SFGRC. The developed Bayesian model provides a highly accurate and reliable tool for predicting SFGRC bond strength, facilitating its safe and optimized design in sustainable construction projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

31 pages, 2915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Weather Data Gaps in Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Estimation: A Case Study in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

by Gabriel Garbanzo, Jesus Céspedes, Marina Temudo, Tiago B. Ramos, Maria do Rosário Cameira, Luis Santos Pereira and Paula Paredes

Hydrology 2025, 12(7), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology12070161 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

Crop water use (ET_c) is typically estimated as the product of crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) and a crop coefficient (K_c). However, the estimation of ET_o requires various meteorological data, which are often unavailable or of poor quality, [...] Read more.

Crop water use (ET_c) is typically estimated as the product of crop evapotranspiration (ET_o) and a crop coefficient (K_c). However, the estimation of ET_o requires various meteorological data, which are often unavailable or of poor quality, particularly in countries such as Guinea-Bissau, where the maintenance of weather stations is frequently inadequate. The present study aimed to assess alternative approaches, as outlined in the revised FAO56 guidelines, for estimating ET_o when only temperature data is available. These included the use of various predictors for the missing climatic variables, referred to as the Penman–Monteith temperature (PMT) approach. New approaches were developed, with a particular focus on optimizing the predictors at the cluster level. Furthermore, different gridded weather datasets (AgERA5 and MERRA-2 reanalysis) were evaluated for ET_o estimation to overcome the lack of ground-truth data and upscale ET_o estimates from point to regional and national levels, thereby supporting water management decision-making. The results demonstrate that the PMT is generally accurate, with RMSE not exceeding 26% of the average daily ET_o. With regard to shortwave radiation, using the temperature difference as a predictor in combination with cluster-focused multiple linear regression equations for estimating the radiation adjustment coefficient (k_Rs) yielded accurate results. ET_o estimates derived using raw (uncorrected) reanalysis data exhibit considerable bias and high RMSE (1.07–1.57 mm d⁻¹), indicating the need for bias correction. Various correction methods were tested, with the simple bias correction delivering the best overall performance, reducing RMSE to 0.99 mm d⁻¹ and 1.05 mm d⁻¹ for AgERA5 and MERRA-2, respectively, and achieving a normalized RMSE of about 22%. After implementing bias correction, the AgERA5 was found to be superior to the MERRA-2 for all the studied sites. Furthermore, the PMT outperformed the bias-corrected reanalysis in estimating ET_o. It was concluded that PMT-ET_o can be recommended for further application in countries with limited access to ground-truth meteorological data, as it requires only basic technical skills. It can also be used alongside reanalysis data, which demands more advanced expertise, particularly for data retrieval and processing. Full article

31 pages, 33353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the October 2024 Cut-Off Low Event Floods Impact in Valencia (Spain) with Satellite and Geospatial Data

by Ignacio Castro-Melgar, Triantafyllos Falaras, Eleftheria Basiou and Issaak Parcharidis

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(13), 2145; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17132145 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

The October 2024 cut-off low event triggered one of the most catastrophic floods recorded in the Valencia Metropolitan Area, exposing significant vulnerabilities in urban planning, infrastructure resilience, and emergency preparedness. This study presents a novel comprehensive assessment of the event, using a multi-sensor [...] Read more.

The October 2024 cut-off low event triggered one of the most catastrophic floods recorded in the Valencia Metropolitan Area, exposing significant vulnerabilities in urban planning, infrastructure resilience, and emergency preparedness. This study presents a novel comprehensive assessment of the event, using a multi-sensor satellite approach combined with socio-economic and infrastructure data at the metropolitan scale. It provides a comprehensive spatial assessment of the flood’s impacts by integrating of radar Sentinel-1 and optical Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 imagery with datasets including population density, land use, and critical infrastructure layers. Approximately 199 km² were inundated, directly affecting over 90,000 residents and compromising vital infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, transportation corridors, and agricultural lands. Results highlight the exposure of peri-urban zones and agricultural areas, reflecting the socio-economic risks associated with the rapid urban expansion into flood-prone plains. The applied methodology demonstrates the essential role of multi-sensor remote sensing in accurately delineating flood extents and assessing socio-economic impacts. This approach constitutes a transferable framework for enhancing disaster risk management strategies in other Mediterranean urban regions. As extreme hydrometeorological events become more frequent under changing climatic conditions, the findings underscore the urgent need for integrating remote sensing technologies, early warning systems, and nature-based solutions into regional governance to strengthen resilience, reduce vulnerabilities, and mitigate future flood risks. Full article

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19 pages, 1561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Factors and Quality of Life in Vulvar Cancer Patients: 12-Year Results from a Eastern European Center

by Mihai Stanca, Henrietta Becze, Alexandra-Maria Pop, Dan Mihai Căpîlna, Szilard Leo Kiss, Cristian-Ioan Cîmpian and Mihai Emil Căpîlna

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(7), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15070266 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Despite the relatively high incidence of vulvar cancer, there is a noticeable lack of studies in Romania and other Eastern European countries focused on evaluating the long-term oncological outcomes and Quality of Life (QoL) for patients with this condition. Methods: A total [...] Read more.

Objectives: Despite the relatively high incidence of vulvar cancer, there is a noticeable lack of studies in Romania and other Eastern European countries focused on evaluating the long-term oncological outcomes and Quality of Life (QoL) for patients with this condition. Methods: A total of 91 patients were included in the study. The first objective was to evaluate the 5-year overall survival (OS) in patients with vulvar cancer at International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stages IA-IVA who underwent surgery, ±adjuvant radiotherapy (RT). Additionally, the study aimed to identify prognostic factors that could either positively or negatively influence survival outcomes in these patients. The second objective was to assess the QoL, conducted using validated questionnaires issued by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, specifically the QLQ-CX30 and QLQ-VU34. Results: The patients had an average age of 67.7 years (38–91). At the time of assessment, 51.6% of the patients were alive. Additionally, the 5-year OS was reported at 45%. The multivariate analysis indicated that age ≤ 50 years (p < 0.03), FIGO stage IB (p < 0.007), and tumor differentiation grade I (p < 0.01) were associated with improved survival rates. Conversely, age > 80 years (p < 0.05), FIGO stages IIIB (p < 0.01) and IIIC (p < 0.06), tumor size > 5 cm (p < 0.02), positive resection margins (p < 0.03), lymph node metastasis (p < 0.06), and pelvic exenteration (p < 0.002) were identified as independent negative prognostic factors. Of the 47 living patients, 32 completed the QoL questionnaires. The respondents reported a decent overall QoL score of 65.3. However, treatment-specific symptoms, such as vulvar scarring, vulvar swelling, groin lymphedema, and leg lymphedema, had a negative impact on QoL. Consequently, functional symptoms like fatigue, pain, and sleep disturbances persisted, leading to a body image perception score of 33.7 on a scale from 0 to 100. Conclusions: This study highlights decent OS and QoL outcomes. It is important to note that vulvar cancer primarily affects older women. In this study, 51.6% of patients were over 70 years old at the time of surgery. Consequently, the 5-year OS of 45% could not be attributed solely to oncological factors, as most of these patients did not die from recurrences but rather from associated comorbidities. The findings of this study provide a foundation for future randomized controlled trials aimed at further enhancing vulvar cancer patients’ care and outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Therapy and Drug Delivery)

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25 pages, 14188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

WDARFNet: A Wavelet-Domain Adaptive Receptive Field Network for Improved Oriented Object Detection in Remote Sensing

by Jie Yang, Li Zhou and Yongfeng Ju

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7035; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137035 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

Oriented object detection in remote sensing images is a particularly challenging task, especially when it involves detecting tiny, densely arranged, or occluded objects. Moreover, such remote sensing images are often susceptible to noise, which significantly increases the difficulty of the task. To address [...] Read more.

Oriented object detection in remote sensing images is a particularly challenging task, especially when it involves detecting tiny, densely arranged, or occluded objects. Moreover, such remote sensing images are often susceptible to noise, which significantly increases the difficulty of the task. To address these challenges, we introduce the Wavelet-Domain Adaptive Receptive Field Network (WDARFNet), a novel architecture that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to enhance feature extraction and noise robustness. WDARFNet employs DWT to decompose feature maps into four distinct frequency components. Through ablation experiments, we demonstrate that selectively combining specific high-frequency and low-frequency features enhances the network’s representational capacity. Discarding diagonal high-frequency features, which contain significant noise, further enhances the model’s noise robustness. In addition, to capture long-range contextual information and adapt to varying object sizes and occlusions, WDARFNet incorporates a selective kernel mechanism. This strategy dynamically adjusts the receptive field based on the varying shapes of objects, ensuring optimal feature extraction for diverse objects. The streamlined and efficient WDARFNet achieves state-of-the-art performance on three challenging remote sensing object detection benchmarks: DOTA-v1.0, DIOR-R, and HRSC2016. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Image Recognition and Processing Technologies)

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13 pages, 7304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vacuum-Assembled ZIF-67/SiO₂–PEI Thin-Film Nanocomposite Membrane with Ultrahigh Permeance for Textile Wastewater Treatment

by Li Xiao, Jinyu Liu, Fan Zhang, Feng Qin, Yikai Wang, Zikang Qin, Yahui Yang, Zhongde Dai, Junfeng Zheng and Bo Tang

Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1741; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131741 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

High permeance combined with high salt/dye separation efficiency is a prerequisite for achieving zero-liquid-discharge treatment of saline textile wastewater by membrane technology. Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes incorporating porous nanoparticles offer a promising route to overcome the permeability–selectivity trade-off of conventional polymer membranes. In [...] Read more.

High permeance combined with high salt/dye separation efficiency is a prerequisite for achieving zero-liquid-discharge treatment of saline textile wastewater by membrane technology. Thin-film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes incorporating porous nanoparticles offer a promising route to overcome the permeability–selectivity trade-off of conventional polymer membranes. In this study, a vacuum-assisted method was used to co-blend ZIF-67 and SiO₂ nanoparticles, while branched polyethyleneimine (PEI) served as a cross-linking bridge, resulting in a high-performance TFN membrane for salt/dye separation. Acting as a molecular connector, PEI coordinated with ZIF-67 through metal–amine complexation and simultaneously formed hydrogen bonds with surface hydroxyl groups on SiO₂, thereby linking ZIF-67 and SiO₂. The resulting membrane exhibited good hydrophilicity and excellent dye separation performance (water flux = 359.8 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹; Congo Red rejection = 99.2%) as well as outstanding selectivity in dye/salt mixtures (Congo Red/MgCl₂ selectivity of 1094). The optimal ZIF@SiO₂-PEI membrane maintained stable dye rejection over a wide range of trans-membrane pressures, initial concentrations, and pH values. These results reveal the huge potential of applying the ZIF@SiO₂-PEI TFN membranes for resource recovery in sustainable textile wastewater systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Membranes for Environmental and Energy-Related Applications)

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19 pages, 12170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Interfacial Mechanism of Epoxy Soybean Oil-Based Semi-Liquid Gel Materials for Wellbore Sealing Applications

by Yuexin Tian, Yintao Liu, Haifeng Dong, Xiangjun Liu and Jinjun Huang

Gels 2025, 11(7), 482; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070482 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

In this study, a novel semi-liquid gel material based on bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (E51), methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA), and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was developed for high-performance wellbore sealing. The gel system exhibits tunable gelation times ranging from 1 to 10 h (±0.5 [...] Read more.

In this study, a novel semi-liquid gel material based on bisphenol A-type epoxy resin (E51), methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA), and epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was developed for high-performance wellbore sealing. The gel system exhibits tunable gelation times ranging from 1 to 10 h (±0.5 h) and maintains a low viscosity of <100 ± 2 mPa·s at 25 °C, enabling efficient injection into the wellbore. The optimized formulation achieved a compressive strength exceeding 112.5 ± 3.1 MPa and a breakthrough pressure gradient of over 50 ± 2.8 MPa/m with only 0.9 PV dosage. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the formation of a dense, crosslinked polyester network. Interfacial adhesion was significantly enhanced by the incorporation of 0.25 wt% octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS), yielding an adhesion layer thickness of 391.6 ± 12.7 nm—approximately 9.89 times higher than that of the unmodified system. Complete degradation was achieved within 48 ± 2 h at 120 °C using a γ-valerolactone and p-toluenesulfonic acid solution. These results demonstrate the material’s potential as a high-strength, injectable, and degradable sealing solution for complex subsurface environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Enhanced Oil Recovery Technologies, 4th Edition)

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24 pages, 5617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Propulsion Characteristics of a Flapping Flat-Plate Pumping Device

by Ertian Hua, Yang Lin, Sihan Li, Xiaopeng Wu and Mingwang Xiang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7034; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137034 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

To improve hydrodynamic conditions and self-purification in plain river networks, this study optimized an existing hydrofoil-based pumping device and redesigned its flow channel. Using the finite volume method (FVM) and overset grid technique, a comparative numerical analysis was conducted on the pumping performance [...] Read more.

To improve hydrodynamic conditions and self-purification in plain river networks, this study optimized an existing hydrofoil-based pumping device and redesigned its flow channel. Using the finite volume method (FVM) and overset grid technique, a comparative numerical analysis was conducted on the pumping performance of hydrofoils operating under simple harmonic and quasi-harmonic flapping motions. Based on the tip vortex phenomenon observed at the channel outlet, the flow channel structure was further designed to inform the structural optimization of bionic pumping devices. Results show both modes generate reversed Kármán vortex streets, but the quasi-harmonic mode induces a displacement in vorticity distribution, whereas that of the simple harmonic motion extends farther downstream. Pumping efficiency under simple harmonic motion consistently outperforms that of quasi-harmonic motion, exceeding its peak by 20.2%. The pumping and propulsion efficiencies show a generally positive correlation with the outlet angle of the channel, both reaching their peak when the outlet angle α is −10°. Compared to an outlet angle of 0°, an outlet angle of −10° results in an 8.5% increase in pumping efficiency and a 10.2% increase in propulsion efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Computational Fluid Mechanics in Fluid Machinery)

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11 pages, 2486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constraints on Bit Precision and Row Parallelism for Reliable Computing-in-Memory

by Yongxiang Li, Shiqing Wang and Zhong Sun

Electronics 2025, 14(13), 2532; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14132532 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

Computing-in-memory (CIM) with emerging non-volatile resistive memory devices has demonstrated remarkable performance in data-intensive applications, such as neural networks and machine learning. A crosspoint memory array enables naturally parallel computation of matrix–vector multiplication (MVM) in the analog domain, offering significant advantages in terms [...] Read more.

Computing-in-memory (CIM) with emerging non-volatile resistive memory devices has demonstrated remarkable performance in data-intensive applications, such as neural networks and machine learning. A crosspoint memory array enables naturally parallel computation of matrix–vector multiplication (MVM) in the analog domain, offering significant advantages in terms of speed, energy efficiency, and computational density. However, the intrinsic device non-ideality residing in analog conductance state distorts the MVM precision and limits the application to high-precision scenarios, e.g., scientific computing. Yet, a theoretical framework for guiding reliable computing-in-memory designs has been lacking. In this work, we develop an analytical model describing the constraints on bit precision and row parallelism for reliable MVM operations. By leveraging the concept of capacity from information theory, the impact of non-ideality on computational precision is quantitively analyzed. This work offers a theoretical guidance for optimizing the quantized margins, providing valuable insights for future research and practical implementation of reliable CIM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analog Circuits and Analog Computing)

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14 pages, 2916 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Electrodialysis of Sodium Tungstate Solutions for the Production of Tungstic Acid

by Adelya Dauletbakova, Bolotpay Baimbetov, Yeleussiz Tazhiyev and Gulnara Moldabayeva

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7033; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137033 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

Industrial technologies for processing tungsten concentrates using soda roasting or autoclave leaching are based on the production of alkaline sodium tungstate solutions that contain impurities such as silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, and others. The purification of these solutions from impurities requires the neutralization of [...] Read more.

Industrial technologies for processing tungsten concentrates using soda roasting or autoclave leaching are based on the production of alkaline sodium tungstate solutions that contain impurities such as silicon, phosphorus, arsenic, and others. The purification of these solutions from impurities requires the neutralization of excess soda or alkali with inorganic acids, which leads to the formation of chloride and sulfate effluents that are subsequently discharged into waste repositories. An analysis was carried out on existing methods for the production and processing of sodium tungstate solutions using HNO₃ and NH₃, as well as extraction and sorption techniques involving anion exchange resins. Currently, processes such as nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis are being applied for water purification and the treatment of sulfate and chloride effluents. These processes employ various types of industrially manufactured membranes. For the purpose of electrodialysis, a two-compartment electrodialyzer setup was employed using cation-exchange membranes of the MK-40 (Russia) and EDC1R (China) types. The composition and structure of sodium tungstate, used as the starting reagents, were analyzed. Based on experiments conducted on a laboratory-scale unit with continuous circulation of the catholyte and anolyte, dependencies of various parameters on current density and process duration were established. Stepwise changes in the anolyte pH were recorded, indirectly confirming changes in the composition of the Na₂WO₄ solution, including the formation of polytungstates of variable composition and the production of H₂WO₄ via electrodialysis at pH < 2. The resulting tungstic acid solutions were also analyzed. The conducted studies on the processing of sodium tungstate solutions using electrodialysis made it possible to obtain alkaline solutions and tungstic acid at a current density of 500–1500 A/m², without the use of acid for neutralization. Yellow tungstic acid was obtained from the tungstic acid solution by evaporation. Full article

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19 pages, 1636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Macrostructure of Malus Leaves and Its Taxonomic Significance

by Yuerong Fan, Huimin Li, Jingze Ma, Ting Zhou, Junjun Fan and Wangxiang Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(13), 1918; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14131918 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

Leaves are the most ubiquitous plant organs, whose macrostructures exhibit close correlations with environmental factors while simultaneously reflecting inherent genetic and evolutionary patterns. These characteristics render them highly significant for plant taxonomy, ecology, and related disciplines. Therefore, this study presents the first comprehensive [...] Read more.

Leaves are the most ubiquitous plant organs, whose macrostructures exhibit close correlations with environmental factors while simultaneously reflecting inherent genetic and evolutionary patterns. These characteristics render them highly significant for plant taxonomy, ecology, and related disciplines. Therefore, this study presents the first comprehensive evaluation of Malus leaf macrostructures for infraspecific classification. By establishing a trait-screening system, we conducted a numerical taxonomic analysis of leaf phenotypic variation across 73 Malus germplasm (34 species and 39 cultivars). Through ancestor-inclined distribution characteristic analysis, we investigated phylogenetic relationships at both the genus level and infraspecific ranks within Malus. A total of 21 leaf phenotypic traits were selected from 50 candidate traits based on the following criteria: high diversity, abundance, and evenness (D ≥ 0.50, H ≥ 0.80, and E ≥ 0.60); significant intraspecific uniformity and interspecific distinctness ( ≤ 10% and ≥15%). Notably, the selected traits with low intraspecific variability ( ≤ 10%) exhibit environmental robustness, likely reflecting low phenotypic plasticity of these specific traits under varying conditions. This stability enhances their taxonomic utility. It was found that the highest ancestor-inclined distribution probability reached 90% for 10 traceable cultivars, demonstrating reliable breeding lines. Based on morphological evidence, there was a highly significant correlation between the evolutionary orders of (Sect. Docyniopsis → Sect. Sorbomalus → Sect. Malus) and group/sub-groups (B₁→ B₂→ A). This study demonstrates that phenotypic variation in leaf macrostructures can effectively explore the affinities among Malus germplasm, exhibiting taxonomic significance at the infraspecific level, thereby providing references for variety selection. However, hybrid offspring may exhibit mixed parental characteristics, leading to blurred species boundaries. And convergent evolution may create false homologies, potentially misleading morphology-based taxonomic inferences. The inferred taxonomic relationships present certain limitations that warrant further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

13 pages, 2578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Friction Effects in the Forming of Thin EN AW 8006-O Aluminum Sheets

by Gianluca Parodo, Luca Sorrentino, Sandro Turchetta and Giuseppe Moffa

Metals 2025, 15(7), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/met15070695 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

This work investigates the role of friction in the numerical prediction of formability for ultra-thin aluminum sheets made of the EN AW 8006-O alloy. Nakazima-type hemispherical punch stretching tests were conducted under lubricated conditions to assess the influence of interface tribology on thickness [...] Read more.

This work investigates the role of friction in the numerical prediction of formability for ultra-thin aluminum sheets made of the EN AW 8006-O alloy. Nakazima-type hemispherical punch stretching tests were conducted under lubricated conditions to assess the influence of interface tribology on thickness distribution and failure behavior. The experimental activity included tensile testing for material parameter identification and coefficient of friction (COF) measurements according to ASTM D1894 to characterize interface friction. These parameters were then implemented into a finite element model developed in PAM-STAMP. The simulation results were compared with experimental thickness profiles, and showed good agreement when calibrated friction coefficients were used. The analysis highlights the sensitivity of sheet deformation to frictional conditions, and demonstrates that accurate tribological input significantly improves predictive accuracy. The proposed workflow offers a reliable and efficient methodology for simulating forming processes involving ultra-thin aluminum foils, with potential applications in the food packaging industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Lightweight Alloys, 2nd Edition)

36 pages, 5891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Improve Blue–Green–Gray Infrastructure to Optimize River Cooling Island Effect on Riparian Zone for Outdoor Activities in Summer

by Min Wang, Yuqing Su and Jieqiong Wang

Land 2025, 14(7), 1330; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071330 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

As important urban green spaces, rivers enhance cooling island effects significantly by leveraging environmental factors. This study selected Suzhou River in Shanghai as the subject to explore how to improve blue–green–gray infrastructure to optimize the river cooling island effect on the riparian zone [...] Read more.

As important urban green spaces, rivers enhance cooling island effects significantly by leveraging environmental factors. This study selected Suzhou River in Shanghai as the subject to explore how to improve blue–green–gray infrastructure to optimize the river cooling island effect on the riparian zone for outdoor activities in summer. A total of 77 samples, including 36 control groups and 41 experimental groups, were categorized into 12 types of blue–green–gray infrastructure composite features. ENVI-met was used to simulate summer thermal comfort, while redundancy analysis and boosted regression trees were used to identify significant factors and thresholds influencing the river’s cooling island effect. The results showed that for Suzhou River, the green–blue–green–gray–green composition most effectively optimizes the river cooling island effect. It is recommended to select construction sites where the river width is 55 m and the percentage of green infrastructure exceeds 40% and keep the distance between green infrastructure and the water body to within 3 m. Additionally, limiting gray infrastructure to less than 10%, with an average building height of 37 m and a building undulation of 25 m, is recommended to achieve the optimal cooling effect. This study finally proposes optimization strategies to maximize the cooling island effect of urban rivers, offering insights for the development of climate-adaptive urban riparian zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Green Spaces: An Effective Tool to Regulate Urban Climate and Biodiversity, 2nd Edition)

23 pages, 5097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Restoring Force Model of Precast Shear Walls with Steel Sleeve and Corrugated Metallic Duct Hybrid Connections

by Yuqing Han, Yongjun Qin, Wentong Cheng and Qi Chen

Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2178; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132178 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study proposes a novel hybrid connection method for precast concrete shear walls, where the edge walls are connected using grouting splice sleeves and the middle walls are connected using grouted corrugated metallic ducts. To investigate the effects of connection type and axial [...] Read more.

This study proposes a novel hybrid connection method for precast concrete shear walls, where the edge walls are connected using grouting splice sleeves and the middle walls are connected using grouted corrugated metallic ducts. To investigate the effects of connection type and axial compression ratio on structural performance, five shear wall specimens were tested under low-cycle reversed loading, with detailed analysis of their failure modes and hysteretic behavior. Based on experimental results and theoretical derivation, a restoring force model incorporating connection type was developed. The results demonstrate that hybrid-connected specimens exhibit significantly improved load-bearing capacity, ductility, and seismic performance compared to those with only grouted corrugated metallic duct connections. A higher axial compression ratio enhances structural strength but also accelerates damage progression, particularly after peak loading. A three-line skeleton curve model was established to describe the load, displacement, and stiffness relationships at key characteristic points, and unloading stiffness expressions for different loading stages were proposed. The calculated skeleton and hysteresis curves align well with the experimental results, accurately capturing the cyclic behavior of the hybrid-connected precast shear walls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Resilient Civil Infrastructure, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation Study on the Volumetric Efficiency Loss of CO₂ Swash Plate Axial Piston Pumps

by Xiyin Wang and Sanping Zhou

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7032; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137032 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

With the aim of addressing the low volumetric efficiency of CO₂ swashplate axial piston pumps, the influence of four volumetric losses—loss of the CO₂ compression retention volume, leakage volume loss of the port pair, leakage volume loss of the plunger pair, [...] Read more.

With the aim of addressing the low volumetric efficiency of CO₂ swashplate axial piston pumps, the influence of four volumetric losses—loss of the CO₂ compression retention volume, leakage volume loss of the port pair, leakage volume loss of the plunger pair, and leakage volume loss of the slipper pair—on volumetric efficiency was analyzed using a transient numerical simulation method. The numerical simulation results showed that the real physical property model can accurately describe the compression retention characteristics of CO₂ under high-pressure conditions. CO₂ compression retention volume loss accounted for 28.6% of the volumetric efficiency and was the main factor causing low volumetric efficiency of the piston pump. Leakage volume losses of the slipper pair, the flow distribution pair, and the plunger pair accounted for about 3.4%, 1.5%, and 0.5% of the volumetric efficiency, respectively. These research results provide a reference for volumetric efficiency loss analyses of piston pumps. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)

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18 pages, 1578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Load Frequency Control of Renewable Energy Power Systems Based on Adaptive Global Fast Terminal Sliding Mode Control

by Jiaming Qian and Xinxin Lv

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7030; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137030 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

In this paper, the load frequency control (LFC) of multi-area power systems incorporating photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems (ESSs) is studied. First, the model of the LFC system encompassing PV and ESS is established. Then, a novel LFC scheme based on adaptive [...] Read more.

In this paper, the load frequency control (LFC) of multi-area power systems incorporating photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage systems (ESSs) is studied. First, the model of the LFC system encompassing PV and ESS is established. Then, a novel LFC scheme based on adaptive global fast terminal sliding mode control (AGFTSMC) is proposed. To make the system robust globally, an adaptive sliding mode control law and a new type of global fast terminal sliding mode surface containing a nonlinear time-varying function are designed. Moreover, by utilizing the improved Lyapunov function, the stability of the system is analyzed. Finally, two simulation experiments incorporating the two-area LFC system and IEEE 39-bus test power system are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The simulation results show that adopting the AGFTSMC can significantly reduce steady-state error and stabilization time. This makes it a promising solution for maintaining frequency stability. Full article

27 pages, 2763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Systemic Risk Spillover Networks Through a Time-Frequency Approach

by Liping Zheng, Ziwei Liang, Jiaoting Yi and Yuhan Zhu

Mathematics 2025, 13(13), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13132070 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the spillover effects and transmission networks of systemic risk within China’s national economic sectors under extreme conditions from both time and frequency domain perspectives, building upon the spillover index methodology and calculating the ∆CoVaR index for Chinese industries. The findings [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the spillover effects and transmission networks of systemic risk within China’s national economic sectors under extreme conditions from both time and frequency domain perspectives, building upon the spillover index methodology and calculating the ∆CoVaR index for Chinese industries. The findings indicate the following: (1) Extreme-risk spillovers synchronize across industries but exhibit pronounced time-varying peaks during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the 2015 crash, and the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Long-term spillovers dominate overall connectedness, highlighting the lasting impact of fundamentals and structural linkages. (3) In terms of risk volatility, Energy, Materials, Consumer Discretionary, and Financials are most sensitive to systemic market shocks. (4) On the risk spillover effect, Consumer Discretionary, Industrials, Healthcare, and Information Technology consistently act as net transmitters of extreme risk, while Energy, Materials, Consumer Staples, Financials, Telecom Services, Utilities, and Real Estate primarily serve as net receivers. Based on these findings, the paper suggests deepening the regulatory mechanisms for systemic risk, strengthening the synergistic effect of systemic risk measurement and early warning indicators, and coordinating risk monitoring, early warning, and risk prevention and mitigation. It further emphasizes the importance of avoiding fragmented regulation by establishing a joint risk prevention mechanism across sectors and departments, strengthening the supervision of inter-industry capital flows. Finally, it highlights the need to closely monitor the formation mechanisms and transmission paths of new financial risks under the influence of the pandemic to prevent the accumulation and eruption of risks in the post-pandemic era. Authorities must conduct annual “Industry Transmission Reviews” to map emerging risk nodes and supply-chain vulnerabilities, refine policy tools, and stabilize market expectations so as to forestall the build-up and sudden release of new systemic shocks. Full article

18 pages, 6033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Development and Thermal Properties of Chitosan Nanoparticle-Treated Palm Oil: An Experimental Investigation

by Varadharaja Kirthika, Chanaka Galpaya, Ashan Induranga, Amanda Sajiwanie, Vimukthi Vithanage and Kaveenga Rasika Koswattage

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(13), 972; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15130972 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study is an effort to optimize the thermal properties of refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) oil by incorporating bionanoparticles. This study investigates the impact on thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity by incorporating chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) at different temperatures with varying weight fractions [...] Read more.

This study is an effort to optimize the thermal properties of refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) oil by incorporating bionanoparticles. This study investigates the impact on thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity by incorporating chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NPs) at different temperatures with varying weight fractions of NPs. To the best of our knowledge, these synthesized CS-NPs from oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and commercial marine-sourced CS-NPs are used for the first time to prepare nanofluids. These nanofluids offer high potential for industrial applications due to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity. Fungal-sourced chitosan is a vegan-friendly alternative and does not contain allergic compounds, such as marine-sourced chitosan. The CS-NPs were synthesized using a chemical and mechanical treatment process at three different amplitudes, and CS-NPs at amplitude 80 were selected to prepare the nanofluid. Chitin, chitosan, and CS-NPs were characterized by the FTIR-ATR method, while the size and morphology of the CNs were analyzed by SEM. Thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of nanofluids and base fluid were measured using a multifunctional thermal conductivity meter (Flucon LAMBDA thermal conductivity meter) by ASTM D7896-19 within the temperature range 40–160 °C with step size 20. The thermal conductivity values were compared between commercial CS-NPs and synthesized CS-NPs treated with RBD palm olein with different weight percentages (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 wt.%). It was confirmed that the thermal properties were enhanced in both kinds of nanoparticles added to RBD palm olein, and higher enhancement was observed in fungal-sourced CS-NPs treated with RBD palm olein. Maximum enhancement of thermal conductivity of commercial and synthesized CS-NPs treated with RBD palm olein were 4.28% and 7.33%, respectively, at 0.05 wt.%. Enhanced thermal conductivity of RBD palm olein by the addition of CS-NPs facilitates more effective heat transfer, resulting in quicker and more consistent cooking and other potential heat transfer applications. Full article

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27 pages, 2176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Minimum Critical Test Scenario Set Selection for Autonomous Vehicles Prior to First Deployment and Public Road Testing

by Balint Toth and Zsolt Szalay

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7031; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137031 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

The growing complexity of autonomous vehicle functionalities poses significant challenges for vehicle testing, validation, and regulatory approval. Despite the availability of various testing protocols and standards, a harmonized and widely accepted method specifically targeting the selection of critical test scenarios—especially for safety assessments [...] Read more.

The growing complexity of autonomous vehicle functionalities poses significant challenges for vehicle testing, validation, and regulatory approval. Despite the availability of various testing protocols and standards, a harmonized and widely accepted method specifically targeting the selection of critical test scenarios—especially for safety assessments prior to public road testing—has not yet been developed. This study introduces a systematic methodology for selecting a minimum critical set of test scenarios tailored to an autonomous vehicle’s Operational Design Domain (ODD) and capabilities. Building on existing testing frameworks (e.g., EuroNCAP protocols, ISO standards, UNECE and EU regulations), the proposed method combines a structured questionnaire with a weighted cosine similarity based filtering mechanism to identify relevant scenarios from a robust database of over 1000 test cases. Further refinement using similarity metrics such as Euclidean and Manhattan distances ensures the elimination of redundant test scenarios. Application of the framework to real-world projects demonstrates significant alignment with expert-identified cases, while also identifying overlooked but relevant scenarios. By addressing the need for a structured and efficient scenario selection method, this work supports the advancement of systematic safety assurance for autonomous vehicles and provides a scalable solution for authorities and vehicle testing companies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Autonomous Driving and Smart Transportation)

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21 pages, 1006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Project Prioritization in Meta, Colombia, Using Anp-Dematel

by Astrid León-Camargo and Seydyss Garay-Rodríguez

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(13), 7029; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15137029 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

The prioritization of healthcare projects in Colombia’s Meta Department was conducted using an integrated decision-making model that combines the Analytic Network Process and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory. This multicriteria approach systematically evaluates interdependencies among strategic criteria while incorporating expert judgments to [...] Read more.

The prioritization of healthcare projects in Colombia’s Meta Department was conducted using an integrated decision-making model that combines the Analytic Network Process and the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory. This multicriteria approach systematically evaluates interdependencies among strategic criteria while incorporating expert judgments to improve resource allocation and promote equity and accessibility in health services. The analysis identified the reconstruction of the healthcare center in Puerto Gaitán as the highest-priority intervention, followed by the expansion of the municipal hospital in Acacías and the establishment of an emergency regulation center. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between infrastructure development and the reduction of populations with unmet basic needs, emphasizing the crucial role of physical infrastructure in advancing health equity. Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of the model under varying parameters. The integrated methodology proved particularly valuable for capturing complex interrelationships among criteria, balancing technical and equity considerations, and supporting transparent, evidence-based decisions for health investment planning in regional contexts that require both immediate responses and long-term system strengthening. Full article

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13 pages, 4826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Backwater on the Velocity Distribution Characteristics in a 90-Degree Curved Channel

by Qihang Zhou, Zhijing Li, Zhongwu Jin, Yisen Wang, Peng Chen, Yujiao Liu and Xuhai Yang

Water 2025, 17(13), 1858; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17131858 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

The impacts of backwater due to large dam construction on flow may lead to navigation or flood control problems in curved rivers. This study conducted flume experiments to investigate the effects of backwater on the velocity distribution characteristics of a 90-degree bend. The [...] Read more.

The impacts of backwater due to large dam construction on flow may lead to navigation or flood control problems in curved rivers. This study conducted flume experiments to investigate the effects of backwater on the velocity distribution characteristics of a 90-degree bend. The experimental results show that the backwater degree (η, defined as the ratio of flow depth under backwater to that under non-backwater conditions) has significant impacts on the three-dimensional velocity distribution in the bend. The depth-averaged velocities decrease with increasing backwater degree, and the deflection degrees of depth-averaged velocities are found to be highly related to the backwater degree and cross-sectional position. In this experimental setup, the mean cross-sectional velocity decreases by 67.2% as η increases from 1.00 to 3.64 for Q = 35 L/s; 63.7% as η increases from 1.00 to 3.26 for Q = 52 L/s; and 60.1% as η increases from 1.00 to 2.80 for Q = 52 L/s. The maximum values of transversal and vertical velocities near the riverbed gradually shift to the inner bank as the backwater degree increases at the 45° cross section. The center of the high transversal velocity area shifts about 0.1 m toward the inner bank as the backwater degree increases from 1.00 to 3.26 for Q = 52 L/s, which can reduce the erosion of the riverbed near the outer bank. In the current study, we also demonstrate that the growth and decay processes of secondary flow cells under backwater conditions are similar to those under non-backwater conditions. However, the scales and positions of the secondary flow cells change continuously with different backwater degrees. From the entrance to the exit of the bend, the secondary flow intensity first increases, and then decreases, with its maximum values occurring at the 45° cross section. The findings detailed in this manuscript provide insights for navigation channel design in reservoir backwater zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Vegetation on Open Channel Flow and Sediment Transport)

25 pages, 3463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Urban Flood Resilience Under a Novel Framework and Method: A Case Study of the Taihu Lake Basin

by Kaidong Lu, Yong Liu, Yintang Wang, Tingting Cui, Jiaxing Zhong, Zijiang Zhou and Xiaoping Gao

Land 2025, 14(7), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071328 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

Urban flooding poses escalating threats to socioeconomic stability and human safety, exacerbated by urbanization and climate change. While urban flood resilience (UFR) has emerged as a critical framework for flood risk management, existing studies often overlook the systemic integration of post-disaster recovery capacity [...] Read more.

Urban flooding poses escalating threats to socioeconomic stability and human safety, exacerbated by urbanization and climate change. While urban flood resilience (UFR) has emerged as a critical framework for flood risk management, existing studies often overlook the systemic integration of post-disaster recovery capacity and multidimensional interactions in UFR assessment. This study develops a novel hazard–vulnerability–exposure–defense capacity–recovery capacity (HVEDR) framework to address research gaps. We employ a hybrid game theory combined weight method (GTCWM)-TOPSIS approach to evaluate UFR in China’s Taihu Lake Basin (TLB), a region highly vulnerable to monsoon- and typhoon-driven floods. Spanning 1999–2020, the analysis reveals three key insights: (1) weight allocation via GTCWM identifies defense capacity (0.224) and hazard (0.224) as dominant dimensions, with drainage pipeline density (0.091), flood-season precipitation (0.087), and medical capacity (0.085) ranking as the top three weighted indicators; (2) temporal trends show an overall upward trajectory in UFR, interrupted by a sharp decline in 2011 due to extreme hazard events, with Shanghai and Hangzhou exhibiting the highest UFR levels, contrasting Zhenjiang’s persistently low UFR; (3) spatial patterns reveal stronger UFR in southern and eastern areas and weaker resilience in northern and western regions. The proposed HVEDR framework and findings provide valuable insights for UFR assessments in other flood-prone basins and regions globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Resilient and Sustainable Urban Futures)

21 pages, 3677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporation of Protein Hydrolysate into Rapeseed Meal-Based Materials to Improve Flexibility

by Sara Aquilia, Claudia Bello, Michele Pinna, Sabrina Bianchi, Walter Giurlani, Francesco Ciardelli, Luca Rosi and Anna Maria Papini

Polymers 2025, 17(13), 1740; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131740 (registering DOI) - 22 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of rapeseed meal (RM), a protein-rich by-product of the rapeseed oil industry, as a raw material for the development of renewable materials. Due to the presence of antinutritional compounds, rapeseed meal is underutilized, primarily in low-value applications such [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of rapeseed meal (RM), a protein-rich by-product of the rapeseed oil industry, as a raw material for the development of renewable materials. Due to the presence of antinutritional compounds, rapeseed meal is underutilized, primarily in low-value applications such as animal feed. In this work, rapeseed meal protein hydrolysates were enzymatically obtained and incorporated as plasticizers into rapeseed meal-based materials to improve their mechanical properties, water permeability, and thermal stability. Collagen hydrolysate has also been utilized as a low-cost additive to further enhance the material performance. The glycerol content was reduced to address permeability and migration issues associated with hydrophilic plasticizers. The results demonstrated that the incorporation of hydrolysates into rapeseed meal-based materials modulated thermal stability, water permeability, and mechanical properties—particularly elongation at break and flexibility. The latter increased proportionally with the hydrolysate content of RM-based materials. Additionally, aerobic biodegradation behavior, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) supported the material’s favorable performance characteristics, highlighting the potential of rapeseed meal as a viable, biodegradable alternative for sustainable materials in industrial applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers)

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