MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

16 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Experience of Frail Older Patients in the Boarding Area in the Emergency Department: A Qualitative Systematic Review

by Pasquale Iozzo, Giovanna Cannizzaro, Stefano Bambi, Luana Maria Amato, Simona Fanuli, Dhurata Ivziku, Giuliano Anastasi, Alberto Lucchini, Noemi Spina and Roberto Latina

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(10), 3556; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103556 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Boarding refers to the period when patients deemed stable in the emergency department (ED) are temporarily monitored, wait to be admitted, and receive appropriate care. As life expectancy increases, so does the importance of understanding the dynamics and experiences of older adults [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Boarding refers to the period when patients deemed stable in the emergency department (ED) are temporarily monitored, wait to be admitted, and receive appropriate care. As life expectancy increases, so does the importance of understanding the dynamics and experiences of older adults with frailty in emergency settings. The absence of a care environment tailored to specific needs could diminish the overall quality of care provided, threatening the health and well-being of this population. To our knowledge, how frail older adults experience this has not yet been synthesized in a qualitative systematic review. The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of frail older adults during the emergency department (ED) boarding phase Methods: This systematic review was conducted using PubMed, OVID, and Scopus in October 2024. No time restrictions were settled and only articles published in English were included. Following the predefined inclusion criteria, two researchers independently extracted and synthesized the data using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) meta-aggregation methodology and instruments. Results: Seven studies were included. Thirty-one findings were identified and grouped into seven categories and three themes regarding the lived experiences of frail people in ED boarding areas. The themes we identified were discomfort, distress, frustration, the experience of positive/negative attitudes of healthcare providers, and the supportive role of family members during ED LOS (length of stay). Conclusions: Older frail adults experience significant physical and psychological distress during ED boarding. It is necessary to manage their specific needs through targeted actions aimed at improving their overall experience and quality of care in emergency settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends and Prospects of Critical Emergency Medicine)

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36 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comparative Analysis of Electrochemical and Thermochemical Hydrogenation of Biomass-Derived Phenolics for Sustainable Biofuel and Chemical Production

by Halil Durak

Processes 2025, 13(5), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051581 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

The electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of biomass-derived phenolic compounds is a promising approach to the production of value-added chemicals and biofuels in a sustainable way under moderate reaction conditions. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of electrochemical and thermochemical hydrogenation processes, highlighting their relative [...] Read more.

The electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of biomass-derived phenolic compounds is a promising approach to the production of value-added chemicals and biofuels in a sustainable way under moderate reaction conditions. This study provides a comprehensive comparison of electrochemical and thermochemical hydrogenation processes, highlighting their relative advantages in terms of energy efficiency, product selectivity, and environmental impact. Several electrocatalysts (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru), membranes (Nafion, Fumasep, GO-based PEMs), and reactor configurations are tested for the selective conversion of model compounds such as phenol, guaiacol, furfural, and levulinic acid. The contributions made by the electrode material, electrolyte composition, membrane nature, and reaction conditions are critically evaluated in relation to Faradaic efficiency, conversion rates, and product selectivity. The enhancement in the performance achieved by a new catalyst architecture is emphasized, such as MOF-based systems and bimetallic/trimetallic catalysts. In addition, a demonstration of graphite-based membranes and membrane-separated slurry reactors (SSERs) is provided, for enhanced ion transport and reaction control. The results illustrate the potential of using ECH as a low-carbon, scalable, and tunable method for the upgrading of biomass. This study offers valuable insights and guidelines for the rational design of next-generation electrocatalytic systems toward green chemical synthesis and emphasizes promising perspectives for the strategic development of electrochemical technologies in the pathway of a sustainable energy economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrocatalysts for the OER, HER and Biomass Conversion)

20 pages, 1171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacillus subtilis-Derived Postbiotics as a Multifunctional Bio-Catalyst for Enhancing Lactic Acid Bacteria Viability and Yogurt Quality

by Jing Wu, Zhilin Wang, Jingyi Hu, Jing Liu, Xueying Han, Hongping Chen, Siming Zhu and Junjin Deng

Foods 2025, 14(10), 1806; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14101806 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

This study demonstrates that Bacillus subtilis GDAAS-A32-derived postbiotics (BSP) enhance yogurt production by optimizing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) viability and functionality. BSP enhanced the growth kinetics and biomass accumulation of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in both an anaerobic and aerobic pure system. [...] Read more.

This study demonstrates that Bacillus subtilis GDAAS-A32-derived postbiotics (BSP) enhance yogurt production by optimizing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) viability and functionality. BSP enhanced the growth kinetics and biomass accumulation of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in both an anaerobic and aerobic pure system. The addition of BSP significantly increased the viable cell counts of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus, milk-clotting activity, sensory properties, and extracellular polysaccharide content and improved the rheological properties. Moreover, BSP elevated viable counts of S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus to 6.18 × 10⁸ CFU/g and 1.03 × 10⁸ CFU/g, respectively, by day 7—representing 11.3-fold and 9.3-fold increases versus controls at 20% supplementation. Metabolomic signatures confirmed peptidoglycan reinforcement and flavor enhancement. Mechanistically, BSP supplementation might reduce urate and H₂O₂ toxicity through NH₃-mediated proton neutralization and oxygen scavenging, while establishing a pyrimidine salvage network and redirecting one-carbon metabolism, resulting in enhanced stress tolerance and significant improvements in bacterial viability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dairy)

28 pages, 2805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Urban Understanding Through Fine-Grained Segmentation of Very-High-Resolution Aerial Imagery

by Umamaheswaran Raman Kumar, Toon Goedemé and Patrick Vandewalle

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(10), 1771; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17101771 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Despite the growing availability of very-high-resolution (VHR) remote sensing imagery, extracting fine-grained urban features and materials remains a complex task. Land use/land cover (LULC) maps generated from satellite imagery often fall short in providing the resolution needed for detailed urban studies. While hyperspectral [...] Read more.

Despite the growing availability of very-high-resolution (VHR) remote sensing imagery, extracting fine-grained urban features and materials remains a complex task. Land use/land cover (LULC) maps generated from satellite imagery often fall short in providing the resolution needed for detailed urban studies. While hyperspectral imagery offers rich spectral information ideal for material classification, its complex acquisition process limits its use on aerial platforms such as manned aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), reducing its feasibility for large-scale urban mapping. This study explores the potential of using only RGB and LiDAR data from VHR aerial imagery as an alternative for urban material classification. We introduce an end-to-end workflow that leverages a multi-head segmentation network to jointly classify roof and ground materials while also segmenting individual roof components. The workflow includes a multi-offset self-ensemble inference strategy optimized for aerial data and a post-processing step based on digital elevation models (DEMs). In addition, we present a systematic method for extracting roof parts as polygons enriched with material attributes. The study is conducted on six cities in Flanders, Belgium, covering 18 material classes—including rare categories such as green roofs, wood, and glass. The results show a 9.88% improvement in mean intersection over union (mIOU) for building and ground segmentation, and a 3.66% increase in mIOU for material segmentation compared to a baseline pyramid attention network (PAN). These findings demonstrate the potential of RGB and LiDAR data for high-resolution material segmentation in urban analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of AI and Remote Sensing in Urban Systems II)

22 pages, 452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalizing Social Media Marketing Strategies for Enhanced Customer Experience

by Hasan Beyari and Tareq Hashem

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(5), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050700 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

This paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in personalizing social media marketing strategies and its impact on customer experience, with a focus on consumers within the MENA region. Using data collected from an online questionnaire completed by 893 individuals, the study [...] Read more.

This paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in personalizing social media marketing strategies and its impact on customer experience, with a focus on consumers within the MENA region. Using data collected from an online questionnaire completed by 893 individuals, the study confirms that AI significantly enhances social media marketing by offering personalized content, optimizing influencer selection, and enabling real-time consumer interaction. These capabilities not only increase customer awareness but also improve user experience and purchase intentions. Key AI tools such as influencer marketing, content optimization, and customization are effective in capturing consumer attention, although further research is necessary to deepen understanding. By examining AI’s ability to analyze vast datasets and support targeted marketing efforts, the study contributes to both academic and practical discourse, offering insights that businesses can use to refine their AI-driven social media strategies. Ultimately, the research aims to guide marketers through the complexities of AI deployment, ensuring its benefits are fully realized for consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Technology on Human Behavior)

23 pages, 1868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Combined Strength Training with Small-Sided Games in Football Education Using Machine Learning Methods

by Huseyin Guneralp, Hasan Ulas Yavuz, Boran Sekeroglu, Musa Oytun and Cevdet Tinazci

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5672; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105672 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Football is a complex game that requires combined technical, tactical, and psychological skills. The effect of training methods on players is crucial to improve their performance significantly. Different training methods can improve certain performance; however, the effect of combined training methodologies has not [...] Read more.

Football is a complex game that requires combined technical, tactical, and psychological skills. The effect of training methods on players is crucial to improve their performance significantly. Different training methods can improve certain performance; however, the effect of combined training methodologies has not been sufficiently investigated. This study aimed to investigate the differential effects of small-sided games (SSGs), strength training (ST), and a combined training model (CTM) on the physical performance of soccer players. In this study, we analyzed 60 players in three groups. Two groups were trained independently with two single-training methods, small-sided games and a strength training model, and one group was trained independently with a double-training method, a combination of single-training methods. Before each training session, each group was given theoretical education specific to the training program they would perform. Eighteen physical measurements of the players were obtained using sensitive devices before and after they were completed. Four tree-based machine learning models, decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting, and extreme gradient boosting, were applied to solve the complex pattern of training strategies using the measurements. Extensive and comparative experiments were conducted to distinguish the groups of players. The distinction between the initial and final measurements was analyzed separately, and the extreme gradient boosting model achieved 0.73–0.80 and 1.00 accuracy for initial and final tests by outperforming other models. A superior model, XGBoost, was used to analyze the effective decisive factors that improved after the training sessions. The results showed that players in the double-training group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in skill performance compared to both single-training groups. In contrast, the skill gains observed in the single-training groups were modest and partially overlapping, indicating limited differentiation between them. These results suggest that integrated training programs may offer more comprehensive benefits and can inform evidence-based decision-making for coaches seeking to optimize physical development in soccer players. Full article

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16 pages, 3243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Dry, Minimum Quantity Lubrication, and Nano-Reinforced Minimum Quantity Lubrication Environments on the Machining Performance of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy

by Berat Baris Buldum, Kamil Leksycki and Suleyman Cinar Cagan

Machines 2025, 13(5), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13050430 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the machining performance of AZ91D magnesium alloy under three different cooling environments: dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and nano-reinforced MQL (NanoMQL) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Turning experiments were conducted on a CNC lathe with systematically varied cutting parameters, including cutting [...] Read more.

This study investigates the machining performance of AZ91D magnesium alloy under three different cooling environments: dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), and nano-reinforced MQL (NanoMQL) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Turning experiments were conducted on a CNC lathe with systematically varied cutting parameters, including cutting speed (150–450 m/min), feed rate (0.05–0.2 mm/rev), and depth of cut (0.5–2 mm). The machining performance was evaluated through cutting force measurements, surface roughness analysis, and tool wear examination using SEM. The results demonstrate that the NanoMQL environment significantly outperforms both dry and conventional MQL conditions, providing a 42.2% improvement in surface quality compared to dry machining and a 33.6% improvement over conventional MQL. Cutting forces were predominantly influenced by the depth of cut and the feed rate, while cutting speed showed variable effects. SEM analysis revealed that the NanoMQL environment substantially reduced built-up edge formation and flank wear, particularly under aggressive cutting conditions. The superior performance of the NanoMQL environment is attributed to the enhanced thermal conductivity and lubrication properties of carbon nanotubes, which form a protective tribofilm at the tool–workpiece interface. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing the machining parameters of AZ91D magnesium alloy in industrial applications, particularly where high surface quality and tool longevity are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in Machine Design, Automation and Robotics)

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32 pages, 7924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Feature Stock Index Forecasting Approach Based on LASSO Feature Selection and Non-Stationary Autoformer

by Zibin Sheng, Qingyang Liu, Yanrong Hu and Hongjiu Liu

Electronics 2025, 14(10), 2059; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14102059 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

The Chinese stock market, one of the largest and most dynamic emerging economies, is characterized by individual investor dominance and strong policy influence, resulting in high volatility and complex dynamics. These distinctive features pose substantial challenges for accurate forecasting. Existing models like RNNs, [...] Read more.

The Chinese stock market, one of the largest and most dynamic emerging economies, is characterized by individual investor dominance and strong policy influence, resulting in high volatility and complex dynamics. These distinctive features pose substantial challenges for accurate forecasting. Existing models like RNNs, LSTMs, and Transformers often struggle with non-stationary data and long-term dependencies, limiting their forecasting effectiveness. This study proposes a hybrid forecasting framework integrating the Non-stationary Autoformer (NSAutoformer), LASSO feature selection, and financial sentiment analysis. LASSO selects key features from diverse structured variables, mitigating multicollinearity and enhancing interpretability. Sentiment indices are extracted from investor comments and news articles using an expanded Chinese financial sentiment dictionary, capturing psychological drivers of market behavior. Experimental evaluations on the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index show that LASSO-NSAutoformer outperforms the NSAutoformer, reducing MAE by 8.75%. Additional multi-step forecasting and time-window analyses confirm the method’s effectiveness and stability. By integrating multi-source data, feature selection, and sentiment analysis, this framework offers a reliable forecasting approach for investors and researchers in complex financial environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in "Computer Science & Engineering", 2nd Edition)

15 pages, 593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Sepsis Management and Patient Outcomes: A Comprehensive Retrospective Study of Clinical and Treatment Data

by Sahbanathul Missiriya Jalal, Suhail Hassan Jalal, Abeer Abbas Alabdullatif, Kamilah Essa Alasmakh, Zahraa Hussain Alnasser and Wadiah Yousef Alhamdan

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(10), 3555; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103555 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sepsis, as a major cause of mortality worldwide, requires timely diagnosis and prompt treatment to improve patient outcomes. In this study, we evaluated sepsis management strategies and their impact on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sepsis, as a major cause of mortality worldwide, requires timely diagnosis and prompt treatment to improve patient outcomes. In this study, we evaluated sepsis management strategies and their impact on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by analyzing clinical and treatment data from the electronic records of sepsis patients who had been admitted to tertiary care hospitals in eastern Saudi Arabia. Using systematic sampling, the details of eligible patients were obtained. Data were collected on patient demographics, vital signs, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and laboratory parameters, treatment (antibiotic therapy, vasopressor use, or fluid resuscitation), and outcomes (survival in hospital). Statistical analyses were performed to assess the association between clinical and treatment strategies and patient outcomes. Results: A total of 234 sepsis cases were analyzed, of which 70.9% were survivors and 29.1% were non-survivors. Patients aged 60 years and above were the most affected. Statistically significant differences were observed across all of the measured vital sign variables and outcomes (p < 0.0001). Based on SOFA scores, 56.41% of patients were assessed as having a moderate risk. Through our comparison of clinical and laboratory parameters between survivors and non-survivors, significant differences were found in all of the measured variables (p < 0.0001). The odds of survival were significantly higher in those who received early administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics (OR = 4.9449, p = 0.0001), vasopressor therapy (OR = 1.9408, p = 0.0262), and fluid resuscitation OR = 11.035, p = 0.0001). Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the importance of early sepsis recognition, prompt antibiotic therapy, and standardized protocol adherence in improving patient outcomes and reducing mortality and morbidity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sepsis: New Insights into Diagnosis and Treatment)

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28 pages, 2804 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System Training Using Nine Different Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms for Time-Series Analysis of Brent Oil Price and Detailed Performance Analysis

by Ebubekir Kaya, Ahmet Kaya and Ceren Baştemur Kaya

Symmetry 2025, 17(5), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050786 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Brent oil holds a significant position in the global energy market, as oil prices in many regions are indexed to it. Therefore, forecasting the future price of Brent oil is of great importance. In recent years, artificial intelligence techniques have been widely applied [...] Read more.

Brent oil holds a significant position in the global energy market, as oil prices in many regions are indexed to it. Therefore, forecasting the future price of Brent oil is of great importance. In recent years, artificial intelligence techniques have been widely applied in modeling and prediction tasks. In this study, an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), a well-established AI approach, was employed for the time-series forecasting of Brent oil prices. To ensure effective learning and improve prediction accuracy, ANFIS was trained using nine different metaheuristic algorithms: Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Selfish Herd Optimizer (SHO), Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO), Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO), Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO), Cuckoo Search (CS), Moth Flame Optimization (MFO), Marine Predator Algorithm (MPA), and Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA). Symmetric training procedures were applied across all algorithms to ensure fair and consistent evaluation. The analyses were conducted on the lowest and highest daily, weekly, and monthly Brent oil prices. Mean squared error (MSE) was used as the primary performance metric. The results showed that all algorithms achieved effective prediction performance. Among them, BBO and TLBO demonstrated superior accuracy and stability, particularly in handling the complexities of Brent oil forecasting. This study contributes to the literature by combining ANFIS and metaheuristics within a symmetric framework of experimentation and evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Computation, Metaheuristics, Nature-Inspired Algorithms, and Symmetry)

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20 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy Clustering with Uninorm-Based Distance Measure

by Evgeny Kagan, Alexander Novoselsky and Alexander Rybalov

Mathematics 2025, 13(10), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13101661 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we suggest an algorithm of fuzzy clustering with a uninorm-based distance measure. The algorithm follows a general scheme of fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering, but in contrast to the existing algorithm, it implements logical distance between data instances. The centers [...] Read more.

In this paper, we suggest an algorithm of fuzzy clustering with a uninorm-based distance measure. The algorithm follows a general scheme of fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering, but in contrast to the existing algorithm, it implements logical distance between data instances. The centers of the clusters calculated by the algorithm are less dispersed and are concentrated in the areas of the actual centers of the clusters that result in the more accurate recognition of the number of clusters and of data structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multi-Criteria Decision Making Methods with Applications)

24 pages, 1041 KiB

Open AccessReview

Liquid Biopsy in B and T Cell Lymphomas: From Bench to Bedside

by Mohammad Almasri, Nawar Maher, Bashar Al Deeban, Ndeye Marie Diop, Riccardo Moia and Gianluca Gaidano

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4869; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104869 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Liquid biopsy through the analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is emerging as a powerful and non-invasive tool complementing tissue biopsy in lymphoma management. Whilst tissue biopsy remains the diagnostic gold standard, it fails to detect the molecular heterogeneity of the tumor’s multiple [...] Read more.

Liquid biopsy through the analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is emerging as a powerful and non-invasive tool complementing tissue biopsy in lymphoma management. Whilst tissue biopsy remains the diagnostic gold standard, it fails to detect the molecular heterogeneity of the tumor’s multiple compartments and poses challenges for sequential disease monitoring. In diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), ctDNA facilitates non-invasive genotyping by identifying hallmark mutations (e.g., MYD88, CD79B, EZH2), enabling molecular cluster classification. Dynamic changes in ctDNA levels during DLBCL treatment correlate strongly with progression-free survival and overall survival, underscoring its value as a predictive and prognostic biomarker. In Hodgkin’s lymphoma, characterized by a scarcity of malignant cells in tissue biopsies, ctDNA provides reliable molecular insights into tumor biology, response to therapy, and relapse risk. In primary central nervous system lymphoma, the detection of MYD88 L265P in ctDNA offers a highly sensitive, specific, and minimally invasive diagnostic option. Likewise, in aggressive T-cell lymphomas, ctDNA supports molecular profiling, aligns with tumor burden, and shows high concordance with tissue-based results. Ongoing and future clinical trials will be critical for validating and standardizing ctDNA applications, ultimately integrating liquid biopsy into routine clinical practice and enabling more personalized and dynamic lymphoma care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acids and Cancers: 2nd Edition)

23 pages, 700 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutrigenetics and Omega-3 and Gamma-Linolenic Acid Intake and Status in Patients with Cancer: A PRISMA Scoping Review of Research Trends and Challenges

by Vladica Zikic, Marija Paunovic, Marijana Milovic-Kovacevic, Vesna Vucic and Danijela Ristic-Medic

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4867; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104867 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Epidemiological studies report inconsistent findings regarding the association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and cancer risk. Genetic variations—particularly single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FADS1 and FADS2 genes—affect PUFA metabolism, linking circulating PUFA levels to the risk of several cancers, including breast, [...] Read more.

Epidemiological studies report inconsistent findings regarding the association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and cancer risk. Genetic variations—particularly single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FADS1 and FADS2 genes—affect PUFA metabolism, linking circulating PUFA levels to the risk of several cancers, including breast, colorectal, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between FADS1 and FADS2 gene variants and dietary intake, supplementation, or intervention with omega-3 fatty acids, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), or their combination in cancer patients. A secondary objective was to examine genetically determined fatty acid profiles—shaped by FADS1 and FADS2 polymorphisms—in cancer patients without intervention and their potential association with PUFA-related cancer risk. A systematic search of the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases (up to 2024) identified 11 eligible studies out of 298 initial records. Analysis of the available literature suggests that specific FADS genotypes influence long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) concentrations in blood and tissues and that altered LC-PUFA levels may contribute to cancer development. The most consistent association identified is between the rs174537 variant and altered PUFA metabolism in prostate and breast cancer. However, conclusive evidence is lacking on the impact of dietary patterns on FADS desaturase activity or expression. Only one study has examined omega-3 supplementation in relation to FADS gene variants in prostate cancer patients, while the effects of GLA supplementation remain unexplored. Given the relative novelty of this research area and the limited number of studies, future investigations should integrate dietary PUFA intake, genetic variation in PUFA-metabolizing enzymes, and potential gene–nutrient interactions involving FADS gene polymorphisms and PUFAs to clarify their role in cancer risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism)

16 pages, 2516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Calcination Temperatures on Crystallite Size, Particle Size, and Antimicrobial Activity of Synthesized MgO and Its Cytotoxicity

by Gopinath Kasi, Nattan Stalin, Pornchai Rachtanapun, Kittisak Jantanasakulwong, Joshua Nizel Halder, Suphat Phongthai, Patnarin Worajittiphon, Jongchul Seo and Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4868; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104868 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

The development of antimicrobial agents with excellent antimicrobial activity, high thermal stability, and non-toxic properties is an essential demand in food packaging, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. In the present study, MgO nanoflakes were synthesized via the co-precipitation method by varying calcination temperatures at [...] Read more.

The development of antimicrobial agents with excellent antimicrobial activity, high thermal stability, and non-toxic properties is an essential demand in food packaging, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. In the present study, MgO nanoflakes were synthesized via the co-precipitation method by varying calcination temperatures at 400, 500, and 600 °C. The effect of calcination temperature on the morphology, thermal stability, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity of the MgO nanoflakes was analyzed. All synthesized MgO samples showed a Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) structure. As the calcination temperature increased, the MgO crystallite and particle sizes increased, whereas the surface area decreased. In addition, the MgO synthesized from higher calcination temperatures showed higher thermal stability and crystallinity. The MgO synthesized from the lower calcination temperatures (400 and 500 °C) showed superior antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (100% R) and Staphylococcus aureus (100% R) than that from the higher calcination temperature (600 °C). The cytotoxicity test demonstrates slight cytotoxicity in MgO-400 °C at concentrations ranging from 100 to 200 µg/mL. Interestingly, MgO-500 °C and MgO-600 °C demonstrate biocompatibility and exhibit non-cytotoxic effects, respectively, highlighting their potential for practical applications in active food packaging and biomedical fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advances in Antimicrobial Biomaterials)

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21 pages, 381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Some Fixed Point Results for Novel Contractions with Applications in Fractional Differential Equations for Market Equilibrium and Economic Growth

by Min Wang, Muhammad Din and Mi Zhou

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(5), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9050324 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

In this study, we introduce two new classes of contractions, namely enriched

(I, ρ, χ)

-contractions and generalized enriched

(I, ρ, χ)

-contractions, within the context of normed spaces. These classes generalize several well-known contraction [...] Read more.

In this study, we introduce two new classes of contractions, namely enriched

(I, ρ, χ)

-contractions and generalized enriched

(I, ρ, χ)

-contractions, within the context of normed spaces. These classes generalize several well-known contraction types, including

χ

-contractions, Banach contractions, enriched contractions, Kannan contractions, Bianchini contractions, Zamfirescu contractions, non-expansive mappings, and

(ρ, χ)

-enriched contractions. We establish related fixed point results for the novel contractions in normed spaces endowed with the binary relations preserving key symmetric properties, ensuring consistency and applicability. The Krasnoselskij iteration method is refined to incorporate symmetric constraints, facilitating fixed point identification within these spaces. By appropriately selecting constants in the definition of enriched

(I, ρ, χ)

-contractions, employing a suitable binary relation, or control function

χ \in Θ

, our framework generalizes and extends classical fixed point theorems. Illustrative examples highlight the significance of our findings in reinforcing fixed point conditions and demonstrating their broader applicability. Additionally, this paper explores how these ideas guarantee the stability of the production–consumption markets equilibrium and the economic growth model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fractional Order Modelling of Dynamical Systems)

18 pages, 3632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Functional Analysis of the DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1 Promoters from Phalaenopsis-Type Dendrobium Involved in Stress Responses and Tissue-Specific Expression

by Yachen Wang, Chonghui Li, Wenjuan Zhu, Yamei Li, Xiqiang Song and Junmei Yin

Horticulturae 2025, 11(5), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11050550 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium (Den-Phals) is a commercially valuable orchid, with floral color being key to its market appeal. Despite the significance of anthocyanin biosynthesis in color development, its transcriptional regulation in Den-Phals remains unclear. This study functionally characterized the promoters of DhMYB2 and [...] Read more.

Phalaenopsis-type Dendrobium (Den-Phals) is a commercially valuable orchid, with floral color being key to its market appeal. Despite the significance of anthocyanin biosynthesis in color development, its transcriptional regulation in Den-Phals remains unclear. This study functionally characterized the promoters of DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1, two key transcription factors involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. A 1864 bp DhMYB2 promoter and a 1995 bp DhbHLH1 promoter were isolated using genome walking. Bioinformatics analysis identified cis-acting elements associated with abiotic stress responses, phytohormone signaling, and floral-specific regulation. 5′-Deletion analysis in tobacco leaves identified core regulatory regions for the DhMYB2 promoter (−1864 to −937 bp) and DhbHLH1 promoter (−1995 to −924 bp). GUS staining and activity assays demonstrated that the activities of the DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1 promoters were significantly increased under treatments of long light, low temperature, drought, salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA), while the DhbHLH1 promoter was also induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Furthermore, promoter activity of DhMYB2 and DhbHLH1 was detected only in transgenic Arabidopsis flowers, suggesting that these promoters exhibit floral-specific activity. This study provides the first functional analysis of Den-Phals anthocyanin promoters, revealing their stress-responsive nature and floral specificity, which will facilitate molecular breeding of novel orchid cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Color Formation and Regulation in Horticultural Plants)

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27 pages, 1923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Nutraceutical Efficacy: The Role of M.A.T.R.I.S. Technology in Modulating Intestinal Release of Lipoic Acid and L-Carnitine

by Rebecca Galla, Sara Ferrari, Simone Mulè, Marino Nebuloni, Marco Calvi, Mattia Botta and Francesca Uberti

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4866; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104866 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

A major challenge in developing new functional foods is effectively protecting and releasing bioactive compounds in specific body areas. The Multiform Administration Timed Release Ingredients System (M.A.T.R.I.S.) is an innovative method that coats active ingredient particles with a permeable membrane, allowing for diffusion [...] Read more.

A major challenge in developing new functional foods is effectively protecting and releasing bioactive compounds in specific body areas. The Multiform Administration Timed Release Ingredients System (M.A.T.R.I.S.) is an innovative method that coats active ingredient particles with a permeable membrane, allowing for diffusion without the presence of inactive materials. This study aimed to test how M. A. T. R. I. S. modulated the absorption and effects of two molecules: α-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine. This study examined the structures of these molecules with or without M.A.T.R.I.S. and investigated their intestinal absorption. Peripheral nervous system analyses were also conducted to confirm the ability of substances to maintain their functions in the presence of M.A.T.R.I.S. Results showed that M.A.T.R.I.S. modulated the absorption of both molecules compared to granular raw material forms (p < 0.05). Additionally, the M.A.T.R.I.S. molecules better supported peripheral nerve well-being than their granular raw material forms (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that M.A.T.R.I.S. technology can be used to create innovative, safe treatments by enhancing absorption mechanisms to improve the effectiveness of substances in reaching their specific targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioactives and Nutraceuticals)

18 pages, 3922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partitioning of Available P and K in Soils During Post-Agricultural Pine and Spruce Reforestation in Smolensk Lakeland National Park, Russia

by Polina R. Enchilik, Pavel D. Chechenkov, Guang-Hui Yu and Ivan N. Semenkov

Forests 2025, 16(5), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16050845 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Gradual reforestation and transformation of both vegetation and soils characterize post-agricultural landscapes, which form after the abandonment of arable land. The change in content and vertical distribution of available K and P was analysed by stages in sandy and loamy soils in the [...] Read more.

Gradual reforestation and transformation of both vegetation and soils characterize post-agricultural landscapes, which form after the abandonment of arable land. The change in content and vertical distribution of available K and P was analysed by stages in sandy and loamy soils in the north-west of the Smolensk region, forming two chronosequences of pine and spruce succession, mainly in triplicates. During natural succession, from the earliest to the later stages, the content of available P and K decreased in soils due to a reduction in the amount and diversity of plant remains and the downward movement of soluble substances. The loss of available P from the uppermost 0–5 cm topsoil layer was more pronounced than that of K because its leaching in the late successional stages was not compensated by plant uptake. The distribution of nutrients was found to be significantly influenced by forest type, successional stage, and soil proxies. The distribution of available K showed greater stability across successional stages and was influenced by forest type and pH. Available P showed greater variation with forest type and succession stages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Soil)

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17 pages, 1910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Characterization of Serum-Free Media on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Fibrochondrogenesis

by Ka Yu Carissa Kwan, Ke Li, Yu Yang Wang, Wai Yi Tse, Chung Yan Tong, Xu Zhang, Dan Michelle Wang and Dai Fei Elmer Ker

Bioengineering 2025, 12(5), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12050546 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Developing fibrochondrogenic serum-free media is important for regenerating diseased and injured fibrocartilage but no defined protocols exist. Towards this goal, we characterized the effect of four candidate fibrochondrogenic serum-free media containing transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGF-β3), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and fibroblast growth [...] Read more.

Developing fibrochondrogenic serum-free media is important for regenerating diseased and injured fibrocartilage but no defined protocols exist. Towards this goal, we characterized the effect of four candidate fibrochondrogenic serum-free media containing transforming growth factor beta-3 (TGF-β3), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) with high/low glucose and with/without dexamethasone on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) via proliferation and differentiation assays. In Ki67 proliferation assays, serum-free media containing low glucose and dexamethasone exhibited the highest growth. In gene expression assays, serum-free media containing low glucose and commercially available chondrogenic media (COM) induced high fibrochondrogenic transcription factor expression (scleraxis/SCX and SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9/SOX9) and extracellular matrix (ECM) protein levels (aggrecan/ACAN, collagen type I/COL1A1, and collagen type II/COL2A1), respectively. In immunofluorescence staining, serum-free media containing high glucose and COM induced high fibrochondrogenic transcription factor (SCX and SOX9) and ECM protein (COL1A1, COL2A1, and collagen type X/COL10A1) levels, respectively. In cytochemical staining, COM and serum-free media containing dexamethasone showed a high collagen content whereas serum-free media containing high glucose and dexamethasone exhibited high glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels. Altogether, defined serum-free media containing high glucose exhibited the highest fibrochondrogenic potential. In summary, this work studied conditions conducive for fibrochondrogenesis, which may be further optimized for potential applications in fibrocartilage tissue engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tendon/Ligament and Enthesis Injuries: Repair and Regeneration)

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24 pages, 6093 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Source Analysis of Plant Heavy Metal Pollution in Kalamaili Mountain Nature Reserve

by Jialin Li, Abdugheni Abliz, Buasi Nueraihemaiti, Dongping Guo and Xianhe Liu

Plants 2025, 14(10), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14101521 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Plants serve as vital components of ecosystems, with their contamination status acting as sensitive indicators of environmental pollution. Therefore, the precise assessment of plant heavy metal contamination and source identification are crucial for regional ecological conservation and sustainable development. This study investigated heavy [...] Read more.

Plants serve as vital components of ecosystems, with their contamination status acting as sensitive indicators of environmental pollution. Therefore, the precise assessment of plant heavy metal contamination and source identification are crucial for regional ecological conservation and sustainable development. This study investigated heavy metal pollution in four characteristic plant species (Anabasis aphylla L., Alhagi camelorum Fisch., Reaumuria songonica (PalL)Maxim., and Haloxylon ammodendron (C. A. Mey.) Bunge.) within the Kalamaili Mountain Nature Reserve, employing comprehensive methodologies including pollution indices, bioconcentration factors (BCFs), absolute principal component score–multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR), and the random forest model (RF). The key findings revealed the following: The soil exhibited severe Cd and Hg contamination. The plant Cr concentrations exceeded standard limits by 31.89 to 147 fold. The Pb, Hg, and As content in plants showed significant differences. The plants displayed differential metal enrichment capacities, ranked as Cr (BCF = 3.28) > Hg (1.22) > Cd (0.92) > Cu (0.25) > Zn (0.15) > Pb (0.125) > As (0.125), highlighting Cr, Hg, and Cd as priority ecological hazards. Complex interactions were observed, with Reaumuria songonica (PalL)Maxim. showing strong Cd soil–plant correlation (r = 0.78), whereas Alhagi camelorum Fisch. demonstrated negative associations (Cd: r = −0.21). APCS-MLR identified mining/smelting as primary contributors to Cd (63.49%), Zn (55.66%), and Cr (45.51%), while transportation dominated Pb emissions (72.92%). Mercury pollution originated from mixed sources (56.18%), likely involving atmospheric deposition, and RF modeling corroborated these patterns, confirming industrial and transportation synergies for Cd, Zn, Cr, Cu, Hg, and As, with Pb predominantly linked to vehicular emissions. This multidisciplinary approach provides scientific evidence for establishing heavy metal monitoring systems and formulating targeted remediation strategies in arid ecologically fragile regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Effect of Heavy Metals on Plants, 2nd Volume)

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16 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analytical Modeling of Particle Scratching Process

by Shouhong Chen, Mingjun Sun, Yuantao Fan, Fangchen Yin, Jixiang Huang and Shengui Huang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5670; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105670 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

This study develops a new physical and analytical model for the particle scratching process, where a particle is modeled as a sphere. It investigates the flow of workpiece material introduced by the particle’s motion, dividing the contact area into zones of elastic and [...] Read more.

This study develops a new physical and analytical model for the particle scratching process, where a particle is modeled as a sphere. It investigates the flow of workpiece material introduced by the particle’s motion, dividing the contact area into zones of elastic and plastic deformation. Forces applied to the particle in both zones are calculated, and parameters defining the extent of elastic rebound and plastic upheaval are introduced. The study also presents stress distribution in the plastic zone, discusses the factors influencing the force ratio, and reveals that the force ratio increases with greater elastic rebound, plastic upheaval, cutting depth, and strain strengthening, but decreases with larger particle sizes. Yield stress was found to have no effect on the force ratio. These findings will guide research in practical material processing as well as in scratch applications. Full article

17 pages, 3812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Motion of a Vane in Six Degrees of Freedom and Its Effect on Wear in a Rotary-Vane Compressor Considering Fluid Lubrication

by Gwanghee Hong, Youngjun Park and Gunhee Jang

Lubricants 2025, 13(5), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants13050228 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

Vanes are critical components of a rotary-vane compressor. If the vanes do not achieve sufficient contact with the inner wall of the cylinder, the compression chambers do not form completely. However, excessive contact between the vane and the cylinder wall can produce wear [...] Read more.

Vanes are critical components of a rotary-vane compressor. If the vanes do not achieve sufficient contact with the inner wall of the cylinder, the compression chambers do not form completely. However, excessive contact between the vane and the cylinder wall can produce wear on both, also decreasing the lifespan of the compressor. We applied the Poisson equation and the Reynolds equation to calculate the gas force and fluid-reaction force acting on the vane. We solved the equations for the motion of the rigid vane in six degrees of freedom to determine the dynamic motion of the vane. We operated the rotary-vane compressor for 800 h under the same simulation conditions and measured the wear patterns of the vane, the bottom thrust bearing, and the cylinder wall. Finally, we validated the proposed method by confirming that the simulated contact force matches well with the measured wear patterns on the vane and the inner wall of the cylinder. The proposed method overcomes the limitations of the previous three-degrees-of-freedom analyses of the vane and will contribute to developing a robust and efficient rotary-vane compressor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Lubricated Tribological Contacts)

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29 pages, 5264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Joint Allocation of Shared Yard Space and Internal Trucks in Sea–Rail Intermodal Container Terminals

by Xiaohan Wang, Zhihong Jin and Jia Luo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 983; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050983 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

The sea–rail intermodal container terminal serves as a key transportation hub for green logistics, where efficient resource coordination directly enhances multimodal connectivity and operational synergy. To address limited storage capacity and trans-shipment inefficiencies, this study innovatively proposes a resource-sharing strategy between the seaport [...] Read more.

The sea–rail intermodal container terminal serves as a key transportation hub for green logistics, where efficient resource coordination directly enhances multimodal connectivity and operational synergy. To address limited storage capacity and trans-shipment inefficiencies, this study innovatively proposes a resource-sharing strategy between the seaport and the railway container terminal, focusing on the joint allocation of yard space and internal trucks. For indirect trans-shipment operations between ships, the port, the railway container terminal, and trains, a mixed-integer programming model is formulated with the objective of minimizing the container trans-shipment cost and the weighted turnaround time of ships and trains. This model simultaneously determines yard allocation, container transfers, and truck allocation. A two-layer hybrid heuristic algorithm incorporating adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization and Greedy Rules is designed. Numerical experiments verify the model and algorithm performance, revealing that the proposed method achieves an optimality gap of only 1.82% compared to CPLEX in small-scale instances while outperforming benchmark algorithms in solution quality. And the shared yard strategy enhances ship and train turnaround efficiency by an average of 33.45% over traditional storage form. Sensitivity analysis considering multiple realistic factors further confirms the robustness and generalizability. This study provides a theoretical foundation for sustainable port–railway collaboration development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

27 pages, 5866 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Analysis in the Industrial Internet with Dual Delay and Nonlinear Infection Rate

by Jun Wang, Jun Tang, Changxin Li, Zhiqiang Ma, Jie Yang and Qiang Fu

Electronics 2025, 14(10), 2058; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14102058 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

This study proposes a novel virus propagation model designed explicitly for SCADA(supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) industrial networks. It addresses a critical limitation in existing models applied to the Internet and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)—their failure to account for inter-node information exchange [...] Read more.

This study proposes a novel virus propagation model designed explicitly for SCADA(supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) industrial networks. It addresses a critical limitation in existing models applied to the Internet and Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)—their failure to account for inter-node information exchange processes. The model is inspired by the phenomenon that “immune” nodes in real-world and biological systems inhibit the spread of viruses by exchanging information. This model incorporates isolation strategies to curb virus transmission, considering the uncertainty of vulnerable device behavior. Central to this research are the assumptions of a nonlinear infection rate and dual delays, which better mirror the real-world conditions of industrial control networks. This approach diverges significantly from prior studies that relied on bilinear infection rate assumptions. This study constructed an SMIQR model through theoretical derivation and experimental validation. The model enables nodes to autonomously enhance their defenses after receiving risk information while accounting for the impact of inter-node information exchange. Experiments based on real-world data demonstrated the model’s effectiveness in simulating virus propagation and evaluating defense strategies, overcoming the limitations of traditional bilinear infection rate assumptions. Comparative experiments show that the SMIQR model significantly reduces the number of infected nodes in SCADA industrial networks, demonstrating its superior effectiveness in curbing virus spread. Furthermore, the research proposed dynamic isolation tactics that balance industrial operational continuity, providing SCADA industrial networks with a theoretical framework (incorporating nonlinear infection rates and dual delay characteristics) and practical defense solutions to curb malware spread without disrupting production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cybersecurity and Privacy in Internet-of-Things: Advances, Challenges, and Emerging Trends)

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26 pages, 641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Partner-Inflicted Brain Injury: Intentional, Concurrent, and Repeated Traumatic and Hypoxic Neurologic Insults

by Julianna M. Nemeth, Clarice Decker, Rachel Ramirez, Luke Montgomery, Alice Hinton, Sharefa Duhaney, Raya Smith, Allison Glasser, Abigail (Abby) Bowman, Emily Kulow and Amy Wermert

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(5), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15050524 - 19 May 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused from rapid head acceleration/deceleration, focal blows, blasts, penetrating forces, and/or shearing forces, whereas hypoxic–anoxic injury (HAI) is caused through oxygen deprivation events, including strangulation. Most service-seeking domestic violence (DV) survivors have prior mechanistic exposures that [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused from rapid head acceleration/deceleration, focal blows, blasts, penetrating forces, and/or shearing forces, whereas hypoxic–anoxic injury (HAI) is caused through oxygen deprivation events, including strangulation. Most service-seeking domestic violence (DV) survivors have prior mechanistic exposures that can lead to both injuries. At the time of our study, some evidence existed about the exposure to both injuries over the course of a survivor’s lifetime from abuse sources, yet little was known about their co-occurrence to the same survivor within the same episode of physical intimate partner violence (IPV). To better understand the lived experience of service-seeking DV survivors and the context in which partner-inflicted brain injury (PIBI) is sustained, we sought to understand intentional brain injury (BI) exposures that may need to be addressed and accommodated in services. Our aims were to 1. characterize the lifetime co-occurrence of strangulation and intentional head trauma exposures from all abuse sources to the same survivor and within select physical episodes of IPV and 2. establish the lifetime prevalence of PIBI. (2) Methods: Survivors seeking DV services in the state of Ohio in the United States of America (U.S.) completed interview-administered surveys in 2019 (n = 47). Community-based participatory action approaches guided all aspects of the study development, implementation, and interpretation. (3) Results: The sample was primarily women. Over 40% reported having Medicaid, the government-provided health insurance for the poor. Half had less than a postsecondary education. Over 80% of participants presented to DV services with both intentional head trauma and strangulation exposures across their lifetime from intimate partners and other abuse sources (i.e., child abuse, family violence, peer violence, sexual assault, etc.), though not always experienced at the same time. Nearly 50% reported an experience of concurrent head trauma and strangulation in either the first or last physical IPV episode. Following a partner’s attack, just over 60% reported ever having blacked out or lost consciousness—44% experienced a loss of consciousness (LOC) more than once—indicating a conservative estimate of a probable brain injury by an intimate partner. Over 80% of service-seeking DV survivors reported either a LOC or two or more alterations in consciousness (AICs) following an IPV attack and were classified as ever having a partner-inflicted brain injury. (4) Conclusions: Most service-seeking IPV survivors experience repetitive and concurrent exposures to abusive strangulation and head trauma through the life course and by intimate partners within the same violent event resulting in brain injury. We propose the use of the term partner-inflicted brain injury (PIBI) to describe the physiological disruption of normal brain functions caused by intentional, often concurrent and repeated, traumatic and hypoxic neurologic insults by an intimate partner within the context of ongoing psychological trauma, coercive control, and often past abuse exposures that could also result in chronic brain injury. We discuss CARE (Connect, Acknowledge, Respond, Evaluate), a brain-injury-aware enhancement to service delivery. CARE improved trauma-informed practices at organizations serving DV survivors because staff felt knowledgeable to address and accommodate brain injuries. Survivor behavior was then interpreted by staff as a “can’t” not a “won’t”, and social and functional supports were offered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shedding Light on the Hidden Epidemic of Violence and Brain Injury)

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20 pages, 2100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Bending Characteristics of Fir and Black Pine Wood from Different Forest Regions in Türkiye

by Fatih Kurul, Hızır Volkan Görgün, Sedanur Şeker, Tülay Yılmaz, Türker Dündar and Nadir Ayrilmis

Forests 2025, 16(5), 844; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16050844 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2025

Abstract

The bending test is a good indicator of wood characterization, including compression, tension, and shear stresses. Therefore, many studies have been published on bending tests for wood. Its heterogeneous structure, anisotropic behavior during the physical and mechanical tests, and anatomical and chemical differences [...] Read more.

The bending test is a good indicator of wood characterization, including compression, tension, and shear stresses. Therefore, many studies have been published on bending tests for wood. Its heterogeneous structure, anisotropic behavior during the physical and mechanical tests, and anatomical and chemical differences due to species and growing area make the characterization difficult. Accordingly, research has focused on mathematical models and simulation programs for predicting material characteristics. More data on using many wood species in such models or programs still need to be collected. This study aimed to eliminate these deficiencies for two softwood species grown in Türkiye. In this context, three- and four-point bending tests were performed on 5656 samples from fir (Abies spp.) and black pine (Pinus nigra) species that were collected from 13 regions. A nonlinear material model was generated from the load-deformation data for both species, and the results were found in agreement regarding the bending features of both softwood species. The results show that nonlinear numerical modeling could predict the bending results with significant rates (min. 94%). Additionally, bending characteristics such as limits of proportionality (LOP), and elastic potential were found and compared between and within the species, regions, and test methods. Load-deformation curves showed that the LOP ranged between 40% and 60% of the maximum load, which was higher than the theoretical approach in the standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wood Science and Forest Products)

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