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Food Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism
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Food Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Bioactives and Nutraceuticals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2025) | Viewed by 12557

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Rui Jiao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
Interests: functional food and nutraceuticals; lipid metabolism; metabolic disease; obesity; hypercholesterolemia
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lipids such as triglycerides, fatty acids, cholesterol and phospholipids play various essential roles in the human body. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism causes dyslipidemia, which is a critical factor in many kinds of human diseases, such as obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and even COVID-19.

In recent years, nutraceuticals and functional foods have attracted much interest as possible alternative therapies for lipid disorders, especially for hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, mixed hyperlipoproteinemia, and low HDL cholesterol.

Contributions to this Special Issue will provide new insights into the impact of food nutrition in the prevention of lipid disorders and their related diseases. Regulation of lipid-metabolism-related genes and proteins are also discussed in this Special Issue.

Dr. Rui Jiao
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • food nutrition
  • lipid metabolism
  • cholesterol
  • triglyceride
  • functional food
  • nutraceuticals
  • dietary patterns
  • cardiovascular disease
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • COVID-19
  • molecular nutrition

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 3286 KiB  
Article
Vitisin A Outperforms Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside in Triglyceride Reduction by Modulating Hepatic Lipogenesis and Fatty Acid β-Oxidation
by Yawen Li, Xusheng Li, Jia Liu, Pallavi Jayavanth, Weibin Bai and Rui Jiao
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(4), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26041521 - 11 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 889
Abstract
Pyranoanthocyanins exhibit greater bioactivity compared to monomeric anthocyanins, yet the lipid-lowering effects of pyranoanthocyanin Vitisin A, a primary derivative found in aged red wines, have not been extensively studied in vivo. This study evaluated the triglyceride-lowering effects of Vitisin A and its anthocyanin [...] Read more.
Pyranoanthocyanins exhibit greater bioactivity compared to monomeric anthocyanins, yet the lipid-lowering effects of pyranoanthocyanin Vitisin A, a primary derivative found in aged red wines, have not been extensively studied in vivo. This study evaluated the triglyceride-lowering effects of Vitisin A and its anthocyanin counterpart Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) in both free fatty acid -induced HepG2 cells and high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice, with a focus on their roles in lipid metabolism. In vitro, Vitisin A significantly reduced triglyceride levels and lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells compared to C3G at equivalent concentrate. In vivo, dietary supplementation with 100 mg/kg of Vitisin A reduced body weight gain and plasma triglyceride levels by 19.6% and 29.5%, respectively, whereas no significant effects were observed with C3G. Mechanistically, Vitisin A markedly inhibited hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) by activating the AMPK/ACC signaling pathway and downregulating FASN expression. Concurrently, Vitisin A enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation more robustly than C3G by upregulating CPT-1A via AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α and PPAR-α/PGC-1α pathways. Both Vitisin A and C3G driving peroxisomal β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids. In summary, Vitisin A demonstrated superior triglyceride-lowering effects compared to C3G, primarily through dual mechanisms of inhibiting hepatic DNL and enhancing fatty acid β-oxidation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism)
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18 pages, 4739 KiB  
Article
High-Fat Feeding Alters Circulating Triglyceride Composition: Roles of FFA Desaturation and ω-3 Fatty Acid Availability
by Tong Shen, Youngtaek Oh, Shinwu Jeong, Suengmok Cho, Oliver Fiehn and Jang H. Youn
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(16), 8810; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168810 - 13 Aug 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1608
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Plasma triglycerides (TGs) are a key factor for assessing the risk of diabetes or CVD. However, previous lipidomics studies have demonstrated that not all TG molecules behave the same way. [...] Read more.
Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Plasma triglycerides (TGs) are a key factor for assessing the risk of diabetes or CVD. However, previous lipidomics studies have demonstrated that not all TG molecules behave the same way. Individual TGs with different fatty acid compositions are regulated differentially under various conditions. In addition, distinct groups of TGs were identified to be associated with increased diabetes risk (TGs with lower carbon number [C#] and double-bond number [DB#]), or with decreased risk (TGs with higher C# and DB#). In this study, we examined the effects of high-fat feeding in rats on plasma lipid profiles with special attention to TG profiles. Wistar rats were maintained on either a low-fat (control) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks. Plasma samples were obtained before and 2.5 h after a meal (n = 10 each) and subjected to lipidomics analyses. High-fat feeding significantly impacted circulating lipid profiles, with the most significant effects observed on TG profile. The effects of an HFD on individual TG species depended on DB# in their fatty acid chains; an HFD increased TGs with low DB#, associated with increased diabetes risk, but decreased TGs with high DB#, associated with decreased risk. These changes in TGs with an HFD were associated with decreased indices of hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) activity, assessed from hepatic fatty acid profiles. Decreased SCD activity would reduce the conversion of saturated to monounsaturated fatty acids, contributing to the increases in saturated TGs or TGs with low DB#. In addition, an HFD selectively depleted ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), contributing to the decreases in TGs with high DB#. Thus, an HFD had profound impacts on circulating TG profiles. Some of these changes were at least partly explained by decreased hepatic SCD activity and depleted ω-3 PUFA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism)
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Review

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23 pages, 1087 KiB  
Review
Nutrigenetics and Omega-3 and Gamma-Linolenic Acid Intake and Status in Patients with Cancer: A PRISMA Scoping Review of Research Trends and Challenges
by Vladica Zikic, Marija Paunovic, Marijana Milovic-Kovacevic, Vesna Vucic and Danijela Ristic-Medic
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4867; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104867 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 171
Abstract
Epidemiological studies report inconsistent findings regarding the association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and cancer risk. Genetic variations—particularly single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FADS1 and FADS2 genes—affect PUFA metabolism, linking circulating PUFA levels to the risk of several cancers, including breast, [...] Read more.
Epidemiological studies report inconsistent findings regarding the association between dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) intake and cancer risk. Genetic variations—particularly single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FADS1 and FADS2 genes—affect PUFA metabolism, linking circulating PUFA levels to the risk of several cancers, including breast, colorectal, prostate, and pancreatic cancers. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between FADS1 and FADS2 gene variants and dietary intake, supplementation, or intervention with omega-3 fatty acids, gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), or their combination in cancer patients. A secondary objective was to examine genetically determined fatty acid profiles—shaped by FADS1 and FADS2 polymorphisms—in cancer patients without intervention and their potential association with PUFA-related cancer risk. A systematic search of the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases (up to 2024) identified 11 eligible studies out of 298 initial records. Analysis of the available literature suggests that specific FADS genotypes influence long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) concentrations in blood and tissues and that altered LC-PUFA levels may contribute to cancer development. The most consistent association identified is between the rs174537 variant and altered PUFA metabolism in prostate and breast cancer. However, conclusive evidence is lacking on the impact of dietary patterns on FADS desaturase activity or expression. Only one study has examined omega-3 supplementation in relation to FADS gene variants in prostate cancer patients, while the effects of GLA supplementation remain unexplored. Given the relative novelty of this research area and the limited number of studies, future investigations should integrate dietary PUFA intake, genetic variation in PUFA-metabolizing enzymes, and potential gene–nutrient interactions involving FADS gene polymorphisms and PUFAs to clarify their role in cancer risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism)
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24 pages, 4489 KiB  
Review
The Effect of Fenugreek in Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
by Jiwon Kim, Woojeong Noh, Ahrim Kim, Yoomin Choi and Young-Sik Kim
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(18), 13999; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241813999 - 12 Sep 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8378
Abstract
Fenugreek is a widely used herbal medicine as a complementary therapy for diabetes mellitus. Lots of clinical trials have proved its beneficial effect on glycemic control parameters and lipid profiles. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness and [...] Read more.
Fenugreek is a widely used herbal medicine as a complementary therapy for diabetes mellitus. Lots of clinical trials have proved its beneficial effect on glycemic control parameters and lipid profiles. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of fenugreek as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (CNKI), Korean studies Information Service System (KISS), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), and ScienceON to select RCTs which used fenugreek targeting hyperglycemia with a control group. We used either a random effect model or a fixed model in a meta-analysis of Fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h plasma glucose during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (2-hPG), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)/total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C), body mass index (BMI). After screening, a total of 10 studies (706 participants) remained. Fenugreek significantly reduced FBG, 2-hPG, and HbA1c, but it did not significantly decrease HOMA-IR. Moreover, it significantly improved TC, TG, and HDL-C, while there were no significant differences in LDL-C and BMI. Hepatic or renal toxicity was not observed, and there were no severe adverse events associated with fenugreek despite mild gastrointestinal side effects in some studies. In conclusion, fenugreek improves overall glycemic control parameters and lipid profile safely. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Nutrition and Lipid Metabolism)
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