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17 pages, 18340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physics-Informed Deep Learning for Karst Spring Prediction: Integrating Variational Mode Decomposition and Long Short-Term Memory with Attention

by Liangjie Zhao, Stefano Fazi, Song Luan, Zhe Wang, Cheng Li, Yu Fan and Yang Yang

Water 2025, 17(14), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17142043 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accurately forecasting karst spring discharge remains a significant challenge due to the inherent nonstationarity and multi-scale hydrological dynamics of karst hydrological systems. This study presents a physics-informed variational mode decomposition long short-term memory (VMD-LSTM) model, enhanced with an attention mechanism and Monte Carlo [...] Read more.

Accurately forecasting karst spring discharge remains a significant challenge due to the inherent nonstationarity and multi-scale hydrological dynamics of karst hydrological systems. This study presents a physics-informed variational mode decomposition long short-term memory (VMD-LSTM) model, enhanced with an attention mechanism and Monte Carlo dropout for uncertainty quantification. Hourly discharge data (2013–2018) from the Zhaidi karst spring in southern China were decomposed using VMD to extract physically interpretable temporal modes. These decomposed modes, alongside precipitation data, were input into an attention-augmented LSTM incorporating physics-informed constraints. The model was rigorously evaluated against a baseline standalone LSTM using an 80% training, 15% validation, and 5% testing data partitioning strategy. The results demonstrate substantial improvements in prediction accuracy for the proposed framework compared to the standard LSTM model. Compared to the baseline LSTM, the RMSE during testing decreased dramatically from 0.726 to 0.220, and the NSE improved from 0.867 to 0.988. The performance gains were most significant during periods of rapid conduit flow (the peak RMSE decreased by 67%) and prolonged recession phases. Additionally, Monte Carlo dropout, using 100 stochastic realizations, effectively quantified predictive uncertainty, achieving over 96% coverage in the 95% confidence interval (CI). The developed framework provides robust, accurate, and reliable predictions under complex hydrological conditions, highlighting substantial potential for supporting karst groundwater resource management and enhancing flood early-warning capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Hydrological Processes and Hydrologic Disasters)

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16 pages, 1040 KiB

Open AccessReview

In Vivo Versus In Vitro Somatostatin Receptor Expression in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Correlation Studies

by Elisabetta Perrone, Giorgio Treglia, Romina Grazia Giancipoli, Lucia Leccisotti, Guido Rindi and Vittoria Rufini

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6551; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146551 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are characterized by hyperexpression on the cell membrane of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). The demonstration of SSTRs, mainly the subtype 2 (SSTR2), is the prerequisite for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs (SSAs). SSTRs can be routinely demonstrated [...] Read more.

Well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are characterized by hyperexpression on the cell membrane of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). The demonstration of SSTRs, mainly the subtype 2 (SSTR2), is the prerequisite for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs (SSAs). SSTRs can be routinely demonstrated in vivo by SSA-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (SSA-PET/CT) and in vitro by immunohistochemistry (IHC). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to gather evidence from the available literature on the correlation between the in vivo PET/CT and in vitro IHC SSTR expression in NEN patients. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE and Cochrane Library, selecting studies correlating SSTR expression in NENs via IHC and SSA-PET/CT. Data extraction, quality assessment, and statistical analysis were performed. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for systematic review (345 patients). Of these, eight studies (299 patients) provided sufficient quantitative data for meta-analysis. The pooled concordance between SSA-PET/CT and IHC was 76% (95% CI: 67.7–84.2), indicating a good correlation between in vivo and in vitro SSTR2 expression. Heterogeneity among studies was moderate (I² = 65%), reflecting different patient cohorts and methodologies regarding both SSA-PET/CT and IHC. No significant publication bias was detected. Our results confirmed good agreement between in vivo tumor uptake with SSA-PET/CT and in vitro SSTR2 expression with IHC, highlighting the potential of using IHC for clinical decision-making in NEN patients when SSA-PET/CT is not available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuroendocrine Tumors: From Molecular Pathology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches, Including Theranostics)

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14 pages, 287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Unintentional In-Home Injuries in Older Adults

by Ok-Hee Cho and Hyekyung Kim

Medicina 2025, 61(7), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071235 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Older adults are a vulnerable population to unintentional injuries due to age-related physiological decline and the presence of various chronic conditions. Unintentional injuries occurring in the home, such as falls, burns, poisoning, cuts, and suffocation, have been reported at [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Older adults are a vulnerable population to unintentional injuries due to age-related physiological decline and the presence of various chronic conditions. Unintentional injuries occurring in the home, such as falls, burns, poisoning, cuts, and suffocation, have been reported at higher rates in this age group compared to younger populations. This study examines the prevalence and types of unintentional in-home injuries in older adults and identifies the risk factors associated with falls and cuts/collisions. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 309 older adults (aged ≥ 65 years) recruited from eight senior welfare centers in South Korea. Results: The most frequent cause of injury was falls (28.7%), followed by cuts/collisions (27.0%), burns/fire (11.4%), and other injuries (8.1%). In the model adjusted for age and sex, risk factors for falls included a history of outdoor falls or indoor cuts/collisions, dizziness, and the use of two or more medications. Risk factors for cut/collision injuries included a history of indoor burns or falls, numbness in hands and feet, and visual impairment. Conclusions: To effectively prevent home injuries among older adults, it is crucial to focus not only on falls but also on frequent minor injuries caused by cuts and collisions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)

30 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessReview

Brain and Immune System: Intercellular Communication During Homeostasis and Neuroimmunomodulation upon Dysfunction

by Volker Schirrmacher

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6552; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146552 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The review compares the principles of organization of the brain and immune system, two important organs developed over 500 million years in multicellular organisms, including humans. It summarizes the latest results from research in neurosciences and immunology concerning intercellular communication. While in the [...] Read more.

The review compares the principles of organization of the brain and immune system, two important organs developed over 500 million years in multicellular organisms, including humans. It summarizes the latest results from research in neurosciences and immunology concerning intercellular communication. While in the brain, intercellular communication is primarily based on exchange of electrical signals, this is not the case in the immune system. The question, therefore, arises as to whether nature developed two entirely different systems of organization. It will be demonstrated that a few basic principles of brain and immune responses are organized in a different way. A majority of intercellular communications, however, such as the formation of synapses, are shown to have many similarities. Both systems are intimately interconnected to protect the body from the1 dangers of the outside and the inside world. During homeostasis, all systems are in regulatory balance. A new hypothesis states that the central systems surrounded by bone, namely the central nervous system (CNS) and the central immune system (CIS), are based on three types of stem cells and function in an open but autonomous way. T cell immune responses to antigens from blood and cerebrospinal fluid protect the system and maintain neuroimmune homeostasis. The newly discovered tunneling nanotubes and extracellular vesicles are postulated to play an important role in crosstalk with already known homeostasis regulators and help in cellular repair and the recycling of biologic material. Three examples are selected to illustrate dysfunctions of homeostasis, namely migraine, multiple sclerosis, and brain cancer. The focus on these different conditions provides deep insights into such neurological and/or immunological malfunctions. Technological advances in neurosciences and immunology can enable neuroimmunomodulation and the development of new treatment possibilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)

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12 pages, 7028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Reduction Technology for Recycling of Hematite Nanoparticles from Ferrous Sulfate Residue

by Genkuan Ren

Materials 2025, 18(14), 3214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143214 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accumulation of ferrous sulfate residue (FSR) not only occupies land but also results in environmental pollution and waste of iron resource; thus, recycling of iron from FSR has attracted widespread concern. To this end, this article shows fabrication and system analysis of hematite [...] Read more.

Accumulation of ferrous sulfate residue (FSR) not only occupies land but also results in environmental pollution and waste of iron resource; thus, recycling of iron from FSR has attracted widespread concern. To this end, this article shows fabrication and system analysis of hematite (HM) nanoparticles from FSR via microwave-assisted reduction technology. Physicochemical properties of HM nanoparticles were investigated by multiple analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis) spectrum, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. Analytic results indicated that the special surface area, pore volume, and pore size of HM nanoparticles with the average particle size of 45 nm were evaluated to be ca. 20.999 m²/g, 0.111 cm³/g, and 0.892 nm, respectively. Magnetization curve indicated that saturation magnetization Ms for as-synthesized HM nanoparticles was calculated to be approximately 1.71 emu/g and revealed weakly ferromagnetic features at room temperature. In addition, HM nanoparticles exhibited noticeable light absorption performance for potential applications in many fields such as electronics, optics, and catalysis. Hence, synthesis of HM nanoparticles via microwave-assisted reduction technology provides an effective way for utilizing FSR and easing environmental burden. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology)

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Graphical abstract

27 pages, 1836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Benchmarking Virtual Physics Labs: A Multi-Method MCDA Evaluation of Curriculum Compliance and Pedagogical Efficacy

by Rama M. Bazangika, Ruffin-Benoît M. Ngoie, Jean-Roger M. Bansimba, God’El K. Kinyoka and Billy Nzau Matondo

Information 2025, 16(7), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16070587 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this paper, we propose the use of virtual labs (VLs) as a solution to bridge the gap between theory and practice in physics education. Through an experiment conducted in two towns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), we demonstrate that [...] Read more.

In this paper, we propose the use of virtual labs (VLs) as a solution to bridge the gap between theory and practice in physics education. Through an experiment conducted in two towns in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), we demonstrate that our proposed lab (BRVL) is more effective than global alternatives in correcting misconceptions and ensuring compliance with the current curriculum in the DRC. We combine Conjoint Analysis (from SPSS) to weigh selected criteria—curriculum compliance, knowledge construction, misconception correction, and usability—alongside eight MCDA methods: AHP, CAHP, TOPSIS, ELECTRE I, ELECTRE II, ELECTRE TRI, PROMETHEE I, and PROMETHEE II. Our findings show that, among six VLs, BRVL consistently outperforms global alternatives like Algodoo and Physion in terms of pedagogical alignment, curriculum compliance, and correction of misconceptions for Congolese schools. Methodologically, the respondents are consistent and in agreement, despite individual differences. The sensitivity analysis of the ELECTRE and PROMETHEE methods has shown that changes in parameter values do not alter the conclusion that BRVL is the best among the compared VLs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Applications in Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis, 3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 522 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Heterogeneity in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review of Phenotypic Classifications and Clinical Implications

by Francisco Epelde

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4820; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144820 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has emerged as one of the most challenging syndromes in modern cardiology due to its complex pathophysiology, diagnostic ambiguity, and lack of effective targeted therapies. Unlike heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), HFpEF encompasses [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has emerged as one of the most challenging syndromes in modern cardiology due to its complex pathophysiology, diagnostic ambiguity, and lack of effective targeted therapies. Unlike heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), HFpEF encompasses a highly heterogeneous patient population unified only by a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥ 50%. This broad definition overlooks important biological and clinical differences, leading to inconclusive results in large-scale therapeutic trials and suboptimal patient outcomes. In recent years, advances in data-driven methodologies—such as unsupervised machine learning, cluster analysis, and latent class modeling—have enabled the identification of distinct HFpEF phenotypes. These phenotypes, often defined by demographic, clinical, hemodynamic, and biomarker profiles, exhibit differential prognoses and treatment responses. Methods: This systematic review synthesizes findings from 20 studies published between 2010 and 2025, examining phenotypic classification strategies and their clinical implications. Results: Despite methodological variation, several recurring phenotypes emerge, including metabolic–obese, frail–elderly, atrial-fibrillation-dominant, cardiorenal, and pulmonary hypertension/right-heart phenotypes. Each presents a distinct pathophysiological mechanism and risk profile, highlighting the inadequacy of current one-size-fits-all treatment approaches. The review also explores the prognostic value of phenotypes, the impact of phenotypic variation on treatment efficacy, and the methodological challenges that hinder translation into clinical practice—such as inconsistent input variables, lack of external validation, and limited integration with real-world data. Conclusions: Ultimately, the findings underscore the need for a paradigm shift from ejection fraction-based classification to phenotype-guided management in HFpEF. Embracing a precision medicine framework could enable personalized treatment strategies, improve clinical trial design, and enhance outcomes for this diverse patient population. The review concludes by outlining future directions, including the development of standardized phenotyping algorithms, integration of multi-omic and digital health data, and the implementation of pragmatic, phenotype-stratified clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cardiology)

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29 pages, 4661 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Activity of Human NK Cells Towards 3D Heterotypic Cellular Tumor Model of Breast Cancer

by Anastasia Leonteva, Maria Abdurakhmanova, Maria Bogachek, Tatyana Belovezhets, Anna Yurina, Olga Troitskaya, Sergey Kulemzin, Vladimir Richter, Elena Kuligina and Anna Nushtaeva

Cells 2025, 14(14), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14141039 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Due to the complexity of modeling tumor-host interactions within the tumor microenvironment in vitro, we developed a 3D heterotypic cellular breast cancer (BC) model. We generated spheroid models using MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3 cell lines alongside cancer-associated (BrC4f) and normal (BN120f) fibroblasts in [...] Read more.

Due to the complexity of modeling tumor-host interactions within the tumor microenvironment in vitro, we developed a 3D heterotypic cellular breast cancer (BC) model. We generated spheroid models using MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and SK-BR-3 cell lines alongside cancer-associated (BrC4f) and normal (BN120f) fibroblasts in ultra-low attachment plates. Stromal spheroids (3Df) were formed using a liquid overlay technique (graphical abstract). The YT cell line and peripheral blood NK (PB-NK) cells were used as immune components in our 3D model. In this study, we showed that stromal cells promoted tumor cell aggregation into spheroids, regardless of the initial proliferation rates, with NK cells accumulating in fibroblast-rich regions. The presence of CAFs within the model induced alterations in the expression levels of MICA/B and PD-L1 by tumor cells within the 3D-2 model. The feasibility of utilizing a 3D cell BC model in combination with cytokines and PB-NKs was evaluated. We observed that IL-15 and IL-2 enhanced NK cell activity within spheroids, whereas TGFβ had varying effects on proliferation depending on the cell type. Stimulation with IL-2 and IL-15 or TGFβ1 altered PB-NK markers and stimulated their differentiation into ILC1-like cells in 3D models. These findings underscore the regulatory function of CAFs in shaping the response of the tumor microenvironment to immunotherapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue How Can We Optimise Cancer Therapy? Tumour Microenvironment and Immune Evasion Strategies)

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18 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Home-Based Community Elderly Care Quality Indicators in China: A Systematic Literature Review

by Xi Chen, Rahimah Ibrahim, Yok Fee Lee, Tengku Aizan Hamid and Sen Tyng Chai

Healthcare 2025, 13(14), 1637; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13141637 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: China’s rapidly aging population has increased the need for effective community-based eldercare services. However, the lack of standardized, culturally relevant evaluation frameworks hinders consistent service quality assessment and improvement. Objective: This systematic review aims to identify, synthesize, and critically evaluate [...] Read more.

Background: China’s rapidly aging population has increased the need for effective community-based eldercare services. However, the lack of standardized, culturally relevant evaluation frameworks hinders consistent service quality assessment and improvement. Objective: This systematic review aims to identify, synthesize, and critically evaluate the existing quality indicators (QIs) currently utilized for home-based community elderly care HCEC in China. It also aims to highlight gaps to inform the development of a more comprehensive and context-appropriate quality framework. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, systematic searches were conducted across Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley, and CNKI databases for studies published in English and Chinese from 2008 onward. Extracted QIs from eligible studies were categorized using Donabedian’s structure–process–outcome (SPO) model. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, with QI sets ranging from 5 to 64 indicators. Most studies emphasized structural and procedural aspects, while outcome measures were limited. Key gaps include inconsistent terminology, insufficient medical care integration, narrow stakeholder engagement, and limited cultural adaptation of Western theoretical frameworks. Furthermore, subjective weighting methods predominated, impacting indicator reliability. Conclusions: Currently, there is no formal quality framework to guide service providers in HCEC, and therefore, quality indicators can be described as fragmented and lack cultural specificity, medical integration, and methodological robustness. Future research should prioritize developing culturally anchored and medically comprehensive QI frameworks, standardize indicator terminology, actively involve diverse stakeholders through participatory methods, and adopt hybrid methodological approaches combining subjective expert insights and objective, data-driven techniques. Alignment with established international standards, such as the OECD long-term care quality indicators, is essential to enhance eldercare quality and support evidence-based policymaking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthcare Practice in Community)

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16 pages, 1889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Evaluation of the Sustainable Performance of Filtering Geotextiles in Green Roof Systems: Tensile Properties and Surface Morphology After Long-Term Use

by Olga Szlachetka, Joanna Witkowska-Dobrev, Anna Baryła and Marek Dohojda

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6242; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146242 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Green roofs are increasingly being adopted as sustainable, nature-based solutions for managing urban stormwater, mitigating the urban heat island effect, and saving energy in buildings. However, the long-term performance of their individual components—particularly filter geotextiles—remains understudied, despite their critical role in maintaining system [...] Read more.

Green roofs are increasingly being adopted as sustainable, nature-based solutions for managing urban stormwater, mitigating the urban heat island effect, and saving energy in buildings. However, the long-term performance of their individual components—particularly filter geotextiles—remains understudied, despite their critical role in maintaining system functionality. The filter layer, responsible for preventing clogging of the drainage layer with fine substrate particles, directly affects the hydrological performance and service life of green roofs. While most existing studies focus on the initial material properties, there is a clear gap in understanding how geotextile filters behave after prolonged exposure to real-world environmental conditions. This study addresses this gap by assessing the mechanical and structural integrity of geotextile filters after five years of use in both extensive and intensive green roof systems. By analyzing changes in surface morphology, microstructure, and porosity through tensile strength tests, digital imaging, and scanning electron microscopy, this research offers new insights into the long-term performance of geotextiles. Results showed significant retention of tensile strength, particularly in the machine direction (MD), and a 56% reduction in porosity, which may affect filtration efficiency. Although material degradation occurs, some geotextiles retain their structural integrity over time, highlighting their potential for long-term use in green infrastructure applications. This research emphasizes the importance of material selection, long-term monitoring, and standardized evaluation techniques to ensure the ecological and functional resilience of green roofs. Furthermore, the findings contribute to advancing knowledge on the durability and life-cycle performance of filter materials, promoting sustainability and longevity in urban green infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contemporary Paradigms for a 'Sustainable' Construction: Development of Design Strategies and Building Materials for Restoration, Reuse and Civil Engineering)

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23 pages, 3204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Child Play Activity Modeling for Playground Space Design Using the Context-Based Activity Modeling Method

by Yiwen Wang and Yong Se Kim

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6244; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146244 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Extensive attention has been given to children’s play spaces in public environments. Still, there exists a research need to devise a more comprehensive and structured design framework for space design addressing more comprehensive and structured activity modeling capabilities. The Context-Based Activity Modeling (CBAM) [...] Read more.

Extensive attention has been given to children’s play spaces in public environments. Still, there exists a research need to devise a more comprehensive and structured design framework for space design addressing more comprehensive and structured activity modeling capabilities. The Context-Based Activity Modeling (CBAM) has been proposed as a framework for service design where activities are represented by elements like action verb, actors, object, tool, and contexts, where context is further represented by goal, relevant structure, physical, and psychological contexts. In this paper, children’s play activities such as throw, run, chase, hide, seek, and seize as observed in a community courtyard setting have been represented and interrogated using the CBAM method. Then, six specific design strategies have been derived for enhancing children’s play space design. As demonstrated in this way, CBAM is proposed as a framework for activity-centered space design for child playground. Experiential sustainability of children’s play activities are supported by play space design fully addressing detailed context elements of CBAM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

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18 pages, 10812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Explainable Face Recognition via Improved Localization

by Rashik Shadman, Daqing Hou, Faraz Hussain and M. G. Sarwar Murshed

Electronics 2025, 14(14), 2745; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14142745 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Biometric authentication has become one of the most widely used tools in the current technological era to authenticate users and to distinguish between genuine users and impostors. The face is the most common form of biometric modality that has proven effective. Deep learning-based [...] Read more.

Biometric authentication has become one of the most widely used tools in the current technological era to authenticate users and to distinguish between genuine users and impostors. The face is the most common form of biometric modality that has proven effective. Deep learning-based face recognition systems are now commonly used across different domains. However, these systems usually operate like black-box models that do not provide necessary explanations or justifications for their decisions. This is a major disadvantage because users cannot trust such artificial intelligence-based biometric systems and may not feel comfortable using them when clear explanations or justifications are not provided. This paper addresses this problem by applying an efficient method for explainable face recognition systems. We use a Class Activation Mapping (CAM)-based discriminative localization (very narrow/specific localization) technique called Scaled Directed Divergence (SDD) to visually explain the results of deep learning-based face recognition systems. We perform fine localization of the face features relevant to the deep learning model for its prediction/decision. Our experiments show that the SDD Class Activation Map (CAM) highlights the relevant face features very specifically and accurately compared to the traditional CAM. The provided visual explanations with narrow localization of relevant features can ensure much-needed transparency and trust for deep learning-based face recognition systems. We also demonstrate the adaptability of the SDD method by applying it to two different techniques: CAM and Score-CAM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explainability in AI and Machine Learning)

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21 pages, 2362 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Stabilization of Expansive Clay Using Volcanic Ash

by Svetlana Melentijević, Aitor López Marcos, Roberto Ponce and Sol López-Andrés

Geosciences 2025, 15(7), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15070261 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Considering the increasing requirements for the recovery of different natural and industrial waste materials, the application of volcanic ash as an alternative sustainable binder to traditionally employed lime and cement is proposed for soil stabilization for geotechnical engineering purposes, thus providing a reduction [...] Read more.

Considering the increasing requirements for the recovery of different natural and industrial waste materials, the application of volcanic ash as an alternative sustainable binder to traditionally employed lime and cement is proposed for soil stabilization for geotechnical engineering purposes, thus providing a reduction in carbon emissions. Soil stabilization was performed on natural clays with very high swelling potential, i.e. those classified as inadequate for reuse as a building material for geotechnical purposes. A mineralogical and chemical characterization of raw materials was carried out prior to the performance of different geotechnical laboratory tests, i.e., testing Atterberg limits, compaction, swelling potential, compressibility and resistance parameters over naturally remolded clay and soil mixtures with different binders. The swelling potential was reduced with an increase in the amount of applied binder, necessitating the addition of 10, 20, and 30% of volcanic ash compared to 3% lime, 3% cement and 5% lime, respectively, for a similar reduction in swelling potential. An investigation of the resistance parameters for soil mixture specimens that provided a suitable reduction in swelling potential for their reuse was performed, and a comparison to the parameters of naturally remolded clay was made. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geomechanics)

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22 pages, 4871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization Method for Multi-Module Micro–Nano Satellite Components Assignment and Layout

by Hao Zhang, Jun Zhou and Guanghui Liu

Aerospace 2025, 12(7), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12070614 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The assembly optimization design of satellite components is a crucial element in the overall design of satellites. In this paper, a novel three-dimensional assembly optimization design problem (3D-AODP) for multi-module micro–nano satellite components is proposed according to the engineering requirements, aiming at optimizing [...] Read more.

The assembly optimization design of satellite components is a crucial element in the overall design of satellites. In this paper, a novel three-dimensional assembly optimization design problem (3D-AODP) for multi-module micro–nano satellite components is proposed according to the engineering requirements, aiming at optimizing the satellite mass characteristics, and taking into account constraints such as space interference, space occupation and special location. Multi-module micro–nano satellites are a new type of satellite configuration based on the assembly of multiple U-shaped cube units. The 3D-AODP of its components is a challenging two-layer composite optimization task involving discrete variable optimization of component allocation and continuous variable optimization of component layout, which interact with each other. To solve the problem, a hybrid assembly optimization method based on tabu search (TS) and multi-objective differential evolutionary (MODE) algorithms is proposed, in which the assignment problem of the components is converted into a domain search problem by the TS algorithm. The space interference constraints and space occupancy constraints of the components are considered, and an assignment scheme with the minimum mass difference is obtained. On this basis, a bi-objective differential evolutionary algorithm is used to develop the layout optimization problem for the components, which takes into account the spatial non-interference constraints and special location constraints of the components, and obtains the Pareto solution set of the assembly scheme under the optimal mass characteristics (moment of inertia and product of inertia). Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by an engineering case. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astronautics & Space Science)

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13 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Insecurity and Associated Factors Among Adolescents from Inland Northeast Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Maria Eliza Dantas Bezerra Romão, Maria Helena Rodrigues Galvão, Fábio Correia Sampaio, Jocianelle Maria Félix Fernandes Nunes and Franklin Delano Soares Forte

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(7), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071087 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate food insecurity (FI) and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and behavioral and dental alterations in adolescents from a county in the inland of northeastern Brazil. Data on 192 adolescents aged 11–14 years were analyzed in the public school [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate food insecurity (FI) and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and behavioral and dental alterations in adolescents from a county in the inland of northeastern Brazil. Data on 192 adolescents aged 11–14 years were analyzed in the public school system in Juripiranga, Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. The adolescents and their guardians responded to the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire for the caregiver, the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire for children and adolescents, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Academic performance was observed by calculating the median of the final assessments of basic school subjects. The prevalence of FI was 69.19, and FI was associated with a family income of up to one minimum wage per month (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.90; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.20–3.01), no practice of religion by the guardian (PR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.04–1.73), behavior considered inappropriate by the guardian (PR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.02–1.73), and academic performance (PR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.05–1.72). FI is considered a complex and multifactorial problem that requires appropriate intervention to deal with multiple social determinants. The results point to the need for integrated public policies between the health, education, social assistance, and food security sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Health Outcomes from Childhood to Adulthood)

14 pages, 4374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Manufacturing of Rotational Toroidal Shells in Coin Minting

by Luís M. Alves, Paulo Alexandrino and Sónia Pereira

Eng 2025, 6(7), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6070155 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

A novel forming process was developed to create rotating elements in collector coins by shaping thin-walled tubes into toroidal shells in a single stage. This process introduces new aesthetic effects and functionalities to the coin market. By controlling the end-forming of a tube, [...] Read more.

A novel forming process was developed to create rotating elements in collector coins by shaping thin-walled tubes into toroidal shells in a single stage. This process introduces new aesthetic effects and functionalities to the coin market. By controlling the end-forming of a tube, a gap is created between the toroidal shell and the coin blank, allowing free rotation. The technique, a modification of conventional tube end inversion, results in distinct deformation mechanics. Through finite element modeling and experimentation, key process variables were identified, ensuring sound hollow toroidal shells with efficient rotation. Full article

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12 pages, 212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feminist Values and Plumwood’s Account of Logic

by Mansooreh Kimiagari

Logics 2025, 3(3), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/logics3030007 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

I aim to examine Val Plumwood’s feminist account of logic, as presented by Plumwood, using the frameworks developed by Elliott and McKaughan, and Intemann. Plumwood argues that relevance logic is the appropriate logical system for feminist reasoning. I intend to assess whether this [...] Read more.

I aim to examine Val Plumwood’s feminist account of logic, as presented by Plumwood, using the frameworks developed by Elliott and McKaughan, and Intemann. Plumwood argues that relevance logic is the appropriate logical system for feminist reasoning. I intend to assess whether this constitutes a legitimate incorporation of values into logic. To this end, I evaluate the aims of Plumwood as a case study. Additionally, I trace the values embedded in my chosen case to determine whether feminist values advance the epistemic and social objectives of the research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cross-Cultural and Multi-Disciplinary Approaches to the Philosophy of Logic)

16 pages, 8741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Co-Expression of GPAT4 and SLC7A11 as a Predictor of Platinum Resistance and Poor Prognosis in Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

by Ping Yu, Chunliang Shang, Zhongyu Liu, Yuan Li, Tianhui He, Yuan Xue, Jian Lin, Yuan Li, Yu Wu, Tong Liu and Hongyan Guo

Biomedicines 2025, 13(7), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13071664 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the expression levels of GPAT4 and SLC7A11 are associated with survival outcomes and platinum resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. Methods: We analyzed the medical records of EOC patients. EOC samples obtained during surgery were [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the expression levels of GPAT4 and SLC7A11 are associated with survival outcomes and platinum resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients. Methods: We analyzed the medical records of EOC patients. EOC samples obtained during surgery were stained for GPAT4 and SLC7A11. Cox regression and Kaplan—Meier analyses were performed to assess the impact of GPAT4 and SLC7A11 expression on overall survival (OS). Results: We found that GPAT4 and SLC7A11 expression levels were greater in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer tissues than in platinum-sensitive ovarian cancer tissues. High expression of both GPAT4 and SLC7A11 was associated with an increased risk of platinum resistance compared with low expression of both factors. High expression of both SLC7A11 and GPAT4 was independently correlated with poor OS, highlighting the significance of this integrated metric as a prognostic factor in ovarian cancer. The GPAT inhibitor (GPAT-IN-1) and an SLC7A11 inhibitor (erastin) attenuated platinum resistance in ovarian cancer cells, and their combined application increased cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the combination of GPAT-IN-1, erastin, and cisplatin significantly improved the chemotherapeutic effects on platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Conclusions: High expression of both SLC7A11 and GPAT4 is related to platinum resistance in EOC patients. The high expression of both SLC7A11 and GPAT4 serves as an important independent prognostic factor and indicates potential therapeutic targets for patients with platinum-resistant EOC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology and Oncology)

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30 pages, 517 KiB

Open AccessArticle

‘They Say There’s More Equality…’: Women’s Perspectives on Progress and Setbacks in Gender Equality in Northern Iceland During Times of Crisis

by Marya Rozanova-Smith, Embla Eir Oddsdóttir and Andrey N. Petrov

Societies 2025, 15(7), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15070191 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Enabling gender equality through the empowerment of women to fully participate in modern society is one of the most critical steps toward sustainable development. However, recent UN reports indicate that the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have jeopardized the achievement of Sustainable Development [...] Read more.

Enabling gender equality through the empowerment of women to fully participate in modern society is one of the most critical steps toward sustainable development. However, recent UN reports indicate that the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have jeopardized the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 5 by 2030 in many countries worldwide, including Iceland, which has consistently been ranked as a global leader in gender equality. The main objective of this qualitative study is to examine the gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic by exploring women’s lived experiences during the crisis and its aftermath across the primary domains of gender equality—personal and social. The study is based on 72 in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted in the Northeastern Region of Iceland (Norðurland eystra) in 2022–2023, utilizing both strength-based and deficit analyses. The findings from the study indicate that, despite high government gender equality standards and support programs, as well as the considerable resilience demonstrated by women during the pandemic crisis, women in Iceland continue to encounter significant constraints to empowerment in achieving genuine gender equality within the personal and social domains. The study outcomes suggest that the further integration of a gender-responsive approach into policy development is crucial for the implementation of more comprehensive, nuanced, and locally adaptive gender equality measures. Advancing such policies will not only strengthen Iceland’s position as a global leader in gender equality but also contribute to its long-term social sustainability. Full article

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16 pages, 2434 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Critical Candidate Genes Controlling Monokaryon Fruiting in Flammulina filiformis Using Genetic Population Construction and Bulked Segregant Analysis Sequencing

by Peng Wang, Ya Yu, Lei Xia, Qi Yan, Xiao Tan, Dongyin Wang, Xue Wang, Zhibin Zhang, Jiawei Wen and Xiao Huang

J. Fungi 2025, 11(7), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11070512 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Fruiting body formation in edible fungi is a critical development process for both scientific understanding and industrial cultivation, yet the underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. This study aimed to identify key genes regulating monokaryotic fruiting in Flammulina filiformis. A genetic segregation [...] Read more.

Fruiting body formation in edible fungi is a critical development process for both scientific understanding and industrial cultivation, yet the underlying genetic mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. This study aimed to identify key genes regulating monokaryotic fruiting in Flammulina filiformis. A genetic segregation population was constructed through selfing purification and hybrid segregation of the FF002 strain, followed by mapping candidate genes with bulked segregant analysis sequencing (BSA-seq). A 10 kb genomic region on scaffold19 was identified, pinpointing the gene FV-L110034160, which encodes a U2 snRNP complex component involved in pre-mRNA splicing. A T→G SNP located 121 bp downstream of the ATG codon caused a serine-to-alanine substitution, disrupting a conserved domain and altering fruiting phenotypes. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed conservation of this gene in fungal genera. These findings elucidate a key regulatory gene controlling monokaryotic fruiting in F. filiformis, providing novel insights into fruiting body formation mechanisms and establishing a foundation for genetic studies in other edible fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fungal Genomics, Genetics and Molecular Biology)

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21 pages, 3369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Runaway Critical Threshold and Gas Release Safety Boundary of 18,650 Lithium-Ion Battery in State of Charge

by Jingyu Zhao, Kexin Xing, Xinrong Jiang, Chi-Min Shu and Xiangrong Sun

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2175; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072175 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

In this study, we systematically investigated the characteristic parameter evolution laws of thermal runaway with respect to 18,650 lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) under thermal abuse conditions at five state-of-charge (SOC) levels: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. In our experiments, we combined infrared thermography, [...] Read more.

In this study, we systematically investigated the characteristic parameter evolution laws of thermal runaway with respect to 18,650 lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) under thermal abuse conditions at five state-of-charge (SOC) levels: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. In our experiments, we combined infrared thermography, mass loss analysis, temperature monitoring, and gas composition detection to reveal the mechanisms by which SOC affects the trigger time, critical temperature, maximum temperature, mass loss, and gas release characteristics of thermal runaway. The results showed that as the SOC increases, the critical and maximum temperatures of thermal runaway increase notably. At a 100% SOC, the highest temperature on the positive electrode side reached 1082.1 °C, and the mass loss increased from 6.90 g at 0% SOC to 25.75 g at 100% SOC, demonstrating a salient positive correlation. Gas analysis indicated that under high-SOC conditions (75% and 100%), the proportion of flammable gases such as CO and CH₄ produced during thermal runaway significantly increases, with the CO/CO₂ ratio exceeding 1, indicating intensified incomplete combustion and a significant increase in fire risk. In addition, flammability limit analysis revealed that the lower explosive limit for gases is lower (17–21%) at a low SOC (0%) and a high SOC (100%), indicating greater explosion risks. We also found that the composition of gases released during thermal runaway varies substantially at different SOC levels, with CO, CO₂, and CH₄ accounting for over 90% of the total gas volume, while toxic gases, such as HF, although present in smaller proportions, pose noteworthy hazards. Unlike prior studies that relied on post hoc analysis, this work integrates real-time multi-parameter monitoring (temperature, gas composition, and mass loss) and quantitative explosion risk modeling (flammability limits via the L-C formula). This approach reveals the unique dynamic SOC-dependent mechanisms of thermal runaway initiation and gas hazards. This study provides theoretical support for the source tracing of thermal runaway fires and the development of preventive LIB safety technology and emphasizes the critical influence of the charge state on the thermal safety of batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Optimization of Chemical Processes)

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14 pages, 428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Longitudinal Association Between Parental Feeding Practices and Body Composition Among Children in Shenzhen

by Sha Liu, Chao Li, Dingkang Wang, Bizhong Che, Weimin Liu, Wei Xia, Wei Wei and Youfa Wang

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2255; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142255 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: A national study from China in 2023 predicted that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children aged 7–18 will increase from 23.4% in 2019 to 32.7% by 2030. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between parental [...] Read more.

Background: A national study from China in 2023 predicted that the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children aged 7–18 will increase from 23.4% in 2019 to 32.7% by 2030. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between parental feeding practices and children’s body composition and weight status, and to assess the mediation effect of parental feeding practices in the relationship between socioeconomic status and childhood body composition. Methods: This longitudinal observational study was conducted between September and November 2021 in eight primary schools located in Luohu District, Shenzhen. Baseline and two follow-up surveys were administered annually during the same period from 2021 to 2023 (with one-year intervals). A total of 620 third-grade students (aged 8–10 years at baseline) and their parents were ultimately included in the study. Associations between parental feeding practices and children’s weight status and body composition were analyzed using mixed-effects models. The mediation effect of parental feeding practices on the relationship between socioeconomic status and childhood body composition was assessed through bootstrapping analysis. Results: At follow-up, a significant upward trend in the prevalence of central obesity among children was observed. Among all parental feeding dimensions, perceived child weight (PCW) demonstrated a strong association with central obesity after Bonferroni correction (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.16, 1.51); similarly, monitoring (MN) and concern about child weight (CN) were both significantly associated with central obesity as risk factors for central obesity (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.06, 1.23; OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.27), both p < 0.001. These associations were modified by baseline child sex, parental BMI, and maternal and paternal education levels. However, restriction (RST) was not significantly associated with either body composition or weight status. The relationship between family socioeconomic status (SES) and childhood overweight and obesity was mediated by pressure to eat (PE) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: MN, PCW, and CN are associated with an increased risk of obesity in children. However, no significant association was found between parental feeding practices and changes in children’s body composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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17 pages, 897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Patterns Among Korean Cancer Survivors: A Cross-Sectional Analysis (2017–2021)

by Jiin Ryu and Jihee Min

Cancers 2025, 17(14), 2270; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17142270 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examined differences in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior among Korean cancer survivors compared to cancer-free individuals from 2017 to 2021 and identified differences based on their cancer treatment status. Methods: We used data for 28,528 adults (1585 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study examined differences in physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior among Korean cancer survivors compared to cancer-free individuals from 2017 to 2021 and identified differences based on their cancer treatment status. Methods: We used data for 28,528 adults (1585 cancer survivors and 26,943 cancer-free individuals) from the 2017–2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PA and sedentary behavior were assessed using the Korean version of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. We examined adherence to aerobic and resistance training guidelines, domain-specific activity, and sedentary time. We also analyzed the descriptive statistics and conducted chi-square tests, the Mann–Whitney U test, and the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test, stratified by demographic and clinical subgroups. Results: Compared with cancer-free individuals, cancer survivors showed significantly lower adherence to aerobic PA guidelines in 2017 (p < 0.01), 2018 (p < 0.05), and 2021 (p < 0.01). Transportation-related activity accounted for the highest share of the total PA (mean: 59.1%). Sedentary time increased among survivors from 8.1 h/day (2017) to 9.0 h/day (2021). In 2021, resistance training adherence was higher among survivors (24.7%) than among non-cancer individuals (22.9%). In the subgroup analyses, male sex, younger age, recent diagnosis, higher income, and living with a spouse were associated with higher adherence. Conclusions: The findings underscore a clear need to address both PA and sedentary behavior in cancer survivors, irrespective of treatment phase. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Survivorship and Quality of Life)

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16 pages, 307 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Validation of the Romanian Version of the Adult Hope Scale (AHS)

by Adriana Camelia Neagu, Sorin Ursoniu, Ion Papava, Iuliana-Anamaria Trăilă, Lavinia Palaghian, Catalina Giurgi-Oncu and Ana-Cristina Bredicean

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070920 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The present study aimed to adapt and validate the Adult Hope Scale (AHS) for the Romanian population, addressing a gap in culturally appropriate instruments for measuring dispositional hope. Based on Snyder’s theoretical model, the AHS was translated, culturally adapted, and administered to 663 [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to adapt and validate the Adult Hope Scale (AHS) for the Romanian population, addressing a gap in culturally appropriate instruments for measuring dispositional hope. Based on Snyder’s theoretical model, the AHS was translated, culturally adapted, and administered to 663 Romanian adults. Psychometric evaluation included internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.84 for the eight positively worded items), test–retest reliability (ICC = 0.39 for the full scale), exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and assessments of convergent and discriminant validity. The two-factor model of the scale (agency and pathways) was confirmed, with significant item loadings and a strong correlation between the two latent factors (r = 0.717). Convergent validity was supported by moderate correlations with the Brief Resilience Scale (r = 0.36–0.45), while discriminant validity was indicated by low correlations with the Trait Anxiety Inventory (r = 0.18–0.20). Demographic analyses revealed higher hope levels in women and engineers, with significant differences by gender (p = 0.00018), education (p = 0.031), and profession (p = 0.008). Despite moderate temporal stability and one weakly performing item, the Romanian AHS demonstrates strong psychometric properties, making it a valid and reliable tool for assessing hope in research and clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches That Enable Analytical Generalization in Psychological and Sociological Research)

16 pages, 1688 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity, Phenolic Compound Profile, and VOCs of Agresto from Different Winegrape Varieties

by Luisa Pozzo, Andrea Raffaelli, Teresa Grande, Stefania Frassinetti, Vincenzo Longo, Francesca Venturi, Chiara Sanmartin, Giuseppe Ferroni, Guido Flamini and Annita Toffanin

Processes 2025, 13(7), 2174; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072174 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Agresto is the unfermented juice traditionally obtained from boiled unripe grapes, typically using fruit that would otherwise be discarded, and enriched with spices, herbs, and fruit. In this study, the phenolic profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activity, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Agresto [...] Read more.

Agresto is the unfermented juice traditionally obtained from boiled unripe grapes, typically using fruit that would otherwise be discarded, and enriched with spices, herbs, and fruit. In this study, the phenolic profile, antioxidant and antibacterial activity, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Agresto produced from two grape varieties (Sangiovese, and Vermentino) harvested in Mount Amiata (Tuscany) were evaluated. Agresto from Vermentino showed a higher total phenolic content (TPC), 1.31 mg GAE/mL, as well as a greater total flavonoid and flavonol content and FRAP activity compared to Agresto from Sangiovese. The highest ORAC value was observed in Agresto from Vermentino, 41.01 mg TE/mL, compared to that from Sangiovese. TPC, flavonols, apocarotenes, sulfur derivatives, and non-terpene derivatives were positively correlated with antimicrobial activity against E. coli, FRAP, and ORAC. Overall, our results showed that grape variety significantly influences the chemical composition of Agresto, particularly in terms of both VOCs and phenolic compounds. The observed variations in phenolic composition also affected the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Agresto. These experimental findings clearly suggest the utmost importance of identifying the optimal chemical profile of “unripe grapes” used as raw material for Agresto production, considering both variety and the specific ripening degree achievable through vine green harvesting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemicals: Extraction, Optimization, Identification, Biological Activities, and Applications in the Food, Nutraceutical, and Pharmaceutical Industries (2nd Edition))

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15 pages, 1885 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Features of HPV-Independent Cervical Cancers

by Luca Giannella, Camilla Grelloni, Leonardo Natalini, Gianmarco Sartini, Mila Bordini, Giovanni Delli Carpini, Jacopo Di Giuseppe, Erica Dugo, Francesco Piva and Andrea Ciavattini

Pathogens 2025, 14(7), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14070668 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

HPV-independent cervical cancers represent a small proportion of these types of cancers, predominantly glandular lesions. It should be noted that some cases may depend on diagnostic problems that lead to false negative cases. However, the most recent classifications distinguish cervical tumors into HPV-associated [...] Read more.

HPV-independent cervical cancers represent a small proportion of these types of cancers, predominantly glandular lesions. It should be noted that some cases may depend on diagnostic problems that lead to false negative cases. However, the most recent classifications distinguish cervical tumors into HPV-associated and HPV-independent cancers. HPV-negative cervical carcinomas (5–11% of all cases) mainly include rare adenocarcinomas (gastric, mesonephric, clear, serous, and endometrioid) and present distinct clinical and molecular features. These tumors usually affect older women and are diagnosed at more advanced stages than HPV-positive tumors, with an overall worse prognosis. This concerning and notably worse prognosis highlights the need for further research and understanding. Unlike HPV-positive carcinomas (which depend on the viral oncogenes E6/E7), HPV-independent tumors accumulate genomic mutations that activate oncogenes and inactivate suppressor genes. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of these aspects can be the key to a better understanding and developing personalized treatments. In the present review, the main mutated genes, the signaling pathways involved, the differences from HPV-positive tumors, the distinctive immunohistochemical markers, and the diagnostic and therapeutic implications are explored in depth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oncogenic Viruses: Advances in Molecular Diagnosis, Prevention Strategies and Therapy)

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