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Recent Articles  

21 pages, 958 KB  
Article
Asthma and Multi-Food Allergy Are Risk Factors for Oral Food Challenge Failure—A Single-Center Experience
by Liliana Klim, Maria Michalik, Ewa Cichocka-Jarosz and Urszula Jedynak-Wąsowicz
Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2769; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172769 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Diagnosing food allergy (FA) typically involves a detailed clinical history and confirmation of allergen-specific IgE. Oral food challenges (OFCs) remain the gold standard in FA diagnosis. This study aimed to present our experience in performing OFCs in pediatric patients with particular focus [...] Read more.
Background: Diagnosing food allergy (FA) typically involves a detailed clinical history and confirmation of allergen-specific IgE. Oral food challenges (OFCs) remain the gold standard in FA diagnosis. This study aimed to present our experience in performing OFCs in pediatric patients with particular focus on challenges performed with cow’s milk and hen’s egg. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 205 OFCs. Clinical data were evaluated and multiple logistic regression was used to identify associations between challenge outcomes, reaction severity, and comorbidities. Results: The mean age of patients was 5.7 ± 3.1 years, with 135 (65.9%) being male. The tested foods included cow’s milk protein (CMP, 103 challenges; 50.2%), hen’s egg white protein (HEWP, 84; 41.0%), peanuts (3; 1.5%), tree nuts (4; 2.0%), gluten (3; 1.5%), hen’s egg yolk (4; 2.0%), and other foods (4; 2.0%). The overall OFC failure rate was 32.2%, and five challenges (2.4%) yielded inconclusive results. The median cumulative reactive dose was 0.27 g for baked CMP and 0.58 g for baked HEWP. Most failed OFCs involved mucocutaneous symptoms (44 cases; 66.7%). Severe multisystemic reactions occurred in four patients (2.0%), all of whom required epinephrine (6.1% of positive challenges). An increased risk of OFC failure was associated with asthma (p = 0.028; 95% CI: 0.07–1.27) and multi-food allergy (p = 0.021; 95% CI: 0.14–1.67). Additionally, the coexistence of asthma and a prior history of anaphylaxis to any food was related to OFC failure (p = 0.049; 95% CI: 0.01–2.19), as was the combination of multi-food allergy and previous anaphylaxis (p = 0.043; 95% CI: 0.03–1.70). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was utilized to predict outcomes of OFCs to baked milk and baked egg and determined a specific IgE (sIgE) cutoff level of 58.1 kU/L for baked milk challenges (AUC: 0.77; sensitivity: 0.588; specificity: 0.882), and 11.3 kU/L for baked egg challenges (AUC: 0.66; sensitivity: 0.692; specificity: 0.607). Conclusions: Our findings confirm that OFCs are a safe and effective tool for diagnosing FA in children. With appropriate patient selection, the risk of severe reactions remains low. Nonetheless, comorbidities such as asthma and multi-food allergy are associated with an increased likelihood of OFC failure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Role of Nutrition in Modulating Allergies and Allergic Reactions)
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20 pages, 3030 KB  
Article
Compatibility Studies of Sildenafil-HPBCD Inclusion Complex with Pharmaceutical Excipients
by Răzvan Adrian Bertici, Amalia Ridichie, Nicoleta Sorina Bertici, Adriana Ledeţi, Ionuţ Ledeţi, Renata-Maria Văruţ, Laura Sbârcea, Paul Albu, Matilda Rădulescu, Gerlinde Rusu, Dragoș Cătălin Jianu and Ovidiu Fira-Mladinescu
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(9), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17091114 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: In the past two decades, the primary therapeutic use of sildenafil has shifted significantly, from the treatment of angina to managing erectile dysfunction, and since the early 2000s it has been used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: In the past two decades, the primary therapeutic use of sildenafil has shifted significantly, from the treatment of angina to managing erectile dysfunction, and since the early 2000s it has been used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sildenafil is used as a citrate salt; after oral administration, it presents an absorption of ~90% and an absolute bioavailability of 38%, due to the first-pass effect, such that it belongs to class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Currently, studies are seeking to obtain new pharmaceutical formulations with an optimized biopharmaceutical profile. In this study, an inclusion complex of sildenafil citrate and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in a molar ratio of 1:1 was obtained and its pharmaceutical compatibility with six pharmaceutical excipients was assessed. For three of these excipients, the presence of chemical interactions with sildenafil citrate has been presented in the literature, and for the other three, compatibility has not been evaluated. Methods: To certify the stoichiometry of the obtained inclusion complex molecular modeling, Job’s method and the Benesi–Hildebrand method were employed. Furthermore, we have described the inclusion complex and the obtained binary mixtures via ATR-FTIR and thermal (TG/DTG and DSC) analysis. Results: The results indicated a lack of chemical interactions between the inclusion complex and the six pharmaceutical excipients at ambient temperature (confirmed by ATR–FTIR investigations) and the presence of chemical interactions between the inclusion complex and three of the excipients when the mixture was heated under non-isothermal conditions (TG/DTG and DSC investigations). Conclusions: This study describes the inclusion complex between sildenafil citrate and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in a molar ratio of 1:1 and its compatibility with several pharmaceutical excipients, results with further applications in the preformulation stage of novel delivery systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cyclodextrins and Their Pharmaceutical Applications)
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15 pages, 986 KB  
Review
New Perspectives on the Use of Resveratrol in the Treatment of Metabolic and Estrogen-Dependent Conditions Through Hormonal Modulation and Anti-Inflammatory Effects
by Guilherme Renke, Ana Carolina Fuschini, Beatriz Clivati, Laura Mocellin Teixeira, Maria Luisa Cuyabano, Tamer Erel and Eliane Lopes Rosado
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(9), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47090692 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Estrogen-dependent conditions, such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, lipedema, polycystic ovary syndrome, and breast cancer, are intimately involved with hormonal changes related to estrogen and their receptors. These conditions can be expressed mainly during hormonal changes such as pregnancy, puberty, and menopause. They are associated [...] Read more.
Estrogen-dependent conditions, such as endometriosis, adenomyosis, lipedema, polycystic ovary syndrome, and breast cancer, are intimately involved with hormonal changes related to estrogen and their receptors. These conditions can be expressed mainly during hormonal changes such as pregnancy, puberty, and menopause. They are associated with alterations in estrogen function and inflammatory mechanisms, leading to significant discomfort and a marked decrease in self-esteem in women. Resveratrol has been studied in the treatment of inflammatory diseases like obesity, metabolic syndrome, and endometriosis. The research suggests potential pathways through which resveratrol may also be beneficial in treating metabolic and estrogen-dependent conditions. We reviewed 63 articles from 2000 to 2025, prioritizing systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SciELO databases. Our results suggest that resveratrol may benefit metabolic and estrogen-dependent conditions by modulating anti-inflammatory factors that regulate estrogen receptor activity, increasing lipolysis, decreasing insulin resistance, and mitigating oxidative stress. Future research should evaluate the long-term safety and potential therapeutic effects of resveratrol in metabolic conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Nutrients, Food Bioactives, and Functional Foods in Gastrointestinal and Metabolic Disorders)
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12 pages, 2172 KB  
Article
Instance Segmentation Method for Insulators in Complex Backgrounds Based on Improved SOLOv2
by Ze Chen, Yangpeng Ji, Xiaodong Du, Shaokang Zhao, Zhenfei Huo and Xia Fang
Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5318; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175318 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
To precisely delineate the contours of insulators in complex transmission line images obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) inspections and thereby facilitate subsequent defect analysis, this study proposes an instance segmentation framework predicated upon an enhanced SOLOv2 model. The proposed framework integrates a [...] Read more.
To precisely delineate the contours of insulators in complex transmission line images obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) inspections and thereby facilitate subsequent defect analysis, this study proposes an instance segmentation framework predicated upon an enhanced SOLOv2 model. The proposed framework integrates a preprocessed edge channel, generated through the Non-Subsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT), which augments the model’s capability to accurately capture the edges of insulators. Moreover, the input image resolution to the network is heightened to 1200 × 1600, permitting more detailed extraction of edges. Rather than the original ResNet + FPN architecture, the improved HRNet is utilized as the backbone to effectively harness multi-scale feature information, thereby enhancing the model’s overall efficacy. In response to the increased input size, there is a reduction in the network’s channel count, concurrent with an increase in the number of layers, ensuring an adequate receptive field without substantially escalating network parameters. Additionally, a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is incorporated to refine mask quality and augment object detection precision. Furthermore, to bolster the model’s robustness and minimize annotation demands, a virtual dataset is crafted utilizing the fourth-generation Unreal Engine (UE4). Empirical results reveal that the proposed framework exhibits superior performance, with AP0.50 (90.21%), AP0.75 (83.34%), and AP[0.50:0.95] (67.26%) on a test set consisting of images supplied by the power grid. This framework surpasses existing methodologies and contributes significantly to the advancement of intelligent transmission line inspection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends and Advances in Intelligent Fault Diagnostics)
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29 pages, 3323 KB  
Article
Development of a Dynamic Path Planning System for Autonomous Mobile Robots Using a Multi-Agent System Approach
by Bradley Fourie, Louis Louw and Günter Bitsch
Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5317; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175317 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) are increasingly important in Industry 4.0 intralogistics but creating path planning systems that adapt to dynamic and uncertain Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS), especially managing conflicts among multiple AMRs with a need for scalable decentralised solutions, remains a significant challenge. [...] Read more.
Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) are increasingly important in Industry 4.0 intralogistics but creating path planning systems that adapt to dynamic and uncertain Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS), especially managing conflicts among multiple AMRs with a need for scalable decentralised solutions, remains a significant challenge. This research introduces a dynamic path planning system for AMRs designed for reactive adaptation to FMS disturbances and generalisation across factory layouts, incorporating support for multiple AMRs with integrated conflict avoidance. The system is built on a Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) architecture, where software AMR agents independently calculate their paths using a hybrid Genetic Algorithm (GA) that employs Cell-Based Decomposition (CBD) and optimises path length, smoothness, and overlap via a multi-objective fitness function. Multi-AMR conflict avoidance is implemented using the Iterative Exclusion Principle (IEP), which facilitates priority-based planning, knowledge sharing through Predictive Collision Avoidance (PCA), and iterative replanning among agents communicating via a blackboard agent. Verification demonstrated the system’s ability to successfully avoid deadlocks for up to nine AMRs and exhibit good scalability. Validation in a simulated FMS environment confirmed robust adaptation to various disturbances, including static and dynamic obstacles, while maintaining stable run times and consistent path quality. These results affirm the practical feasibility of this hybrid GA and MAS-based approach for dynamic AMR control in complex industrial settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensors and Robotics)
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15 pages, 2387 KB  
Article
Human Serum Albumin-Based Nanoparticles for Targeted Intracellular Drug Delivery
by Claudia Gabriela Chilom, Sorina Iftimie, Adriana Elena Balan, Daniela Oprea, Monica Enculescu and Teodor Adrian Enache
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178297 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of folic acid (FA)-conjugated human serum albumin nanoparticles, (HSA-FA):Ru NPs, as targeted carriers for rutin (Ru), a flavonoid with known anticancer activity. Nanoparticles were fabricated via a desolvation method, and their surface was functionalized with folic acid [...] Read more.
We report the synthesis and characterization of folic acid (FA)-conjugated human serum albumin nanoparticles, (HSA-FA):Ru NPs, as targeted carriers for rutin (Ru), a flavonoid with known anticancer activity. Nanoparticles were fabricated via a desolvation method, and their surface was functionalized with folic acid to promote selective uptake by cancer cells overexpressing folate receptors. Morphological and dimensional analyses performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence microscopy confirmed that all nanoparticles were below 100 nm and exhibited good colloidal stability. Voltametric measurements confirmed the successful incorporation of both rutin and folic acid within the (HSA-FA):Ru nanoparticle formulation. Biological evaluation was conducted on healthy L929 fibroblasts and HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. MTS colorimetric assays revealed that (HSA-FA):Ru NPs significantly reduced the viability of HT-29 cells, while maintaining higher compatibility with L929 cells. Fluorescence and electron microscopy further confirmed preferential nanoparticle uptake and surface accumulation in HT-29 cells, supporting the role of folic acid in enhancing targeted delivery. The study demonstrates that HSA-based nanoparticles functionalized with FA and loaded with Ru offer a biocompatible and efficient strategy for selective intracellular drug delivery in colorectal cancer. These findings support the use of albumin-based nanocarriers in the development of targeted therapeutic platforms for cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics-Driven Unveiling of the Structure and Function of Nanoparticles)
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17 pages, 5563 KB  
Article
Identification of Dominant Microbes and Their Successions During Solid-State Fermentation of Luzhou-Flavour Liquor Based on High-Throughput Sequencing Following Culture
by Jiangang Yang, Zaibin Xie, Xiao Dou, Yu Zhang, Xiaohui Zhou and Shunchang Pu
Fermentation 2025, 11(9), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation11090501 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Microorganisms are crucial for the liquor brewing process and substantially impact liquor flavour and quality; therefore, understanding microbial succession is necessary. Most studies use a single-method approach and fail to provide an in-depth analysis. We aimed to combine traditional culture method with high-throughput [...] Read more.
Microorganisms are crucial for the liquor brewing process and substantially impact liquor flavour and quality; therefore, understanding microbial succession is necessary. Most studies use a single-method approach and fail to provide an in-depth analysis. We aimed to combine traditional culture method with high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to identify the microbial diversity and succession in Luzhou-flavour fermentation. HTS revealed 932 bacterial and 980 fungal operational taxonomic units. 16S rDNA, 26S D1/D2 rDNA, and ITS v4/v5 isolated and identified 256 bacterial and 130 yeast strains. Population succession analysis showed that the dominant populations were yeasts, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus (early stage), and yeasts and Lactobacillus (late stage). Lactobacillus, Pichia, Bacillus, and Candida were abundant among all three layers of fermented grains. However, C. ethanolica, Saccharomycetes sp., and an unidentified Saccharomyces cerevisiae were more abundant in the lower layer than in the middle and upper layers, while L. parabuchneri, Oceanobacillus oncorhynchi, and Thermoactinomyces sp. were present only in the lower layer. Correlations among enzyme activity, volatile production, and dominant microbes during fermentation indicated that P. fermentans, L. suebicus, L. acetotolerans, P. kudriavzevii, P. exigua, and B. tequilensis were significantly affected during brewing. Our results lay a foundation for elucidating the microbial fermentation mechanism of Luzhou-flavour liquor and will assist in improving traditional liquor brewing quality and efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fermentation for Food and Beverages)
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22 pages, 424 KB  
Article
Exploring the Interplay Among a Health-Promoting Lifestyle, Wellbeing, and Sociodemographic Characteristics in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Francesca Strassoldo di Villanova, Gabriele Morganti, Matteo Vitarelli, Matteo Quarantelli, Bernard Andrieu, Bruno Ruscello and Elvira Padua
Healthcare 2025, 13(17), 2128; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13172128 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: A health-promoting lifestyle is a concept that involves sociodemographic factors interacting with health-promoting lifestyle behaviors (HPLBs), such as exercise and nutrition, to promote health and wellbeing. Given the persistent socioeconomic disparities all over Italy, health interventions and outcomes may be less effective. [...] Read more.
Background: A health-promoting lifestyle is a concept that involves sociodemographic factors interacting with health-promoting lifestyle behaviors (HPLBs), such as exercise and nutrition, to promote health and wellbeing. Given the persistent socioeconomic disparities all over Italy, health interventions and outcomes may be less effective. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study examines the relationship among sociodemographics, HPLBs, and wellbeing in Italy, aiming to inform updated health campaigns. Methods: A Google-Form survey of twelve sociodemographic items and two validated questionnaires on HPLBs (HPLP II, twenty-six items) and wellbeing (WHO-5) was conducted. Three hundred two participants, aged 18 to 70, were recruited in Italy via social media. Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, considering effect sizes. Results: Women reported higher health responsibilities (p < 0.05) and lower BMIs than men (p < 0.001). An improved financial status was associated with the healthy cut-off points of the WHO-5, HPLP II total score, and spiritual growth and interpersonal relationship subscales (p < 0.001), the latter correlating also with university education (p < 0.05). Better nutrition was noted in older adults, those with chronic disease, and people from Northern Italy (p < 0.05). Residing with minors and adults related to health responsibility (p < 0.05). A significant correlation (p < 0.001) was found between following HPLBs and wellbeing and among all the HPLBs. Conclusions: This study underscores the interplay among sociodemographic factors, HPLBs, and wellbeing among Italian adults. The findings advocate for education-based, inclusive health promotion strategies tailored to specific macroregions, age classes, and sexes in Italy, intending to enhance overall health and wellbeing across the country. Full article
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18 pages, 1255 KB  
Review
Aerosol–PAR Interactions: Critical Insights from a Systematic Review (2021–2025)
by Hilma Magalhães de Oliveira, Leone Francisco Amorim Curado, André Matheus de Souza Lima, Thamiris Amorim dos Santos Barbosa, Rafael da Silva Palácios, João Basso Marques, Nadja Gomes Machado and Marcelo Sacardi Biudes
Atmosphere 2025, 16(9), 1009; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16091009 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols significantly influence photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), critical for plant photosynthesis and ecosystem functioning. This study systematically reviewed recent research (2021–2025) on aerosol–PAR interactions. Using targeted keywords, 22 open-access articles from Scopus and Google Scholar were analyzed via VOSviewer for thematic, methodological, [...] Read more.
Atmospheric aerosols significantly influence photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), critical for plant photosynthesis and ecosystem functioning. This study systematically reviewed recent research (2021–2025) on aerosol–PAR interactions. Using targeted keywords, 22 open-access articles from Scopus and Google Scholar were analyzed via VOSviewer for thematic, methodological, and geographic trends. Analysis revealed a strong concentration in Earth and Environmental Sciences, showcasing significant advances in radiative transfer modeling, remote sensing, and machine learning for estimating aerosol impacts on PAR. Studies primarily utilized satellite data and models (e.g., DART, SCOPE) to assess diffuse/direct radiation changes. The literature consistently demonstrates how aerosols modulate PAR, influencing canopy light penetration and photosynthetic efficiency. However, critical gaps persist, including limited field validation in tropical biomes (e.g., Amazon, Cerrado, Pantanal) and a lack of studies differentiating aerosol types like black and brown carbon. This synthesis underscores the need for expanded monitoring and integrated modeling efforts to improve understanding of aerosol–PAR interactions, particularly in underrepresented tropical regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aerosols)
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19 pages, 1087 KB  
Article
Exploring Sarcopenic Obesity in the Cancer Setting: Insights from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey on Prognosis and Predictors Using Machine Learning
by Yinuo Jiang, Wenjie Jiang, Qun Wang, Ting Wei and Lawrence Wing Chi Chan
Bioengineering 2025, 12(9), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12090921 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Objective: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of depleted skeletal muscle mass and obesity, with a high prevalence, undetected onset, challenging diagnosis, and poor prognosis. However, studies on SO in cancer settings are limited. We aimed to explore the association between SO [...] Read more.
Objective: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is a combination of depleted skeletal muscle mass and obesity, with a high prevalence, undetected onset, challenging diagnosis, and poor prognosis. However, studies on SO in cancer settings are limited. We aimed to explore the association between SO and mortality and to investigate potential predictors involved in the development of SO, with a further objective of constructing a model to detect its occurrence in cancer patients. Methods: The data of 1432 cancer patients from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the years 1999 to 2006 and 2011 to 2016 were included. For survival analysis, univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the associations of SO with overall survival, adjusting for potential confounders. For machine learning, six algorithms, including logistic regression, stepwise logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), were utilized to build models to predict the presence of SO. The predictive performances of each model were evaluated. Results: From six machine learning algorithms, cancer patients with SO were significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.368, 95%CI 1.107–1.690) compared with individuals without SO. Among the six machine learning algorithms, the optimal LASSO model achieved the highest area under the curve (AUC) of 0.891 on the training set and 0.873 on the test set, outperforming the other five machine learning algorithms. Conclusions: SO is a significant risk factor for the prognosis of cancer patients. Our constructed LASSO model to predict the presence of SO is an effective tool for clinical practice. This study is the first to utilize machine learning to explore the predictors of SO among cancer populations, providing valuable insights for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer Vision and Machine Learning in Medical Applications, 2nd Edition)
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14 pages, 2263 KB  
Article
Biochar Control of Water Regime and Adsorption Rate in Soils
by Barbora Doušová, Eva Bedrnová, Kateřina Maxová, Miloslav Lhotka, Lukáš Pilař, David Koloušek, Jaroslav Moško and Michael Pohořelý
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9392; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179392 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
The effect of adding 10% biochar (B) or sludgechar (SL) on the water regime and adsorption properties of soils was tested on composites prepared by mixing two standard soils of loamy and clay type with B or SL in a 90:10 weight ratio. [...] Read more.
The effect of adding 10% biochar (B) or sludgechar (SL) on the water regime and adsorption properties of soils was tested on composites prepared by mixing two standard soils of loamy and clay type with B or SL in a 90:10 weight ratio. Water-holding capacity was assessed as initial (2 h) and equilibrium (24 h). Water retention time was estimated by evaporation from saturated samples at 20 °C to a constant weight. The composites exhibited a 60–90% increase in water absorption compared to the individual soils, retaining water up to 3–6 days longer than the individual soils. The adsorption properties were tested for cation (Pb2+) and anion (Sb(OH)6−) adsorption and for Pb2+ and Sb(OH)6− co-adsorption from model solutions under laboratory conditions. All samples showed higher selectivity for Pb2+, with the adsorption efficiency from 40% to 99%. Sb(OH)6− adsorption achieved a maximum efficiency of only 10%. Pb2+ and Sb(OH)6− co-adsorptions were efficient for Sb(OH)6− adsorption, reaching efficiency levels above 95%. At prolonged reaction times, the adsorption efficiency elevated by more than 20%. Only 10% wt. addition of biochar or sludgechar enhanced not only the water regime of soils but also their adsorption capacity for ionic contaminants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives)
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19 pages, 5786 KB  
Article
Improving the Interfacial Microstructure and Properties of Al/Mg Bimetal by a Novel Mo Coating Combined with Ultrasonic Field
by Jiaze Hu, Xiuru Fan, Haoheng Du, Guangyu Li, Xiaoqiong Wang, Xing Kang and Qiantong Zeng
Materials 2025, 18(17), 4005; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18174005 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
To enhance the interfacial performance of Al/Mg bimetal, this study introduced a novel Mo coating and employed an ultrasonic field (UF) to regulate the interfacial microstructure. In the absence of both a Mo coating and ultrasonic treatment (referred to as the untreated specimen), [...] Read more.
To enhance the interfacial performance of Al/Mg bimetal, this study introduced a novel Mo coating and employed an ultrasonic field (UF) to regulate the interfacial microstructure. In the absence of both a Mo coating and ultrasonic treatment (referred to as the untreated specimen), the interfacial region was primarily composed of Al-Mg intermetallic compounds (Al-Mg IMCs), Al-Mg eutectic structures (ES), and Mg2Si phases, with an average interfacial layer thickness of approximately 1623 μm. Upon application of the Mo coating, the formation of both Al-Mg phases and Mg2Si phases was completely inhibited. The interfacial zone was predominantly characterized by the Mo solid solution (Mo SS) and oxide, with the average thickness significantly reduced to about 28 μm. Upon applying the UF to the Mo-coated specimen, the interfacial composition remained similar to that of the untreated specimen, except for Mo SS, with the interfacial thickness increasing to 561 μm. Shear strength tests indicated that the application of the Mo coating alone resulted in a decrease in bonding strength compared to the untreated specimen. However, subsequent ultrasonic treatment significantly improved the interfacial shear strength to 54.7 MPa, representing a 60.9% increase relative to the untreated specimen. This improvement is primarily attributed to the Mo coating and UF synergistically suppressing the formation of brittle Al-Mg IMCs and reducing oxide inclusions at the interface. Thus, the simultaneous application of Mo coatings and ultrasonic fields is required to enhance the properties of Al/Mg bimetals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alloys and Composites: Structural and Functional Applications, Third Edition)
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18 pages, 2969 KB  
Article
CFD-Based Extensional Stress and Hemolysis Risk Evaluation in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Benchmark Nozzle Configurations
by Mesude Avcı
Fluids 2025, 10(9), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10090224 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Hemolysis, or the breakdown of red blood cells, observed in medical devices has been a significant concern for many years, particularly when mechanical stress on the cells is considered. This study focuses on evaluating extensional stresses in two configurations of the U.S. Food [...] Read more.
Hemolysis, or the breakdown of red blood cells, observed in medical devices has been a significant concern for many years, particularly when mechanical stress on the cells is considered. This study focuses on evaluating extensional stresses in two configurations of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) nozzle: the Gradual Cone (GC) and Sudden Contraction (SC) models. The nozzle geometries were created as 3D models using Ansys Fluent 18.2 and its pre-processing software ICEM CFD. The mesh was constructed with hexahedral elements with O-grid topologies. Effects of varying flow conditions were observed by modeling five experimental cases of the FDA nozzles, including throat Reynolds numbers of 500, 2000, 3500, 5000, and 6500. Hemolysis potentials of FDA nozzle configurations were examined by analyzing the whole domains. Turbulent modeling was used by applying the shear stress transport k-ω (SST k-ω) model. A threshold of 2.8 Pa for extensional stress was observed. Moreover, the most commonly used power law models were applied to the FDA nozzle to see the effect of extensional stress on power law models. Zhang’s power law models gave the lowest standard error, while Giersiepen’s model gave the highest error on hemolysis predictions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hemodynamics and Related Biological Flows)
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12 pages, 1949 KB  
Article
Silver Ion Chelated Melamine–Cellulose Nanocomposite Aerogel with Highly Efficient Absorption of Oils and Organic Solvents
by Hongbo Gu, Xiwei Tan, Tao Yu, Yingqian Huang, Juan Zhang, Qixiang Zhang and Xiqiu Zhao
Gels 2025, 11(9), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11090683 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
As the world develops technologically and economically, the issue of environmental pollution has garnered increasing attention. Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on Earth, offers a promising solution. Cellulose-based aerogels are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and effective at absorbing oil and organic pollutants. However, [...] Read more.
As the world develops technologically and economically, the issue of environmental pollution has garnered increasing attention. Cellulose, the most abundant natural polymer on Earth, offers a promising solution. Cellulose-based aerogels are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and effective at absorbing oil and organic pollutants. However, their absorption capacity is still limited. It requires the new method to modify the structure of cellulose aerogel and address this problem. In this work, by chelating silver ions with melamine and cellulose nanofibers through freeze-drying, the melamine–cellulose nanocomposite (Ag+-MNC) aerogels are prepared, which are tested for their ability to absorb various oils and organic solvents. The effects of nanocellulose and Ag+ concentrations on the absorption performance of nanocomposite aerogel are evaluated. The results show that the Ag+-MNC aerogels possess the very high absorption capacities with the values of 157.58 ± 3.38, 199.47 ± 5.65, 120.96 ± 7.04, 239.40 ± 7.41, 142.83 ± 5.30, 103.30 ± 4.73, 124.03 ± 4.05, and 118.95 ± 6.53 g/g for acetone, ethyl acetate, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, ethanol, kerosene, pump oil, and waste pump oil, respectively, which are 419%, 584%, 248%, 175%, 505%, 180%, 293%, and 268% higher than pure nanocellulose aerogels. Our Ag+-MNC aerogel has potential application in the absorption of oils and organic solvents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Gel Processing and Engineering)
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21 pages, 549 KB  
Article
Strategic Adoption of Voluntary Sustainability Standards: Business Implications of ANSI/NSI 373 in the Dimension Stone Industry
by Erin M. Ashbee and Michal J. Bardecki
Businesses 2025, 5(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/businesses5030037 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Based on semi-structured interviews with individuals with direct involvement in the certification process, this study examines the ANSI/NSI 373: Sustainable Production of Natural Dimension Stone standard from a business perspective, analyzing its adoption within the North American dimension stone industry and comparing it [...] Read more.
Based on semi-structured interviews with individuals with direct involvement in the certification process, this study examines the ANSI/NSI 373: Sustainable Production of Natural Dimension Stone standard from a business perspective, analyzing its adoption within the North American dimension stone industry and comparing it to voluntary sustainability initiatives (VSIs) in the forest sector. Key factors driving adoption include environmental and social responsibility, competitive positioning, and market differentiation. The findings reveal both the opportunities and the barriers that businesses face in integrating sustainability standards, including certification credibility, operational challenges, and varying levels of industry acceptance. While ANSI/NSI 373 offers potential value in branding and environmental responsibility, inconsistent firm responses and rigorous certification demands pose challenges to widespread implementation. This research underscores the need for strategic collaboration among industry stakeholders to enhance adoption, improve market positioning, and leverage sustainability as a business advantage. Full article
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20 pages, 523 KB  
Review
Diagnostic Overshadowing and the Unseen Spectrum: A Narrative Review of Rare Complications in Sickle Cell Disease
by Abdulrahman Nasiri, Manal Alshammari, Reem Alkharras, Albaraa Madkhali, Mostafa F. Mohammed Saleh and Hazza Alzahrani
Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(9), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15090156 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary hemoglobin disorder characterized by chronic hemolysis and recurrent vaso-occlusive crises, leading to a wide spectrum of complications. While common SCD manifestations have well-established management protocols, rare and atypical complications pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. A [...] Read more.
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary hemoglobin disorder characterized by chronic hemolysis and recurrent vaso-occlusive crises, leading to a wide spectrum of complications. While common SCD manifestations have well-established management protocols, rare and atypical complications pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. A critical barrier is diagnostic overshadowing, where common SCD symptoms (pain, fever, respiratory distress) mask infrequent but life-threatening conditions, resulting in delayed recognition and suboptimal outcomes. This narrative review synthesizes the literature from 2000–2025 on rare SCD complications, including atypical neurological events (e.g., spontaneous epidural or subdural hematoma, central retinal artery occlusion, cerebral arteriovenous malformations, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome), uncommon hematologic syndromes (acute leukemia, extramedullary hematopoiesis in unusual sites, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis), severe cardiopulmonary emergencies (acute multiorgan failure and fat embolism syndromes), unusual hepatic crises (acute hepatic sequestration, intrahepatic cholestasis), and others (e.g., compartment syndrome). Key insights underscore the need for high clinical suspicion and prompt use of advanced diagnostics (e.g., MRI, specialized laboratory tests) when patients present with atypical or disproportionate symptoms. Clinical implications: Heightening clinician awareness of these rare complications and implementing structured diagnostic strategies can facilitate earlier intervention, improving outcomes and reducing the high morbidity and mortality associated with these infrequent but severe events. Full article
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13 pages, 1991 KB  
Article
Electroencephalography Signatures Associated with Developmental Dyslexia Identified Using Principal Component Analysis
by Günet Eroğlu and Mhd Raja Abou Harb
Diagnostics 2025, 15(17), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15172168 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Developmental dyslexia is characterised by neuropsychological processing deficits and marked hemispheric functional asymmetries. To uncover latent neurophysiological features linked to reading impairment, we applied dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques to high-density electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. We further examined the functional relevance of these [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Developmental dyslexia is characterised by neuropsychological processing deficits and marked hemispheric functional asymmetries. To uncover latent neurophysiological features linked to reading impairment, we applied dimensionality reduction and clustering techniques to high-density electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. We further examined the functional relevance of these features to reading performance under standardised test conditions. Methods: EEG data were collected from 200 children (100 with dyslexia and 100 age- and IQ-matched typically developing controls). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to high-dimensional EEG spectral power datasets to extract latent neurophysiological components. Twelve principal components, collectively accounting for 84.2% of the variance, were retained. K-means clustering was performed on the PCA-derived components to classify participants. Group differences in spectral power were evaluated, and correlations between principal component scores and reading fluency, measured by the TILLS Reading Fluency Subtest, were computed. Results: K-means clustering trained on PCA-derived features achieved a classification accuracy of 89.5% (silhouette coefficient = 0.67). Dyslexic participants exhibited significantly higher right parietal–occipital alpha (P8) power compared to controls (mean = 3.77 ± 0.61 vs. 2.74 ± 0.56; p < 0.001). Within the dyslexic group, PC1 scores were strongly negatively correlated with reading fluency (r = −0.61, p < 0.001), underscoring the functional relevance of EEG-derived components to behavioural reading performance. Conclusions: PCA-derived EEG patterns can distinguish between dyslexic and typically developing children with high accuracy, revealing spectral power differences consistent with atypical hemispheric specialisation. These results suggest that EEG-derived neurophysiological features hold promise for early dyslexia screening. However, before EEG can be firmly established as a reliable molecular biomarker, further multimodal research integrating EEG with immunological, neurochemical, and genetic measures is warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue EEG Analysis in Diagnostics)
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4 pages, 162 KB  
Editorial
Multidisciplinary Innovation in Neurosurgery and Neuroscience: Advancing Frontiers in Diagnosis, Therapy, and Neurological Rehabilitation
by Delia Cannizzaro, Roberto Stefini, Kenan Arnautovic and Franco Servadei
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(9), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15090926 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
In recent years, neurosurgery and clinical neuroscience have undergone a profound transformation, driven by an increasingly interdisciplinary approach that integrates technological innovation, the refinement of therapeutic protocols, and novel rehabilitative paradigms [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Clinical Technologies in Treating Neurosurgical Diseases)
19 pages, 1299 KB  
Article
Research on the Evaluation System of Innovative Ability of Graduate Students in Energy Disciplines in the Context of the “Dual Carbon” Strategy of China
by Hongcai Wang, Yuqiang Li, Jianzhi Zhang, Zhao Sun and Zhiqiang Sun
Sustainability 2025, 17(17), 7708; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177708 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
On the basis of analyzing the current situation and common challenges in cultivating the innovative abilities of energy graduate students in the new era of ecological civilization construction, peak carbon dioxide emissions, and carbon neutrality, a comprehensive evaluation index system for the innovative [...] Read more.
On the basis of analyzing the current situation and common challenges in cultivating the innovative abilities of energy graduate students in the new era of ecological civilization construction, peak carbon dioxide emissions, and carbon neutrality, a comprehensive evaluation index system for the innovative ability of energy graduate students was established using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method. The four main components of this system are course learning, academic exchange, innovation performance, and innovation practice. By incorporating survey data from a particular university’s 2022 cohort of energy graduate students, an empirical exploration was undertaken to identify the factors influencing their innovation ability. The findings reveal that, overall, energy discipline graduate students possess a solid grasp of specialized knowledge. However, notable disparities exist in the individual innovation abilities of these students, with doctors exhibiting significantly superior innovation abilities compared to masters. Furthermore, academic masters tend to possess a higher level of innovation ability than their professional counterparts. The insights gained from this research offer valuable implications for enhancing the cultivation of innovation abilities among graduate students in energy disciplines and allied fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Education and Approaches)
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11 pages, 3689 KB  
Case Report
Combined Cardiac Arrhythmias Leading to Electrical Chaos Developed in the Convalescent Phase of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Case Report and Literature Review
by Emilie Han, Ena Hasimbegovic, Robert Schönbauer, Dietrich Beitzke and Mariann Gyöngyösi
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(17), 6053; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14176053 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Background: Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce cardiac arrhythmias associated with viral myocarditis, which typically disappear in the convalescent phase after healing of the myocardial inflammation. Methods: We report the case of a 37-year-old woman with a childhood history of atrial septal [...] Read more.
Background: Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce cardiac arrhythmias associated with viral myocarditis, which typically disappear in the convalescent phase after healing of the myocardial inflammation. Methods: We report the case of a 37-year-old woman with a childhood history of atrial septal defect repair and stable normofrequent atrial rhythm, who presented two months post-COVID-19 with palpitations and dizziness. Diagnostic evaluation included cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), 24 h Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring, and laboratory assessments over a 3-year period. Results: CMR suggested subacute myocarditis, and Holter ECG revealed multiple discernible complex cardiac arrhythmias including atrial bradycardia, intermittent junctional rhythm (JR), atrial fibrillation (AF), and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. Laboratory results showed a moderate but transient increase in lactate dehydrogenase, persistently mildly elevated N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and immunoglobulin A (IgA), with all other cardiac, inflammatory, immunologic, and organ function parameters remaining normal. In spite of chaotic cardiac rhythm with alternating JR, AF, and atrial normofrequent rhythm with frequent blocked supraventricular beats and increasing atrioventricular conduction time, no therapeutic intervention was necessary during follow-up, and a conservative treatment approach was agreed with the patient. Two years post-COVID-19 infection, the patient returned to a normofrequent atrial rhythm with a markedly prolonged PQ time (500 ms) and a different P wave morphology compared to pre-COVID, without other rhythm disturbances. Conclusions: This case demonstrates a rare pattern of post-viral arrhythmias first emerging in the convalescent phase and resolving spontaneously after two years. It underscores the need for long-term rhythm surveillance following COVID-19, even in patients with prior structural heart disease and a stable baseline rhythm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long COVID and Cardiovascular Health: Clinical Perspectives on Risk and Management)
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18 pages, 1710 KB  
Article
Three-Way Decision-Driven Adaptive Graph Convolution for Deep Clustering
by Wei Liang, Dong Li, Chuanpeng Wang, Kai Chen and Suijie Song
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9391; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179391 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Graph clustering is an efficient method for deep clustering that utilizes graph convolution. Graph convolution effectively combines structure and content information, and lots of recent graph convolution-based methods have shown promising results in clustering performance on actual attribution networks. However, the established methods [...] Read more.
Graph clustering is an efficient method for deep clustering that utilizes graph convolution. Graph convolution effectively combines structure and content information, and lots of recent graph convolution-based methods have shown promising results in clustering performance on actual attribution networks. However, the established methods mainly employ a fixed graph convolution order, and limited studies have focused on the flexible choice of k-order graph convolution. When utilizing graph convolution with a fixed low order, only considering a few hops per node or neighbors within a set range of hops fails to maximize node relationships or account for the variations within the graphs. In this paper, we propose an adaptive method for graph clustering using a three-way decision idea. Our method enables the adaptive selection of k-order graph convolution for different graphs by searching for the k-order convolution kernel that best suits the subsequent clustering task. Additionally, our approach uses higher-order graph convolution to capture the global clustering structure. We assess the effectiveness of our approach through theoretical analysis and extensive experiments on benchmark datasets. Empirical evidence indicates that our method surpasses state-of-the-art techniques. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)
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14 pages, 1897 KB  
Article
Contribution of Traffic Emissions to PM2.5 Concentrations at Bus Stops in Denver, Colorado
by Priyanka deSouza, Philip Hopke, Christian L’Orange, Peter C. Ibsen, Carl Green, Jr., Brady Graeber, Brendan Cicione, Ruth Mekonnen, Saadhana Purushothama, Patrick L. Kinney and John Volckens
Sustainability 2025, 17(17), 7707; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17177707 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Individuals are routinely exposed to traffic-related air pollution on their commutes, which has significant health impacts. Mitigating exposure to traffic-related pollution is a key urban sustainability concern. In Denver, Colorado, low-income Americans are more likely to rely on buses and spend time waiting [...] Read more.
Individuals are routinely exposed to traffic-related air pollution on their commutes, which has significant health impacts. Mitigating exposure to traffic-related pollution is a key urban sustainability concern. In Denver, Colorado, low-income Americans are more likely to rely on buses and spend time waiting at bus stops. Evaluating the contribution of traffic emissions at bus stops can provide important information on risks experienced by these populations. We measured PM2.5 constituents at eight bus stops and one background reference site in Denver, in the summer of 2023. Source profiles, including gasoline emissions from traffic, were estimated using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis of PM2.5 constituents collected at a Chemical Speciation Network site in our study region. The contributions of the different sources at each bus stop were estimated by regressing the vector of species concentrations at each site (dependent variable) on the source-profile matrix from the PMF analysis (independent variables). Traffic-related emissions (~2.5–6.6 μg/m3) and secondary organics (~3–5 μg/m3) contributed to PM2.5 at the bus stops in our dataset. The highest traffic-related emissions-derived PM2.5 concentrations were observed at bus stops near local sources: a gas station and a car wash. The contribution of traffic-related emissions was lower at the background site (~1 μg/m3). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Pollution and Sustainability)
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13 pages, 674 KB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella in Canal Water in Bangkok, Thailand: Survey Results Between 2016 and 2019
by Saowapa Khotchalai, Fuangfa Utrarachkij, Angkana Lekagul, Wanwisa Kaewkhankhaeng and Viroj Tangcharoensathien
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(9), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22091333 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in environmental reservoirs is an emerging global health concern, particularly in urban settings with inadequate wastewater management. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. in canal water in Bangkok and assess the distribution of [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in environmental reservoirs is an emerging global health concern, particularly in urban settings with inadequate wastewater management. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. in canal water in Bangkok and assess the distribution of key antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Between 2016 and 2019, a total of 1381 water samples were collected from 29 canals. Salmonella spp. were isolated using standard microbiological methods and tested for susceptibility to 13 antibiotics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes and class 1 integron. Salmonella was found in 89.7% of samples. Among these, 62.1% showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial, and 54.8% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The highest resistance was observed against streptomycin (41.4%). ESBL genes, predominantly blaCTX-M, were detected in 72.2% of tested isolates, while class 1 integrons were found in 67.8%, indicating a strong potential for gene dissemination. The results highlight urban canals as critical environment reservoirs of AMR Salmonella serovars, posing significant public health risks, particularly where canal water is used for agriculture, household, or recreational purposes. Strengthened environmental surveillance and effective wastewater regulation are urgently needed to mitigate AMR bacteria transmission at the human–environment–animal interface. Full article
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15 pages, 1756 KB  
Article
Effect of Additive Manufacturing Parameters on PLA, ABS, and PETG Strength
by Sergi Menargues, Javier Navas, Isabel Espinosa, Maria Teresa Baile, Rodolpho Fernando Vaz and Josep Anton Picas
Processes 2025, 13(9), 2733; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13092733 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
Additive manufacturing has emerged as a promising technology to fabricate customized polymer parts, but the mechanical performance of printed components often falls short of bulk material properties. Among the different techniques, fused filament fabrication is the most accessible and widely adopted. However, previous [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing has emerged as a promising technology to fabricate customized polymer parts, but the mechanical performance of printed components often falls short of bulk material properties. Among the different techniques, fused filament fabrication is the most accessible and widely adopted. However, previous studies addressing its processing parameters have produced fragmented or contradictory conclusions, limiting the ability to establish guidelines for mechanical optimization. This work addresses this gap by systematically investigating the influence of key parameters—extrusion temperature, printing speed, infill type and density, layer height, and number of walls—on the tensile properties of three commonly used thermoplastics: PLA, ABS, and PETG. A total of 495 standardized specimens were produced and tested under controlled conditions. The results demonstrate that increasing infill density and wall number consistently enhances tensile strength, with PLA showing an improvement of 1173 N when infill was raised from 20 to 80%, and PETG doubling its strength from 559 N with one wall to 1207 N with five walls. Layer height also had a positive effect, with PLA rising from 995 N at 0.10 mm to 1355 N at 0.30 mm. In contrast, higher printing speeds reduced mechanical performance (PLA decreased by 13% between 20 and 50 mm·s−1). Temperature exhibited material-dependent trends: PLA benefited up to 230 °C (+17%), while ABS strength decreased beyond 220 °C. Overall, the study provides a quantitative assessment of how processing parameters control mechanical reliability in polymer parts, offering practical guidelines for improved design and manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Additive Manufacturing of Materials: Process and Applications)
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21 pages, 493 KB  
Article
A Theoretical Analysis of Cooperation Incentives for Non-Mutually Dependent Sellers
by Lorenzo Ferrari, Werner Güth, Vittorio Larocca and Luca Panaccione
Games 2025, 16(5), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/g16050042 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
This paper examines stochastic cooperation in markets with two sellers who exhibit one-sided dependency. The independent seller’s pricing influences the dependent seller’s demand, but not vice versa. We study the one-dimensional hybrid game class whose parameter is the exogenously given probability of cooperation. [...] Read more.
This paper examines stochastic cooperation in markets with two sellers who exhibit one-sided dependency. The independent seller’s pricing influences the dependent seller’s demand, but not vice versa. We study the one-dimensional hybrid game class whose parameter is the exogenously given probability of cooperation. In each game of this class, both sellers simultaneously choose prices that determine their endogenous threats, i.e., conflict profits. The sellers are aware of the cooperation probability but cannot condition prices on whether or not there is cooperation. We characterize the equilibrium prices and the sellers’ expected profits. Our main result shows that the independent seller earns higher expected profits when cooperation is more likely. In contrast, the dependent seller earns lower expected profits when the likelihood of cooperation is below a threshold that we characterize explicitly, and higher profits are earned thereafter. These findings suggest that, within our framework, antitrust concerns may be mitigated. Since dependent sellers can incur losses from cooperation, collusion attempts become less viable in markets with one-sided dependency. Full article
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27 pages, 1001 KB  
Review
Robust Face Recognition Under Challenging Conditions: A Comprehensive Review of Deep Learning Methods and Challenges
by Aidana Zhalgas, Beibut Amirgaliyev and Adil Sovet
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(17), 9390; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15179390 (registering DOI) - 27 Aug 2025
Abstract
The paper critically reviews face recognition models that are based on deep learning, specifically security and surveillance. Existing systems are susceptible to pose variation, occlusion, low resolution and even aging, even though they perform quite well under controlled conditions. The authors make a [...] Read more.
The paper critically reviews face recognition models that are based on deep learning, specifically security and surveillance. Existing systems are susceptible to pose variation, occlusion, low resolution and even aging, even though they perform quite well under controlled conditions. The authors make a systematic review of four state-of-the-art architectures—FaceNet, ArcFace, OpenFace and SFace—through the use of five benchmark datasets, namely LFW, CPLFW, CALFW, AgeDB-30 and QMUL-SurvFace. The measures of performance are evaluated as the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC-AUC), accuracy, precision and F1-score. The results reflect that FaceNet and ArcFace achieve the highest accuracy under well-lit and frontal settings; when comparing SFace, this proved to have better robustness to degraded and low-resolution surveillance images. This shows the weaknesses of traditional embedding methods because bigger data sizes reduce the performance of OpenFace with all of the datasets. These results underscore the main point of this study: a comparative study of the models in difficult real life conditions and the observation of the trade-off between generalization and specialization inherent to any models. Specifically, the ArcFace and FaceNet models are optimized to perform well in constrained settings and SFace in the wild ones. This means that the selection of models must be closely monitored with respect to deployment contexts, and future studies should focus on the study of architectures that maintain performance even with fluctuating conditions in the form of the hybrid architectures. Full article
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