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27 pages, 4920 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fibrillarin Contributes to the Oncogenic Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer Cells and Reduces Sensitivity to 5-Fluorouracil

by Ting Wu, Mounira Chalabi-Dchar, Wei Xiong, Lucie Arnould, Eliezer Aimontche, Sabine Beaumel, Charles Dumontet, Virginie Marcel, Tanguy Fenouil, Jean-Jacques Diaz, Marie Alexandra Albaret and Hichem Claude Mertani

Cancers 2025, 17(24), 3900; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17243900 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Fibrillarin (FBL) is a key nucleolar methyltransferase involved in ribosome biogenesis through 2′-O-ribose methylation of rRNA. While its oncogenic role has been reported in several cancer types, its expression and function in human colorectal cancer (CRC) have remained largely unexplored. This study [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Fibrillarin (FBL) is a key nucleolar methyltransferase involved in ribosome biogenesis through 2′-O-ribose methylation of rRNA. While its oncogenic role has been reported in several cancer types, its expression and function in human colorectal cancer (CRC) have remained largely unexplored. This study aims to investigate the expression of FBL in human CRC tissues and cell lines and to determine its functional role in tumor progression and metastasis. Methods: We examined FBL expression in paired human CRC primary tumors and liver metastases using immunohistochemistry. Functional studies were performed using SW-480 (primary tumor) and SW-620 (lymph node metastasis) CRC cell lines derived from the same patient. Cell migration, invasion, and 3D spheroid growth were analyzed following FBL downregulation. In vivo tumor growth was assessed in SCID mice xenografted with FBL-deficient cells. Molecular changes were explored through phosphorylation arrays and Western blotting. Results: FBL expression was significantly higher in human metastatic lesions than in primary tumors. FBL downregulation impaired migration, invasion, and spheroid growth in SW-480 and SW-620 cells and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, FBL inhibition decreased activation of MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and JNK/p38 pathways and reduced phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB. Conclusions: Our study identifies FBL as a potential contributor to colorectal cancer progression, with elevated expression associated particularly with metastatic disease. By demonstrating that FBL expression is elevated in patient-derived metastatic tissues and functionally promotes migration, invasion, and tumor growth, our findings expand the role of ribosome biogenesis factors beyond protein synthesis. The observed suppression of key oncogenic pathways and CREB phosphorylation upon FBL inhibition suggests that FBL integrates ribosomal regulation with cancer cell signaling. These insights open new avenues for targeting nucleolar activity in advanced CRC and highlight FBL as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in metastatic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases)

24 pages, 2762 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Quality Inspection and Production Run Optimization for Imperfect Production Systems with Zero-Inflated Non-Homogeneous Poisson Deterioration

by Chih-Chiang Fang and Ming-Nan Chen

Mathematics 2025, 13(24), 3901; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13243901 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study develops an integrated quality inspection and production optimization framework for an imperfect production system, where system deterioration follows a zero-inflated non-homogeneous Poisson process (ZI-NHPP) characterized by a power-law intensity function. Parameters are estimated from historical data using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, [...] Read more.

This study develops an integrated quality inspection and production optimization framework for an imperfect production system, where system deterioration follows a zero-inflated non-homogeneous Poisson process (ZI-NHPP) characterized by a power-law intensity function. Parameters are estimated from historical data using the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, with a zero-inflation parameter π modeling scenario where the system remains defect-free. Operating in either an in-control or out-of-control state, the system produces products with Weibull hazard rates, exhibiting higher failure rates in the out-of-control state. The proposed model integrates system status, defect rates, employee efficiency, and market demand to jointly optimize the number of conforming items inspected and the production run length, thereby minimizing total costs—including production, inspection, correction, inventory, and warranty expenses. Numerical analyses, supported by sensitivity studies, validate the effectiveness of this integrated approach in achieving cost-efficient quality control. This framework enhances quality assurance and production management, offering practical insights for manufacturing across diverse industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Mathematical Analysis)

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25 pages, 2485 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Energy Consumption Structure Transformation on Urban Green Development Efficiency: Considering the Threshold Effect of Industrial Digitalization

by Runde Gu, Yuwei Hu, Han Jia, Shijun Du and Runlin Tian

Energies 2025, 18(24), 6385; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18246385 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Energy consumption structure transformation (ECST) is essential to decrease pollutant emissions and realize green development. By constructing fixed effects, spatial Durbin, and threshold models, this paper adopts the panel data of 13 cities in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration to investigate the impact [...] Read more.

Energy consumption structure transformation (ECST) is essential to decrease pollutant emissions and realize green development. By constructing fixed effects, spatial Durbin, and threshold models, this paper adopts the panel data of 13 cities in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) urban agglomeration to investigate the impact and spatial spillover effect of ECST on urban green development efficiency (GDE). The study also reveals the moderating effect of industrial digitization level (IDL) on the main effect and the varying trend of effect intensity across different threshold intervals. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation into the impact of energy consumption structure transformation on urban green development efficiency, broadening the research perspective on energy consumption structure. The innovative incorporation of spatial dimensions and industrial digitization threshold effects provides theoretical support and practical guidance for regional collaborative development and precise policy regulation. We found the following: (1) ECST can enhance BTH’s urban GDE; (2) The effect of ECST on BTH’s urban GDE shows a U-shaped relationship of first inhibition and then enhancement; (3) ECST has a spatial spillover effect and significantly contributes to enhancing BTH’s urban GDE; and (4) IDL can significantly increase BTH’s urban GDE and has the moderating effect of strengthening ECST for increasing urban GDE. As IDL increases, its moderating effect on the main effect displays a steady and gradual decreasing trend. Full article

14 pages, 6211 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Progressive Elastic Resistance on Kinetic Chain Exercises Performed on Different Bases of Support in Healthy Adults: A Statistical Parametric Mapping Approach

by Fagner Luiz Pacheco Salles and Augusto Gil Pascoal

Biomechanics 2025, 5(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics5040103 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Shoulder exercises using elastic resistance integrated within the kinetic chain appear to modify scapular control strategies; however, a deeper understanding of these mechanisms is still needed. Objectives: We aim to compare three-dimensional scapular kinematics during two exercises performed on different [...] Read more.

Background: Shoulder exercises using elastic resistance integrated within the kinetic chain appear to modify scapular control strategies; however, a deeper understanding of these mechanisms is still needed. Objectives: We aim to compare three-dimensional scapular kinematics during two exercises performed on different bases of support, under both non-resisted and resisted conditions in asymptomatic adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed three-dimensional shoulder kinematics in 36 healthy adult male participants during the overhead squat and kneeling position exercises. Movement patterns were evaluated by phase using statistical parametric mapping. Results: Scapular internal/external rotation demonstrated a main effect for exercise type (p = 0.04), a main effect for resistance conditions (p < 0.00), and a significant exercise–resistance interaction (p = 0.04) during arm elevation. During the lowering phase, a main effect was observed for exercise types (p = 0.04) and exercise conditions (p < 0.00). Scapular upward rotation showed a main effect for exercise type (p = 0.02) and resistance conditions (p = 0.04) during arm elevation. During the lowering phase, a significant main effect was observed for exercise type (p = 0.01) and exercise conditions (p < 0.00). Scapular posterior tilt presented a main effect for exercise type (p < 0.00), a main effect for exercise condition (p = 0.01), and an exercise–resistance interaction (p = 0.04) during arm elevation. During the lowering phase, a main effect for exercise type (p < 0.00), a main effect for exercise condition (p = 0.02), and an exercise–resistance interaction (p = 0.00). Conclusions: The resistance and exercises demonstrated different kinematic strategies that helped maintain scapular stability during movement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Biomechanics)

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12 pages, 2299 KB

Open AccessArticle

Proline-Free Local Turn via N-Oxidation: Crystallographic and Solution Evidence for a Six-Membered N–O⋯H–N Ring

by Renlin Zheng, Wenjiao Zhao, Shuo Yuan, Tong Wang, Wenyu Lu, Qian Meng, Li Yang and Dequn Sun

Molecules 2025, 30(24), 4676; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30244676 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

N-oxides are emerging as versatile tools for modulating peptide conformation due to their strong proton-accepting ability and distinct electronic properties. In this study, we report the first crystallographic evidence that an N-oxidized peptide (NOP 5) containing a proline residue forms an intramolecular [...] Read more.

N-oxides are emerging as versatile tools for modulating peptide conformation due to their strong proton-accepting ability and distinct electronic properties. In this study, we report the first crystallographic evidence that an N-oxidized peptide (NOP 5) containing a proline residue forms an intramolecular six-membered hydrogen bond between the N-oxide oxygen and an adjacent amide proton. This conformational motif is not restricted to proline-containing sequences: NMR spectroscopic analyses (including DMSO-d₆ titration, VT-NMR, NOE, and concentration-dependent studies) reveal that NOPs 7 and 9, in which proline is replaced by glycine, adopt the same hydrogen-bonded ring structure in aprotic solvents. Remarkably, this conformation persists even in protic solvent (CD₃OH), indicating the robustness of the N-oxide-induced hydrogen bond. DFT calculations further support the experimental findings and rationalize the conformational preferences of NOPs 5 and 7. These results establish N-oxide as a potent and generalizable constraint for stabilizing peptide secondary structures, offering a new strategy for the design of peptidomimetics with tunable rigidity and solvent stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Biology)

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19 pages, 6213 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Response of Cloud Dynamic Structure and Microphysical Processes to Glaciogenic Seeding: A Numerical Study

by Zhuo Liu, Yan Yin, Qian Chen, Zeyong Zou and Xuran Liang

Atmosphere 2025, 16(12), 1381; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16121381 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Stratocumulus clouds are cloud systems composed of stratiform clouds with embedded convective clouds, possessing strong catalytic potential and serving as key target cloud systems for weather modification operations. In this study, the parameterization of ice nucleation for silver iodide (AgI) particles was applied [...] Read more.

Stratocumulus clouds are cloud systems composed of stratiform clouds with embedded convective clouds, possessing strong catalytic potential and serving as key target cloud systems for weather modification operations. In this study, the parameterization of ice nucleation for silver iodide (AgI) particles was applied to the Thompson microphysics scheme in the WRF model. Numerical experiments were designed for a stratocumulus cloud that occurred over the Hulunbuir region, northeastern China, on 31 May 2021, to investigate how the structure and evolution of cloud macro- and microphysical properties and precipitation formation respond to glaciogenic seeding. The simulation results indicate that AgI nucleation increased ice concentrations at 4–5 km altitude, enhancing ice crystal formation through condensation–freezing and deposition nucleation and the growth of ice particles through auto-conversion and riming, leading to increased precipitation. The results also show that owing to the non-uniform distribution of supercooled water within this stratocumulus cloud system, the consumption of AgI and the enhanced ice nucleation release latent heat more strongly in regions with higher supercooled water content. This leads to more pronounced isolated updrafts, altering the structure of shear lines and subsequently influencing regional precipitation distribution after silver iodide seeding concludes. These findings reveal that seeding influences both the microphysical and dynamic structures within clouds and highlight the non-uniform seeding effects within cloud systems. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the effects of artificial seeding on stratocumulus clouds in high-latitude regions and holds significant reference value for artificial weather modification efforts in mixed-phase stratiform clouds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Ice Nucleating Particles, Cloud and Precipitation (2nd Edition))

14 pages, 1148 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Pine, Birch, and Alder Tree Stands on Soil Properties, Organic Matter Recovery and C:N:P Stoichiometry After Fire Disturbance: A Case Study in a Temperate Forest

by Bartłomiej Woś, Justyna Likus-Cieślik, Magdalena Kopeć, Agnieszka Józefowska and Marcin Pietrzykowski

Forests 2025, 16(12), 1825; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16121825 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The intensity of wildfires is projected to increase with the rising frequency of droughts due to climate change. Management practices following forest fires must include restoring the appropriate species composition. This study was performed within the wider context of the regeneration of soil [...] Read more.

The intensity of wildfires is projected to increase with the rising frequency of droughts due to climate change. Management practices following forest fires must include restoring the appropriate species composition. This study was performed within the wider context of the regeneration of soil properties, including the stock and soil organic matter (SOM) content, at the largest forest fire site in Poland (more than 9000 ha) in the Rudziniec Forest District, Upper Silesia. Research plots were established on sandy soils (Podzols and Arenosols) in pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), common birch (Betula pendula Roth), and black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.). The organic and mineral soil horizons were sampled from each research plot and control plots unaffected by the fire. The trees’ foliage was also sampled to determine the nutrient supply. Basic soil properties were determined, including the texture, pH, bulk density, organic carbon (C), macronutrient contents, soil microbial biomass, and labile C and nitrogen (N) fractions. We found that, 30 years after the fire, the post-fire soils had similar SOC stocks (34.80 Mg ha⁻¹) to the control plots (31.72 Mg ha⁻¹); however, they differed in their stocks of labile C and N fractions. The post-fire soils had a less stable C pool due to a higher stock of the fraction associated with particulate organic matter. In contrast, the N pool was more stable in the post-fire soils than in the control soils due to a lower contribution of the most labile fractions. The soils under Scots pine had the least stable SOM, which may have influenced the intensification of the podzolization process, whereas the highest biomass of soil microorganisms was observed under common birch. The soils under black alder had the highest acidity and lowest phosphorus (P) content. The C:N:P ratios in the post-fire soils and tree foliage indicated that P may have been the limiting factor in alder growth, and N for pine and birch. Our findings indicate that tree species composition is an important factor in the recovery of post-fire soil properties. However, the introduction of pure black alder stands to post-fire soils with low moisture and P availability showed little effectiveness in restoring the SOM content and N pool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Post-Fire Recovery and Monitoring of Forest Ecosystems)

41 pages, 2890 KB

Open AccessArticle

STREAM: A Semantic Transformation and Real-Time Educational Adaptation Multimodal Framework in Personalized Virtual Classrooms

by Leyli Nouraei Yeganeh, Yu Chen, Nicole Scarlett Fenty, Amber Simpson and Mohsen Hatami

Future Internet 2025, 17(12), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi17120564 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Most adaptive learning systems personalize around content sequencing and difficulty adjustment rather than transforming instructional material within the lesson itself. This paper presents the STREAM (Semantic Transformation and Real-Time Educational Adaptation Multimodal) framework. This modular pipeline decomposes multimodal educational content into semantically tagged, [...] Read more.

Most adaptive learning systems personalize around content sequencing and difficulty adjustment rather than transforming instructional material within the lesson itself. This paper presents the STREAM (Semantic Transformation and Real-Time Educational Adaptation Multimodal) framework. This modular pipeline decomposes multimodal educational content into semantically tagged, pedagogically annotated units for regeneration into alternative formats while preserving source traceability. STREAM is designed to integrate automatic speech recognition, transformer-based natural language processing, and planned computer vision components to extract instructional elements from teacher explanations, slides, and embedded media. Each unit receives metadata, including time codes, instructional type, cognitive demand, and prerequisite concepts, designed to enable format-specific regeneration with explicit provenance links. For a predefined visual-learner profile, the system generates annotated path diagrams, two-panel instructional guides, and entity pictograms with complete back-link coverage. Ablation studies confirm that individual components contribute measurably to output completeness without compromising traceability. This paper reports results from a tightly scoped feasibility pilot that processes a single five-minute elementary STEM video offline under clean audio–visual conditions. We position the pilot’s limitations as testable hypotheses that require validation across diverse content domains, authentic deployments with ambient noise and bandwidth constraints, multiple learner profiles, including multilingual students and learners with disabilities, and controlled comprehension studies. The contribution is a transparent technical demonstration of feasibility and a methodological scaffold for investigating whether within-lesson content transformation can support personalized learning at scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virtual Reality and Metaverse: Impact on the Digital Transformation of Society—3rd Edition)

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20 pages, 16392 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Co-Existing Microplastics on Adsorption–Desorption Behavior of Perfluorooctanoic Acid in Soil: Co-Sorption and Mechanism Insight

by Wei Zhao, Guilan Chen, Jing Jiao, Zhihai Liu, Yuanming Zhou, Guocheng Liu, Chengzhi Zhou, Qinghua Yan, Shuaishuai Xin, Yanjun Xin and Qianwen Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(12), 2802; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15122802 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are ubiquitously present in agroecosystems, which can cause varying degrees of environmental damage. This study reports the investigation of the effect of MPs on PFOA adsorption by soil. A comprehensive analysis was performed on the adsorption–desorption dynamics [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are ubiquitously present in agroecosystems, which can cause varying degrees of environmental damage. This study reports the investigation of the effect of MPs on PFOA adsorption by soil. A comprehensive analysis was performed on the adsorption–desorption dynamics of PFOA by MPs and soil under different conditions. The surface morphology of MPs and their interaction with PFOA were characterized. Irregularly shaped MPs facilitated accurate simulation of real-world conditions, influencing the adsorption quantity of PFOA in soil. Additionally, the peak intensity of various preadsorption and post-adsorption MP functional groups was altered, indicating that MPs augmented PFOA adsorption. The kinetics of PFOA adsorption followed the quasi-second-order reaction, and the isotherm data aligned well with the Freundlich model. This study reveals the mechanism by which the co-sorption of PFOA and MPs in agroecosystems affects their respective environmental behaviors, providing basic research data for the control of pollutants in agroecosystem soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

13 pages, 6172 KB

Open AccessCommunication

An Automatic Optimization Approach to the Non-Periodic Folded-Waveguide Slow-Wave Structure for the High Efficiency Traveling Wave Tube

by Zheng Wen and Jun Zhang

Electronics 2025, 14(24), 4797; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14244797 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

An automatic optimization approach to the non-periodic (NP) folded-waveguide slow-wave structure (FW-SWS) is proposed for the high efficiency traveling wave tube (TWT). Considering the beam-wave synchronism condition, the data of the beam velocity distribution are analyzed and utilized for automatic optimization. For concise [...] Read more.

An automatic optimization approach to the non-periodic (NP) folded-waveguide slow-wave structure (FW-SWS) is proposed for the high efficiency traveling wave tube (TWT). Considering the beam-wave synchronism condition, the data of the beam velocity distribution are analyzed and utilized for automatic optimization. For concise expression, a W-band concentric arc NP FW-SWS TWT is automatically optimized as an example, where the beam voltage is set as 6000 V, the beam current is 0.12 A, the magnet field is 0.5 T, and the input power is 0.4 W. Without any training data or previous given datasets, the output power (electronic efficiency) can be optimized to reach 238.7 W (33.1%) at 94 GHz by the automatic optimization approach code within 22.7 h. Full article

17 pages, 951 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Methylation as a Potential Biomarker for Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia

by Chavis Pholpong, Nittaya Phanuphak, Tippawan Pankam, Supranee Buranapraditkun, Nakarin Kitkumthorn, Bernett Lee, Parvapan Bhattarakosol and Arkom Chaiwongkot

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11784; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411784 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Anal cancer is high in men who have sex with men living with human immunodeficiency virus (MSM-LWHIV). This cancer is strongly associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. Anal cancer screening using cytology and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) for diagnosis of anal intraepithelial neoplasia [...] Read more.

Anal cancer is high in men who have sex with men living with human immunodeficiency virus (MSM-LWHIV). This cancer is strongly associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection. Anal cancer screening using cytology and high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) for diagnosis of anal intraepithelial neoplasia requires specialized expertise. Biomarkers for the diagnosis of abnormal anal cells are of interest. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) methylation at cg01009664 was detected using a pyrosequencing assay to compare methylation patterns among different anal lesions. Our results demonstrated that TRH methylation was significantly hypermethylated in anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN3) (>20%) and AIN1-2 (>10%) but less methylated in normal (<10%) (p < 0.001). TRH gene methylation showed higher sensitivity than the cytology for predicting AIN1+ (75.96% vs. 25.37%, respectively) and AIN2+ (78.95%% vs. 19.23%, respectively). There was no significant correlation between TRH methylation and the percentage of CD4 in patients with HIV (p > 0.05). TRH methylation in anal swabs reflects the presence of anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Methylation analysis showed higher sensitivity than cytology for high-grade lesions and was independent of immune status. These findings support its use as a screening tool to preselect patients for HRA, potentially reducing unnecessary procedures while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic and Epigenetic Analyses in Cancer)

16 pages, 6650 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Cold Plasma Seed Treatment on Growth and Nitrogen Fixation Traits in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Soybean (Glycine max L.) Under Cold Stress

by Dhanuja N. Abeysingha, Surangi H. Thilakarathna, Shifa Dinesh, M. S. Roopesh and Malinda S. Thilakarathna

Crops 2025, 5(6), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/crops5060089 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Cold stress during early growth can severely impact nodulation, growth, and yield in legumes. This study evaluated cold plasma (CP) seed treatment as a strategy to enhance growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean ( [...] Read more.

Cold stress during early growth can severely impact nodulation, growth, and yield in legumes. This study evaluated cold plasma (CP) seed treatment as a strategy to enhance growth and symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) under cold stress during early growth. CP-treated and non-treated seeds were grown at 8 °C (cold) or 15 °C (control) for 5 weeks, after which half of the plants were harvested for nodulation and growth assessments. The remainder were transferred to greenhouse conditions until maturity. The cold stress suppressed nodulation and reduced biomass in both legumes. Soybean recovered under greenhouse conditions; however, pea yield remained suppressed. At maturity, SNF traits in both legumes were not significantly affected by early cold stress. CP seed treatment showed little effect under severe cold (8 °C) but at 15 °C, improved root growth in pea and enhanced root and shoot biomass and pod and seed yield in soybean. These findings suggest that CP seed treatment can improve legume performance under moderate cold. However, the current CP seed treatment conditions did not improve the stress resistance of both crops under severe cold stress. Full article

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18 pages, 1535 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Synergistic Relationship Between Water and Sediment and the Response of Erosion and Deposition in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River

by Jingye Chen, Wenli Niu and Shengqi Jian

Water 2025, 17(24), 3458; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243458 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The lower Yellow River, characterized by high sediment concentration and complex channel evolution, faces a persistent challenge of maintaining erosion–deposition balance. Using long-term hydrological and cross-sectional data (1950–2022) from seven key stations (Huayuankou–Lijin), this study established P-III frequency models for annual runoff ( [...] Read more.

The lower Yellow River, characterized by high sediment concentration and complex channel evolution, faces a persistent challenge of maintaining erosion–deposition balance. Using long-term hydrological and cross-sectional data (1950–2022) from seven key stations (Huayuankou–Lijin), this study established P-III frequency models for annual runoff (Q) and sediment discharge (S), introducing the flow–sediment frequency correlation coefficient (ζ) and the frequency relationship coefficient (λ) to quantify their synergy and erosion–deposition response. Results showed that (1) sediment discharge decreased by 91.4% at Huayuankou since the 1950s, while runoff decreased by 41.5%; (2) the flow–sediment synergy differed with river type—meandering (ζ ≈ 0, 69.23%) > transitional (64.39%) > wandering (59.26%); and (3) the equilibrium threshold of erosion and deposition was P(S) = (0.664–0.779) P(Q), corresponding to an incoming sediment coefficient of ~0.012 kg·s/m⁶. These findings quantitatively define the frequency-based synergy and threshold mechanism of flow and sediment in the lower Yellow River, providing a scientific basis for sediment regulation and channel stability management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Hydraulic and Water Resources Research (3rd Edition))

42 pages, 2995 KB

Open AccessReview

Plasma Cell Myeloma: Biochemical Insights into Diagnosis, Treatment, and Smart Nanocarrier-Based Therapeutic Development

by Lizeth Geraldine Muñoz, Sixta Palencia Luna and Andrés Felipe Chamorro

Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(12), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17121570 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Plasma cell myeloma (PCM) is classified as a blood cancer and is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow and the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulins, which lead to permanent damage to vital organs. Although treatment strategies have [...] Read more.

Plasma cell myeloma (PCM) is classified as a blood cancer and is characterized by the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow and the excessive production of monoclonal immunoglobulins, which lead to permanent damage to vital organs. Although treatment strategies have improved with the development of proteasome inhibitors (PIs), immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), PCM remains an incurable disease due to its molecular heterogeneity and the development of drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the biochemical and molecular foundations underlying the diagnosis and treatment of PCM, emphasizing both traditional and advanced approaches. Classical methods such as serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE), and serum free light chain (sFLC) determination are highlighted alongside their integration with highly sensitive techniques like mass spectrometry (MS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Special attention is given to nanotechnology-based systems, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), dendrimers, and hybrid nanocapsules, which enable controlled drug release, targeted delivery, and the minimization of systemic toxicity. Increasingly, nanomaterials are being shown to greatly enhance the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of anticancer drugs, leading to improved therapeutic effects and escaping resistance mechanisms by employing multifunctional strategies that include dual drug co-encapsulation, pH-sensitive release and theranostic applications. Furthermore, the integration of nanotechnology with immunotherapy platforms represents a paradigm shift toward precision and personalized medicine for the treatment of PCM. Overall, this review views nanotechnology as an enabling technology to improve therapeutic effectiveness, minimize toxicity and open new avenues toward next-generation smart and personalized therapeutics for the treatment of PCM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology: Recent Advances and Applications)

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25 pages, 803 KB

Open AccessArticle

Has the Water Rights Trading Policy Improved Water Resource Utilization Efficiency?

by Pei Du, Juntao Du and Qingqing Liu

Water 2025, 17(24), 3459; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17243459 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Implementing natural resource protection systems and improving regional water resource utilization efficiency are effective ways to resolve the contradiction between economic development and water resource poverty. To this end, this paper establishes a Difference-in-Difference (DID) model to analyze the impact of water rights [...] Read more.

Implementing natural resource protection systems and improving regional water resource utilization efficiency are effective ways to resolve the contradiction between economic development and water resource poverty. To this end, this paper establishes a Difference-in-Difference (DID) model to analyze the impact of water rights trading pilot policies (WET) in 271 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2023 on water resource utilization efficiency (WEE). The research results indicate that (1) WET significantly improved WEE, while confirming the robustness of this effect; (2) WET exhibit significant heterogeneity in their policy effects on WEE, reflecting pronounced differences between northern and southern cities in terms of geographical location and water resource endowment. In cities with abundant water resources, this promotional effect is even more pronounced; (3) market vitality and water conservation benefits can positively promote the impact of WET through regulatory mechanisms. Based on this, expanding the pilot cities for water rights trading policies and enhancing market vitality can effectively improve WEE and alleviate the current situation of water resource poverty in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)

20 pages, 383 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Serum Antioxidant Activity in Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: Links with Nutritional and Anthropometric Factors—Preliminary Studies

by Michalina Banaszak, Grzegorz Kosewski, Ilona Górna and Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(12), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47121017 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and prediabetes are growing public health problems worldwide. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Metformin is an antidiabetic drug that significantly affects the oxidative-antioxidant balance. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and prediabetes are growing public health problems worldwide. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis and progression of carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Metformin is an antidiabetic drug that significantly affects the oxidative-antioxidant balance. This study aimed to compare serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in individuals with T2DM, prediabetes, and healthy controls, and to assess the impact of dietary factors and metformin treatment on antioxidant parameters. Methods: The study involved 49 adults (aged 40–70 years) assigned to three groups: those with T2DM (n = 19), those with prediabetes (n = 12), and healthy controls (n = 18). Serum TAC was assessed using three spectrophotometric assays: DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP. A nutritional assessment was performed based on a three-day dietary recall, analysed using DietetykPro software. Statistical analyses included Kruskal–Wallis tests with post hoc corrections and Spearman correlation. Results: The prediabetes group demonstrated the lowest TAC values across all tests, while individuals with T2DM demonstrated higher levels using the ABTS and FRAP tests, which may reflect group-specific factors such as treatment or metabolic regulation. The differences between groups showed moderate to large effect sizes, including η² = 0.24 for ABTS, η² = 0.14 for DPPH and η² = 0.13 for FRAP, indicating biologically meaningful alterations in antioxidant capacity. Negative correlations were observed between antioxidant activity, as measured by the DPPH test, and body weight (p = 0.0095) and BMI (p = 0.0381), indicating that increased body weight may impair serum antioxidant capacity. After applying the FDR correction, significant correlations were observed between ABTS values and vitamin B5 (p = 0.0004, q = 0.0135), omega-6 (p = 0.0042, q = 0.0220), phosphorus (p = 0.0009, q = 0.0328), calcium (p = 0.0024, q = 0.0176) and zinc (p = 0.0012, q = 0.0138) intake. Other associations with anthropometric and dietary variables were observed as non-significant trends. Conclusions: The prediabetes group exhibited lower TAC, indicating a redox profile that differs from both healthy individuals and those with T2DM. Dietary quality, including adequate intake of selenium, could support antioxidant defence mechanisms, whereas excess body weight and high intake of omega-6 may impair them. The results also suggest that metformin may modulate TAC, supporting adaptive responses to oxidative stress in T2DM. These findings highlight the potential importance of dietary and pharmacological interventions in maintaining oxidative-antioxidant balance in metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Medicine)

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11 pages, 902 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Analysis of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus NSP9 Protein with Host Proteins

by Wei Wen, Yuhang Liu, Wenqiang Wang, Zhenbang Zhu and Xiangdong Li

Animals 2025, 15(24), 3520; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15243520 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nonstructural protein 9 (NSP9), the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), is essential for viral replication but its comprehensive host interactome remains uncharacterized. This study employed co-immunoprecipitation coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to systematically identify [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) nonstructural protein 9 (NSP9), the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), is essential for viral replication but its comprehensive host interactome remains uncharacterized. This study employed co-immunoprecipitation coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to systematically identify NSP9-associated host proteins. We identified 222 high-confidence host interactors, with Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealing significant enrichment in RNA/DNA-binding proteins, ubiquitin-proteasome pathways, metabolic regulators (amino acid/lipid biosynthesis), endoplasmic reticulum processing, and cell cycle components. Protein-protein interaction network analysis further delineated six functional modules involved in RNA processing, vesicular transport, and innate immunity. Crucially, validation studies confirmed direct binding between NSP9 and key candidates (CAPZ1, PSMA3, CDK1, USP48). Functional assessment demonstrated that CDK1 overexpression significantly inhibited PRRSV replication, implicating CDK1 as a host restriction factor. These findings collectively unveil the multifaceted role of NSP9 in subverting host machinery while identifying novel host defense mechanisms and potential targets for antiviral development against PRRSV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pigs)

15 pages, 1538 KB

Open AccessArticle

Concomitant Hysterectomy and vNOTES-Assisted Sacrocolpopexy: A Feasible and Safe Scarless Approach for Apical Prolapse Repair

by Ali Deniz Erkmen and Kevser Arkan

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(24), 8635; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14248635 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Durable apical support after hysterectomy is crucial to prevent subsequent vaginal vault prolapse. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy remains the gold standard but carries risks of visceral injury and wound morbidity. The vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) approach provides a scarless, minimally invasive [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Durable apical support after hysterectomy is crucial to prevent subsequent vaginal vault prolapse. Abdominal sacrocolpopexy remains the gold standard but carries risks of visceral injury and wound morbidity. The vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) approach provides a scarless, minimally invasive alternative, but data on vNOTES-assisted sacrocolpopexy (vNOTES-SC) performed concurrently with hysterectomy remain limited. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 30 women with stage II uterine prolapse underwent concomitant hysterectomy and vNOTES-assisted sacrocolpopexy between January 2023 and January 2024. Anatomical outcomes were evaluated using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) system preoperatively and at 12 months postoperatively. The primary endpoint was anatomical success (C ≤ −1 cm); the secondary endpoint used the IUGA criterion (C < −TVL/2). Complications were graded using the Clavien–Dindo classification. Statistical analyses included Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, effect-size estimation, ROC analysis, logistic regression, and Spearman correlation. Results: Mean operative time was 100.2 ± 11.7 min, mean blood loss 155.3 ± 74.8 mL, and mean hospital stay 1.5 ± 0.7 days. Significant improvements were seen in Aa, Ba, C, and Bp points (p < 0.001). Anatomical success (C ≤ −1 cm) was achieved in 73.3% and clinical success in 93.3% of patients. Two patients exhibited anatomical recurrence (6.7%), whereas one patient reported symptomatic recurrence (3.3%). Using the IUGA definition, anatomical success increased to 83.3%. The difference between strict success (C ≤ −1 cm) and IUGA success (C < −TVL/2) reflects definitional sensitivity, particularly in post-hysterectomy vaginal length. All complications were minor (Grade I–II). ROC analysis showed age as a weak predictor (AUC = 0.67). Effect sizes were large for apical and anterior compartments (Cohen’s d = 1.84 for C-point). Conclusions: Concomitant hysterectomy with vNOTES-assisted sacrocolpopexy is a feasible, safe, and effective scarless approach for apical support restoration. The procedure provides significant anatomical correction and rapid recovery with low morbidity. Patients had symptomatic stage II prolapse with risk factors for early failure after native-tissue repair, supporting the selection of sacrocolpopexy for durable apical support. Larger prospective trials are needed to confirm long-term efficacy and functional outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics & Gynecology)

57 pages, 6092 KB

Open AccessReview

Development Stages of Quadrotors from Past to Present: A Review

by Mehmet Karahan

Drones 2025, 9(12), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9120840 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Quadrotors have been under development for over a century. The first quadrotors were large, heavy, and difficult to control aircraft operated by a single pilot. The first quadrotors remained in the prototype stage due to accidents, budget cuts, and failure to meet military [...] Read more.

Quadrotors have been under development for over a century. The first quadrotors were large, heavy, and difficult to control aircraft operated by a single pilot. The first quadrotors remained in the prototype stage due to accidents, budget cuts, and failure to meet military standards. Production of manned quadrotors ceased in the 1980s. Since the 2010s, manned quadrotors have been used as air taxis, achieving greater success. The development of quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) began in the 1990s. Their small size, low cost, and ease of control have made them advantageous. Advances in hardware and software technologies have expanded the use of quadrotor UAVs. Today, quadrotor UAVs are used in various fields, including surveillance, aerial photography, search and rescue, firefighting, first aid, cargo transportation, agricultural spraying, mapping, mineral exploration, and counterterrorism. This review examines the development of manned quadrotors and quadrotor UAVs in detail from the past to the present. First, the major manned quadrotors developed are described in detail, along with their technical specifications and photographs. Graphs are provided showing the weight, powerplant, flight duration, and passenger capacity of manned quadrotors. Second, the main quadrotor UAV models entering mass production are discussed, presenting their development processes, technical specifications, areas of use, and photographs. Graphs are presented showing the weight, battery capacity, flight duration, and camera resolution of quadrotor UAVs. Unlike studies focusing solely on the recent past, this review provides a broad overview of the development of quadrotors from their inception to the present. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drone Design and Development)

4 pages, 281 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Selected Papers in 2023–2024 in the ‘Polymer Applications’ Section

by Hyeonseok Yoon

Polymers 2025, 17(24), 3245; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17243245 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

During 2023 and 2024, the Section “Polymer Applications” of the MDPI journal Polymers achieved an exceptional level of academic productivity, as evidenced by the publication of 995 peer-reviewed articles and several high-impact Special Issues [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

27 pages, 10097 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect and Heatwaves Impact in Thessaloniki: A Satellite Imagery Analysis of Cooling Strategies

by Marco Falda, Giannis Adamos, Tamara Rađenović and Chrysi Laspidou

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 10906; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172410906 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

The urban heat island (UHI) effect poses significant challenges to cities worldwide, particularly in regions like Thessaloniki, Greece, where rising temperatures exacerbate urban living conditions. This study investigates the effectiveness of sustainable urban planning strategies in mitigating the UHI effect by analyzing the [...] Read more.

The urban heat island (UHI) effect poses significant challenges to cities worldwide, particularly in regions like Thessaloniki, Greece, where rising temperatures exacerbate urban living conditions. This study investigates the effectiveness of sustainable urban planning strategies in mitigating the UHI effect by analyzing the spatial distribution of Land Surface Temperature (LST) during the summer heatwave of 2023. Utilizing LANDSAT 8–9 satellite imagery processed with QGIS, we calculated LST, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI). Additionally, urban structure data from OpenStreetMap (OSM) was integrated to assess the urban fabric. Our findings reveal significant spatial temperature variations, with densely built-up areas, such as the old town and industrial district, exhibiting higher LSTs compared to greener spaces. Based on these results, we propose targeted interventions, including the large-scale implementation of green roofs and the use of light-colored asphalts, which have shown potential for substantial LST reduction. This work underscores the importance of integrating these strategies into a standardized urban planning framework to enhance urban resilience, providing a model that can be applied to other European cities facing similar climate challenges. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Climate Change, Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction–Planning Perspectives)

23 pages, 3210 KB

Open AccessArticle

Extract of Bacopa procumbens Mitigates Brain Injury and Improves Functional Outcomes Following Ischemia–Reperfusion

by José Manuel Viveros-Bartolomé, Salvador Pérez-Mora, Iván Alquisiras-Burgos, Ari Misael Martínez-Torres, Maribel Pérez-Rodríguez, Juan Ocampo-López, Yazmin Montserrat Flores-Martinez, María del Consuelo Gómez-García, Penélope Aguilera and David Guillermo Pérez-Ishiwara

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 11781; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262411781 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Ischemic stroke remains one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide, and effective therapeutic options are still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the aqueous extract of Bacopa procumbens (B. procumbens) in a murine [...] Read more.

Ischemic stroke remains one of the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide, and effective therapeutic options are still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of the aqueous extract of Bacopa procumbens (B. procumbens) in a murine model of ischemia/reperfusion induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). This widely used model is generated by the transient intraluminal insertion of a nylon filament through the external carotid artery to occlude the middle cerebral artery, allowing controlled induction and subsequent reperfusion. Wistar rats underwent 2 h MCAO, followed by tail vein administration of B. procumbens extract (40 mg/kg) or Edaravone (0.45 mg/kg) before reperfusion. Neurological, histological, and molecular parameters were assessed 48 h later. Additionally, in silico analyses were performed to predict the antioxidant activity of the extract’s major metabolites and to explore Nrf2-related signaling. B. procumbens treatment improved neurological condition, reduced the volume of the infarct lesion, increased the expression and activation of Akt and Nrf2, reduced lipid peroxidation (4-HNE), and downregulated AQP4, the main water channel involved in cerebral edema formation. These molecular effects were associated with enhanced neuronal survival and collectively resulted in significant neuroprotection in the MCAO model. In silico analysis identified key metabolites with high antioxidant potential through free radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and redox enzyme modulation. Nrf2-centered interactome analysis revealed eighty-two proteins linked to ischemia, neuroinflammation, neuronal death regulation, and oxidative stress response. These findings support the therapeutic potential of B. procumbens metabolites as neuroprotective agents against ischemic cerebral injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pharmacology)

44 pages, 3715 KB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Non-Isolated DC/DC Converter Topologies: A Review and Future Perspectives

by Rafael Antonio Acosta-Rodríguez, Javier Rosero-García, Marco Rivera and Knapoj Chaimanekorn

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12868; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412868 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Continuous advancements in power conversion techniques address the growing need for efficiency and adaptability in contemporary energy applications, including e-mobility, renewable energy, and energy storage systems. This work presents a review grounded in the fundamental topologies of power converters and subsequently analyzes their [...] Read more.

Continuous advancements in power conversion techniques address the growing need for efficiency and adaptability in contemporary energy applications, including e-mobility, renewable energy, and energy storage systems. This work presents a review grounded in the fundamental topologies of power converters and subsequently analyzes their modern modifications and technological advances. Traditional structures such as Buck, Boost, Ćuk, and flyback converters remain effective solutions for voltage and current regulation; however, they exhibit limitations when extremely high voltage conversion ratios are required. These constraints have motivated the emergence of more sophisticated architectures capable of overcoming such challenges. In this context, the paper provides a novel characterization and comparative analysis of quadratic and bidirectional converter topologies, emphasizing their capability to efficiently achieve both high and low conversion ratios while minimizing component stress and avoiding extreme load cycles. Quadratic converters demonstrate high performance in nonlinear systems with significant energy demands, whereas bidirectional converters enhance energy management in applications requiring bidirectional power flow, such as electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Full article

27 pages, 4810 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of a Combined Synthetic-Perturbation Method for Turbulent Inflow in Time-Varying Urban LES

by Ju-Wan Woo and Sang-Hyun Lee

Atmosphere 2025, 16(12), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16121380 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study investigates inflow turbulence strategies for large-eddy simulations (LES) of urban boundary layers under time-varying atmospheric conditions. A combined approach integrating a digital-filter-based synthetic turbulence generator (STG) with the cell perturbation method (CPM) is proposed to reduce turbulence adjustment distance and improve [...] Read more.

This study investigates inflow turbulence strategies for large-eddy simulations (LES) of urban boundary layers under time-varying atmospheric conditions. A combined approach integrating a digital-filter-based synthetic turbulence generator (STG) with the cell perturbation method (CPM) is proposed to reduce turbulence adjustment distance and improve vertical mixing. Using the PALM model, 24 h simulations were conducted over a real urban domain in Seoul, capturing diurnal transitions in stability and wind direction. Six experiments were compared: two reference runs with extended upstream fetch, and four analysis runs without fetch, applying different inflow strategies (NOT, STG, CPM, and CPM + STG). Results indicate that CPM + STG mitigates abrupt structural transitions and sustains turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) more consistently than STG alone, while requiring lower computational cost than extended-fetch configurations. Under unstable daytime conditions, CPM + STG enhanced vertical mixing and preserved local boundary-layer height closer to background values, whereas nighttime performance was dominated by building-induced shear regardless of inflow strategy. These findings suggest that the combined CPM + STG approach achieves a balance between physical realism and computational efficiency, demonstrating its potential as a robust inflow strategy for time-varying urban LES within limited domain sizes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meteorology)

22 pages, 1593 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Flood Control Capacity of Large Regulated Lakes Using an Enhanced 2D Hydrodynamic Model

by Yuchen Xiao, Fuxin Chai, Jia Sun, Chengzhi Xiao, Feng Peng, Shiyi Yu and Hongping Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 10908; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172410908 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study addresses the technical gaps in current flood simulation for regulated lakes, such as insufficient accuracy in simulating complex gate and dam operation processes and low computational efficiency that fails to meet practical engineering needs. By employing an improved two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic [...] Read more.

This study addresses the technical gaps in current flood simulation for regulated lakes, such as insufficient accuracy in simulating complex gate and dam operation processes and low computational efficiency that fails to meet practical engineering needs. By employing an improved two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model, it systematically analyzes flood control strategies for large regulated lakes. Using the August 2018 flood event for model validation, the final simulation results indicate that the current flood control capacity meets standards for 50-year floods (Nanyang 36.79 m, Weishan 35.99 m) but fails for 100-year floods, exceeding limits by 0.23 m (Nanyang 37.22 m) and 0.15 m (Weishan 36.64 m). The designed conditions reduce 100-year flood levels to 36.98 m and 36.47 m, respectively, achieving the required flood defense standard for 100-year events. The findings provide a quantitative framework for evaluating flood control capacity across different planning scenarios, which advances flood risk management and offers implementable insights for achieving sustainable water resource management in regulated lake basins globally. This, in turn, contributes directly to two United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): enhancing human community safety and resilience (SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities) through improved flood control engineering and operations, and strengthening climate adaptation (SDG 13: Climate Action) by boosting basin-wide resilience to extreme rainfall and flooding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Engineering and Science)

17 pages, 895 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eccentric Hamstring Strength Monitoring to Predict Injury Risk in Men’s Non-League Professional Football: An Exploratory Cox Regression Study

by Daniel T. Jackson, Richard C. Blagrove, Peter K. Thain, Anthony Weldon, Ferozkhan Jadhakhan, Cain C. T. Clark and Adam L. Kelly

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(24), 12872; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152412872 (registering DOI) - 5 Dec 2025

Abstract

Hamstring-strain injuries (HSIs) are the most prevalent time-loss injuries in professional football. While player monitoring of muscular strength is ubiquitous in professional football, the utility of in-season testing for predicting HSI in non-league football (NLF) settings is unclear. This study aimed to investigate [...] Read more.

Hamstring-strain injuries (HSIs) are the most prevalent time-loss injuries in professional football. While player monitoring of muscular strength is ubiquitous in professional football, the utility of in-season testing for predicting HSI in non-league football (NLF) settings is unclear. This study aimed to investigate if short-term, in-season changes in eccentric hamstring strength are associated with HSI risk and compare the predictive performance to a baseline model. This was a single-season prospective cohort study (36 weeks) in 20 male professional NLF players (nine HSI events). Eccentric hamstring strength was measured twice weekly during Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) using a NordBord device. Cox proportional hazard models (Andersen–Gill) evaluated the association of HSI with bilateral peak force and inter-limb asymmetry as time-varying and baseline predictors. Nine HSIs occurred (29% of all time-loss injuries; n = 31). The predictive analysis revealed that the baseline model with hazard ratio (HR) of 0.20 (95% CI: 0.09–0.46; C-index = 0.824) outperformed the time-varying model (HR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.15–0.56; C-index = 0.776), with higher bilateral peak force protective across both models. Conversely, inter-limb asymmetry showed no association with HSI risk (HR 1.10; 95% CI: 0.95–1.27; C-index = 0.527). A key related finding was that while single test inter-limb asymmetry measurements were unreliable, stability across the season was good (ICC(1,k) = 0.895). In this cohort, a greater bilateral peak force was protective against HSI, with baseline testing more effective than twice-weekly in-season testing. Inter-limb asymmetry did not predict HSI, and the utility of its isolated use remains unclear despite the stability of players’ season-long profiles. These exploratory findings require confirmation in larger cohorts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation)

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