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26 pages, 38655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model-Free Adaptive Cooperative Control Strategy of Multiple Electric Springs: A Hierarchical Approach for EV-Integrated AC Micro-Grid

by Hongtao Chen, Yuchen Dai, Lei Li, Jianfeng Sun and Xiaoning Huang

Smart Cities 2025, 8(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities8040132 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

With the aim of addressing the power quality problem associated with voltage fluctuation of multiple electric vehicles and renewable energy generation equipment integration into the AC micro-grid, a multi-agent system-based model-free adaptive constrained control method is proposed in this paper. First, a novel [...] Read more.

With the aim of addressing the power quality problem associated with voltage fluctuation of multiple electric vehicles and renewable energy generation equipment integration into the AC micro-grid, a multi-agent system-based model-free adaptive constrained control method is proposed in this paper. First, a novel hierarchical control structure is developed. Therein, the upper-level cooperative controller is designed based on the directed graph and droop control strategy, enabling efficient power distribution among multiple electric vehicles. For the lower-level voltage controller, a model-free adaptive constrained control strategy is designed, incorporating a pseudo-partial derivative-based output observer, and an anti-windup compensator is designed to solve the voltage fluctuation problem, which achieves precise tracking of each electric spring output voltage. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control strategy is verified by the MATLAB/Simulink platform under scenarios of grid-side voltage fluctuations and load variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Smart Grids)

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26 pages, 2982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perception of Vertical Greening Applications on Historic Buildings

by Eda Kale, Marie De Groeve, Yonca Erkan and Tim De Kock

Heritage 2025, 8(8), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8080316 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The implementation of Vertical Greening Systems (VGS), like green façades, on historic building facades is approached with caution due to concerns regarding material compatibility, visual impact, and potential compromises to cultural significance. However, VGS can offer significant contributions to urban sustainability when integrated [...] Read more.

The implementation of Vertical Greening Systems (VGS), like green façades, on historic building facades is approached with caution due to concerns regarding material compatibility, visual impact, and potential compromises to cultural significance. However, VGS can offer significant contributions to urban sustainability when integrated with knowledge and care of historic buildings by reducing the urban heat island effect, improving air quality, fostering a green economy, and creating greener environments. These tensions highlight a critical research gap: how can VGS contribute to urban sustainability while respecting the values of historic building façades? This study addresses this gap by exploring professional interest groups’ opinions on implementing VGS on historic buildings, focusing on the perceived benefits and concerns from environmental, social, economic, cultural, legal, and technical aspects. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining the findings from the literature review with a survey targeting individuals involved in VGS implementations or heritage conservation. The survey included both open- and closed-ended questions. Of the 165 individuals contacted, 83 valid responses were analyzed. Results from the open-ended questions showed that 89% of respondents recognized the environmental benefits of VGS, while 85% raised technical issues, particularly regarding material compatibility. An important insight emerged from comparing open-ended and closed-ended responses: respondents were more likely to acknowledge the benefits of VGS when prompted. This indicates that raising awareness about the use of VGS on historic buildings is essential. The findings offer practical implications for early-stage planning, stakeholder engagement, and the design of heritage conservation policy. They illustrate a need for an informed decision-making process for the integration of VGS onto historic building facades, aligning with conservation ethics and urban sustainability. Preface: This study aims to create a discussion on the potential synergies between vertical greening and historic buildings, with the intention of guiding future conservation strategies to enhance urban sustainability. We do not advocate for vertical greenery as a universal solution, but rather seek to explore under which conditions vertical greening may be compatible with conservation practice. For the purposes of this study, “historic buildings” refer to structures that possess cultural, architectural, or historical significance, whether they are formally protected or informally valued by their communities. We acknowledge that the term may vary in meaning across different national and cultural contexts. Moreover, our analysis focuses on cases where both the vertical greening and historic façades are presumed to be in structurally sound and well-maintained condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Heritage)

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14 pages, 797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Evaluation and Experimental Validation of Discrete Element Method Contact Models for Soil Tillage Simulation

by Salavat Mudarisov, Ildar Gabitov, Yakov Lobachevsky, Ildar Farkhutdinov and Lyudmila Kravchenko

AgriEngineering 2025, 7(8), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7080256 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The discrete element method (DEM), based on particle dynamics, is used to simulate the technological process of soil tillage using agricultural machinery. A key aspect of the DEM for obtaining accurate agrotechnical and energy indicators of soil cultivation is the formulation of particle [...] Read more.

The discrete element method (DEM), based on particle dynamics, is used to simulate the technological process of soil tillage using agricultural machinery. A key aspect of the DEM for obtaining accurate agrotechnical and energy indicators of soil cultivation is the formulation of particle contact rules, determined by normal and tangential interactions as well as cohesion forces. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of discrete element method (DEM) contact models used to simulate soil cultivation processes. This study addresses a key issue—the absence of a systematic approach to selecting adequate contact models, which limits the accuracy of predicting soil behavior during interaction with agricultural machinery. A detailed classification of 17 combinations of contact models implemented in the commercial software Rocky DEM was performed, grouped into three categories: normal force models (Linear Spring [LSP], Hysteresis [HLS], Hertzian [HSD]), tangential force models (Coulomb, linear spring limit [linear], Mindlin–Deresiewicz), and cohesive force models (linear cohesion [linear], constant force [constant], Johnson–Kendall–Roberts [JKR]). Experimental validation was conducted by analyzing the angle of repose for various soil types (sandy loam, light loam, medium loam, and heavy clay) with moisture contents ranging from 11 to 31%. This analysis identified the nine most effective combinations of contact models to describe normal, tangential, and cohesive forces (LSP–Coulomb–linear, HLS–linear–linear, HLS–Coulomb–linear, HSD–linear–linear, HSD–linear–JKR, HSD–Coulomb–linear, HSD–Coulomb–JKR, HSD–Mindlin–Deresiewicz–linear, HSD–Mindlin–Deresiewicz–JKR), which showed reliable agreement with experimental angle of repose measurements at approximately 85% accuracy. This study significantly contributes to advancing computer modeling methods in agriculture by providing a scientifically grounded approach for selecting DEM contact models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Mechanization and Machinery)

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30 pages, 2469 KiB

Open AccessReview

Open-Vocabulary Object Detection in UAV Imagery: A Review and Future Perspectives

by Yang Zhou, Junjie Li, Congyang Ou, Dawei Yan, Haokui Zhang and Xizhe Xue

Drones 2025, 9(8), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9080557 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Due to its extensive applications, aerial image object detection has long been a hot topic in computer vision. In recent years, advancements in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology have further propelled this field to new heights, giving rise to a broader range of [...] Read more.

Due to its extensive applications, aerial image object detection has long been a hot topic in computer vision. In recent years, advancements in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology have further propelled this field to new heights, giving rise to a broader range of application requirements. However, traditional UAV aerial object detection methods primarily focus on detecting predefined categories, which significantly limits their applicability. The advent of cross-modal text–image alignment (e.g., CLIP) has overcome this limitation, enabling open-vocabulary object detection (OVOD), which can identify previously unseen objects through natural language descriptions. This breakthrough significantly enhances the intelligence and autonomy of UAVs in aerial scene understanding. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of OVOD in the context of UAV aerial scenes. We begin by aligning the core principles of OVOD with the unique characteristics of UAV vision, setting the stage for a specialized discussion. Building on this foundation, we construct a systematic taxonomy that categorizes existing OVOD methods for aerial imagery and provides a comprehensive overview of the relevant datasets. This structured review enables us to critically dissect the key challenges and open problems at the intersection of these fields. Finally, based on this analysis, we outline promising future research directions and application prospects. This survey aims to provide a clear road map and a valuable reference for both newcomers and seasoned researchers, fostering innovation in this rapidly evolving domain. We keep track of related works in a public GitHub repository. Full article

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17 pages, 11304 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Radiologic and Pathologic Insights in Combined Hepatocellular–Cholangiocarcinoma: A Report of Three Cases

by Katrīna Marija Konošenoka, Nauris Zdanovskis, Aina Kratovska, Artūrs Šilovs and Veronika Zaiceva

Reports 2025, 8(3), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8030142 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Combined hepatocellular–cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a rare primary liver malignancy exhibiting both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular features. Due to overlapping clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC), diagnosis remains challenging. Early and accurate differentiation [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: Combined hepatocellular–cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a rare primary liver malignancy exhibiting both hepatocellular and cholangiocellular features. Due to overlapping clinical, imaging, and pathological characteristics with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCC), diagnosis remains challenging. Early and accurate differentiation is critical for optimal treatment planning. Case Presentation: We report three histologically confirmed cases of cHCC-CC with different imaging features, biomarker profiles, treatment strategies, and clinical outcomes. Patient 1, a 69-year-old female, presented with a large centrally located liver mass exhibiting iCC-like imaging features and mildly elevated AFP and CA 19-9 levels. Biopsy confirmed poorly differentiated cHCC-CC. Treatment involved palliative chemotherapy, with a survival of 16 months following diagnosis. Patient 2, an 80-year-old female with a small lesion in a cirrhotic liver, demonstrated an HCC-like enhancement pattern but normal AFP levels. Surgical resection was performed, and histology confirmed cHCC-CC with a dual phenotype. Despite initial remission, intrahepatic recurrence developed, treated with TACE and systemic therapy. The patient later transitioned to palliative care due to progression and survived 36 months. Patient 3, a 67-year-old male with chronic hepatitis C, presented with an HCC-like lesion and elevated AFP. Due to comorbidities, surgical resection was not feasible, and the patient was treated with percutaneous microwave ablation as a safer alternative. Biopsy during ablation confirmed cHCC-CC; follow-up was ongoing at submission. Conclusions: These cases highlight the diagnostic complexity and clinical variability of cHCC-CC. Imaging may be misleading, and tumor markers do not reliably predict subtype or prognosis. Histological confirmation is essential, particularly in patients with atypical imaging or discordant biomarker profiles. Individualized management, informed by tumor biology and patient condition, remains critical. Further research is needed to refine diagnostic criteria and develop tailored therapeutic strategies for this challenging tumor entity. Full article

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18 pages, 7399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Characteristics of Conductive Polymer Composites with Built-In Carbon Nanotubes and Metallic Particles

by Alexandr V. Shchegolkov, Aleksei V. Shchegolkov, Ivan D. Parfimovich, Fadey F. Komarov, Lev S. Novikov and Vladimir N. Chernik

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080429 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

A series of studies was conducted on the functional and structural characteristics of polymer composite materials (PCMs) based on silicone polymers modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and metallic particles (CuAl or Al). The influence of the structural parameters of carbon and metallic [...] Read more.

A series of studies was conducted on the functional and structural characteristics of polymer composite materials (PCMs) based on silicone polymers modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and metallic particles (CuAl or Al). The influence of the structural parameters of carbon and metallic inclusions in the polymer matrix on the electrophysical and thermophysical properties of the composites was demonstrated. Various conduction mechanisms dominating in the inverse temperature ranges of 50 K^–1–13 K^–1, 13 K^–1–6 K^–1, and 6 K^–1–2 K^–1 were identified. The operational modes of the polymer composites as active materials for thermoregulating coatings were established. The highest temperature of 32.9 °C in operating mode and the shortest warm-up time of 180 s were observed in the composite modified with 4 wt.% CNTs and 10 wt.% bronze particles at a supply voltage of 10 V. The characteristics of the composites under atomic oxygen (AO) exposure with a fluence of 3 × 10²¹ atoms/cm² was evaluated, confirming their functionality, particularly for potential space applications. The composites demonstrated nearly complete retention of their functional characteristics. The aim of this study was to develop electrically conductive functional composites based on silicone polymers containing MWCNTs and metallic particles inclusions for creating electric heating elements with tailored functional characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Polymer and Biopolymer Nanocomposites for Emerging Medical, Industrial, and Environmental Applications)

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28 pages, 2611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactive Properties of Chitosan/Nanocellulose Films Loaded with Sage Essential Oil: From In Vitro Study to In Situ Application in Shelf-Life Extension of Fresh Poultry Meat

by João R. A. Pires, Raquel Pereira, Sara Paz, Leandro A. Gomes, Victor G. L. Souza, Maria H. Godinho, Maria P. Duarte and Ana L. Fernando

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080428 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The overuse of nonrenewable resources has motivated intensive research and the development of new types of green bio-based and degradable feedstocks derived from natural sources, such as cellulose derivates, also in nanoforms. The inclusion of such nanoparticles in bio-based polymers with the aim [...] Read more.

The overuse of nonrenewable resources has motivated intensive research and the development of new types of green bio-based and degradable feedstocks derived from natural sources, such as cellulose derivates, also in nanoforms. The inclusion of such nanoparticles in bio-based polymers with the aim of providing reinforcement is a trend, which, when associated with the incorporation active compounds, creates active packaging suitable for the packaging of highly perishable food, thus contributing to the product’s shelf-life extension. Chitosan (Ch)/sage essential oil (SEO) bionanocomposite reinforced with nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) was cast as active packaging for the preservation of fresh poultry meat. Meat samples were wrapped in different bioplastics (pristine chitosan, chitosan with commercial CNC, chitosan with CNC obtained from three different lignocellulosic crops, giant reed (G), kenaf (K), and miscanthus (M), chitosan with SEO, and chitosan with SEO and CNC), while unwrapped samples were tested as the control. Periodically, samples were evaluated in terms of their physicochemical properties and microbial growth. Additionally, bionanocomposites were also evaluated in terms of their in situ antimicrobial properties, as well as migration toward food simulants. Meat samples protected with bionanocomposites showed lower levels of microbiological growth (2–3 logs lower than control) and lipid oxidation (20–30% lower than in control), over time. This was attributed to the intrinsic antimicrobial capacity of chitosan and the high oxygen barrier properties of the films resulting from the CNC inclusion. The SEO incorporation did not significantly improve the material’s antimicrobial and antioxidant activity yet interfered directly with the meat’s color as it migrated to its surface. In the in vitro assays, all bionanocomposites demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against B. cereus (reduction of ~8.2 log) and Salmonella Choleraesuis (reduction of ~5–6 log). Through the in vitro migration assay, it was verified that the SEO release rate of phenolic compounds to ethanol 50% (dairy products simulate) was higher than to ethanol 95% (fatty food simulate). Furthermore, these migration tests proved that nanocellulose was capable of delaying SEO migration, thus reducing the negative effect on the meat’s color and the pro-oxidant activity recorded in TBARS. It was concluded that the tested chitosan/nanocellulose bionanocomposites increased the shelf life of fresh poultry meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)

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23 pages, 5418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Roof Strategy for Mitigating Urban Heat Island in Hot Arid Climates: Simulation and Python-Based Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis

by Rehab Alaa, Amira Elbalazi and Walaa S.E. Ismaeel

Urban Sci. 2025, 9(8), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9080310 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study adopts a multi-scale, simulation-driven approach to evaluate the performance of different passive roof types in mitigating Urban Heat Island (UHI) in hot arid climate. A comparative analysis was performed for selected roof types; green, pond, cool, and dark roofs. At the [...] Read more.

This study adopts a multi-scale, simulation-driven approach to evaluate the performance of different passive roof types in mitigating Urban Heat Island (UHI) in hot arid climate. A comparative analysis was performed for selected roof types; green, pond, cool, and dark roofs. At the urban scale, ENVI-met v5.7.1 was employed to simulate microclimatic impacts, including Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) at the pedestrian street level (1.4 m) and above building canopy level (25 m). The results revealed that green roofs were the most effective in mitigating UHI on the urban scale, reducing MRT by 1.83 °C at the pedestrian level and by 3.5 °C at the above canopy level. Surprisingly, dark roofs also performed well, with MRT reductions of 1.81 °C and 3.5 °C, respectively, outperforming pond roofs, which showed reductions of 1.80 °C and 0.31 °C. While cool roofs effectively reduced MRT at the pedestrian level by 1.80 °C, they had adverse effect at the canopy level, increasing MRT by 15.58 °C. At the building scale, Design Builder v7.3.1, coupled with Energy Plus, was used to assess indoor thermal and energy performance. Pond and cool roofs reduced operative temperature by 0.08 °C and 0.07 °C, respectively, followed by green roofs, with a 0.05 °C reduction, while dark roofs increased it by 0.07 °C. In terms of energy performance, green roofs yielded the greatest benefit, reducing cooling load by 3.3%, followed by pond roofs, with a 1.32% reduction; cool roofs showed negligible reduction, while dark roofs increased it by 1.2%. Finally, a Python-based Multi criteria Decision Making (MCDM) analytical framework integrated these findings with additional factors to optimize thermal comfort, environmental impact, sustainability, and feasibility and rank strategies accordingly. The analysis identified green roofs as the optimal solution, followed by pond roofs and then cool roofs tied with the base case, leaving dark roofs as the least favorable strategy. This study’s key contribution lies in its integrated simulation–decision analysis methodology, which bridges urban climatology and building performance to provide actionable insights for sustainable urban design. By validating green roofs as the most effective passive strategy in hot arid regions, this work aids policymakers and planners in prioritizing interventions that support climate-resilient urbanization. Full article

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21 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Differences in the Relationship Between Fatigue, Different Types of Physical Activity, Postural Changes, and Sleep Quality in University Students—Part II Analyses from a Cross-Sectional Study

by Verner Marijančić, Silvije Šegulja, Mirela Vučković, Ivana Sović, Stanislav Peharec, Tanja Grubić Kezele and Gordana Starčević-Klasan

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030307 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Fatigue can be a useful tool to understand the effects of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior on musculoskeletal health in university students. Methods: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine gender differences in the relationships between fatigue and specific [...] Read more.

Background: Fatigue can be a useful tool to understand the effects of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior on musculoskeletal health in university students. Methods: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine gender differences in the relationships between fatigue and specific types and levels of PA, posture, sleep quality (SQ), and non-specific low back pain (NS-LBP) in young adult university students aged 18–25 years. A total of 180 students completed all required tests. Results: Female students had higher total fatigue as they generally engaged in more PA in contrast to male students, who had higher total fatigue when they engaged in less moderate and less vigorous PA. With increasing sedentary behavior, overall fatigue was pronounced in both sexes, although female students spent significantly more time sitting. Poorer SQ correlated with NS-LBP and higher levels of sleep-related fatigue in female students. Males with pronounced hypekyphosis and females with pronounced lordosis were more fatigued. In addition, fatigue was more pronounced in female students with a higher extensor/flexor ratio, suggesting that trunk extensors are more fatigued due to the need to maintain lumbar spine stability. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the choice of PA should be gender-specific to prevent chronic musculoskeletal disorders and fatigue in young adult university students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health: 2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 5076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Adaptive Bi-Band Doherty PA with Main-Peak Amplifier Swapping and Extended Bandwidth Performance

by Jorge Julian Moreno Rubio, Edison Ferney Angarita Malaver and Jairo Alonso Mesa Lara

Inventions 2025, 10(4), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/inventions10040069 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

This paper presents the design, implementation, and characterization of a broadband power amplifier (PA) with a reconfigurable architecture, capable of efficient operation across a wide frequency range of 0.2–3.6 GHz. Leveraging Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices, the PA achieves high efficiency and power, essential [...] Read more.

This paper presents the design, implementation, and characterization of a broadband power amplifier (PA) with a reconfigurable architecture, capable of efficient operation across a wide frequency range of 0.2–3.6 GHz. Leveraging Gallium Nitride (GaN) devices, the PA achieves high efficiency and power, essential for broadband and high-frequency applications. By swapping the roles of the main and peak amplifiers, the PA achieves Doherty behavior at two related frequencies, 1.4 and 2.8 GHz, where the first is exactly half of the second, while maintaining consistent efficiency and output power across the remaining band in non-Doherty modes. Characterization results confirm the reliability and versatility of the proposed design, showcasing its ability to deliver robust performance across both Doherty and non-Doherty operational ranges. This combination of GaN technology and innovative reconfigurability makes the PA highly suitable for broadband applications requiring high efficiency, flexibility, and wideband coverage. Moreover, the simplicity of the proposed design makes it not only practical for implementation but also highly competitive among state-of-the-art solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inventions and Innovation in Electrical Engineering/Energy/Communications)

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13 pages, 1370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heart Rate Variability Differences by Match Phase and Outcome in Elite Male Finnish Padel Players

by Rafael Conde-Ripoll, Antonin Jamotte, Jose A. Parraca and Álvaro Bustamante-Sánchez

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030306 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to examine changes in heart rate variability (HRV) across three match-related time points (pre-match, during the match, and post-match) and to explore whether these physiological responses differed between winners and losers in competitive padel. Methods: Twelve matches were analyzed, [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to examine changes in heart rate variability (HRV) across three match-related time points (pre-match, during the match, and post-match) and to explore whether these physiological responses differed between winners and losers in competitive padel. Methods: Twelve matches were analyzed, involving 11 high-level Finnish padel players ranked within the national top 24. HRV was recorded before, during, and immediately after each match, with each measurement lasting a minimum of five min. Time-domain (e.g., SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50), frequency-domain (e.g., LF, HF), and non-linear (e.g., SD1, SD2) HRV metrics were extracted for analysis. All matches took place in Tampere, Finland, under controlled conditions. Results: Results revealed significant intra-match fluctuations in HRV across all domains. Moreover, losing players exhibited consistently higher relative heart rate during the match, suggesting greater physiological strain. Conclusions: This study contributes novel evidence on the dynamic nature of autonomic responses in padel and supports the integration of HRV monitoring in performance and recovery management protocols for high-level athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Racket Sport Dynamics)

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16 pages, 6802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphomolecular Characterization of Rhadinorhynchus niloticus (Acanthocephala: Rhadinorhynchidae) from Nile Perch (Lates niloticus, Perciformes: Latidae)

by Ebtsam Sayed Hassan Abdallah, Marco Albano and Hasnaa Thabit

Fishes 2025, 10(8), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10080397 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Adults of Rhadinorhynchus niloticus, a member of the Rhadinorhynchidae family, were isolated from the intestines of wild Nile perch (Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758); Perciformes: Latidae) caught from the River Nile and its tributaries in Assiut City, Egypt. The parasite was found [...] Read more.

Adults of Rhadinorhynchus niloticus, a member of the Rhadinorhynchidae family, were isolated from the intestines of wild Nile perch (Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758); Perciformes: Latidae) caught from the River Nile and its tributaries in Assiut City, Egypt. The parasite was found freely in the intestinal lumen with a prevalence of 10.71%, and the burden varied from one to five parasites per fish. The mean intensity and abundance were 2.16 ± 0.47 (95% CI: 1.33 to 3.17) and 0.23 ± 0.08 (95% CI: 0.11 to 0.43), respectively. The parasite was described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Molecular species identification as well as phylogenetic relationship analysis of the isolated parasite were achieved by sequencing and comparisons of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase C subunit I (COI) and nuclear 18S rRNA genes. The sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers PP859185 and MZ727194. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the parasites emerged from a separate branch belonging to the Rhadinorhynchidae family, which was clearly distinguished from other genospecies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Fish Pathology and Parasitology)

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12 pages, 234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Communication of an Abnormal Metabolic Newborn Screening Result in the Netherlands: A Qualitative Exploratory Study of the General Practitioner’s Perspective

by Sietske Haitjema, Charlotte M. A. Lubout, Justine H. M. Zijlstra, Rendelien K. Verschoof-Puite and Francjan J. van Spronsen

Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2025, 11(3), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijns11030062 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Newborn screening (NBS) for inherited metabolic diseases (IMD) aims to find children in which immediate action can prevent severe symptoms. We previously studied parental satisfaction with the communication of the NBS result for phenylketonuria, which in the Netherlands is done by the general [...] Read more.

Newborn screening (NBS) for inherited metabolic diseases (IMD) aims to find children in which immediate action can prevent severe symptoms. We previously studied parental satisfaction with the communication of the NBS result for phenylketonuria, which in the Netherlands is done by the general practitioners (GPs). More than half of all parents were unsatisfied with the communication of the abnormal NBS result. The aim of this qualitative exploratory study was to portray a number of GPs’ opinions and experiences in communicating an abnormal metabolic NBS result. We performed semi-structured interviews with ten GPs to evaluate the process of communicating the abnormal NBS result. An additional two GPs provided their answers via email. The data revealed four key themes: (1) dealing with the urgency of the metabolic NBS result, (2) the role of the GP in the NBS process, (3) the current organization of NBS in the Netherlands and (4) evaluating roles and responsibilities in communicating abnormal metabolic NBS results. Despite the willingness of GPs to inform parents about NBS results, it is questionable whether they have the necessary tools to effectively conduct these conversations given their limited experience with IMDs. In light of the increasing number of diseases in the NBS program, it would be interesting to explore alternative tools for communicating the NBS result to parents. Full article

20 pages, 3022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Artificial Neural Network-Based Tool for Predicting Failures in Composite Laminate Structures

by Milica Milic Jankovic, Jelena Svorcan and Ivana Atanasovska

Biomimetics 2025, 10(8), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10080520 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Composite materials are widely used in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and renewable energy sectors due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and design flexibility. However, their anisotropic and layered nature makes structural analysis and failure prediction challenging. Traditional methods require solving complex interlaminar stress–strain equations, [...] Read more.

Composite materials are widely used in aerospace, automotive, biomedical, and renewable energy sectors due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and design flexibility. However, their anisotropic and layered nature makes structural analysis and failure prediction challenging. Traditional methods require solving complex interlaminar stress–strain equations, demanding significant computational resources. This paper presents a bio-inspired machine learning approach, based on human reasoning, to accelerate predictions and reduce dependence on computationally intensive Finite Element Analysis (FEA). An artificial neural network model was developed to rapidly estimate key parameters—laminate thickness, total weight, maximum stress, displacement, deformation, and failure criteria—based on stacking sequence and geometry for a desired load case. Although validated using a specific composite beam, the methodology demonstrates potential for broader use in rapid structural assessment, with prediction deviations under 15% compared to FEA results. The time savings are particularly significant—while conventional FEA can take several hours or even days, the ANN model delivers accurate predictions within seconds. The approach significantly reduces computational time while maintaining precision. Moreover, with further refinement, this logic-driven model could be effectively applied to aircraft maintenance, enabling faster decision-making and improved structural reliability assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Optimisation and Management)

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15 pages, 2908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioinspired Design of Ergonomic Tool Handles Using 3D-Printed Cellular Metamaterials

by Gregor Harih and Vasja Plesec

Biomimetics 2025, 10(8), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10080519 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The design of ergonomic tool handles is crucial for user comfort and performance, yet conventional stiff materials often lead to uneven pressure distribution and discomfort. This study investigates the application of 3D-printed cellular metamaterials with tunable stiffness, specifically gyroid structures, to enhance the [...] Read more.

The design of ergonomic tool handles is crucial for user comfort and performance, yet conventional stiff materials often lead to uneven pressure distribution and discomfort. This study investigates the application of 3D-printed cellular metamaterials with tunable stiffness, specifically gyroid structures, to enhance the ergonomic and haptic properties of tool handles. We employed finite element analysis to simulate finger–handle interactions and conducted subjective comfort evaluations with participants using a foxtail saw with handles of varying gyroid infill densities and a rigid PLA handle. Numerical results demonstrated that handles with medium stiffness significantly reduced peak contact pressures and promoted a more uniform pressure distribution compared to the stiff PLA handle. The softest gyroid handle, while compliant, exhibited excessive deformation, potentially compromising stability. Subjective comfort ratings corroborated these findings, with medium-stiffness handles receiving the highest scores for overall comfort, fit, and force transmission. These results highlight that a plateau-like mechanical response of the 3D-printed cellular metamaterial handle, inversely bioinspired by human soft tissue, effectively balances pressure redistribution and grip stability. This bioinspired design approach offers a promising direction for developing user-centered products that mitigate fatigue and discomfort in force-intensive tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Bio-Printing for Regenerative Medicine Applications)

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19 pages, 12806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Vision Method for Detecting Citrus Separation Lines Using Line-Structured Light

by Qingcang Yu, Song Xue and Yang Zheng

J. Imaging 2025, 11(8), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11080265 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The detection of citrus separation lines is a crucial step in the citrus processing industry. Inspired by the achievements of line-structured light technology in surface defect detection, this paper proposes a method for detecting citrus separation lines based on line-structured light. Firstly, a [...] Read more.

The detection of citrus separation lines is a crucial step in the citrus processing industry. Inspired by the achievements of line-structured light technology in surface defect detection, this paper proposes a method for detecting citrus separation lines based on line-structured light. Firstly, a gamma-corrected Otsu method is employed to extract the laser stripe region from the image. Secondly, an improved skeleton extraction algorithm is employed to mitigate the bifurcation errors inherent in original skeleton extraction algorithms while simultaneously acquiring 3D point cloud data of the citrus surface. Finally, the least squares progressive iterative approximation algorithm is applied to approximate the ideal surface curve; subsequently, principal component analysis is used to derive the normals of this ideally fitted curve. The deviation between each point (along its corresponding normal direction) and the actual geometric characteristic curve is then adopted as a quantitative index for separation lines positioning. The average similarity between the extracted separation lines and the manually defined standard separation lines reaches 92.5%. In total, 95% of the points on the separation lines obtained by this method have an error of less than 4 pixels. Experimental results demonstrate that through quantitative deviation analysis of geometric features, automatic detection and positioning of the separation lines are achieved, satisfying the requirements of high precision and non-destructiveness for automatic citrus splitting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Image Processing, Signal Processing and Their Applications)

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21 pages, 7306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic and Individualized Preparation of External Ear Canal Implants: Development and Validation of an Efficient and Accurate Automated Segmentation System

by Yanjing Luo, Mohammadtaha Kouchakinezhad, Felix Repp, Verena Scheper, Thomas Lenarz and Farnaz Matin-Mann

J. Imaging 2025, 11(8), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging11080264 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

External ear canal (EEC) stenosis, often associated with cholesteatoma, carries a high risk of postoperative restenosis despite surgical intervention. While individualized implants offer promise in preventing restenosis, the high morphological variability of EECs and the lack of standardized definitions hinder systematic implant design. [...] Read more.

External ear canal (EEC) stenosis, often associated with cholesteatoma, carries a high risk of postoperative restenosis despite surgical intervention. While individualized implants offer promise in preventing restenosis, the high morphological variability of EECs and the lack of standardized definitions hinder systematic implant design. This study aimed to characterize individual EEC morphology and to develop a validated automated segmentation system for efficient implant preparation. Reference datasets were first generated by manual segmentation using 3D Slicer^TM software version 5.2.2. Based on these, we developed a customized plugin capable of automatically identifying the maximal implantable region within the EEC and measuring its key dimensions. The accuracy of the plugin was assessed by comparing it with manual segmentation results in terms of shape, volume, length, and width. Validation was further performed using three temporal bone implantation experiments with 3D-Bioplotter©-fabricated EEC implants. The automated system demonstrated strong consistency with manual methods and significantly improved segmentation efficiency. The plugin-generated models enabled successful implant fabrication and placement in all validation tests. These results confirm the system’s clinical feasibility and support its use for individualized and systematic EEC implant design. The developed tool holds potential to improve surgical planning and reduce postoperative restenosis in EEC stenosis treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Progress in Medical Image Segmentation)

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17 pages, 5360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Impact of Pressure During the Pyrolysis of Diethyl Carbonate and Ethyl Methyl Carbonate

by Claire M. Grégoire, Eric L. Petersen and Olivier Mathieu

Batteries 2025, 11(8), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080303 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

During a thermal runaway, Lithium-ion battery cells are subjected to a large increase in temperature, which will vaporize and potentially thermally degrade their liquid electrolyte. The formation of gas in the battery cell will increase the pressure until the flammable gases vent and [...] Read more.

During a thermal runaway, Lithium-ion battery cells are subjected to a large increase in temperature, which will vaporize and potentially thermally degrade their liquid electrolyte. The formation of gas in the battery cell will increase the pressure until the flammable gases vent and potentially lead to a fire incident. While the pyrolysis chemistry of the electrolyte components has been studied near atmospheric pressure, the effect of pressure has not been investigated. This study was undertaken to better understand the effect of pressure on the thermal dissociation of two common linear electrolyte components, diethyl carbonate (DEC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). The pyrolysis of DEC and EMC was studied in the gas phase, in 99.75% He/Ar, and was carried out at high temperatures and for pressures near 5.5 atm. The time-resolved CO formation was measured using a quantum cascade laser, providing a unique experimental dataset. A detailed chemical kinetics analysis was performed to understand the effect of pressure on DEC and EMC, with CO time-history results obtained in similar conditions at near-atmospheric pressure for DEC and EMC serving as baselines for comparison. Numerical predictions using detailed chemical kinetics mechanisms from the literature were carried out, and reaction pathways at different pressures were highlighted to emphasize the effect of pressure on the pyrolysis chemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Thermal Performance and Management: Advances and Challenges)

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21 pages, 2537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State of Health Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Dual-Time-Scale Self-Supervised Learning

by Yuqi Li, Longyun Kang, Xuemei Wang, Di Xie and Shoumo Wang

Batteries 2025, 11(8), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries11080302 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Accurate estimation of the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries confronts two critical challenges: the extreme scarcity of labeled data in large-scale operational datasets and the mismatch between existing methods (relying on full charging–discharging conditions) and shallow charging–discharging conditions prevalent in real-world [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of the state of health (SOH) of lithium-ion batteries confronts two critical challenges: the extreme scarcity of labeled data in large-scale operational datasets and the mismatch between existing methods (relying on full charging–discharging conditions) and shallow charging–discharging conditions prevalent in real-world scenarios. To address these challenges, this study proposes a self-supervised learning framework for SOH estimation. The framework employs a dual-time-scale collaborative pre-training approach via masked voltage sequence reconstruction and interval capacity prediction tasks, enabling automatic extraction of cross-time-scale aging features from unlabeled data. Innovatively, it integrates domain knowledge into the attention mechanism and incorporates time-varying factors into positional encoding, significantly enhancing the capability to extract battery aging features. The proposed method is validated on two datasets. For the standard dataset, using only 10% labeled data, it achieves an average RMSE of 0.491% for NCA battery estimation and 0.804% for transfer estimation between NCA and NCM. For the shallow-cycle dataset, it achieves an average RMSE of 1.300% with only 2% labeled data. By synergistically leveraging massive unlabeled data and extremely sparse labeled samples (2–10% labeling rate), this framework reduces the labeling burden for battery health monitoring by 90–98%, offering an industrial-grade solution with near-zero labeling dependency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 3rd Edition)

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28 pages, 2248 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Ionizing Radiation in Shaping the Complex Multi-Layered Epigenome

by Claudia E. Rübe, Mutaz A. Abd Al-razaq, Carola Meier, Markus Hecht and Christian Rübe

Epigenomes 2025, 9(3), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/epigenomes9030029 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The impact of ionizing radiation (IR) with induction of various DNA damage is based not only on genetic but also on epigenetic effects. Epigenetic modifications determine the chromatin structure and DNA accessibility, thereby regulating cellular functions through the expression of individual genes or [...] Read more.

The impact of ionizing radiation (IR) with induction of various DNA damage is based not only on genetic but also on epigenetic effects. Epigenetic modifications determine the chromatin structure and DNA accessibility, thereby regulating cellular functions through the expression of individual genes or entire groups of genes. However, the influence of DNA repair processes on the restoration of local chromatin structures and global nuclear architectures is still insufficiently understood. In multicellular organisms, epigenetic mechanisms control diverse cellular functions of specific cell types through precise temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression and silencing. How altered epigenetic mechanisms regulate the pathophysiological function of cells, tissues, and ultimately entire organs following IR exposure remains to be investigated in detail. Radiation-induced epigenetic processes are particularly critical for immature cell populations such as tissue-specific stem and progenitor cells during development and differentiation of organ tissues. Genome-wide patterns of DNA and histone modifications are established cell types—specifically during the development and differentiation of organ tissues but can also be fundamentally altered in adult organism by stress responses, such as radiation-induced DNA damage. Following IR exposure, epigenetic factors are not always fully restored to their original state, resulting in epigenetic dysfunction that causes cells to lose their original identity and function. Moreover, severe radiation-induced DNA damage can induce premature senescence of cells in complex tissues, which ultimately leads to signs of aging and age-related diseases such as cancer. In this work, we provide an overview of the most important epigenetic changes following IR exposure and their pathophysiological significance for the development of acute and chronic radiation reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Features Papers in Epigenomes 2025)

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24 pages, 1478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenotypic Diversity and Biochemical Properties of Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall. Genotypes: A Comprehensive Study from Western Türkiye

by Levent Kırca and Ahmet Aygün

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080934 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study comprehensively characterized the pomological and biochemical properties of 255 wild pear (Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall.) genotypes collected from 17 different locations in Denizli province, Türkiye, a region known for its significant genetic resources. A total of 19 parameters were investigated, including [...] Read more.

This study comprehensively characterized the pomological and biochemical properties of 255 wild pear (Pyrus elaeagnifolia Pall.) genotypes collected from 17 different locations in Denizli province, Türkiye, a region known for its significant genetic resources. A total of 19 parameters were investigated, including fruit dimensions, seed characteristics, firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activity. Variance analysis revealed significant differences among locations for most of the evaluated traits (p ≤ 0.05). Correlation analyses elucidated the relationships between pomological and biochemical characteristics, while principal component analysis and cluster analysis reflected the genetic and geographical structure of the genotypes. Notably, genotypes from Çivril, Çal, Pamukkale, and Tavas locations exhibited superior characteristics. The high phenolic and flavonoid content, coupled with the strong antioxidant capacity of Pyrus elaeagnifolia, supports the species’ potential as a functional food. The findings provide valuable resources for conservation efforts, sustainable utilization, and breeding programs aimed at adapting to climate change. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first systematic and multi-trait assessment of wild pear genetic diversity in the Denizli province, thus providing a crucial scientific baseline for the development of effective conservation and breeding strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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20 pages, 2633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial–Organic Inputs with Glycine Supplementation Enhance Growth and Heat Stress Tolerance in Lettuce

by Kanjana Kudpeng, Ahmad Nuruddin Khoiri, Thanawat Duangfoo, Supapon Cheevadhanarak and Jiraporn Jirakkakul

Horticulturae 2025, 11(8), 935; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11080935 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

The escalating demand for sustainable agriculture calls for innovative strategies that enhance crop resilience while minimizing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of a microbial consortium (PYS), organic fertilizer (OF), glycine (Gly), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on lettuce under [...] Read more.

The escalating demand for sustainable agriculture calls for innovative strategies that enhance crop resilience while minimizing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This study evaluated the synergistic effects of a microbial consortium (PYS), organic fertilizer (OF), glycine (Gly), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on lettuce under heat stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Bangkok, Thailand, simulating tropical high-temperature conditions. The PYS+OF+Gly treatment significantly improved fresh weight, matching the performance of chemical fertilizer (CF) and indicating a strong growth-promoting synergy. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents were higher in PYS or PYS+OF treatment, suggesting enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. At 60 days, PYS-based treatments also led to substantial increases in total phenolics and flavonoids, coupled with reduced lipid peroxidation and elevated antioxidant activities (DPPH, APX, CAT, POD, and SOD). However, vitamin C levels remained highest in the CF and OF controls, indicating a potential metabolic shift toward phenylpropanoid rather than ascorbate biosynthesis. Overall, our results demonstrate that combining microbial consortia with organic and biostimulant inputs could enhance growth, stress tolerance, and the nutritional quality of lettuce. This integrated approach presents a promising strategy for climate-resilient crop production and warrants further validation across different crops, environmental settings, and large-scale agricultural systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biotic and Abiotic Stress)

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25 pages, 2697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Performance Comparison of Working Fluids for Geothermal Snow Melting with Gravitational Heat Pipe

by Wenwen Cui, Yutong Chai, Soheil Asgarpour and Shunde Yin

Fluids 2025, 10(8), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids10080209 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Snow and ice accumulation on transportation infrastructure presents significant safety and maintenance challenges in cold regions, while conventional removal methods are both energy-intensive and environmentally detrimental. This study proposes a passive Heat Pipe–Coupled Geothermal Snow Melting System (HP-GSMS) that harnesses shallow geothermal energy [...] Read more.

Snow and ice accumulation on transportation infrastructure presents significant safety and maintenance challenges in cold regions, while conventional removal methods are both energy-intensive and environmentally detrimental. This study proposes a passive Heat Pipe–Coupled Geothermal Snow Melting System (HP-GSMS) that harnesses shallow geothermal energy to maintain snow-free surfaces without external energy input. Using Fluent-based CFD simulations, the system’s thermal performance was evaluated under various working fluids (ammonia, carbon dioxide, water) and pipe materials (stainless steel, aluminum). A one-dimensional thermal resistance model validated the CFD results under ammonia–stainless steel conditions, predicting a heat flux of 358.6 W/m² compared to 361.0 W/m² from the simulation, with a deviation of only 0.66%, confirming model accuracy. Ammonia demonstrated superior phase-change efficiency, with the aluminum–ammonia configuration yielding the highest heat flux (up to 677 W/m²), surpassing typical snow-melting thresholds. Aluminum pipes enhanced radial heat conduction without compromising phase stability, while water exhibited poor phase-change performance and CO₂ showed moderate but stable behavior. Additionally, a dynamic three-node RC thermal network was employed to assess transient performance under realistic diurnal temperature variations, revealing surface heat fluxes ranging from 230 to 460 W/m², with a daily average of approximately 340 W/m². These findings demonstrate the HP-GSMS’s practical viability in cold climates and underscore the importance of selecting low-boiling-point fluids and high-conductivity materials for scalable, energy-efficient, and low-carbon snow-melting applications in urban infrastructure. Full article

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41 pages, 2973 KiB

Open AccessReview

Self-Healing, Electroconductive Hydrogels for Wound Healing Applications

by Duarte Almeida, Diogo Dias, Frederico Castelo Ferreira and Teresa Esteves

Gels 2025, 11(8), 619; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080619 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Electroconductive, self-healing hydrogels have surfaced as a versatile tool for advanced wound care applications, since they combine classic hydrogels’ moist and biomimetic environment with the dynamic electrical responsiveness that can function as an accelerator of tissue repair processes. Recent advances report the automatic [...] Read more.

Electroconductive, self-healing hydrogels have surfaced as a versatile tool for advanced wound care applications, since they combine classic hydrogels’ moist and biomimetic environment with the dynamic electrical responsiveness that can function as an accelerator of tissue repair processes. Recent advances report the automatic restoration of materials after mechanical disruption through various mechanisms, such as ionic or covalent bonds and supramolecular interactions. This property is crucial for biomaterials, as they are often applied in skin regions with high motility and, therefore, a high risk of breakage. By integrating within these networks compounds that are electrically active—polymers such as PEDOT:PSS or polypyrrole, or 2D nanomaterials such as graphene—it is possible to confer responsiveness to these hydrogels, which can lead to increases in fibroblast proliferation, antimicrobial properties, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, these biomaterials must have skin-mimicking mechanical properties and can also be loaded with drugs to improve their healing properties even further. This review synthesizes the chemistry behind the self-healing and electroconductive properties of these materials and expands on the available literature on this field and their biological outcomes, while also providing a look into the future of these promising materials, aiming at their integration in standard wound care strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Hydrogels in Medicine)

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32 pages, 12171 KiB

Open AccessReview

Tuning Nanostructure of Gels: From Structural and Functional Controls to Food Applications

by Tangyu Yang, Lin Cao, Junnan Song and Andre G. Skirtach

Gels 2025, 11(8), 620; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11080620 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Various gels are integral for the food industry, providing unique textural and mechanical properties essential for the quality and functions of products. These properties are fundamentally governed by the gels’ nanostructural organization. This review investigates the mechanisms of nanostructure formation in food gels, [...] Read more.

Various gels are integral for the food industry, providing unique textural and mechanical properties essential for the quality and functions of products. These properties are fundamentally governed by the gels’ nanostructural organization. This review investigates the mechanisms of nanostructure formation in food gels, the methods for their characterization and control, and how precise tuning of these nanostructures enables targeted food applications. We examine the role of various building blocks, including biopolymers, lipids, and particles, and the gelation mechanisms leading to specific nanostructures. Advanced techniques (e.g., microscopy, scattering, spectroscopy, and rheology) are discussed for their insights into nano-/microstructures. Strategies for tuning nanostructures through chemical composition adjustments (e.g., concentration, pH, ionic strength) and physical processing controls (e.g., temperature, shear, ultrasound) are presented. Incorporating nanostructures like nanoparticles and nanofibers to enhance gel properties is also explored. The review links these nanostructures to key functional properties, including mechanical strength, water-holding capacity, optical characteristics, and bioactive delivery. By manipulating nanostructures, products can achieve tailored textures, improved stability, and controlled nutrient release. Applications enabled by nanostructure tuning include tailored sensory experiences, fat reduction, innovative food structures, and smart packaging solutions. Although significant progress has been made, precise structural control and a comprehensive understanding of complex nanoscale interactions in food gels remain challenging. This review underscores the importance of nanostructure tuning in food gels, highlighting its potential to drive future research that unlocks innovative, functional food products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thixotropic Gels: Mechanisms, Functions and Applications)

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20 pages, 7313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Modeling of Composition-Resolved Source Apportionment and Dynamic Projection for Ozone Pollution in Datong

by Xiaofeng Yao, Tongshun Han, Zexuan Yang, Xiaohui Zhang and Liang Pei

Toxics 2025, 13(8), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13080666 - 8 Aug 2025

Abstract

Growing ozone (O₃) pollution in industrial cities urgently requires in-depth mechanistic research. This study utilized multi-year observational data from Datong City, China, from 2020 to 2024, integrating time trend diagnostics, correlation dynamics analysis, Environmental Protection Agency Positive Matrix Factorization 5.0 (EPA [...] Read more.

Growing ozone (O₃) pollution in industrial cities urgently requires in-depth mechanistic research. This study utilized multi-year observational data from Datong City, China, from 2020 to 2024, integrating time trend diagnostics, correlation dynamics analysis, Environmental Protection Agency Positive Matrix Factorization 5.0 (EPA PMF 5.0) model simulations, and a grey prediction model (GM (1,1)) projection method to reveal the coupling mechanisms among O₃ precursors. Key breakthroughs include the following: (1) A ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to nitrogen oxides (NO_x) of 1.5 clearly distinguishes between NO_x-constrained (winter) and VOC-sensitive (summer) modes, a conclusion validated by the strong negative correlation between O₃ and NO_x (r = −0.80, p < 0.01) and the dominant role of NO titration. (2) Aromatic compounds (toluene, xylene) used as solvents in industrial emissions, despite accounting for only 7.9% of VOC mass, drove 37.1% of ozone formation potential (OFP), while petrochemical and paint production (accounting for 12.2% of VOC mass) contributed only 0.3% of OFP. (3) Quantitative analysis of OFP using PMF identified natural gas/fuel gas use and leakage (accounting for 34.9% of OFP) and solvent use (accounting for 37.1% of OFP) as key control targets. (4) The GM (1,1) model predicts that, despite a decrease in VOC concentrations (−15.7%) and an increase in NO_x concentrations (+2.4%), O₃ concentrations will rise to 169.7 μg m⁻³ by 2025 (an increase of 7.4% compared to 2024), indicating an improvement in photochemical efficiency. We have established an activity-oriented prioritization framework targeting high-OFP species from key sources. This provides a scientific basis for precise O₃ emission reductions consistent with China’s 15th Five-Year Plan for synergistic pollution/carbon governance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis of the Sources and Components of Aerosols in Air Pollution)

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