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Volume 14
Issue 24
10.3390/electronics14244797
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Communication

An Automatic Optimization Approach to the Non-Periodic Folded-Waveguide Slow-Wave Structure for the High Efficiency Traveling Wave Tube

by
Zheng Wen
* and
Jun Zhang
College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Electronics 2025, 14(24), 4797; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14244797 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 8 November 2025 / Revised: 2 December 2025 / Accepted: 4 December 2025 / Published: 5 December 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

An automatic optimization approach to the non-periodic (NP) folded-waveguide slow-wave structure (FW-SWS) is proposed for the high efficiency traveling wave tube (TWT). Considering the beam-wave synchronism condition, the data of the beam velocity distribution are analyzed and utilized for automatic optimization. For concise expression, a W-band concentric arc NP FW-SWS TWT is automatically optimized as an example, where the beam voltage is set as 6000 V, the beam current is 0.12 A, the magnet field is 0.5 T, and the input power is 0.4 W. Without any training data or previous given datasets, the output power (electronic efficiency) can be optimized to reach 238.7 W (33.1%) at 94 GHz by the automatic optimization approach code within 22.7 h.
Keywords: automatic optimization approach; folded-waveguide slow-wave structure (FW-SWS); non-periodic (NP); traveling wave tube (TWT) automatic optimization approach; folded-waveguide slow-wave structure (FW-SWS); non-periodic (NP); traveling wave tube (TWT)

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wen, Z.; Zhang, J. An Automatic Optimization Approach to the Non-Periodic Folded-Waveguide Slow-Wave Structure for the High Efficiency Traveling Wave Tube. Electronics 2025, 14, 4797. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14244797

AMA Style

Wen Z, Zhang J. An Automatic Optimization Approach to the Non-Periodic Folded-Waveguide Slow-Wave Structure for the High Efficiency Traveling Wave Tube. Electronics. 2025; 14(24):4797. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14244797

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen, Zheng, and Jun Zhang. 2025. "An Automatic Optimization Approach to the Non-Periodic Folded-Waveguide Slow-Wave Structure for the High Efficiency Traveling Wave Tube" Electronics 14, no. 24: 4797. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14244797

APA Style

Wen, Z., & Zhang, J. (2025). An Automatic Optimization Approach to the Non-Periodic Folded-Waveguide Slow-Wave Structure for the High Efficiency Traveling Wave Tube. Electronics, 14(24), 4797. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14244797

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