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Recent Articles  

16 pages, 1468 KiB  
Article
South Korea’s National Animal Welfare Policies in Comparison to Legal Frameworks and Systems in Other Countries
by Yeonjin Park, Hochul Shin and Dahee Park
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091224 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
It is essential to establish a normative framework that ensures the harmonious coexistence of humans and animals from legal and institutional perspectives. This study classifies and compares animal welfare policies in welfare states, identifying distinct policy types across different countries. Using fuzzy set [...] Read more.
It is essential to establish a normative framework that ensures the harmonious coexistence of humans and animals from legal and institutional perspectives. This study classifies and compares animal welfare policies in welfare states, identifying distinct policy types across different countries. Using fuzzy set ideal type analysis, this study examines seven OECD countries: Austria, Denmark, Germany, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (USA). These countries are consistent with Esping-Andersen’s three welfare state models and actively implement animal welfare policies. This study addresses the limitations of previous studies that focused primarily on animal-related discourses by examining the characteristics of different policy types that integrate two core components of animal welfare policy: animal welfare law and animal welfare systems. This analysis identified four types of animal welfare policies: (1) economic value type (South Korea and the USA); (2) social value type (the UK); (3) rights extension type (Denmark, Germany, and Sweden); and (4) ecological type (Austria). The results show that welfare state animal welfare policies are generally consistent with the ideological characteristics of the welfare system in question. However, Korea presents notable differences, providing valuable insights into its unique approach to animal welfare policy and informing future policy development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Public Policy, Politics and Law)
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9 pages, 6236 KiB  
Case Report
Successful Perioperative Management of Titanium Cranioplasty in a Patient with Severe Hemophilia A
by Gabriela Micurova, Kristina Maria Belakova, Tomas Simurda, Miroslava Drotarova, Jan Stasko and Branislav Kolarovszki
Hemato 2025, 6(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/hemato6020011 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder associated with high risk for intracranial hemorrhage, requiring complicated neurosurgical interventions. Perioperative management is based on quick factor replacement therapy, control of hemostasis, and deciding whether surgery will be beneficial. Methods: We report the [...] Read more.
Background: Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive bleeding disorder associated with high risk for intracranial hemorrhage, requiring complicated neurosurgical interventions. Perioperative management is based on quick factor replacement therapy, control of hemostasis, and deciding whether surgery will be beneficial. Methods: We report the case of a 49-year-old male with severe hemophilia A who had purulent secernation via a skin fistula as a late complication of decompressive craniectomy for epidural hematoma at younger age. Results: Revision surgery was successfully managed with perioperative administration of clotting factor VIII, and the patient showed indications of titanium cranioplasty. Conclusions: A direct preoperative preparation prior to surgery in a postoperative period with controlled hemostasis has been shown to reduce hemorrhagic complications in hemophilic patients, increasing the quality of life and significant neurological complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hematopathology: Rare Hematological Diseases)
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29 pages, 9674 KiB  
Article
Optimization of Adaptive Observation Strategies for Multi-AUVs in Complex Marine Environments Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
by Jingjing Zhang, Weidong Zhou, Xiong Deng, Shuo Yang, Chunwang Yang and Hongliang Yin
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(5), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13050865 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
This paper explores the application of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to optimize adaptive observation strategies for multi-AUV systems in complex marine environments. Traditional algorithms struggle with the strong coupling between environmental information and observation modeling, making it challenging to derive optimal strategies. To [...] Read more.
This paper explores the application of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to optimize adaptive observation strategies for multi-AUV systems in complex marine environments. Traditional algorithms struggle with the strong coupling between environmental information and observation modeling, making it challenging to derive optimal strategies. To address this, we designed a DRL framework based on the Dueling Double Deep Q-Network (D3QN), enabling AUVs to interact directly with the environment for more efficient 3D dynamic ocean observation. However, traditional D3QN faces slow convergence and weak action–decision correlation in partially observable, dynamic marine settings. To overcome these challenges, we integrate a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) into the D3QN, improving state-space prediction and accelerating reward convergence. This enhancement allows AUVs to optimize observations, leverage ocean currents, and navigate obstacles while minimizing energy consumption. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach excels in safety, energy efficiency, and observation effectiveness. Additionally, experiments with three, five, and seven AUVs reveal that while increasing platform numbers enhances predictive accuracy, the benefits diminish with additional units. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Underwater Observation Technology in Marine Environment)
18 pages, 1980 KiB  
Review
Autoantibodies Targeting the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Emerging Key Players in Pathogenesis?
by Nicole Akpang, Jakub Kwiatkowski, Lucja Zaborowska and Artur Ludwin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(9), 4121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26094121 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common female endocrinopathy associated with reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. PCOS is characterized by complex pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Its multifactorial etiology and heterogeneous presentation make effective treatment difficult. Endocrine abnormalities in PCOS create a vicious cycle of overriding [...] Read more.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common female endocrinopathy associated with reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. PCOS is characterized by complex pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Its multifactorial etiology and heterogeneous presentation make effective treatment difficult. Endocrine abnormalities in PCOS create a vicious cycle of overriding dysfunction involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. Most research has primarily focused on identifying genetic, epigenetic, or immunological factors underlying PCOS. In recent years, new reports have emerged on the possible involvement of antibodies directed against HPO axis components in the development of PCOS. Some of these have been shown to be able to interfere with hormone receptors or receptor binding by targeting the key domains for their function. However, the evidence is heterogeneous and challenging to interpret, given the overall predisposition to high levels of various autoantibodies found in women with PCOS. This review focuses on autoantibodies affecting the HPO axis in PCOS and their potential role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. The authors discuss PCOS as a potential antibody-mediated autoimmune disease in light of recent reports on its possible pathogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism)
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11 pages, 1213 KiB  
Article
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Reference Intervals Determined via VES-MATIC 5 and CUBE 30 Touch with Respect to the Westergren Method
by Maria Lorubbio, Daniela Diamanti, Carolina Pieroni, Elena Gialli, Massimiliano Pettinari, Stefania Bassi, Gabriele Gorini, Stefania Carniani, Alessandro Saracini, Paola Meloni, Michela Chiodi, Silvana Gervino, Pietro Pantone and Agostino Ognibene
Diagnostics 2025, 15(9), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15091101 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Objectives: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a diagnostic test that is employed worldwide to assess a patient’s inflammatory status. Like all laboratory tests, it requires reference intervals (RIs) to support clinical decision making and facilitate accurate diagnosis. In this study, we [...] Read more.
Objectives: The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is a diagnostic test that is employed worldwide to assess a patient’s inflammatory status. Like all laboratory tests, it requires reference intervals (RIs) to support clinical decision making and facilitate accurate diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to generate RIs for the automatic analyzers VES-MATIC 5 (VM5) and CUBE 30 touch (C30T) compared to the gold standard method. Methods: A total of 989 (presumably healthy) participants from Arezzo Hospital in Italy were enrolled. The ESR RIs were established according to CLSI for all three methods. Results: The analysis pointed out significant differences between women and men and age-related increases in ESRs obtained via all three analytical methods. The average and median values resulting from VM5 and C30T were, respectively, 1 mm/h smaller and higher than the gold standard. The RIs were calculated based on three clusters: the first pertained to patients aged ≥ 18 but ≤ 49 years; the second pertained to patients aged ≥ 50 but ≤ 69 years; the last comprised patients aged ≥ 70 years. Due to the clear overlap between these ranges and the statistical analysis, we identified only one range for females ≥ 18 years (Westergren: 1–22 mm/h; VM5: 1–22 mm/h; C30T: 1–25 mm/h). For the male participants, two separate RIs were proposed: one for those aged ≥ 18 but < 69 years (Westergren: 1–14 mm/h; VM5: 1–14 mm/h; C30T: 1–18 mm/h) and one for those aged 70 years or above (Westergren: 1–22 mm/h; VM5: 1–23 mm/h; C30T: 1–29 mm/h). Conclusions: The proposed RI for automated analyzers C30T and VM5 agreed with the reference method and can be adopted to measure ESRs within EDTA blood samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Laboratory Medicine)
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20 pages, 652 KiB  
Review
Emerging Role of Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Natural Killer Cells for the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies
by Ugo Testa, Germana Castelli and Elvira Pelosi
Cancers 2025, 17(9), 1454; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091454 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
The clinical use of T lymphocytes engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with refractory or relapsed hematological malignancies. CAR natural killer (CAR-NK) cells are NK cells engineered with CARs to specifically target cell antigens expressed on the [...] Read more.
The clinical use of T lymphocytes engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has revolutionized the treatment of patients with refractory or relapsed hematological malignancies. CAR natural killer (CAR-NK) cells are NK cells engineered with CARs to specifically target cell antigens expressed on the membrane of tumor cells. CAR-NK cells could offer some advantages with respect to CAR-T cells, related to their specific and innate anti-tumor activity, availability as an “off the shelf” cellular therapy, reduced costs, and improved safety. Promising efficacy of CAR-Nk cell therapy was observed in clinical trials based on the treatment of some hematological malignancies. However, to date, the clinical experience of CAR-NK cell therapy has been preliminary, with the evaluation of only a limited number of patients. Furthermore, CAR-NK cell therapy has been limited by the short persistence of these cells and by the suboptimal cytotoxic activity of some CAR-NK preparations. Therefore, studies based on the enrollment of a number of patients is required to carefully assess and confirm the safety and the efficacy of CAR-NK cell therapy in hematological malignancies and to compare their efficacy with respect to allogeneic CAR-T cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Targets for CAR T Therapy in Hematologic Malignancies)
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38 pages, 2189 KiB  
Review
Advanced Deep Learning and Machine Learning Techniques for MRI Brain Tumor Analysis: A Review
by Rim Missaoui, Wided Hechkel, Wajdi Saadaoui, Abdelhamid Helali and Marco Leo
Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2746; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092746 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
A brain tumor is the result of abnormal growth of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), widely considered as a complex and diverse clinical entity that is difficult to diagnose and cure. In this study, we focus on current advances in medical [...] Read more.
A brain tumor is the result of abnormal growth of cells in the central nervous system (CNS), widely considered as a complex and diverse clinical entity that is difficult to diagnose and cure. In this study, we focus on current advances in medical imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and how machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms might be combined with clinical assessments to improve brain tumor diagnosis. Due to its superior contrast resolution and safety compared to other imaging methods, MRI is highlighted as the preferred imaging modality for brain tumors. The challenges related to brain tumor analysis in different processes including detection, segmentation, classification, and survival prediction are addressed along with how ML/DL approaches significantly improve these steps. We systematically analyzed 107 studies (2018–2024) employing ML, DL, and hybrid models across publicly available datasets such as BraTS, TCIA, and Figshare. In the light of recent developments in brain tumor analysis, many algorithms have been proposed to accurately obtain ontological characteristics of tumors, enhancing diagnostic precision and personalized therapeutic strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Smart Sensing and Intelligent Sensors 2025)
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11 pages, 266 KiB  
Study Protocol
The CHANT’s Conceptual and Psychometric Validity in Switzerland: A Descriptive Three-Round Multicentre e-Delphi Study
by Omar Portela Dos Santos, Paulo Jorge Pereira Alves and Henk Verloo
Nurs. Rep. 2025, 15(5), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep15050141 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
To effectively mitigate the health impacts of climate change, future nurses must be equipped with the requisite knowledge and competencies. Knowing their levels of eco-literacy would help to make them more effective. Background/Objectives: This descriptive study will use a three-round, multicentre, modified [...] Read more.
To effectively mitigate the health impacts of climate change, future nurses must be equipped with the requisite knowledge and competencies. Knowing their levels of eco-literacy would help to make them more effective. Background/Objectives: This descriptive study will use a three-round, multicentre, modified e-Delphi survey to establish an expert panel’s consensus on the Climate, Health, and Nursing Tool’s (CHANT) item-level and scale-level content validity indices. It will also examine potential associations between the expert panel members’ sociodemographic and professional characteristics and their content validity index assessments of the CHANT. Methods: The study will be conducted in the French-speaking regions of Switzerland, running its three-round e-Delphi survey between January and April 2025. After each round, the CHANT’s overall scale-level and individual item-level content validity indices will be computed. Comparisons between different types of healthcare professionals’ profiles will also be conducted. Results: The three-round modified e-Delphi survey should allow the expert panel to reach a consensus on the CHANT’s overall content validity index. The tool should then be considered suitable for pilot testing. The first round brought together 16 experts from different regions, namely French-speaking Switzerland, France, and Belgium. Conclusions: To ensure that the nursing discipline is well positioned to meet future challenges, the development of eco-literacy must be integrated into nursing education. Ensuring the CHANT’s conceptual and psychometric validity will be essential in strengthening nursing competencies in and knowledge about planetary health and in implementing future educational interventions. Full article
49 pages, 13539 KiB  
Article
Integrated Model Selection and Scalability in Functional Data Analysis Through Bayesian Learning
by Wenzheng Tao , Sarang Joshi  and Ross Whitaker 
Algorithms 2025, 18(5), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18050254 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Functional data, including one-dimensional curves and higher-dimensional surfaces, have become increasingly prominent across scientific disciplines. They offer a continuous perspective that captures subtle dynamics and richer structures compared to discrete representations, thereby preserving essential information and facilitating the more natural modeling of real-world [...] Read more.
Functional data, including one-dimensional curves and higher-dimensional surfaces, have become increasingly prominent across scientific disciplines. They offer a continuous perspective that captures subtle dynamics and richer structures compared to discrete representations, thereby preserving essential information and facilitating the more natural modeling of real-world phenomena, especially in sparse or irregularly sampled settings. A key challenge lies in identifying low-dimensional representations and estimating covariance structures that capture population statistics effectively. We propose a novel Bayesian framework with a nonparametric kernel expansion and a sparse prior, enabling the direct modeling of measured data and avoiding the artificial biases from regridding. Our method, Bayesian scalable functional data analysis (BSFDA), automatically selects both subspace dimensionalities and basis functions, reducing the computational overhead through an efficient variational optimization strategy. We further propose a faster approximate variant that maintains comparable accuracy but accelerates computations significantly on large-scale datasets. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate that our framework outperforms conventional techniques in covariance estimation and dimensionality selection, showing resilience to high dimensionality and irregular sampling. The proposed methodology proves effective for multidimensional functional data and showcases practical applicability in biomedical and meteorological datasets. Overall, BSFDA offers an adaptive, continuous, and scalable solution for modern functional data analysis across diverse scientific domains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications)
18 pages, 1880 KiB  
Article
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Correlates with Quantitative Left Ventricular [99mTc]-DPD Uptake in Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy
by Nikita Ermolaev, René Rettl, Robin Willixhofer, Christina Kronberger, Michael Poledniczek, Lena Marie Schmid, Franz Duca, Christina Binder, Mahshid Eslami, Dietrich Beitzke, Christian Loewe, Marcus Hacker, Andreas Kammerlander, Johannes Kastner, Jutta Bergler-Klein, Raffaella Calabretta and Roza Badr Eslam
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 2999; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14092999 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) often experience significantly reduced functional capacity due to myocardial involvement. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard to quantify functional capacity, and 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy and SPECT/CT have proven to be highly effective tools [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) often experience significantly reduced functional capacity due to myocardial involvement. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is the gold standard to quantify functional capacity, and 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy and SPECT/CT have proven to be highly effective tools for diagnostic and disease monitoring. We aimed to investigate the complementary role and correlation between both methods, focusing on their combined potential as a strong prognostic framework for monitoring disease progression and evaluating treatment efficacy. Methods: A total of 44 patients with diagnosed ATTR-CM, who underwent 99mTc-DPD scintigraphy and SPECT/CT imaging as well as CPET, were included. All patients were divided into two groups based on the median DPD retention index (low DPD uptake: ≤5.0, n = 22; high DPD uptake: >5.0, n = 22). Results: The mean age was 78 years, with 82% of participants being male. Significant correlations were observed between peak VO2 and DPD retention index (r = −0.355, p = 0.018) as well as between peak VO2 at anaerobic threshold with DPD retention index (r = −0.391, p = 0.009). Interestingly, there was no strong correlation between VE/VCO2 slope and the retention index. A strong association was identified between cardiac biomarkers and peak VO2, specifically for NT-proBNP (r = −0.530, p < 0.001) and Troponin T (r = −0.431, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In ATTR-CM, significant correlations were observed between key CPET parameters and quantitative cardiac DPD uptake, which further reflects on disease severity and functional impairment. Our findings highlight the utility of integrating CPET and SPECT/CT for comprehensive patient assessment in ATTR-CM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cardiovascular Medicine)
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21 pages, 2427 KiB  
Article
Neuroprotective Potential of Tetraselmis chuii Compounds: Insights into Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability and Intestinal Transport
by Melis Cokdinleyen, Alberto Valdés, Huseyin Kara, Elena Ibáñez and Alejandro Cifuentes
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(5), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18050629 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, characterized by complex processes such as neuro-inflammation, oxidative damage, synaptic loss, and neuronal death. Carotenoids are among the potential therapeutic molecules that have attracted attention due to their neuroprotective properties, but their [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, characterized by complex processes such as neuro-inflammation, oxidative damage, synaptic loss, and neuronal death. Carotenoids are among the potential therapeutic molecules that have attracted attention due to their neuroprotective properties, but their efficacy is limited mainly by their capacity to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Results: The results showed that T. chuii extracts could protect neuronal cells from neurotoxic damage, especially against L-glutamate and H2O2. Moreover, the BBB permeability and the intestinal transport analyses revealed that fucoxanthinol, crocoxanthin, diatoxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and prasinoxanthin have diverse permeabilities depending on the incubation time and the cell model used. Fucoxanthinol was the carotenoid with the highest and similar permeability in HBMEC cells (4.41%, 5.13%, and 18.94% at 2, 4, and 24 h, respectively) and Caco-2 cells (7.01%, 8.63%, and 18.36% at the same times), while crocoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and neoxanthin showed different kinetics. Methods: The neuroprotective potential of two extracts obtained from Tetraselmis chuii microalga were evaluated against Aβ1-42-, L-glutamate-, and H2O2-induced toxicities in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, the BBB permeability and the intestinal transepithelial transport of the main carotenoids present in the extracts were evaluated and compared using two cell culture models, HBMEC and Caco-2 cells. For that aim, the transport of the bioactive molecules across the barriers was evaluated using UHPLC-q-TOF-MS after 2, 4, and 24 h of incubation. Conclusions: These findings indicate that T. chuii is a promising natural source of bioactive compounds to develop functional foods against neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Natural Product Extracts)
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22 pages, 882 KiB  
Article
HLSCAM: Fine-Tuned HLS-Based Content Addressable Memory Implementation for Packet Processing on FPGA
by Mostafa Abbasmollaei, Tarek Ould-Bachir and Yvon Savaria
Electronics 2025, 14(9), 1765; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14091765 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Content Addressable Memories (CAMs) are pivotal in high-speed packet processing systems, enabling rapid data lookup operations essential for applications such as routing, switching, and network security. While traditional Register-Transfer Level (RTL) methodologies have been extensively used to implement CAM architectures on Field-Programmable Gate [...] Read more.
Content Addressable Memories (CAMs) are pivotal in high-speed packet processing systems, enabling rapid data lookup operations essential for applications such as routing, switching, and network security. While traditional Register-Transfer Level (RTL) methodologies have been extensively used to implement CAM architectures on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), they often involve complex, time-consuming design processes with limited flexibility. In this paper, we propose a novel templated High-Level Synthesis (HLS)-based approach for the design and implementation of CAM architectures such as Binary CAMs (BCAMs) and Ternary CAMs (TCAMs) optimized for data plane packet processing. Our HLS-based methodology leverages the parallel processing capabilities of FPGAs through employing various design parameters and optimization directives while significantly reducing development time and enhancing design portability. This paper also presents architectural design and optimization strategies to offer a fine-tuned CAM solution for networking-related arbitrary use cases. Experimental results demonstrate that HLSCAM achieves a high throughput, reaching up to 31.18 Gbps, 9.04 Gbps, and 33.04 Gbps in the 256×128, 512×36, and 1024×150 CAM sizes, making it a competitive solution for high-speed packet processing on FPGAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hardware/Algorithm Co-Design for Communication and Networking Acceleration)
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15 pages, 15638 KiB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Bovine- and Porcine-Deproteinized Grafts for Guided Bone Regeneration: An In Vivo Study
by Blaire V. Slavin, Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak, Marcelo Parra, Robert D. Spielman, Matteo S. Torquati, Nicholas J. Iglesias, Paulo G. Coelho and Lukasz Witek
Bioengineering 2025, 12(5), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering12050459 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures have been indicated to enhance bone response, reliably regenerate lost tissue, and create an anatomically pleasing ridge contour for biomechanically favorable and prosthetically driven implant placement. The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the [...] Read more.
Guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures have been indicated to enhance bone response, reliably regenerate lost tissue, and create an anatomically pleasing ridge contour for biomechanically favorable and prosthetically driven implant placement. The aim of the current study was to evaluate and compare the bone regenerative performance of deproteinized bovine bone (DBB) and deproteinized porcine bone (DPB) grafts in a beagle mandibular model for the purposes of GBR. Four bilateral defects of 10 mm × 10 mm were induced through the mandibular thickness in each of the 10 adult beagle dogs being studied. Two of the defects were filled with DPB, while the other two were filled with DBB, after which they were covered with collagen-based membranes to allow compartmentalized healing. Animals were euthanized after 6, 12, 24, or 48 weeks postoperatively. Bone regenerative capacity was evaluated by qualitative histological and quantitative microtomographic analyses. Microcomputed tomography data of the bone (%), graft (%), and space (%) were compared using a mixed model analysis. Qualitatively, no histomorphological differences in healing were observed between the DBB and DPB grafts at any time point. By 48 weeks, the xenografts (DBB and DPB) were observed to have osseointegrated with regenerating spongy bone and a close resemblance to native bone morphology. Quantitatively, a higher amount of bone (%) and a corresponding reduction in empty space (space (%)) were observed in defects treated by DBB and DPB grafts over time. However, no statistically significant differences in bone (%)were observed between DBB (71.04 ± 8.41 at 48 weeks) and DPB grafts (68.38 ± 10.30 at 48 weeks) (p > 0.05). GBR with DBB and DPB showed no signs of adverse immune response and led to similar trends in bone regeneration over 48 weeks of permitted healing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioengineered Organs for Transplantation: Unveiling the Future of Organ Replacement)
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11 pages, 578 KiB  
Article
Abnormal Gyrus Rectus Asymmetry in Alzheimer’s Disease: An MRI-Based Parcellation Method
by Ömür Karaca, Ahmet Arman Kibar, Burcu Aslantekin and Nermin Tepe
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(5), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15050452 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: The gyrus rectus is a key brain region with neural connections to the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, both of which are among the earliest areas affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Investigating volumetric differences and asymmetry in this region may provide insights into [...] Read more.
Background: The gyrus rectus is a key brain region with neural connections to the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, both of which are among the earliest areas affected in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Investigating volumetric differences and asymmetry in this region may provide insights into disease progression. This study aimed to assess gyrus rectus volume and asymmetry in AD patients using an MRI-based parcellation method. Methods: This cross-sectional volumetric study included 25 cognitively healthy adults and 25 AD patients recruited from the Neurology Clinic of Balıkesir University Hospital. Brain MRI scans were obtained using a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner. Volumetric measurements were computed using MRIStudio, an atlas-based image analysis program. Group differences in brain volume and asymmetry index were examined, and their correlations with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were evaluated. Results: AD patients exhibited significantly greater rightward volumetric asymmetry of the gyrus rectus volume than healthy controls (p < 0.05). Additionally, a positive correlation was observed between gyrus rectus volume and MMSE scores (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These results suggest that rightward volumetric asymmetry of the gyrus rectus may represent a promising biomarker for tracking the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Detecting asymmetry in brain structures could improve understanding of AD pathology and aid clinical evaluation. Full article
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9 pages, 707 KiB  
Review
Bringing Clarity to Complex Pediatric Perioperative Care: Development of a Novel Pathway to Support Goal-Directed, Patient-Centered Care
by Tiffany Lin, Neveada Raventhiranathan, Myra Ahmad, Andrew L. Feit, Allison E. Hotze, Grace L. Ker, Robert P. Moore and Sergio D. Bergese
Cancers 2025, 17(9), 1452; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17091452 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: Advances in pediatric perioperative care have supported the safe provision of increasingly complex surgical care to patients with complicated diseases and abnormal physiology. This has led to the possible misalignment of the impact of potential surgical outcomes and goals of care. Methods [...] Read more.
Background: Advances in pediatric perioperative care have supported the safe provision of increasingly complex surgical care to patients with complicated diseases and abnormal physiology. This has led to the possible misalignment of the impact of potential surgical outcomes and goals of care. Methods / Objectives: We describe the development of a novel process that leverages the combination of longitudinal engagement of pediatric palliative care consultants and multidisciplinary care planning to ensure that perioperative care remains patient-centered and goal-directed for all children, especially children with complex baseline disease. Conclusions: Our novel process should be considered a solution to a crictial gap in pediatric perioperative care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality of Life and Management of Pediatric Cancer)
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21 pages, 6936 KiB  
Article
Spatial Assessment of Ecosystem Services in Zhoushan Archipelago Based on InVEST Model
by Meimei Liu and Sheng Zhao
Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 3913; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17093913 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Island ecosystems are vulnerable, as natural disasters and inappropriate anthropogenic activities can easily disrupt the ecological balance, posing significant challenges to the delivery of ecosystem services. In order to evaluate the ecosystem service functions of the Zhoushan Archipelago, based on the InVEST model, [...] Read more.
Island ecosystems are vulnerable, as natural disasters and inappropriate anthropogenic activities can easily disrupt the ecological balance, posing significant challenges to the delivery of ecosystem services. In order to evaluate the ecosystem service functions of the Zhoushan Archipelago, based on the InVEST model, the four services of water conservation, carbon storage, habitat quality, and soil conservation in the Zhoushan Archipelago in 2017, 2020, and 2023 were estimated, and the spatial pattern of comprehensive ecosystem service function was determined by principal component analysis. The results showed the following: (1) the spatial distribution of water conservation, carbon storage, habitat quality, and soil conservation values in 2017, 2020, and 2023 show the same trend, with high values distributed in the central areas of Zhoushan Island, Changtu Island, Taotao Island, and Qushan Island, and low values distributed in the coastal areas of Zhoushan Island, Yangshan Island, and Yushan Island; (2) land use types have a significant effect on four services. Trees, built areas, rangeland, and cropland were the primary contributors to these four ecosystem services; (3) from 2017 to 2023, the highly important areas and extremely important areas showed a decreasing trend. In 2023, the highly important areas and extremely important areas accounted for 17.29% and 2.33% of the total area, which are important for maintaining the virtuous cycle of the ecosystem. This study provides a scientific basis for the sustainable development of the island. Full article
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12 pages, 1986 KiB  
Article
The Developmental Disorders of Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Caused by the Infection with Nosema sp. (Microsporidia: Nosematidae)
by Yudi Xu, Haoyu Liu, Xinzheng Huang, Shuqian Tan and Wangpeng Shi
Microorganisms 2025, 13(5), 994; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13050994 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a globally invasive pest, poses substantial threats to corn in China. Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasitic fungi and are considered to have great potential in biological control. In this article, we investigated the [...] Read more.
The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), a globally invasive pest, poses substantial threats to corn in China. Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular parasitic fungi and are considered to have great potential in biological control. In this article, we investigated the pathology of Nosema sp. infection in S. frugiperda larvae at the organismal, cellular, and molecular levels. At the organism level, this microsporidian significantly prolonged the developmental duration of the host, reduced its body weight, caused molting failure, and led to a high mortality rate at 98.9%, 97.8%, and 64.0%, respectively, in 5 × 105, 5 × 104, 5 × 103 spores/larva doses. Microsporidia infection caused severe damage to midgut cells, including the formation of vacuoles in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and intercellular spaces, destruction of goblet cells, and partial encapsulation of spores by mitochondria. Transcriptomic profiling revealed significant alterations in gene expression profiles in S. frugiperda larvae following microsporidian infection. The expression levels of genes associated with the chitin synthesis pathway (CHS1, G6PI, GFAT, GNPNA, PAGM, UAP) were inhibited, which may contribute to the effects of Nosema sp. on the growth and development of S. frugiperda. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Microbiology and Immunology)
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16 pages, 286 KiB  
Article
Parameter Estimation of Uncertain Moving Average Model Based on Least Squares Principle
by Han Wang and Haiyan Shi
Symmetry 2025, 17(5), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17050656 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
The uncertain moving average model is a powerful tool to study the time series in which the data are affected by the previous disturbance terms under uncertain environments. However, the influence of uncertain disturbance terms is often ignored in the relevant statistical inference [...] Read more.
The uncertain moving average model is a powerful tool to study the time series in which the data are affected by the previous disturbance terms under uncertain environments. However, the influence of uncertain disturbance terms is often ignored in the relevant statistical inference studies. In order to solve this problem, this paper constructs a symmetric statistical invariant, normal uncertain variable, by sorting out the uncertain moving average model and combining the uncertain disturbance terms, and then applies the least square principle to the parameter estimation of the symmetric statistical invariant to determine the unknown parameters and uncertain disturbance terms in the uncertain moving average model. In addition, a numerical algorithm is designed to calculate the corresponding estimators, and the problems related to hypothesis testing and forecast are also studied. Finally, a numerical example is given to illustrate the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry Applications in Uncertain Differential Equations)
25 pages, 21137 KiB  
Article
Enhancing Maritime Navigation: A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Signal Quality Monitoring System for the North-Western Black Sea
by Petrica Popov, Maria Emanuela Mihailov, Lucian Dutu and Dumitru Andrescu
Atmosphere 2025, 16(5), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16050500 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are the primary source of information for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) in the maritime sector; however, they are vulnerable to unintentional or deliberate interference, such as jamming, spoofing, or meaconing. The continuous monitoring of GNSS signals is [...] Read more.
Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) are the primary source of information for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) in the maritime sector; however, they are vulnerable to unintentional or deliberate interference, such as jamming, spoofing, or meaconing. The continuous monitoring of GNSS signals is crucial for vessels and mobile maritime platforms to ensure the integrity, availability, and accuracy of positioning and navigation services. This monitoring is essential for guaranteeing the safety and security of navigation and contributes to the accurate positioning of vessels and platforms involved in hydrographic and oceanographic research. This paper presents the implementation of a complex system for monitoring the quality of signals within the GNSS spectrum at the Maritime Hydrographic Directorate (MHD). The system provides real-time analysis of signal parameters from various GNSSs, enabling alerts in critical situations and generating statistics and reports. It comprises four permanent stations equipped with state-of-the-art GNSS receivers, which integrate a spectrum analyzer and store raw data for post-processing. The system also includes software for monitoring the GNSS spectrum, detecting interference events, and visualizing signal quality data. Implemented using a Docker-based platform to enable efficient management and distribution, the software architecture consists of a reverse proxy, message broker, front-end, authorization service, GNSS orchestrator, and GNSS monitoring module. This system enhances the quality of command, control, communications, and intelligence decisions for planning and execution. It has demonstrated a high success rate in detecting and localizing jamming and spoofing events, thereby improving maritime situational awareness and navigational safety. Future development could involve installing dedicated stations to locate interference sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Techniques, Instruments, and Modeling)
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19 pages, 3496 KiB  
Article
Microwave-Assisted Valorization of Tomato Pomace for Pectin Recovery: Improving Yields and Environmental Footprint
by Nikolina Golub, Emerik Galić, Kristina Radić, Nada Smigic, Ilija Djekić, Sandra Pedisić and Dubravka Vitali Čepo
Foods 2025, 14(9), 1516; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091516 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Rising industrial demands emphasize the need for exploring other non-traditional sources for obtaining pectin. As efforts to enhance circular economy practices and reduce reliance on primary resources intensify; the focus has shifted towards utilizing various types of agricultural and food industry waste; including [...] Read more.
Rising industrial demands emphasize the need for exploring other non-traditional sources for obtaining pectin. As efforts to enhance circular economy practices and reduce reliance on primary resources intensify; the focus has shifted towards utilizing various types of agricultural and food industry waste; including tomato pomace waste (TPW). In this work; the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and TPW pretreatment methods were optimized to improve pectin yields and decrease the environmental impact of the extraction process; compared to conventional solvent extraction (CSE). The response surface methodology was used to model the optimization process. The physico-chemical properties of pectin were determined using titrimetric methods and FTIR spectroscopy. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to assess the environmental impact of MAE and CSE. Optimal microwave conditions (11.66 min/600 W/pH 1) yielded two times more pectin than CSE (2 h/85 °C/pH 1.5). Pre-processing treatments (mechanical ball milling and defatting) showed marginal effects on pectin yields and properties; and; therefore; can be omitted in order to reduce the energy consumption of the process. The LCA showed that single conventional extraction treatment had two times higher values of the ecological footprint compared to MAE; for all indicators. The results suggest that MAE can be used as an efficient green method for pectin extraction from TPW Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Novel Foods)
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10 pages, 414 KiB  
Article
Associations Between Relative Age, Siblings, and Motor Competence in Children and Adolescents
by Daniel González-Devesa, José Carlos Diz-Gómez, Pedro Vicente-Vila, Marta Domínguez Fernández, Miguel Rodríguez Rodríguez, Rocío Carballo-Afonso, Miguel Adriano Sanchez-Lastra and Carlos Ayán-Pérez
Children 2025, 12(5), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12050563 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: Motor competence is a key determinant of children’s physical, cognitive, and social development, and it is influenced by various biological and environmental factors. Among these, relative age and the presence of siblings have been proposed as potential contributors, yet their impact remains [...] Read more.
Background: Motor competence is a key determinant of children’s physical, cognitive, and social development, and it is influenced by various biological and environmental factors. Among these, relative age and the presence of siblings have been proposed as potential contributors, yet their impact remains underexplored, especially in school-aged populations. Objective: This study investigates the influence of relative age and the effects of the presence of siblings on the motor competence of children and adolescents. Methods: The motor competence level of 747 students, 381 from primary school (mean age = 8.81 ± 1.8 years) and 366 from secondary school (mean age = 13.52 ± 1.22 years), was measured by the means of the Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment. Participants were queried about their birth date and whether they had any older siblings. Results: Overall, motor competence exhibited an upward trend with chronological age, reaching its peak among children aged 14 years old. Analysis revealed a significant impact of relative age effects on motor competence among primary children, with considerably higher scores in the first semester (p = 0.017). Conversely, no clear trend was observed for secondary children. Having siblings did not significantly affect motor competence proficiency. Multiple regression analysis further confirmed that relative age did not contribute to this lack of association (quarter of birth: p = 0.003; β = −0.144; siblings: p = 0.697; β = −0.019). Conclusions: These findings suggest that physical education teachers should be aware of the influence of relative age not only when assessing motor competence but also when designing and implementing their teaching practice in primary school settings. In contrast, the effect of relative age appears to be less significant in secondary education, where it may be less relevant for both evaluation and teaching practice. Further research should explore longitudinal designs and consider additional psychosocial and environmental variables to better understand how these factors influence motor competence development over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Among Children and Adolescents)
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15 pages, 1687 KiB  
Article
Dietary Puerarin Enhances Growth, Immune Function, Antioxidant Capacity, and Disease Resistance in Farmed Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides
by Yi Huang, Wenjing Ma, Disen Zhang, Xi Chen, Zhiqiu Huang and Yuhang Hong
Fishes 2025, 10(5), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10050197 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Puerarin, a bioactive isoflavone extracted from Pueraria lobata, possesses well-documented pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects, which have been extensively studied in mammalian models and traditional medicine. Recently, its potential as a functional feed additive in aquaculture has garnered [...] Read more.
Puerarin, a bioactive isoflavone extracted from Pueraria lobata, possesses well-documented pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic regulatory effects, which have been extensively studied in mammalian models and traditional medicine. Recently, its potential as a functional feed additive in aquaculture has garnered increasing attention. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary puerarin supplementation on growth performance, immune response, antioxidant capacity, and disease resistance in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. A total of 120 fish were randomly assigned to 4 dietary groups, receiving a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 200, 500, and 1000 mg/kg puerarin for 8 weeks. The results showed that dietary puerarin significantly (p < 0.05) improved weight gain, with the 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg groups exhibiting the best performance. Puerarin supplementation enhanced acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and lysozyme (LZM) activities, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, indicating improved immune function and oxidative stress resistance in groups receiving medium concentrations of puerarin supplementation. The expression of the TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and HSP70 genes was significantly downregulated, especially in the 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg groups, suggesting anti-inflammatory and anti-stress effects, while Nrf2 expression was upregulated in the 1000 mg/kg group, reinforcing its antioxidative role. Additionally, puerarin-fed fish exhibited significantly lower mortality rates following Aeromonas hydrophila infection, highlighting enhanced disease resistance. In summary, the dose-dependent effect of puerarin on largemouth bass aquaculture has been revealed in this study. Dietary supplementation with moderate doses of puerarin (200 and 500 mg/kg) effectively suppressed inflammation and enhanced immune function, while the highest dose (1000 mg/kg) may mildly activate the immune system. These findings suggest that puerarin is a promising phytogenic feed additive for improving fish health and aquaculture sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet on Fish Metabolism and Immunity)
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19 pages, 11370 KiB  
Article
Goat Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Alleviate Colitis Potentially Through Improved Gut Microbiota in Mice
by Xinru Wang, Yi Liu, Hong Chang, Hein-Min Tun, Xiaodong Xia, Ye Peng and Ningbo Qin
Foods 2025, 14(9), 1514; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14091514 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized clinically by intestinal inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The consumption of biologics, although effective in inflammation control, may lead to adverse effects and is inconvenient for at-home administration. Goat milk-derived extracellular vesicles (GMEVs) have been proposed as a [...] Read more.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized clinically by intestinal inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The consumption of biologics, although effective in inflammation control, may lead to adverse effects and is inconvenient for at-home administration. Goat milk-derived extracellular vesicles (GMEVs) have been proposed as a supplement to prevent intestinal inflammation. However, their therapeutic potential for colitis remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the preventive effect of GMEVs on colitis and its underlying mechanisms through the microbiota-immune axis using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. We found that a pre-treatment of 20 mg/kg/d GMEVs effectively prevented body weight loss, colon shortening, the depletion of colonic goblet cells, and the disappearance of crypts, while enhancing the intestinal mucosal barrier. Consistent with these phenotypes, GMEV pre-treatment increased levels of IL-22 and IL-10 and decreased levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS. However, GMEVs themselves had no effect on normal mice. Paralleling the alleviation of intestinal inflammation, GMEV pre-treatment also restored the reduction in unclassified Muribaculaceae, Dubosiella, and Lactobacillus and suppressed the expansion of Alistipes and Proteobacteria following DSS treatment. Additionally, GMEV intake significantly downregulated the expression of proteins in the NF-κB signaling pathway induced by DSS. In summary, GMEVs could prevent colitis by regulating intestinal inflammation, the intestinal mucosal barrier, gut microbiota, organ damage, and the immune microenvironment. This study demonstrated that GMEVs have potential application prospects for UC prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions Between Food Compounds and Gut Microbiota)
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18 pages, 4097 KiB  
Article
Combination Therapy for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer Through Hedgehog Signaling Pathway Regulation
by Yujie Liu, Yiliang Yang and Xianrong Qi
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(5), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17050572 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The ineffective delivery of drugs into tumors and the existence of multidrug resistance (MDR) are the primary causes of chemotherapy failure. Downregulation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway has been shown to reduce P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression on cell membranes and to resist [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The ineffective delivery of drugs into tumors and the existence of multidrug resistance (MDR) are the primary causes of chemotherapy failure. Downregulation of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway has been shown to reduce P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression on cell membranes and to resist MDR. Methods: In this study, we combine cyclopamine (CYP, a potent Shh antagonist) with paclitaxel (PTX, an antitumor drug that can produce MDR) in a nano-drug delivery system (CYP NP and PTX NP) for the treatment of drug-resistant breast cancer. Nanoparticles were characterized for size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency. P-gp expression, nanoparticle accumulation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis were evaluated in MCF-7 and MCF-7/Adr cells. Penetration ability was assessed using 3D multicellular tumor spheroids. Antitumor efficacy and nanoparticle biodistribution were validated in MCF-7/Adr-bearing nude mice models. Results: Our engineered CYP nanoparticles (~200 nm) demonstrated prolonged intratumoral retention, enabling sustained Shh pathway inhibition and P-gp functional suppression. This size-optimized formulation created a favorable tumor microenvironment for the smaller PTX nanoparticles (~30 nm), facilitating deeper tumor penetration and enhanced cellular uptake. Meanwhile, by down-regulating P-gp expression, CYP NPs could convert drug-resistant cells to PTX-sensitive cells in both cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction through the Shh pathway. The combination of CYP NP and PTX NP augmented the antitumor effects in MCF-7/Adr-bearing nude mice models. Conclusions: The CYP NP and PTX NP combination offers a new therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology Advances for Breast Cancer Treatment)
18 pages, 613 KiB  
Article
Extracting Daily Routines from Raw RSSI Data
by Raúl Montoliu, Emilio Sansano-Sansano, Marina Martínez-García, Sergio Lluva-Plaza, Ana Jiménez-Martín, José M. Villadangos-Carrizo and Juan Jesús García-Domínguez
Sensors 2025, 25(9), 2745; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092745 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2025
Abstract
Detecting behavioral routines is an important research area with many implications in various practical applications. One such application involves studying the behavior of older adults residing in care homes. This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for extracting and analyzing the daily routines of [...] Read more.
Detecting behavioral routines is an important research area with many implications in various practical applications. One such application involves studying the behavior of older adults residing in care homes. This paper proposes a comprehensive methodology for extracting and analyzing the daily routines of older adults in care homes. The methodology utilizes raw data comprising signal strength measurements obtained from smartwatches worn by six volunteers over five months. To establish the basis for estimating daily activities, fingerprint-based localization techniques are employed to track the minute-by-minute location of each volunteer. Subsequently, the activity performed by each volunteer is estimated for each day. Finally, the study estimates the probability of a user undertaking each one of the studied activities on a given weekday. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Wi-Fi Positioning: Techniques and Systems—2nd Edition)
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