MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

13 pages, 852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Lung Function, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Hearing Impairment: Evidence for Causal Effects and Clinical Implications

by Lanlai Yuan, Feipeng Cui, Ge Yin, Mengwen Shi, Nadida Aximu, Yaohua Tian and Yu Sun

Audiol. Res. 2025, 15(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15040088 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objectives: Observational studies have shown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased risk of hearing impairment. However, causality remains unclear, including with respect to lung function. This study aimed to investigate the associations of lung function and COPD [...] Read more.

Objectives: Observational studies have shown that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with an increased risk of hearing impairment. However, causality remains unclear, including with respect to lung function. This study aimed to investigate the associations of lung function and COPD with hearing impairment in the UK Biobank and confirm potential causalities using Mendelian randomization (MR). Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were performed using logistic regression models in a subsample of the UK Biobank. Two-sample MR analyses were performed on summary statistics for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), COPD, and sensorineural hearing loss. Results: FEV1 and FVC were negatively associated with hearing impairment, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 0.80 (0.77, 0.84) and 0.80 (0.76, 0.83), respectively. COPD was positively associated with hearing impairment, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.10 (1.02, 1.18). In the MR analyses, a negative association was found between FVC and sensorineural hearing loss, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.91 (0.83, 0.99). For FVE1 and COPD, no significant associations were found. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that FVC was causally associated with hearing impairment, suggesting a potential protective effect of FVC on hearing impairment. Full article

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12 pages, 3158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CRISPR/Cas12a-Based One-Tube RT-RAA Assay for PoRV Genotyping

by Mingfang Bi, Zunbao Wang, Kaijie Li, Yuhe Ren, Dan Ma and Xiaobing Mo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6846; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146846 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Porcine rotavirus (PoRV), a primary etiological agent of viral diarrhea in piglets, frequently co-infects with other enteric pathogens, exacerbating disease severity and causing substantial economic losses. Its genetic recombination capability enables cross-species transmission potential, posing public health risks. Globally, twelve G genotypes and [...] Read more.

Porcine rotavirus (PoRV), a primary etiological agent of viral diarrhea in piglets, frequently co-infects with other enteric pathogens, exacerbating disease severity and causing substantial economic losses. Its genetic recombination capability enables cross-species transmission potential, posing public health risks. Globally, twelve G genotypes and thirteen P genotypes have been identified, with G9, G5, G3, and G4 emerging as predominant circulating strains. The limited cross-protective immunity between genotypes compromises vaccine efficacy, necessitating genotype surveillance to guide vaccine development. While conventional molecular assays demonstrate sensitivity, they lack rapid genotyping capacity and face technical limitations. To address this, we developed a novel diagnostic platform integrating reverse transcription recombinase-aided amplification (RT-RAA) with CRISPR–Cas12a. This system employs universal primers for the simultaneous amplification of G4/G5/G9 genotypes in a single reaction, coupled with sequence-specific CRISPR recognition, achieving genotyping within 50 min at 37 °C with 10⁰ copies/μL sensitivity. Clinical validation showed a high concordance with reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). This advancement provides an efficient tool for rapid viral genotyping, vaccine compatibility evaluation, and optimized epidemic control strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein Design and Engineering in Biochemistry)

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26 pages, 2713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

[1,3]Thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazolium Salts as Effective Antimicrobial Agents: Synthesis, Biological Activity Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies

by Mykhailo Slivka, Boris Sharga, Daryna Pylypiv, Hanna Aleksyk, Nataliya Korol, Maksym Fizer, Olena I. Fedurcya, Oleksandr G. Pshenychnyi and Ruslan Mariychuk

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6845; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146845 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study focuses on the search for new effective synthetic antimicrobial compounds as a tool against the widespread presence of microorganisms resistant to existing drugs. Five derivatives of [1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles were synthesized using an accessible protocol based on electrophilic heterocyclization and were characterized using [...] Read more.

This study focuses on the search for new effective synthetic antimicrobial compounds as a tool against the widespread presence of microorganisms resistant to existing drugs. Five derivatives of [1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles were synthesized using an accessible protocol based on electrophilic heterocyclization and were characterized using infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, and their in vitro antimicrobial and antifungal activities were evaluated using the agar plate diffusion method and the microdilution plate procedure. Both antibacterial (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) and antifungal activities were found for the examined samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) varied from 0.97 to 250 µg/mL, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) from 1.95 to 500 µg/mL. Compound 2a showed good antifungal action against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) 125 and MIC 31.25 µg/mL. The molecular docking revealed that the 2-heptyl-3-phenyl-6,6-trimethyl-5,6-dihydro-3H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-7-ium cation stands out as a highly promising candidate for further investigation due to a wide range of interactions, including conventional hydrogen bonds, π–σ, π–π T-shaped, and hydrophobic alkyl interactions. The synthesis and preliminary evaluation of [1,3]thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles yielded promising antimicrobial and antifungal candidates. The diverse interaction profile of the 2-heptyl derivative salt allows this compound’s selection for further biological studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Materials Science)

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15 pages, 1781 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Total Lesion Glycolysis (TLG) on 18F-FDG PET/CT as a Potential Predictor of Pathological Complete Response in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer After Total Neoadjuvant Therapy: A Retrospective Study

by Handan Tokmak, Nurhan Demir and Hazal Cansu Çulpan

Diagnostics 2025, 15(14), 1800; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15141800 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: The accurate prediction of pathological complete response (pCR) following total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is crucial for optimising treatment protocols in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Although conventional imaging techniques such as MRI show limitations in assessing treatment response, metabolic imaging utilising 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose [...] Read more.

Background: The accurate prediction of pathological complete response (pCR) following total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is crucial for optimising treatment protocols in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Although conventional imaging techniques such as MRI show limitations in assessing treatment response, metabolic imaging utilising 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) provides distinctive information by quantifying tumour glycolytic activity. This study investigates the predictive value of sequential 18F-FDG PET-CT parameters, focusing on Total Lesion Glycolysis (TLG), in predicting pCR after TNT. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 33 LARC patients (T3–4/N0–1) treated with TNT (neoadjuvant-chemoradiation followed by consolidation FOLFOX chemotherapy). Sequential PET-CT scans were performed at baseline, interim (after 4 cycles of FOLFOX), and post-TNT. Metabolic parameters, including maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) and TLG, were measured. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis assessed the predictive performance of these parameters for pCR. Results: The pCR rate was 21.2% (7/33). Post-TNT TLG ≤ 10 demonstrated excellent predictive accuracy for pCR (AUC 0.887, 92.3% sensitivity, 85.7% specificity, and 96.0% PPV), outperforming SUVmax (AUC 0.843). Interim TLG ≤ 10 also showed a strong predictive value (AUC 0.824, 100% sensitivity, and 71.4% specificity). Conclusions: TLG may serve as a reliable metabolic biomarker for predicting pathologic complete response (pCR) after total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Its inclusion in clinical decision-making could improve patient selection for organ preservation strategies, thereby reducing the need for unnecessary surgeries in the future. However, given that the study is based on a small retrospective design, the findings should be interpreted with caution and used alongside other decision-making tools until more comprehensive data are collected from larger studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of PET/CT in Clinical Diagnostics)

23 pages, 1189 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transmit and Receive Diversity in MIMO Quantum Communication for High-Fidelity Video Transmission

by Udara Jayasinghe, Prabhath Samarathunga, Thanuj Fernando and Anil Fernando

Algorithms 2025, 18(7), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070436 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Reliable transmission of high-quality video over wireless channels is challenged by fading and noise, which degrade visual quality and disrupt temporal continuity. To address these issues, this paper proposes a quantum communication framework that integrates quantum superposition with multi-input multi-output (MIMO) spatial diversity [...] Read more.

Reliable transmission of high-quality video over wireless channels is challenged by fading and noise, which degrade visual quality and disrupt temporal continuity. To address these issues, this paper proposes a quantum communication framework that integrates quantum superposition with multi-input multi-output (MIMO) spatial diversity techniques to enhance robustness and efficiency in dynamic video transmission. The proposed method converts compressed videos into classical bitstreams, which are then channel-encoded and quantum-encoded into qubit superposition states. These states are transmitted over a

2 \times 2

MIMO system employing varied diversity schemes to mitigate the effects of multipath fading and noise. At the receiver, a quantum decoder reconstructs the classical information, followed by channel decoding to retrieve the video data, and the source decoder reconstructs the final video. Simulation results demonstrate that the quantum MIMO system significantly outperforms equivalent-bandwidth classical MIMO frameworks across diverse signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions, achieving a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) up to 39.12 dB, structural similarity index (SSIM) up to 0.9471, and video multi-method assessment fusion (VMAF) up to 92.47, with improved error resilience across various group of picture (GOP) formats, highlighting the potential of quantum MIMO communication for enhancing the reliability and quality of video delivery in next-generation wireless networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Algorithms for Multidisciplinary Applications)

28 pages, 1369 KiB

Open AccessReview

Expanding Horizons: Opportunities for Diclofenac Beyond Traditional Use—A Review

by Mykhailo Dronik and Maryna Stasevych

Sci. Pharm. 2025, 93(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm93030031 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study systematically reviews the non-traditional pharmacological effects of diclofenac, a well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, to explore its potential for drug repositioning beyond its established analgesic and anti-inflammatory applications. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus and Web of [...] Read more.

This study systematically reviews the non-traditional pharmacological effects of diclofenac, a well-known nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, to explore its potential for drug repositioning beyond its established analgesic and anti-inflammatory applications. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, covering studies from 1981 to 2025. It was revealed that over 94% of records in Scopus and Web of Science are duplicated in PubMed, so the latter was used for the search in our study. After duplicate removal and independent screening, 89 from 1123 retrieved studies were selected for the search. The analysis revealed a broad spectrum of diclofenac’s non-traditional pharmacological activities, including neuroprotective, antiamyloid, anticancer, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anticonvulsant, radioprotective, and antioxidant properties, primarily identified through preclinical In vitro and In vivo studies. These effects are mediated through diverse molecular pathways beyond cyclooxygenase inhibition, such as modulation of neurotransmitter release, apoptosis, and cellular proliferation. Diclofenac showed potential for repositioning in oncology, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated conditions. Its hepatotoxicity and cardiovascular risks necessitate strategies like advanced drug formulations, dose optimization, and personalized medicine to enhance safety. Large-scale randomized clinical trials are essential to validate these findings and ensure safe therapeutic expansion. Full article

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18 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Affect, Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviors, and Orthorexia Nervosa Among Women: Mediation Through Intuitive Eating

by Mehri Khoshzad, Christophe Maïano, Alexandre J. S. Morin and Annie Aimé

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070967 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Intuitive eating is an adaptive eating style that could help explain part of the relation between affect and eating behaviors. However, research in this area remains limited. The objectives of this study are twofold. First, we examine the relation between affect, disordered eating [...] Read more.

Intuitive eating is an adaptive eating style that could help explain part of the relation between affect and eating behaviors. However, research in this area remains limited. The objectives of this study are twofold. First, we examine the relation between affect, disordered eating attitudes and behaviors (DEABs), and orthorexia nervosa (ON). Second, we investigate the mediating role of intuitive eating regarding these relations. A sample of 197 French-speaking Canadian women, aged from 18 to 69, participated in the study. The results showed that negative affect was related to DEABs and ON, but not positive affect. Statistically significant associations were also found between affect (negative and positive) and the four dimensions of intuitive eating. Additionally, negative relations were found between intuitive eating dimensions and most types of eating behaviors (encompassing DEABs and ON), except for dieting. Finally, our results revealed that the relations between affect (positive and negative) and most types of eating behaviors were indirect (i.e., suggesting mediation) via intuitive eating. Based on these results, it seems that interventions addressing affect regulation and eating behaviors could benefit from including a focus on intuitive eating. Full article

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16 pages, 2247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility of Hypotension Prediction Index-Guided Monitoring for Epidural Labor Analgesia: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Okechukwu Aloziem, Hsing-Hua Sylvia Lin, Kourtney Kelly, Alexandra Nicholas, Ryan C. Romeo, C. Tyler Smith, Ximiao Yu and Grace Lim

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 5037; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145037 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Hypotension following epidural labor analgesia (ELA) is its most common complication, affecting approximately 20% of patients and posing risks to both maternal and fetal health. As digital tools and predictive analytics increasingly shape perioperative and obstetric anesthesia practices, real-world implementation data are [...] Read more.

Background: Hypotension following epidural labor analgesia (ELA) is its most common complication, affecting approximately 20% of patients and posing risks to both maternal and fetal health. As digital tools and predictive analytics increasingly shape perioperative and obstetric anesthesia practices, real-world implementation data are needed to guide their integration into clinical care. Current monitoring practices rely on intermittent non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) measurements, which may delay recognition and treatment of hypotension. The Hypotension Prediction Index (HPI) algorithm uses continuous arterial waveform monitoring to predict hypotension for potentially earlier intervention. This clinical trial evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of continuous HPI-guided treatment in reducing time-to-treatment for ELA-associated hypotension and improving maternal hemodynamics. Methods: This was a prospective randomized controlled trial design involving healthy pregnant individuals receiving ELA. Participants were randomized into two groups: Group CM (conventional monitoring with NIBP) and Group HPI (continuous noninvasive blood pressure monitoring). In Group HPI, hypotension treatment was guided by HPI output; in Group CM, treatment was based on NIBP readings. Feasibility, appropriateness, and acceptability outcomes were assessed among subjects and their bedside nurse using the Acceptability of Intervention Measure (AIM), Intervention Appropriateness Measure (IAM), and Feasibility of Intervention Measure (FIM) instruments. The primary efficacy outcome was time-to-treatment of hypotension, defined as the duration between onset of hypotension and administration of a vasopressor or fluid therapy. This outcome was chosen to evaluate the clinical responsiveness enabled by HPI monitoring. Hypotension is defined as a mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 65 mmHg for more than 1 min in Group CM and an HPI threshold < 75 for more than 1 min in Group HPI. Secondary outcomes included total time in hypotension, vasopressor doses, and hemodynamic parameters. Results: There were 30 patients (Group HPI, n = 16; Group CM, n = 14) included in the final analysis. Subjects and clinicians alike rated the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of the continuous monitoring device highly, with median scores ≥ 4 across all domains, indicating favorable perceptions of the intervention. The cumulative probability of time-to-treatment of hypotension was lower by 75 min after ELA initiation in Group HPI (65%) than Group CM (71%), although this difference was not statistically significant (log-rank p = 0.66). Mixed models indicated trends that Group HPI had higher cardiac output (β = 0.58, 95% confidence interval −0.18 to 1.34, p = 0.13) and lower systemic vascular resistance (β = −97.22, 95% confidence interval −200.84 to 6.40, p = 0.07) throughout the monitoring period. No differences were found in total vasopressor use or intravenous fluid administration. Conclusions: Continuous monitoring and precision hypotension treatment is feasible, appropriate, and acceptable to both patients and clinicians in a labor and delivery setting. These hypothesis-generating results support that HPI-guided treatment may be associated with hemodynamic trends that warrant further investigation to determine definitive efficacy in labor analgesia contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anesthesiology)

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17 pages, 941 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carnitine Supplementation in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients—A Literature Review

by Marina Kljajić, Lea Katalinić, Lovro Krajina, Anja Kovačić, Marta Kovačić and Nikolina Bašić-Jukić

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 5052; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14145052 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Carnitine deficiency is common in hemodialysis patients and may contribute to anemia, inflammation, dyslipidemia, and muscle symptoms. This review explores the potential benefits of L-carnitine supplementation in this population. Methods: A thorough literature search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Carnitine deficiency is common in hemodialysis patients and may contribute to anemia, inflammation, dyslipidemia, and muscle symptoms. This review explores the potential benefits of L-carnitine supplementation in this population. Methods: A thorough literature search of the PubMed database was conducted to identify clinical trials and studies assessing the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on adult hemodialysis patients. Key outcomes included the effects on inflammation, lipid profile, anemia, glycemic control, and muscle function. Results: Evidence suggests that L-carnitine may reduce inflammatory markers and improve lipid profiles by lowering triglycerides and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Several studies reported reduced erythropoietin need and improved hemoglobin levels. However, some studies did not find benefits of carnitine supplementation on the mentioned parameters. Results for muscle cramps, glycemic control, and cardiac function remain inconsistent. Conclusions: L-carnitine supplementation shows potential benefits in the management of hemodialysis complications. However, further well-designed trials are needed to confirm efficacy and optimize treatment protocols. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hemodialysis: Clinical Updates and Advances)

16 pages, 2099 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Testing of Amplified Inertia Response from Synchronous Machines Compared with Frequency Derivative-Based Synthetic Inertia

by Martin Fregelius, Vinicius M. de Albuquerque, Per Norrlund and Urban Lundin

Energies 2025, 18(14), 3776; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143776 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

A rather novel approach for delivery of inertia-like grid services through energy storage devices is described and validated by physical experiments and on-site measurements. In this approach, denoted “amplified inertia response”, an actual inertial response from a grid-connected synchronous machine is amplified. This [...] Read more.

A rather novel approach for delivery of inertia-like grid services through energy storage devices is described and validated by physical experiments and on-site measurements. In this approach, denoted “amplified inertia response”, an actual inertial response from a grid-connected synchronous machine is amplified. This inertia emulation approach is contrasted by what is called synthetic inertia, which uses a frequency-locked loop in order to extract the grid frequency. The synthetic inertia faces the usual input signal filtering challenges if the signal-to-noise ratio is low. The amplified inertia controller avoids the input filtering since it only amplifies the natural inertial response from a synchronous machine. However, rotor angle oscillations lead to filtering requirements of the amplified version as well, but on the output signal of the controller. Experimental comparisons are conducted both on the measurement output from the physical experiments in a microgrid and on analysis based on input from on-site measurements from a 55 MVA hydropower generator connected to the Nordic grid. In the specific cases compared, we observe that the amplified inertia version is the better method for smaller power systems, with large frequency fluctuations. On the other hand, the synthetic inertia method is the better in larger power systems as compared to the amplification of the inertial response from a real production unit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids)

27 pages, 68526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Evaluation of a Novel Actuated End Effector for Selective Broccoli Harvesting in Dense Planting Conditions

by Zhiyu Zuo, Yue Xue, Sheng Gao, Shenghe Zhang, Qingqing Dai, Guoxin Ma and Hanping Mao

Agriculture 2025, 15(14), 1537; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15141537 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

The commercialization of selective broccoli harvesters, a critical response to agricultural labor shortages, is hampered by end effectors with large operational envelopes and poor adaptability to complex field conditions. To address these limitations, this study developed and evaluated a novel end-effector with an [...] Read more.

The commercialization of selective broccoli harvesters, a critical response to agricultural labor shortages, is hampered by end effectors with large operational envelopes and poor adaptability to complex field conditions. To address these limitations, this study developed and evaluated a novel end-effector with an integrated transverse cutting mechanism and a foldable grasping cavity. Unlike conventional fixed cylindrical cavities, our design utilizes actuated grasping arms and a mechanical linkage system to significantly reduce the operational footprint and enhance maneuverability. Key design parameters were optimized based on broccoli morphological data and experimental measurements of the maximum stem cutting force. Furthermore, dynamic simulations were employed to validate the operational trajectory and ensure interference-free motion. Field tests demonstrated an operational success rate of 93.33% and a cutting success rate of 92.86%. The end effector successfully operated in dense planting environments, effectively avoiding interference with adjacent broccoli heads. This research provides a robust and promising solution that advances the automation of broccoli harvesting, paving the way for the commercial adoption of robotic harvesting technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Research on Automated and Efficient Agricultural Machineries)

19 pages, 1165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expansion of Mechanical Biological Residual Treatment Plant with Fermentation Stage for Press Water from Organic Fractions Involving a Screw Press

by Rzgar Bewani, Abdallah Nassour, Thomas Böning, Jan Sprafke and Michael Nelles

Recycling 2025, 10(4), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling10040141 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

A three-year optimization study was conducted at a mechanical biological treatment plant with the aim of enhancing organic fractions recovery from mechanically separated fine fractions (MSFF) of residual waste using a screw press. The study aimed to optimize key operating parameters for the [...] Read more.

A three-year optimization study was conducted at a mechanical biological treatment plant with the aim of enhancing organic fractions recovery from mechanically separated fine fractions (MSFF) of residual waste using a screw press. The study aimed to optimize key operating parameters for the employed screw press, such as pressure, liquid-to-MSFF, feeding quantity per hour, and press basket mesh size, to enhance volatile solids and biogas recovery in the generated press water for anaerobic digestion. Experiments were performed at the full-scale facility to evaluate the efficiency of screw press extraction with other pretreatment methods, like press extrusion, wet pulping, and hydrothermal treatment. The results indicated that hydrolysis of the organic fractions in MSFF was the most important factor for improving organic extraction from the MSFF to press water for fermentation. Optimal hydrolysis efficiency was achieved with a digestate and process water-to-MSFF of approximately 1000 L/ton, with a feeding rate between 8.8 and 14 tons per hour. Increasing pressure from 2.5 to 4.0 bar had minimal impact on press water properties or biogas production, regardless of the press basket size. The highest volatile solids (29%) and biogas (50%) recovery occurred at 4.0 bar pressure with a 1000 L/ton liquid-to-MSFF. Further improvements could be achieved with longer mixing times before pressing. These findings demonstrate the technical feasibility of the pressing system for preparing an appropriate substrate for the fermentation process, underscoring the potential for optimizing the system. However, further research is required to assess the cost–benefit balance. Full article

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19 pages, 2253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Landmark Salience on Drivers’ Spatial Cognition and Takeover Performance in Autonomous Driving Scenarios

by Xianyun Liu, Yongdong Zhou and Yunhong Zhang

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070966 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

With the increasing prevalence of autonomous vehicles (AVs), drivers’ spatial cognition and takeover performance have become critical to traffic safety. This study investigates the effects of landmark salience—specifically visual and structural salience—on drivers’ spatial cognition and takeover behavior in autonomous driving scenarios. Two [...] Read more.

With the increasing prevalence of autonomous vehicles (AVs), drivers’ spatial cognition and takeover performance have become critical to traffic safety. This study investigates the effects of landmark salience—specifically visual and structural salience—on drivers’ spatial cognition and takeover behavior in autonomous driving scenarios. Two simulator-based experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 examined the impact of landmark salience on spatial cognition tasks, including route re-cruise, scene recognition, and sequence recognition. Experiment 2 assessed the effects of landmark salience on takeover performance. Results indicated that salient landmarks generally enhance spatial cognition; the effects of visual and structural salience differ in scope and function in autonomous driving scenarios. Landmarks with high visual salience not only improved drivers’ accuracy in making intersection decisions but also significantly reduced the time it took to react to a takeover. In contrast, structurally salient landmarks had a more pronounced effect on memory-based tasks, such as scene recognition and sequence recognition, but showed a limited influence on dynamic decision-making tasks like takeover response. These findings underscore the differentiated roles of visual and structural landmark features, highlighting the critical importance of visually salient landmarks in supporting both navigation and timely takeover during autonomous driving. The results provide practical insights for urban road design, advocating for the strategic placement of visually prominent landmarks at key decision points. This approach has the potential to enhance both navigational efficiency and traffic safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

18 pages, 4815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rosemary Extract Reduces Odor in Cats Through Nitrogen and Sulfur Metabolism by Gut Microbiota–Host Co-Modulation

by Ziming Huang, Miao Li, Zhiqin He, Xiliang Yan, Yinbao Wu, Peiqiang Mu, Jun Jiang, Xu Wang and Yan Wang

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142101 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Odors from pet cats can negatively affect the quality of life of cat owners. The diverse bioactive compounds in plant extracts make them a promising candidate for effective odor reduction. This study evaluated twelve plant extracts for deodorizing efficacy via in vitro fermentation [...] Read more.

Odors from pet cats can negatively affect the quality of life of cat owners. The diverse bioactive compounds in plant extracts make them a promising candidate for effective odor reduction. This study evaluated twelve plant extracts for deodorizing efficacy via in vitro fermentation tests. Rosemary extract and licorice extract exhibited better deodorizing effects, with fractions of rosemary extract below 100 Da demonstrating the most effective deodorizing performance. Based on these findings, subsequent feeding trials were conducted using rosemary extract and its fractions below 100 Da. In the feeding trial, adult British Shorthair cats were divided into three groups (Control Check, RE, and RE100) and housed in a controlled-environment respiration chamber for 30 days. Measurements included odor emissions, fecal and blood physicochemical parameters, immune parameters, microbiota composition based on 16S rRNA sequencing, and metabolome analysis. The results of the feeding trial indicated that rosemary extract significantly reduced ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions (46.84%, 41.64%), while fractions below 100 Da of rosemary extract achieved even greater reductions (55.62%, 53.87%). Rosemary extract regulated the intestinal microbial community, significantly increasing the relative abundance of the intestinal probiotic Bifidobacterium (p < 0.05) and reducing the population of sulfate-reducing bacteria (p < 0.05). It also significantly reduced urease and uricase activities (p < 0.05) to reduce ammonia production and inhibited the degradation of sulfur-containing proteins and sulfate reduction to reduce hydrogen sulfide emissions. Furthermore, rosemary extract significantly enhanced the immune function of British Shorthair cats (p < 0.05). This study suggests that rosemary extract, particularly its fractions below 100 Da, is a highly promising pet deodorizer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

10 pages, 2615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Species of Eocene Whitefly—Gregorites michalskii sp. nov. (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) from Baltic Amber

by Jowita Drohojowska, Anita Gorzelańczyk and Jacek Szwedo

Diversity 2025, 17(7), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17070487 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper describes a new species of extinct whitefly in the genus Gregorites Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2024, from the family Aleyrodidae. This species has been identified based on an inclusion in Eocene Baltic amber. This represents the eighth documented species of the genus [...] Read more.

This paper describes a new species of extinct whitefly in the genus Gregorites Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2024, from the family Aleyrodidae. This species has been identified based on an inclusion in Eocene Baltic amber. This represents the eighth documented species of the genus and contributes new data to our knowledge of the disparity and taxonomic diversity of whiteflies in Eocene Baltic amber. The discovery of a further Gregorites species, previously known only from succinite on the western coast of Jutland, raises questions about the amberiferous deposits, their geology and history, and on palaeodistributions of the whiteflies. These are briefly reviewed and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversity and Evolution of Hemiptera)

12 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Severe Rectal Syphilis in the Setting of Profound HIV Immunosuppression: A Case Report Highlighting ERG/CD38 Immunophenotyping and a Review of the Literature

by Diana Marcela Carmona Valencia, Juan Diego López, Shirley Vanessa Correa Forero, Diana Marcela Bonilla Bonilla, Jorge Karim Assis and Yamil Liscano

Infect. Dis. Rep. 2025, 17(4), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17040085 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background and Aim: Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, classically presents with genital or anal chancres; rectal involvement is rare and frequently misdiagnosed as inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy. We describe an unusually severe case of syphilitic proctitis in the setting of advanced [...] Read more.

Background and Aim: Syphilis, caused by Treponema pallidum, classically presents with genital or anal chancres; rectal involvement is rare and frequently misdiagnosed as inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy. We describe an unusually severe case of syphilitic proctitis in the setting of advanced HIV-related immunosuppression (CD4 39 cells/µL), in which targeted immunophenotyping (ERG and CD38) was a valuable adjunctive tool in the differential diagnosis. Case Presentation: A 46-year-old man with a recent history of erosive gastritis and esophageal candidiasis presented after six months of unintentional 20 kg weight loss, profound fatigue, intermittent fevers, profuse diarrhea, and two episodes of hematemesis. Workup revealed a new diagnosis of HIV infection (CD4: 39 cells/µL; viral load: 87,837 copies/mL). Contrast-enhanced CT demonstrated uniform, concentric rectal wall thickening (“target sign”). Colonoscopic biopsy showed exuberant granulation tissue and dense plasma cell infiltrates. Immunohistochemistry revealed a dense infiltrate of CD38-positive plasma cells and ERG-positive endothelial proliferation. These findings, in the context of positive serology, were highly supportive of a spirochetal etiology and helped differentiate it from potential mimics. Serology was positive for latent late syphilis (VDRL 1:64). The patient received three weekly doses of intramuscular benzathine penicillin; lumbar puncture excluded neurosyphilis. Discussion: This is among the first reported cases of syphilitic proctitis in a patient with CD4 < 50 cells/µL, where advanced immunophenotyping differentiated syphilitic inflammation from neoplastic or inflammatory mimics. Profound immunosuppression accelerates disease progression and yields atypical clinical features. Conclusion: In HIV-infected patients with chronic rectal symptoms, especially those with CD4 < 50 cells/µL, syphilitic proctitis must be considered. Integration of radiologic assessment, histopathology with ERG/CD38 staining, and serologic testing permits prompt diagnosis. Early benzathine penicillin therapy and rigorous clinical and serologic follow-up are essential to prevent complications, including neurosyphilis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Diseases)

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17 pages, 1532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A More Rapid Method for Culturing LUHMES-Derived Neurons Provides Greater Cell Numbers and Facilitates Studies of Multiple Viruses

by Adam W. Whisnant, Stephanie E. Clark, José Alberto Aguilar-Briseño, Lorellin A. Durnell, Arnhild Grothey, Ann M. Miller, Steven M. Varga, Jeffery L. Meier, Charles Grose, Patrick L. Sinn, Jessica M. Tucker, Caroline C. Friedel, Wendy J. Maury, David H. Price and Lars Dölken

Viruses 2025, 17(7), 1001; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17071001 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

The ability to study mature neuronal cells ex vivo is complicated by their non-dividing nature and difficulty in obtaining large numbers of primary cells from organisms. Thus, numerous transformed progenitor models have been developed that can be routinely cultured, then scaled, and differentiated [...] Read more.

The ability to study mature neuronal cells ex vivo is complicated by their non-dividing nature and difficulty in obtaining large numbers of primary cells from organisms. Thus, numerous transformed progenitor models have been developed that can be routinely cultured, then scaled, and differentiated to mature neurons. In this paper, we present a new method for differentiating one such model, the Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) dopaminergic neurons. This method is two days faster than some established protocols, results in nearly five times greater numbers of mature neurons, and involves fewer handling steps that could introduce technical variability. Moreover, it overcomes the problem of cell aggregate formation that commonly impedes high-resolution imaging, cell dissociation, and downstream analysis. While recently established for herpes simplex virus type 1, we demonstrate that LUHMES neurons can facilitate studies of other herpesviruses, as well as RNA viruses associated with childhood encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. This protocol provides an improvement in the generation of large-scale neuronal cultures, which may be readily applicable to other neuronal 2D cell culture models and provides a system for studying neurotrophic viruses. We named this method the Streamlined Protocol for Enhanced Expansion and Differentiation Yield, or SPEEDY, method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

19 pages, 2287 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bird Community Structure Changes as Araucaria Forest Cover Increases in the Highlands of Southeastern Brazil

by Carla Suertegaray Fontana, Lucilene Inês Jacoboski, Jonas Rafael Rodrigues Rosoni, Juliana Lopes da Silva, Filipe Augusto Pasa Bernardi, Pamela Eliana Malmoria, Christian Beier and Sandra Maria Hartz

Birds 2025, 6(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6030037 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

The Brazilian Araucaria Forest (AF) now covers only 1% of its original extent due to significant degradation, making conservation a challenge. The AF occurs in a mosaic alongside grassland and Atlantic Forest ecosystems, influencing bird species’ distribution through ecological processes. We compared the [...] Read more.

The Brazilian Araucaria Forest (AF) now covers only 1% of its original extent due to significant degradation, making conservation a challenge. The AF occurs in a mosaic alongside grassland and Atlantic Forest ecosystems, influencing bird species’ distribution through ecological processes. We compared the composition and functional diversity of the bird community along a gradient of AF cover in a protected area (Pró-Mata Private Natural Heritage Reserve) in southern Brazil. Bird sampling was conducted using MacKinnon lists along five trails with different histories of vegetation suppression, based on forest cover estimates from landscape imagery. Birds were functionally classified based on morphological and ecological traits. We recorded 191 bird species in total. We found higher bird richness in trails with less forest cover, while functional diversity responded inversely to vegetation cover. Bird species composition shifted from more open-habitat specialists to more forest specialists with the increasing forest cover and vegetation structural complexity. These findings highlight the ecological importance of maintaining vegetation heterogeneity, as vegetation mosaics enhance avian species richness and support a broader range of functional traits and ecosystem processes. We recommend the conservation of Araucaria Forest–grassland mosaics as a strategic approach to support multidimensional biodiversity and sustain key ecological functions in southern Brazil. Full article

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17 pages, 6951 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Positive Effects of Lycopene on Growth Performance, Hepatic Antioxidant Capacity, Intestinal Morphology, and Cecal Microflora of Yellow-Feather Broilers

by Guangtian Cao, Xiyue Liu, Huixian Wang, Jia Kang, Feiyang Wang, Molin Li, Wenqi Sun and Xiaosi Lv

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2108; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142108 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Lycopene (Lyc) possesses strong antioxidant activity through its ability to scavenge singlet oxygen and modulate immune responses in livestock and poultry. As few studies have examined the effects of Lyc on hepatic antioxidant capacity in broilers, we evaluated the effects of dietary Lyc [...] Read more.

Lycopene (Lyc) possesses strong antioxidant activity through its ability to scavenge singlet oxygen and modulate immune responses in livestock and poultry. As few studies have examined the effects of Lyc on hepatic antioxidant capacity in broilers, we evaluated the effects of dietary Lyc supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology, and microflora composition in yellow-feather broilers. We randomly assigned 480 one-day-old yellow-feather broilers to four dietary treatments: a basal diet with no additive (Con), and a basal diet supplemented with 150 mg/kg (Lyc150), 250 mg/kg (Lyc250), or 500 mg/kg (Lyc500) of lycopene. Compared to Con, Lyc supplementations significantly increased average daily gain by more than 14% from days 29 to 56. Additionally, Lyc250 significantly increased by over 6.4% in average daily feed intake from days 1 to 28, as well as by over 50% in hepatic levels of total antioxidant capacity and 65% in catalase on day 56. Lyc250 significantly increased villus height and decreased the villus-to-crypt ratio. Moreover, both Lyc250 and Lyc500 significantly downregulated hepatic Bax mRNA expression. Further, Lyc150 and Lyc250 significantly increased the relative abundance of Fermentum_g_Lactobacilus, Enterococcus_cecorum_g_Enterococcus, and Ruminococcus sp_g_Ruminococcus, but decreased Acetobacter_lovaniensis_g_Acetobacter and Lactobacillus_amylolyicus_g_Lactobacilus. Overall, our study found that Lyc supplementation significantly improved growth performance, enhanced hepatic antioxidant capacity, and modulated cecal microflora through increasing beneficial species in yellow-feather broilers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poultry Nutrition and Management)

13 pages, 2336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy Mix Constraints Imposed by Minimum EROI for Societal Sustainability

by Ziemowit Malecha

Energies 2025, 18(14), 3765; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18143765 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study analyzes the feasibility of energy mixes composed of different shares of various types of power generation units, including photovoltaic (PV) and wind farms, hydropower, fossil fuel-based plants, and nuclear power. The analysis uses the concept of Energy Return on Investment (EROI), [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the feasibility of energy mixes composed of different shares of various types of power generation units, including photovoltaic (PV) and wind farms, hydropower, fossil fuel-based plants, and nuclear power. The analysis uses the concept of Energy Return on Investment (EROI), which is considered the most reliable indicator for comparing different technologies as it measures the energy required rather than monetary costs needed to build and operate each technology. Literature-based EROI values for individual generation technologies were used, along with the minimum EROI thresholds for the entire energy mix that are necessary to sustain developed societies and a high quality of life. The results show that, depending on the assumed minimum EROI value, which ranges from 10 to 30, the maximum share of intermittent renewable energy sources (IRESs), such as PV and wind farms, in the system cannot exceed 90% or 60%, respectively. It is important to emphasize that this EROI-based analysis does not account for power grid stability, which currently can only be maintained by the inertia of large synchronous generators. Therefore, the scenario with a 90% IRES share should be regarded as purely theoretical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Technologies for Renewable Energy Development and Utilization: 5th Edition)

21 pages, 962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modal Regression Estimation by Local Linear Approach in High-Dimensional Data Case

by Fatimah A. Almulhim, Mohammed B. Alamari, Ali Laksaci and Zoulikha Kaid

Axioms 2025, 14(7), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14070537 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper introduces a new nonparametric estimator for detecting the conditional mode in the functional input variable setting. The estimator integrates a local linear approach with an

L^{1}

-robust algorithm and treats the modal regression as the minimizer of the quantile derivative. [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a new nonparametric estimator for detecting the conditional mode in the functional input variable setting. The estimator integrates a local linear approach with an

L^{1}

-robust algorithm and treats the modal regression as the minimizer of the quantile derivative. As an asymptotic result, we derive the theoretical properties of the estimator by analyzing its convergence rate under the almost complete consistency framework. The result is stated under standard conditions, characterizing both the functional structure of the data and the local linear approximation properties of the model. Moreover, the expression of the convergence rate retains the usual form of the stochastic convergence rate in functional statistics. Simulations and real-data applications demonstrate the algorithm’s effectiveness, showing its advantage over existing methods in high-dimensional prediction tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Statistical Simulation and Computing)

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12 pages, 6861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Closed-Form Solution for Water Inflow into Deeply Buried Arched Tunnels

by Yunbo Wei, Qiang Chang and Kexun Zheng

Water 2025, 17(14), 2121; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17142121 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

The analytical solutions for groundwater inflow into tunnels are usually developed under the condition of circular tunnels. However, real-world tunnels often have non-circular cross-sections, such as arched, lens-shaped, or egg-shaped profiles. Accurately assessing water inflow for these diverse tunnel shapes remains challenging. To [...] Read more.

The analytical solutions for groundwater inflow into tunnels are usually developed under the condition of circular tunnels. However, real-world tunnels often have non-circular cross-sections, such as arched, lens-shaped, or egg-shaped profiles. Accurately assessing water inflow for these diverse tunnel shapes remains challenging. To address this gap, this study developed a closed-form analytical solution for water inflow into a deeply buried arched tunnel using the conformal mapping method. When the tunnel circumference degenerates to a circle, the analytical solution degenerates to the widely used Goodman’s equation. The solution also showed excellent agreement with numerical simulations carried out using COMSOL. Based on the analytical solution, the impact of various factors on water inflow Q was further discussed: (1) Q decreases as the boundary distance

D^{*}

increases. And the boundary inclination angle (

α - π / 2

) significantly affects Q only when the boundary is close to the tunnel (

D^{*} < 20

); (2) Q increases quickly with the upper arc radius

r_{1}^{*}

, while it shows minimal variation with the change in the lower arc radius

r_{2}^{*}

. The findings provide a theoretical foundation for characterizing water inflow into arched tunnels, thereby supporting improved tunnel planning and grouting system design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Water Management in the Age of Climate Change)

14 pages, 921 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interpretable Prediction and Analysis of PVA Hydrogel Mechanical Behavior Using Machine Learning

by Liying Xu, Siqi Liu, Anqi Lin, Zichuan Su and Daxin Liang

Gels 2025, 11(7), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11070550 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have emerged as versatile materials due to their exceptional biocompatibility and tunable mechanical properties, showing great promise for flexible sensors, smart wound dressings, and tissue engineering applications. However, rational design remains challenging due to complex structure–property relationships involving multiple [...] Read more.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels have emerged as versatile materials due to their exceptional biocompatibility and tunable mechanical properties, showing great promise for flexible sensors, smart wound dressings, and tissue engineering applications. However, rational design remains challenging due to complex structure–property relationships involving multiple formulation parameters. This study presents an interpretable machine learning framework for predicting PVA hydrogel tensile strain properties with emphasis on mechanistic understanding, based on a comprehensive dataset of 350 data points collected from a systematic literature review. XGBoost demonstrated superior performance after Optuna-based optimization, achieving R² values of 0.964 for training and 0.801 for testing. SHAP analysis provided unprecedented mechanistic insights, revealing that PVA molecular weight dominates mechanical performance (SHAP importance: 84.94) through chain entanglement and crystallization mechanisms, followed by degree of hydrolysis (72.46) and cross-linking parameters. The interpretability analysis identified optimal parameter ranges and critical feature interactions, elucidating complex non-linear relationships and reinforcement mechanisms. By addressing the “black box” limitation of machine learning, this approach enables rational design strategies and mechanistic understanding for next-generation multifunctional hydrogels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress and Application Prospects of Gel Electrolytes)

14 pages, 736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sfm Fimbriae Play an Important Role in the Pathogenicity of Escherichia coli CE129

by Yang Yang, Mingliang Chen, Zixin Han, Congrui Zhu, Ziyan Wu, Junpeng Li and Guoqiang Zhu

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(7), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16070160 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is highly infective in poultry, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. As an extraintestinal pathogenic strain, adherence is a critical step in the infection. The functions of several adhesins, including type I, P, and Curli fimbriae, [...] Read more.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is highly infective in poultry, causing significant economic losses to the poultry industry. As an extraintestinal pathogenic strain, adherence is a critical step in the infection. The functions of several adhesins, including type I, P, and Curli fimbriae, have been extensively studied. However, the roles of other adhesins, like Sfm, remain largely unexplored. Sfm is widely present in E. coli. Although the Sfm cluster is an ortholog of the fim gene cluster of Salmonella type I fimbriae, the biological function of Sfm in APEC has not yet been elucidated. To investigate whether Sfm in APEC CE129 plays a role in virulence, in this study, we constructed recombinant strains by expressing Sfm in the fimbriae-deficient strain SE5000. Additionally, a CE129 sfmA mutant strain was constructed. The resulting changes in adherence, biofilm formation, resistance to macrophage phagocytosis, and resistance to serum bactericidal ability were observed. The adherence ability of CE129ΔsfmA was reduced by 41%. HD-11 cells demonstrated a 30% increase in the phagocytosis of CE129ΔsfmA, and a 50% reduction in SE5000 (pBR322-sfm). The sfm deletion mutant showed a 23.9% reduction in the resistance to serum bactericidal ability, while SE5000 (pBR322-sfm) displayed a 32% increase. SE5000 (pBR322-sfm) exhibited a 34% increase in biofilm formation, and CE129ΔsfmA demonstrated a 21% decrease. Real-time PCR was employed to examine the impact of Sfm deletion on the transcription level of key virulence factors (fimA, fliC, papC, tsh, ompA, and iss). The results indicated that Sfm in CE129 is closely associated with bacterial adherence and survivability, contributing to biofilm formation and influencing the expression of key virulence factors. This study yields initial insight into the functional roles of Sfm in APEC and provides a foundation for the effective control of E. coli in the poultry industry. Full article

22 pages, 1282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Stage Optimization Framework for UAV Fleet Sizing and Task Allocation in Emergency Logistics Using the GWO and CBBA

by Yongchao Zhang, Wei Xu, Helin Ye and Zhuoyong Shi

Drones 2025, 9(7), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9070501 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

The joint optimization of fleet size and task allocation presents a critical challenge in deploying Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for time-sensitive missions such as emergency logistics. Conventional approaches often rely on pre-determined fleet sizes or computationally intensive centralized optimizers, which can lead to [...] Read more.

The joint optimization of fleet size and task allocation presents a critical challenge in deploying Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for time-sensitive missions such as emergency logistics. Conventional approaches often rely on pre-determined fleet sizes or computationally intensive centralized optimizers, which can lead to suboptimal performance. To address this gap, this paper proposes a novel two-stage hierarchical framework that integrates the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) with the Consensus-Based Bundle Algorithm (CBBA). At the strategic level, the GWO determines the optimal number of UAVs by minimizing a comprehensive cost function that balances mission efficiency and operational costs. Subsequently, at the tactical level, the CBBA performs decentralized, real-time task allocation for the optimally sized fleet. We validated our GWO-CBBA framework through extensive simulations against three benchmarks: a standard CBBA with a fixed fleet, a centralized Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach, and a Greedy Heuristic algorithm. The results are compelling: our framework demonstrates superior performance across all key metrics, reducing the overall scheduling cost by 13.2–36.5%, minimizing UAV mileage cost and significantly decreasing total task waiting time. This work provides a robust and efficient solution that effectively balances operational costs with service quality for dynamic multi-UAV scheduling problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Autonomous Mobility Toward Low-Altitude Economy and Three-Dimensional Transportation Systems)

33 pages, 12632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of LULC and Urban Thermal Variations in Industrial Cities Using Earth Observation Indices and Machine Learning: A Case Study of Gujranwala, Pakistan

by Zabih Ullah, Muhammad Sajid Mehmood, Shiyan Zhai and Yaochen Qin

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(14), 2474; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142474 (registering DOI) - 16 Jul 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and industrial development have significantly altered land use and cover across the globe, intensifying urban thermal environments and exacerbating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Gujranwala, Pakistan, represents an industrial growth that has driven substantial land use/land cover (LULC) changes and [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization and industrial development have significantly altered land use and cover across the globe, intensifying urban thermal environments and exacerbating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Gujranwala, Pakistan, represents an industrial growth that has driven substantial land use/land cover (LULC) changes and temperature increases; however, the directional and distance-based patterns of these changes remain unquantified. Therefore, this study is conducted to examine spatiotemporal changes in LULC and variations in the Urban Thermal Field Variation Index (UTFVI) between 2001 and 2021 and to project future scenarios for 2031 and 2041 using (1) Earth Observation Indices (EOIs) with machine learning (ML) classifiers (Random Forest) for precise LULC mapping through the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, (2) Cellular Automata–Artificial Neural Networks (CA-ANNs) for future scenario projection, and (3) Gradient Directional Analysis (GDA) to quantify directional (16-axis) and distance-based (concentric zones) patterns of urban expansion and thermal variation from 2001–2021. The study revealed significant LULC changes, with built-up areas expanding by 7.5% from 2001 to 2021, especially in the east, northeast, and southeast directions within a 20 km radius. Due to urban encroachment, vegetation and cropland decreased by 1.47% and 1.83%, respectively. The urban thermal environment worsened, with the highest land surface temperature (LST) rising from 41 °C in 2001 to 55 °C in 2021. Additionally, the UTFVI showed expanding areas under the ‘strong’ and ‘strongest’ categories, increasing from 30.58% in 2001 to 33.42% in 2041. Directional analysis highlighted severe thermal stress in the southern and southwestern areas linked to industrial activities and urban sprawl. This integrated approach provides a template for analyzing urban thermal environments in developing cities, supporting targeted mitigation strategies through direction- and distance-specific planning interventions to mitigate UHI impacts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Urban Thermal Environments and Landscapes Through Remote Sensing)

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