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19 pages, 3580 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Tensile Properties of Carbon FRCM Using a LASSO Model

by María Rodríguez-Marcos, Paula Villanueva-Llaurado, Jaime Fernández-Gómez, Joaquín Abellán-García and Augusto Sisa-Camargo

Fibers 2024, 12(12), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib12120109 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

The use of Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) for structural retrofitting requires prior assessment of the composite’s mechanical properties, particularly its tensile stress–strain response. This paper presents a LASSO regression model applied to 107 uniaxial tensile tests on Carbon FRCM in order to [...] Read more.

The use of Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) for structural retrofitting requires prior assessment of the composite’s mechanical properties, particularly its tensile stress–strain response. This paper presents a LASSO regression model applied to 107 uniaxial tensile tests on Carbon FRCM in order to investigate the impact of both the material and testing parameters on FRCM performance. A highly effective LASSO regression model was trained using k-fold validation, resulting in concise and comprehensible models. Within the testing parameters, both the gripping system and load–speed ratio significantly affected the performance. A substantial impact on ultimate values was found for the load–speed ratio. From the material-related parameters, the most influential was the textile coating in terms of strength and the existence of bilinear or trilinear behaviour. It was also concluded that the combination of textile and matrix properties influenced the stress–strain response at all stages, with high-performance mortars resulting in better textile-to-matrix interaction. Full article

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22 pages, 7192 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Boosted Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Performance with a Quaternary Heterostructure: CoFe₂O₄/MWCNT-Doped MIL-100(Fe)/TiO₂

by Waheed Rehman, Faiq Saeed, Yong Zhao, Bushra Maryam, Samia Arain, Muhammad Ayaz, Asad Jamil and Xianhua Liu

Catalysts 2024, 14(12), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120901 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) combined with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is an outstanding material regarding photoelectrochemical water oxidation (PEC-WO) because of its excellent catalytic properties and stability. On the other hand, surface imperfections in CoFe₂O₄ can cause [...] Read more.

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) combined with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is an outstanding material regarding photoelectrochemical water oxidation (PEC-WO) because of its excellent catalytic properties and stability. On the other hand, surface imperfections in CoFe₂O₄ can cause band bending and surface Fermi level pinning, significantly reducing its PEC conversion efficiency. Heterostructure engineering is essential for achieving increased light-gathering capacity and charge separation efficiency for PEC-WO. In this study, a quaternary heterostructure of CoFe₂O₄/MWCNT-doped Metal–Organic Framework-100 (Iron), MIL-100(Fe)/Titanium Oxide (TiO₂) was synthesized by using a combination of hydrothermal, solvothermal, and “dip and dry” techniques. Characterization results confirmed the formation of a structural network of MIL-100(Fe) on TiO₂ surfaces, enhanced by the incorporation of MWCNTs during the hydrothermal reaction. Under 1 sun irradiation, the resultant quaternary heterostructure displayed a photocurrent density (J_ph) of 3.70 mA cm⁻² under free bias voltage, which is around 3.08 times more than that of pristine TiO₂ photoanodes (J_ph = 1.20 mA cm⁻²). This investigation highlights the advantages of the MIL-100(Fe) network in improving the solar PEC-WO performance of TiO₂ photoanodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalytic Properties of Hybrid Catalysts)

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9 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Note on Exact Results for Burgers-like Equations Involving Laguerre Derivatives

by Roberto Garra, Giuseppe Dattoli and Riccardo Droghei

Fractal Fract. 2024, 8(12), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8120723 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

In this work, we consider some Burgers-like equations involving Laguerre derivatives and demonstrate that it is possible to construct specific exact solutions using separation of variables. We prove that a general scheme exists for constructing exact solutions for these Burgers-like equations and extending [...] Read more.

In this work, we consider some Burgers-like equations involving Laguerre derivatives and demonstrate that it is possible to construct specific exact solutions using separation of variables. We prove that a general scheme exists for constructing exact solutions for these Burgers-like equations and extending to more general cases, including nonlinear time-fractional equations. Exact solutions can also be obtained for KDV-like equations involving Laguerre derivatives. We finally consider a particular class of Burgers equations with variable coefficients whose solutions can be obtained similarly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Fractional Differential Equations and Their Applications, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 11452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Novel Elemene Derivative, OMe-Ph-Elemene, Attenuates Oxidative Phosphorylation and Facilitates Apoptosis by Inducing Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species

by Jianhua Guo, Jiayi Wang, Shuhao Fan, Mucong Gao, Guodu Liu and Yong Xia

Antioxidants 2024, 13(12), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13121499 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer have been steadily increasing, making it one of the most prevalent cancers globally. Although current chemotherapy drugs have shown some efficacy in treating this disease, their associated side effects necessitate the development of more effective [...] Read more.

The incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer have been steadily increasing, making it one of the most prevalent cancers globally. Although current chemotherapy drugs have shown some efficacy in treating this disease, their associated side effects necessitate the development of more effective treatments and medications. The clinical application of elemene is widely utilized in tumor treatment; however, its efficacy is hindered by the requirement for high dosage and suboptimal anticancer effects. Thus, we have made modifications and enhancements to elemene, resulting in the development of a novel compound named (E)-8-(3,4,5-OMe-Ph)-β-Elemene (abbreviated as OMe-Ph-Elemene) that demonstrates significantly enhanced efficacy in suppressing colorectal cancer. We conducted an in vivo study and demonstrated the potential of OMe-Ph-Elemene in suppressing the growth of colorectal cancer xenograft tumors in zebrafish. The in vitro experiments revealed that OMe-Ph-Elemene effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of colorectal cancer SW480 and HT-29 cells by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-caused apoptosis and inhibiting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The mechanism was elucidated through high-throughput proteomic analysis and molecular biological analysis, revealing that OMe-Ph-Elemene induced cellular oxidative stress by downregulating CISD3 and promoted cell apoptosis by downregulating TRIAP1 and upregulating HMOX1. Furthermore, OMe-Ph-Elemene suppressed colorectal cancer cells’ mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by downregulating NDUFA7. In summary, the utilization of the elemene parent nucleus structure has led to the derivation of a novel tumor suppressor compound characterized by high efficacy and low toxicity, thereby providing a significant reference for the development of innovative drugs for colorectal cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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13 pages, 2216 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mathematical Modeling of Inhibitory Microbial Lethality Synergistic: Secondary Phytocompounds from Purple Toronjil, Temperature, and Harvest Stress Effects on Escherichia coli

by AyslethSacar Celis-Segura, Juan Reséndiz-Muñoz, Edgar Jesús Delgado-Nuñez, Víctor Manuel Zamora-Gasa, José Luis Fernández-Muñoz, Blas Cruz-Lagunas, Flaviano Godinez-Jaimes, Miguel Angel Gruintal-Santos and Romeo Urbieta-Parrazales

Stresses 2024, 4(4), 870-882; https://doi.org/10.3390/stresses4040058 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

This research investigated the inhibition of *Escherichia coli* ATCC 25922 (E. coli) bacterial growth in situ, specifically on the stems and aerial parts of *Agastache mexicana* subsp. mexicana (Amm) or “purple toronjil” and on food-grade paper, [...] Read more.

This research investigated the inhibition of *Escherichia coli* ATCC 25922 (E. coli) bacterial growth in situ, specifically on the stems and aerial parts of *Agastache mexicana* subsp. mexicana (Amm) or “purple toronjil” and on food-grade paper, both contained within Kraft paper bags with a plastic window. The qualitative phytochemical profile of an aqueous extract of Amm revealed the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, coumarins, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, and sterols. The results indicate that these secondary metabolites exhibit a synergistic bactericidal effect, especially when combined with temperature and starvation stress. This was quantified using a decay equation referred to as the bacterial growth inhibition profile of E. coli (BGIPEc). Calculations, which included first derivatives, gradients based on substrate effects and temperature as well as the area under the curve of BGIPEc, demonstrated that higher temperatures led to the greater inhibition of colony forming units (CFUs), further enhanced by the presence of secondary metabolites. Additionally, a shorter half-life corresponded to a faster change rate and a lower area under the curve, indicating a reduced survival rate over time. At lower temperatures, E. coli exhibited a survival effect, which was corroborated by the preceding calculations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal and Human Stresses)

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14 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Associated with the Severity of ERCP-Related Complications: A Retrospective Single-Centre Study

by Kristel Goubert, Helena Degroote, Martine De Vos, Maxim Khalenkow and Pieter Hindryckx

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(23), 7481; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13237481 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objectives: Risk factors for post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) complications have been extensively studied and are well established; most complications are mild and self-limiting. This study aims to identify patients at risk of severe early post-ERCP complications. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study [...] Read more.

Objectives: Risk factors for post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) complications have been extensively studied and are well established; most complications are mild and self-limiting. This study aims to identify patients at risk of severe early post-ERCP complications. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study with data from 2810 ERCP procedures performed at Ghent University Hospital between 2016 and 2022. Patient records and a maintained ERCP registry were used to identify all ERCP-related complications and possible risk factors. The AGREE classification was used to determine the severity of the complication. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of severe complications. Results: Out of 2810 procedures, 223 cases (7.9%) had post-ERCP complications, with severe complications occurring in 20.3% of cases. The most common severe complication was haemorrhage (22/49 severe complications, 44.9%), with perforation having the highest probability of being severe (10/15 cases, 67%). Independent predictors of severe complications included anticoagulative therapy (OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.4–28.3, p = 0.016) and high procedural difficulty (Schutz category 3: OR 11.5, 95% CI 2.4–54.6, p = 0.002; category 4: OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.4–23.5, p = 0.012). Conclusions: Patients on anticoagulation and those undergoing complex ERCP procedures (Schutz 3 or 4) are at particular risk of severe procedure-related complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Application of Endoscopic Surgery in Gastrointestinal Diseases)

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27 pages, 25472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Uncommon Nasal Mass Presentation: A Radiological Case Series

by Antonio Lo Casto, Francesco Lorusso, Ettore Palizzolo, Federico Sireci, Francesco Dispenza, Manfredi De Angelis, Angelo Immordino, Salvatore Gallina and Francesco Bencivinni

J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(12), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14121145 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Nasal and paranasal sinus masses can arise from a wide range of conditions, both benign and malignant, as well as congenital or acquired. Diagnosing these masses is often challenging, requiring a combination of nasal endoscopy, imaging studies, and histopathological analysis. Initial imaging [...] Read more.

Background: Nasal and paranasal sinus masses can arise from a wide range of conditions, both benign and malignant, as well as congenital or acquired. Diagnosing these masses is often challenging, requiring a combination of nasal endoscopy, imaging studies, and histopathological analysis. Initial imaging frequently involves computed tomography or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) to evaluate the bony anatomy of the nasal cavity and surrounding sinuses, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is typically used for detailed assessment of soft tissues and to aid in differential diagnosis when the findings are inconclusive. Methods: This review examines nasal masses evaluated using CT, CBCT, and MRI, highlighting key imaging features that may assist in differential diagnosis. Results: For non-neoplastic lesions, examples include conditions such as rhinoliths, inverted mesiodens, and septal mucoceles. Benign and borderline tumors discussed encompass lobular capillary hemangioma, inverted papilloma, septal osteoma, chondromesenchymal hamartoma, hemangioma, hemangiopericytoma, antrochoanal polyp, sinonasal angiofibroma, ossifying fibroma, and lipoma. Malignant tumors addressed in this review include adenocarcinoma, esthesioneuroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, melanoma, and sarcoma. Conclusions: Diagnosing nasal lesions represent a significant challenge for otolaryngologists. Imaging characteristics of nasal masses play a crucial role in narrowing down differential diagnoses before surgery. However, nasal endoscopy combined with biopsy remains the definitive diagnostic approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanisms of Diseases)

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31 pages, 7160 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resource Optimization for Grid-Connected Smart Green Townhouses Using Deep Hybrid Machine Learning

by Seyed Morteza Moghimi, Thomas Aaron Gulliver, Ilamparithi Thirumarai Chelvan and Hossen Teimoorinia

Energies 2024, 17(23), 6201; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236201 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

This paper examines Connected Smart Green Townhouses (CSGTs) as a modern residential building model in Burnaby, British Columbia (BC). This model incorporates a wide range of sustainable materials and smart components such as recycled insulation, Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, smart meters, and high-efficiency [...] Read more.

This paper examines Connected Smart Green Townhouses (CSGTs) as a modern residential building model in Burnaby, British Columbia (BC). This model incorporates a wide range of sustainable materials and smart components such as recycled insulation, Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, smart meters, and high-efficiency systems. The CSGTs operate in grid-connected mode to balance on-site renewables with grid resources to improve efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. Real datasets are used to optimize resource consumption, including electricity, gas, and water. Renewable Energy Sources (RESs), such as PV systems, are integrated with smart grid technology. This creates an effective framework for managing energy consumption. The accuracy, efficiency, emissions, and cost are metrics used to evaluate CSGT performance. CSGTs with one to four bedrooms are investigated considering water systems and party walls. A deep Machine Learning (ML) model combining Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed to improve the performance. In particular, the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is below 5%, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) are within acceptable levels, and

R^{2}

is consistently above 0.85. The proposed model outperforms other models such as Linear Regression (LR), CNN, LSTM, Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB) for all bedroom configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section G: Energy and Buildings)

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43 pages, 1877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of General Types of Fuzzy Implications Produced by Comparing Different t-Conorms: An Application Case Using Meteorological Data

by Athina Daniilidou, Avrilia Konguetsof and Basil Papadopoulos

Symmetry 2024, 16(12), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16121633 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

The objective of this paper is to compare a fuzzy implication produced by t-conorm probor with three other fuzzy implications constructed by t-conorms max, Einstein, and Lukasiewicz. Firstly, in methodology, six pairs of combinations of five t-conorm comparisons are performed in order to [...] Read more.

The objective of this paper is to compare a fuzzy implication produced by t-conorm probor with three other fuzzy implications constructed by t-conorms max, Einstein, and Lukasiewicz. Firstly, in methodology, six pairs of combinations of five t-conorm comparisons are performed in order to find the ranking order of five fuzzy implications. Moreover, the evaluation and calculation of the four fuzzy implications (probor, max, Einstein, and Lukasiewicz) are made using meteorological data, fuzzifying the crisp values of temperature and humidity, constructing four membership degree functions, and inserting as inputs the membership degrees of meteorological variables into the two variables of the fuzzy implications. Finally, extensive tests are made so as to find which membership degree function and which fuzzy implication receives the best and the worst results. The key findings are that the application of isosceles trapezium to the fuzzy implications of Probor and Einstein gives the best values, while fuzzy implication Lukasiewicz, although it was found to be first in the ranking order, is rejected due to unreliable results. As a result, the crucial role of these implications lies in the fact that they are non-symmetrical, i.e., there is a clear difference between the cause and the causal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Asymmetry in Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations)

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10 pages, 2960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterising a Novel Therapeutic Target for Psoriasis, TYK2, Using Functional Genomics

by Shraddha S. Rane, Sarah Elyoussfi, Elan Shellard, Steve Eyre and Richard B. Warren

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 13229; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252313229 (registering DOI) - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Psoriasis (Ps) is a debilitating immune-mediated chronic skin condition. It affects about 1–3% of the world population, with an 8–11% prevalence in Northern European populations. Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a newly identified target for Ps. An independent non-coding genetic association with Ps [...] Read more.

Psoriasis (Ps) is a debilitating immune-mediated chronic skin condition. It affects about 1–3% of the world population, with an 8–11% prevalence in Northern European populations. Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) is a newly identified target for Ps. An independent non-coding genetic association with Ps has been identified ~400 kb upstream of TYK2. The variants making up the credible Ps Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) set were identified in their genomic context with the potential to influence TYK2 expression by interacting with regulatory elements involved in gene regulation. Previous evidence from our laboratory has suggested that credible SNP sets in intronic regions can be distal regulators of the genes of interest through long-range chromatin interactions. We hypothesise that SNPs at ILF3 are distal regulators of TYK2 expression via long-range chromatin interactions and Ps risk. The dysregulation of the TYK2 pathway in Ps may be mediated by a combination of GWAS risk SNPs at ILF3 and TYK2 and downstream genes. We investigated this by employing functional genomics and molecular biology methods. We developed a CD4 T cell model system with Jurkat-dCAS9-VP64 and Jurkat-dCAS9-KRAB cells using CRISPR activation and CRISPR inhibition of the risk variants rs892086 and rs7248205, selected from the latest Ps GWAS SNP set for their long-range interaction and light Linkage Disequilibrium (R² > 0.8), respectively. Using CRISPR activation, we demonstrate here that these risk SNPs, although distal to TYK2, do indeed regulate the TYK2 gene. Investigations into annotating the TYK2 pathway using RNA-seq analysis revealed differentially regulated genes, including VEGFA, C1R, ADORA1, GLUD2, NDUFB8, and FCGR2C, which are thought to be implicated in Ps. These genes were observed to be associated with conditions such as psoriatic arthritis, atopic dermatitis, and systemic sclerosis when compared using published databases, which confirms their relevance and importance in inflammatory conditions. With the developed cell model systems using CRISPR technology and differential gene regulation, we demonstrate here that these genes have the potential to define the TYK2/Ps pathway and our understanding of the disease biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin Diseases: From Molecular Mechanisms to Pathology)

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12 pages, 623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Are Perfectionism Groups Determined Among Korean College Students? Applying the Best-Fitting Short Form of Hewitt and Flett’s Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HF-MPS) to a Korean Sample

by Jungyeong Heo, Yaacov Petscher and Insu Paek

Psychol. Int. 2024, 6(4), 1028-1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/psycholint6040064 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: Perfectionism is a prominent personality trait in modern society, warranting further research across diverse cultural contexts to develop culturally appropriate measures and identify culture-specific perfectionism profiles. This study aims to identify perfectionism profiles and evaluate the best-fitting short form of Hewitt and [...] Read more.

Background: Perfectionism is a prominent personality trait in modern society, warranting further research across diverse cultural contexts to develop culturally appropriate measures and identify culture-specific perfectionism profiles. This study aims to identify perfectionism profiles and evaluate the best-fitting short form of Hewitt and Flett’s Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (HF-MPS) within a Korean context. Methods: Data were collected from 276 Korean college students to compare three short forms of the HF-MPS: Cox et al.’s, Hewitt et al.’s, and a newly proposed version. Reliability and validity were assessed for each short form, and latent profile analysis with distal outcomes was conducted using the best-fitting short form to identify perfectionism profiles. Results: All three short forms demonstrated good reliability and validity. However, the newly proposed short form showed the highest alignment with the original scale and the best model fit. Using this short form, three perfectionism profiles were identified: high perfectionists (HiP), average perfectionists (AvP), and non-perfectionists (NP). Non-perfectionists displayed the most adaptive emotional adjustment, while high and average perfectionists exhibited similar levels of emotional adjustment. Conclusion: This study identified three distinct perfectionism profiles within a Korean sample using the best-fitting short form of the HF-MPS. Findings suggest that perfectionism factors may be more closely interrelated in this cultural context, with self-oriented or other-oriented perfectionism potentially buffering against emotional maladjustment. These results underscore the importance of culturally tailored approaches to understanding and assessing perfectionism. Full article

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21 pages, 2112 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Use of Digital Twins to Address Smart Tourist Destinations’ Future Challenges

by Lázaro Florido-Benítez

Platforms 2024, 2(4), 234-254; https://doi.org/10.3390/platforms2040016 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

This research aims to conceptualise the use of the digital twins (DT) tool in tourism to address smart tourist destinations’ future challenges to enhance tourists’ experiences and residents’ quality of life through better services developed by DTs. This paper investigated the use of [...] Read more.

This research aims to conceptualise the use of the digital twins (DT) tool in tourism to address smart tourist destinations’ future challenges to enhance tourists’ experiences and residents’ quality of life through better services developed by DTs. This paper investigated the use of DT technology to tackle the new challenges facing smart tourist destinations (STDs) in terms of urban planning, sustainability, security, marketing, and tourism activities by using data on this topic from expert researchers and public and private organisations. Also, this research adopted a systematic review approach to analyse and illustrate the existing literature on the topic of DTs and their use for STDs, which helped us develop the DT concept in a STD context. The findings of this research reveal that DT technology is emerging as a disruptive technology tool that is being used to improve the management of STDs in terms of their efficiency, safety, sustainability, environmental protection, productivity, and energy consumption. Moreover, DT technology is a nascent tool in the tourism and marketing industries, but its versatility in relation to its capacity to analyse data and predict the behaviour of tourism and business ecosystems to address relevant issues at STDs gives it a key role in the tourism industry. Finally, a new definition of DT technology has been included in this study within a tourism and STDs context, filling the gap in this topic in the tourism industry according to some researchers’ suggestions. There are limited scientific publications about DT technology that jointly tackle the DT technology and STDs sphere. Accordingly, this manuscript defines DT technology and provides a new viewpoint of this technology that will help to initiate academic discussions on DT tourism within the context of STDs. Full article

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4 pages, 349 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Genotype–Phenotype Correlation in a Couple in Which the Wife Is a Carrier of the Beta-Thalassemia Trait and the Husband Is a Carrier of a Mutation in the ALAS2 Gene: Both Gene Defects Are Associated with Non-Iron-Deficiency Microcytic Anemia

by Domenico Dell’Edera, Carmela Centoducati, Arianna Allegretti, Francesco La Rocca and Brunilde Persia

Thalass. Rep. 2024, 14(4), 118-121; https://doi.org/10.3390/thalassrep14040012 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Introduction: Generally, microcytic anaemia is caused by sideropenia or a genetic gap. The suspicion that microcytic anaemia is caused by a genetic gap must always be considered in the face of an inadequate response to martial therapy. The aim of this paper is [...] Read more.

Introduction: Generally, microcytic anaemia is caused by sideropenia or a genetic gap. The suspicion that microcytic anaemia is caused by a genetic gap must always be considered in the face of an inadequate response to martial therapy. The aim of this paper is to highlight how biochemical diagnosis alone is sometimes not sufficient to understand the cause of microcytic anaemia. For this reason, for a correct genotype–phenotype correlation, it is essential to identify the defective gene underlying the microcytic anaemia. Detailed Case Description: This case concerns a married couple who both have microcytic anaemia. They came to our attention because the lady, pregnant at 12 weeks, underwent screening for chromosomal abnormalities using combined tests in the first trimester of pregnancy. A biochemical screening performed ten years earlier showed that both spouses were healthy carriers of the beta-thalassemia trait. A careful analysis of the biochemical data and an in-depth molecular diagnosis of the alpha and beta globin genes showed that the woman was a healthy carrier of the beta-thalassemia trait while the husband was a healthy carrier of a mutation in the ALAS2 gene. Analysis of the biochemical data of her husband and family members revealed that she had X-linked microcytic sideroblastic anaemia caused by an alteration in the function of the ALAS2 (5′-Aminolevulinate Synthase 2) gene located on the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp11.21). Discussion and Conclusions: This result is very relevant as, during genetic counselling, we explained to the couple that invasive prenatal diagnosis was not necessary as there is no risk of procreating a transfusion-dependent individual. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Quality of Life)

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12 pages, 2286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Minimal-Data Approach for Film Thickness Prediction in Tribological Contacts Using Venner’s Equation

by Felix Müller, Patrick Wingertszahn, Oliver Koch and Bernd Sauer

J. Exp. Theor. Anal. 2024, 2(4), 152-163; https://doi.org/10.3390/jeta2040012 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

The accurate design of tribological contacts, such as those in bearings and gearboxes, makes them highly efficient and helps reduce emission in all driven systems. Traditionally, this process requires more lubricant data than data sheets typically provide, mainly kinematic viscosity at 40 °C [...] Read more.

The accurate design of tribological contacts, such as those in bearings and gearboxes, makes them highly efficient and helps reduce emission in all driven systems. Traditionally, this process requires more lubricant data than data sheets typically provide, mainly kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C and density, which limits the design process. This study introduces a simplified methodology for determining lubricant film thickness, one of the main design critical parameters, using minimal viscosity measurements obtained with a high-pressure viscometer. The researchers demonstrate that essential lubricant parameters can be derived effectively from a few measurements. By combining state-of-the-art models for film thickness with practical measurements from an EHL tribometer, this study confirms that reliable film thickness predictions can be made from basic viscosity data. This approach streamlines the design process, making tribological simulations more accessible and cost-effective, and enhances the design of tribological contacts under extreme conditions. Full article

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26 pages, 2427 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exosome-Derived microRNAs in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

by Brian Xiangzhi Wang

Cardiogenetics 2024, 14(4), 228-253; https://doi.org/10.3390/cardiogenetics14040019 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), characterized by myocardial hypertrophy and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, poses a significant health burden worldwide. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of HCM, shedding light on novel regulatory mechanisms in [...] Read more.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), characterized by myocardial hypertrophy and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death, poses a significant health burden worldwide. Recent studies have revealed the involvement of exosome-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of HCM, shedding light on novel regulatory mechanisms in cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. This literature review synthesizes current evidence on the role of exosome-derived miRNAs in HCM. It discusses key miRNAs identified from diverse cellular origins, including cardiomyocytes, stem cells, and conduction cells, elucidating their contributions to hypertrophic signaling pathways, fibrosis, and changes in cellular metabolism. Notable miRNAs highly expressed in exosomes such as miR-1, miR-133, and miR-208 are highlighted for their implications in HCM pathophysiology. Moreover, this review explores the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosome-derived miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in HCM management. The studies summarized in this review demonstrate that exosome-derived miRNAs play a crucial role in orchestrating the molecular events underlying HCM, offering new insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic avenues. Understanding the intricate interplay between exosome-mediated miRNA communication and HCM pathophysiology holds promise for the development of personalized diagnostic tools and targeted therapies to improve patient outcomes in HCM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomarkers)

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7 pages, 547 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Diagnostic Work-Up for Uncovering the Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death: The Role of Family Members

by Emanuele Monda, Gaetano Diana, Daniele Bruno, Marta Rubino, Giuseppe Palmiero, Federica Verrillo, Chiara Cirillo, Annapaola Cirillo, Adelaide Fusco, Martina Caiazza, Santo Dellegrottaglie, Diego Colonna, Berardo Sarubbi, Pietro Buono, Maria Giovanna Russo and Giuseppe Limongelli

Cardiogenetics 2024, 14(4), 221-227; https://doi.org/10.3390/cardiogenetics14040018 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the diagnostic pathway proposed by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for identifying the underlying aetiology of sudden cardiac death (SCD) through the screening of first-degree family members of patients [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the diagnostic pathway proposed by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for identifying the underlying aetiology of sudden cardiac death (SCD) through the screening of first-degree family members of patients with SCD who either had a negative autopsy or no autopsy performed. Methods: To be eligible for enrolment, patients had to meet the following inclusion criteria: a family history of SCD in a first-degree relative under the age of 50 years; the SCD decedents must not have undergone an autopsy, or if an autopsy was performed, non-cardiac and structural cardiac causes must have been excluded. Patients underwent a comprehensive assessment, including the evaluation of family and medical history, electrocardiography (ECG) and ECG with high precordial leads, Holter ECG monitoring, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and exercise stress testing. A sodium channel blocker test (i.e., flecainide test) was performed when other clinical investigations were negative and the suspicion of Brugada syndrome was high. Results: Forty-one patients from 25 different families fulfilled the inclusion criteria and represented the final study cohort. After the comprehensive diagnostic work-up, a total of seven patients from five different families (5/25, 20%) were diagnosed with an inherited cardiac condition: two families with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, one with dilated cardiomyopathy, one with non-dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy, and one with long QT syndrome. Conclusions: The comprehensive cardiologic work-up of relatives of mainly young SCD victims results in the diagnosis of inherited cardiac conditions in one-fifth of cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inherited Aortic Disease)

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9 pages, 643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

26 Years of Skin Banking in Finland

by Kaarle Antila, Jyrki Vuola and Andrew Lindford

Eur. Burn J. 2024, 5(4), 429-437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ebj5040038 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Autologous skin grafts are the gold standard for definitive wound coverage in burn care, but allograft skin grafts are essential for providing temporary coverage in cases of extensive burns. The Helsinki Skin Bank, established in 1995 at the Helsinki Burn Centre, is Finland’s [...] Read more.

Autologous skin grafts are the gold standard for definitive wound coverage in burn care, but allograft skin grafts are essential for providing temporary coverage in cases of extensive burns. The Helsinki Skin Bank, established in 1995 at the Helsinki Burn Centre, is Finland’s only licensed skin bank, serving a population of 5.5 million. It procures human skin allografts from multi-organ donors in the Greater Helsinki area and preserves them using glycerol, a method pioneered by the Euro Skin Bank. Between 2009 and 2020, the Helsinki Skin Bank procured skin from 263 donors and provided allografts to 248 patients, primarily burn victims. Over time, procurement methods have improved significantly, resulting in an increase in the amount of skin harvested per donor. Despite rising costs due to more stringent European Union regulations and the need for round-the-clock operations, the bank has remained cost-effective. The glycerol preservation method ensures microbiological safety and effective storage, with minimal contamination issues. The future may see advances in skin substitutes and stem cell treatments, but for now, allogenic skin remains crucial in burn care due to its availability, ease of use, and cost-efficiency. Running a small, professional skin bank for a single burn center has proven successful and sustainable. Full article

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23 pages, 6338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of UHPC Jackets in Pier Retrofitting for Lateral Load Resistance

by Zoi G. Ralli, Roberto Salazar Gonzalez and Stavroula J. Pantazopoulou

Constr. Mater. 2024, 4(4), 787-809; https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater4040043 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a recently emerged material with exceptional durability and ductility. While widely used in bridge retrofitting, particularly to replace expansion joints and deck overlays, UHPC has seen limited use in jacketing piers for the improvement of lateral load resistance. It [...] Read more.

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a recently emerged material with exceptional durability and ductility. While widely used in bridge retrofitting, particularly to replace expansion joints and deck overlays, UHPC has seen limited use in jacketing piers for the improvement of lateral load resistance. It presents superior mechanical properties and deformation resilience, enabled by the distributed fibers and the dense microstructure, providing corrosion resistance and a maintenance-free service life. The significant tensile strength and ductility establish UHPC as an attractive resilient jacketing system for structural members. The experimental literature documents the effectiveness of this solution in enhancing the strength and ductility of the retrofitted member, whereas premature modes of failure (i.e., lap splices and shear failure in lightly reinforced piers) are moderated. A comprehensive database of tests on UHPC-jacketed piers under lateral loads was compiled for the development of practical guidelines. Various UHPC jacket configurations were evaluated, and detailed procedures were developed for their implementation in bridge pier retrofitting. These procedures include constitutive models for UHPC, confined concrete, and the strengthening of lap splices, flexure, and shear resistance. The results are supported by the database, providing a solid foundation for the broader application of UHPC in improving the lateral load resistance of bridge piers. Full article

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26 pages, 2700 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology: A Global Health Threat in Rural Agricultural Communities—Prevalence, Suspected Causes, Mechanisms, and Prevention Strategies

by Zineb Ben Khadda, Haitam Lahmamsi, Yahya El Karmoudi, Said Ezrari, Laila El Hanafi and Tarik Sqalli Houssaini

Pathophysiology 2024, 31(4), 761-786; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathophysiology31040052 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) is a worldwide hidden health threat that is associated with progressive loss of kidney functions without showing any initial symptoms until reaching end-stage renal failure, eventually leading to death. It is a growing health problem in [...] Read more.

Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology (CKDu) is a worldwide hidden health threat that is associated with progressive loss of kidney functions without showing any initial symptoms until reaching end-stage renal failure, eventually leading to death. It is a growing health problem in Asia, Central America, Africa, and the Middle East, with identified hotspots. CKDu disease mainly affects young men in rural farming communities, while its etiology is not related to hypertension, kidney stones, diabetes, or other known causes. The main suspected causal factors are heat-stress, dehydration, exposure to agrochemicals, heavy metals and use of hard water, infections, mycotoxins, nephrotoxic agents, altitude, and genetic factors. This review gives an overview of CKDu and sheds light on its medical history, geographic distribution, and worldwide prevalence. It also summarizes the suspected causal factors, their proposed mechanisms of action, as well as the main methods used in the CKDu prior detection and surveillance. In addition, mitigation measures to reduce the burden of CKDu are also discussed. Further investigation utilizing more robust study designs would provide a better understanding of the risk factors linked to CKDu and their comparison between affected regions. Full article

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23 pages, 9830 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cell Senescence and the DNA Single-Strand Break Damage Repair Pathway

by Parvathy A. Sarma, Corinne Abbadie, Yvan de Launoit and Fabrizio Cleri

DNA 2024, 4(4), 530-552; https://doi.org/10.3390/dna4040036 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Cellular senescence is a response to endogenous and exogenous stresses, including telomere dysfunction, oncogene activation, and persistent DNA damage. In particular, radiation damage induces oxidative base damage and bond breaking in the DNA double-helix structure, which are treated by dedicated enzymatic repair pathways. [...] Read more.

Cellular senescence is a response to endogenous and exogenous stresses, including telomere dysfunction, oncogene activation, and persistent DNA damage. In particular, radiation damage induces oxidative base damage and bond breaking in the DNA double-helix structure, which are treated by dedicated enzymatic repair pathways. In this review, we discuss the correlation between senescence and the accumulation of non-repaired single-strand breaks, as can occur during radiation therapy treatments. Recent in vitro cell irradiation experiments using high-energy photons have shown that single-strand breaks may be preferentially produced at the borders of the irradiated region, inducing senescence in competition with the apoptosis end-point typically induced by double-strand breaks. Such a particular response to radiation damage has been proposed as a possible cause of radiation-induced second primary cancer, as cells with an accumulation of non-repaired single-strand breaks might evade the senescent state at much later times. In addition, we highlight the peculiarities of strand-break repair pathways in relation to the base-excision pathway that repairs several different DNA oxidation defects. Full article

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17 pages, 3182 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Severity Wildfires Alter Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Foraging Assemblage Structure in Montane Coniferous Forests and Grasslands in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico, USA

by Jonathan Knudsen, Robert Parmenter, Theodore Sumnicht and Robin Verble

Conservation 2024, 4(4), 830-846; https://doi.org/10.3390/conservation4040049 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

High-severity wildfires create heterogeneous patterns of vegetation across burned landscapes. While these spatial patterns are well-documented, less is known about the short- and long-term effects of large-scale high-severity wildfires on insect community assemblages and dynamics. Ants are bottom-up indicators of ecosystem health and [...] Read more.

High-severity wildfires create heterogeneous patterns of vegetation across burned landscapes. While these spatial patterns are well-documented, less is known about the short- and long-term effects of large-scale high-severity wildfires on insect community assemblages and dynamics. Ants are bottom-up indicators of ecosystem health and function that are sensitive to disturbance and fill a variety of roles in their ecosystems, including altering soil chemistry, dispersing seeds, and serving as a key food resource for many species, including the federally endangered Jemez Mountain salamander (Plethodon neomexicanus). We examined the post-fire effects of the 2011 Las Conchas Wildfire on ant communities in the Valles Caldera National Preserve (Sandoval County, New Mexico, USA). We collected ants via pitfall traps in replicated burned and unburned sites across three habitats: ponderosa pine forests, mixed-conifer forests, and montane grassland. We analyzed trends in species richness, abundance, recruitment, loss, turnover, and composition over five sequential years of post-fire succession (2011–2015). Ant foraging assemblage was influenced by burn presence, season of sampling, and macrohabitat. We also found strong seasonal trends and decreases over time since fire in ant species richness and ant abundance. However, habitat and seasonal effects may be a stronger predictor of ant species richness than the presence of fire or post-fire successional patterns. Full article

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21 pages, 504 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Saddle Position on Cycling: An Umbrella Review

by Pedro Castro Vigário, Ricardo Maia Ferreira, António Rodrigues Sampaio and Pedro Nunes Martins

Physiologia 2024, 4(4), 465-485; https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia4040032 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to perform an umbrella review of existing systematic reviews on the effects of saddle position on cycling. Material and methods: We conducted a systematic search across the electronic databases EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and B-On for systematic [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to perform an umbrella review of existing systematic reviews on the effects of saddle position on cycling. Material and methods: We conducted a systematic search across the electronic databases EBSCO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and B-On for systematic reviews investigating the effects of saddle position on cycling, following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. To prevent the risk of bias, two researchers independently performed the search. To evaluate the methodological quality of the included reviews, the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) checklist was used. Results: A total of seven systematic reviews that met the eligible criteria were included. The systematic reviews showed high heterogeneity among themselves (e.g., type of included studies, participants’ characteristics, or evaluated outcomes) and low to critically low methodological quality. Relationships have been found between the rider’s saddle position and health issues (such as low back pain (four studies), knee injury or pain (three studies), lumbar kyphosis (one study), and impact on perineum (two studies)), and on performance alterations (such as, muscle activation, oxygen uptake, load and intensity, efficiency (one study), and comfort (one study)). The results showed that some research provided conflicting evidence in regard to the studied relations (e.g., knee injury or pain, impact on perineum, and efficiency). Conclusions: Cyclists’ saddle position impacts various issues related to health and performance. More research is needed, and future studies should focus on the clarification of the conflicting evidence observed in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise Physiology and Biochemistry: 2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 2044 KiB

Open AccessReview

Contribution of Sex Differences to Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Metabolic-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)

by Lucy C. Taylor, Gertrude Arthur, Marcella de Carvalho Cruz, David E. Stec and Olufunto O. Badmus

Int. J. Transl. Med. 2024, 4(4), 782-809; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtm4040052 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Sex differences are a complex and crucial variable in developing and progressing metabolic and cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and clinical outcomes. The female sex, compared to the male sex, is protected from metabolic disturbances and their resulting cardiovascular events. However, the peculiar life phases [...] Read more.

Sex differences are a complex and crucial variable in developing and progressing metabolic and cardiovascular disease pathophysiology and clinical outcomes. The female sex, compared to the male sex, is protected from metabolic disturbances and their resulting cardiovascular events. However, the peculiar life phases associated with females, such as puberty, pregnancy, and premenopausal and menopausal stages, are all associated with different risks for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a condition of hepatic steatosis, and at least one feature of metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. The risk of MASLD and its progression to the development of CVD differs between men and women. Differences in several factors, including formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2, adipose tissue distribution, liver pyruvate kinase (LPK), and ketone body production, may underlie the sex differences in the risk of development of MASLD-induced CVD. Understanding the specific risk factors involved in the development and progression of MASLD between the sexes is crucial. This knowledge will provide important insights into the mechanisms responsible for its cardiovascular complications and can potentially lead to therapeutics targeted explicitly for each sex, offering new hope in the fight against MASLD-induced CVD. Full article

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6 pages, 2211 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Digital Papillary Adenocarcinoma Is HPV-42-Associated and BRAFV600E Negative: Perspectives for Diagnostic Practice

by Tassilo Dege, Arno Rütten, Matthias Goebeler and Hermann Kneitz

Dermatopathology 2024, 11(4), 348-353; https://doi.org/10.3390/dermatopathology11040037 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPAC) is a rare, low-grade sweat gland carcinoma primarily found on the hands, fingers, or toes and predominantly affecting males. Distinguishing DPAC from benign sweat gland tumors can be challenging. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient with a [...] Read more.

Digital papillary adenocarcinoma (DPAC) is a rare, low-grade sweat gland carcinoma primarily found on the hands, fingers, or toes and predominantly affecting males. Distinguishing DPAC from benign sweat gland tumors can be challenging. We present the case of a 52-year-old patient with a progressive tumor on the finger initially misdiagnosed as a viral wart. Histological examination revealed a cytologically basophilic sweat gland tumor with tubular structures, papillary protrusions, and a characteristic immunohistochemical staining pattern for CK 7 and Actin. HPV-42 positivity and molecular analysis confirmed the diagnosis of DPAC. HPV-42 has been strongly associated with DPAC. Additionally, p16 positivity and BRAFV600E negativity were observed. These findings aid in the differential diagnosis of acral sweat gland tumors and guide clinical management, including with respect to the potential for recurrence and metastasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinico-Pathological Correlation in Dermatopathology)

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17 pages, 1847 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Educational Activities in the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens

by Jože Bavcon, Katja Malovrh, Maja Tomšič and Blanka Ravnjak

J. Zool. Bot. Gard. 2024, 5(4), 788-804; https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg5040052 - 9 Dec 2024

Abstract

Botanic gardens have an important role in educating people about plants. Direct contact with plants has a positive effect on the perception and understanding of plants and prevents plant blindness. In botanic gardens, pupils can learn about plants through practical work. At the [...] Read more.

Botanic gardens have an important role in educating people about plants. Direct contact with plants has a positive effect on the perception and understanding of plants and prevents plant blindness. In botanic gardens, pupils can learn about plants through practical work. At the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens, educational programmes for schools have existed since 1986. Every year the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens is visited by many different groups, from the youngest to oldest (kindergarten, primary school, graduate and professional school students, and faculties). We run around 350 guided tours for groups per year. Groups can choose either a guided tour with work sheets and workshops or they can visit the botanic gardens on their own. Most of groups are children from primary school. Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens offers programmes related to the valid school curriculum in Slovenia. Our programmes include guided tours based on level of pupils and/or practical work. The most popular time to visit is spring. But, we still have visitors in winter due to our tropical greenhouse. The most popular programme at our botanic gardens is the general tour. With our pedagogical programmes we contribute to plant knowledge, since we teach our pupils about nature. Full article

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