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13 pages, 3325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

microRNA-200c Mitigates Pulpitis and Promotes Dentin Regeneration

by Tadkamol Krongbaramee, Chawin Upara, Matthew T. Remy, Long Jiang, Jue Hu, Kittiphoj Tikkhanarak, Bruno Cavalcanti, Hongli Sun, Fabricio B. Teixeira and Liu Hong

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6734; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146734 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

MicroRNA (miR)-200c enhances osteogenesis, modulates inflammation, and participates in dentin development. This study was to investigate the beneficial potential of miR-200c in vital pulp therapy (VPT) by mitigating pulpitis and promoting dentin regeneration. We explored the miR-200c variations in inflamed pulp tissues from [...] Read more.

MicroRNA (miR)-200c enhances osteogenesis, modulates inflammation, and participates in dentin development. This study was to investigate the beneficial potential of miR-200c in vital pulp therapy (VPT) by mitigating pulpitis and promoting dentin regeneration. We explored the miR-200c variations in inflamed pulp tissues from patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis and primary human dental pulp-derived cells (DPCs) challenged with P.g. lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS). We further assessed the functions of overexpression of miR-200c on odontogenic differentiation, pulpal inflammation, and dentin regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Our findings revealed a noteworthy downregulation of miR-200c expression in inflamed pulp tissues and primary human DPCs. Through the overexpression of miR-200c via transfecting plasmid DNA (pDNA), we observed a substantial downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in human DPCs. Furthermore, this overexpression significantly enhanced the transcript and protein levels of odontogenic differentiation markers, including Runt-related transcription factor (Runx)2, osteocalcin (OCN), dentin matrix protein (DMP)1, and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). In a rat model of pulpitis induced by Pg-LPS, we demonstrated notable benefits by local application of pDNA encoding miR-200c delivered by CaCO₃-based nanoparticles to reduce pulpal inflammation and promote dentin formation. These results underscore the significant impact of locally applied miR-200c in modulating pulpal inflammation and facilitating dentin repair, showcasing its ability to improve VPT outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

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22 pages, 8509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatial Distribution and Risk Assessment of Nutrient Elements and Heavy Metal Pollution in Sediments: A Case Study of a Typical Urban Lake in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

by Ji Li, Menglu Zhu, Yong Zhang, Jun Zhang, Jiang Du, Yifan Wu, Zhaocai Zeng, Quan Sun, Hongxuan Li, Lei Zhang, Yajie Zheng and Bolin Li

Water 2025, 17(14), 2094; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17142094 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The ecological environment of urban lakes affected by human activities is deteriorating rapidly. As a source and sink of pollutants in the lake environment, sediments have become the focus of environmental assessments. At present, most of the studies only conduct pollution assessments on [...] Read more.

The ecological environment of urban lakes affected by human activities is deteriorating rapidly. As a source and sink of pollutants in the lake environment, sediments have become the focus of environmental assessments. At present, most of the studies only conduct pollution assessments on surface sediments. In this study, taking the typical urban lakes GanTang Lake and NanMen Lake (G&N Lake) as the background, not only is the planar spatial distribution of their nutrient elements, seven kinds of heavy metals, and As analyzed in detail, but risk assessments are also carried out on the pollution conditions at different depths. The causes of pollution at different depths are analyzed. It is found that in this lake, with the increase in depth, the pollution situation decreases slightly, but the pollution of nutrient elements is severe. There is severe pollution of nutrient elements at a depth of up to 1 m in the whole lake sediment. In the sediments with a depth of up to 1 m, more than 90% of the areas in the whole lake are at or above the moderate pollution level of Hg, and more than 70% of the areas are under slight pollution of Cd, resulting in the ecological risk level of the whole lake being at or above the high-risk level. Urban lake sediment management is inherently complex, driven by multifaceted factors where intensive anthropogenic activities constitute the primary pollution source. This research provides insights to guide restoration strategies and sustainable development policies for lacustrine ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water Quality and Contamination)

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24 pages, 13416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating Biomass in Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster Forests Using UAV-Based LiDAR in Central and Northern Portugal

by Leilson Ferreira, André Salgado de Andrade Sandim, Dalila Araújo Lopes, Joaquim João Sousa, Domingos Manuel Mendes Lopes, Maria Emília Calvão Moreira Silva and Luís Pádua

Land 2025, 14(7), 1460; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14071460 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accurate biomass estimation is important for forest management and climate change mitigation. This study evaluates the potential of using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data, acquired through Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), for estimating above-ground and total biomass in Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster [...] Read more.

Accurate biomass estimation is important for forest management and climate change mitigation. This study evaluates the potential of using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data, acquired through Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), for estimating above-ground and total biomass in Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster stands in central and northern Portugal. The acquired LiDAR point clouds were processed to extract structural metrics such as canopy height, crown area, canopy density, and volume. A multistep variable selection procedure was applied to reduce collinearity and select the most informative predictors. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were developed and validated using field inventory data. Random Forest (RF) models were also tested for E. globulus, enabling a comparative evaluation between parametric and machine learning regression models. The results show that the 25th height percentile, canopy cover density at two meters, and height variance demonstrated an accurate biomass estimation for E. globulus, with coefficients of determination (R²) varying between 0.86 for MLR and 0.90 for RF. Although RF demonstrated a similar predictive performance, MLR presented advantages in terms of interpretability and computational efficiency. For P. pinaster, only MLR was applied due to the limited number of field data, yet R² exceeded 0.80. Although absolute errors were higher for Pinus pinaster due to greater biomass variability, relative performance remained consistent across species. The results demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of UAV LiDAR point cloud data for stand-level biomass estimation, providing simple and effective models for biomass estimation in these two species. Full article

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16 pages, 3601 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Changes in Metabolites and Transformation Pathways in Diqing Tibetan Pig Hams During Fermentation Determined by Widely Targeted Metabolomic Analysis

by Dan Jia, Siqi Jin, Jin Zhang, Shuyuan Luo, Xinpeng Li, Siew-Young Quek, Xinxing Dong and Dawei Yan

Foods 2025, 14(14), 2468; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14142468 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study investigated the metabolite dynamic changes and transformation pathways in Diqing Tibetan pig (DTP) hams during fermentation (0, 30, 90, 180, 360, 540 d) by widely targeted metabolomics. A total of 873 metabolites in 17 subclasses were detected, with significant changes in [...] Read more.

This study investigated the metabolite dynamic changes and transformation pathways in Diqing Tibetan pig (DTP) hams during fermentation (0, 30, 90, 180, 360, 540 d) by widely targeted metabolomics. A total of 873 metabolites in 17 subclasses were detected, with significant changes in 448 metabolites. Additionally, 65 key metabolites were found to be involved in the top 10 pathways, with the top pathways for metabolite markers in mature hams including protein metabolism (2-oxocarboxylic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism and amino acid biosynthesis) and lipid metabolism (unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and linoleic acid metabolism). Overall, the unique DTP ham taste, flavor, and nutritional value may be contributed to by the significant accumulation of essential amino acids, MSG-like amino acids, free fatty acids (arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid), citric acid, oxaloacetic acid, succinic acid, and vitamin B. This study facilitates a comprehensive understanding of metabolic profiling and the transformation pathways of DTP hams during fermentation, providing novel insights into the biochemical mechanisms underlying traditional Tibetan pig hams, bridging traditional knowledge with modern omics technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Meat)

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19 pages, 1703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Designing and Developing a Population/Literature-Based Westernized Diet Index (WDI) and Its Relevance for Cardiometabolic Health

by Miguel Cifuentes, Zahra Hejazi, Farhad Vahid and Torsten Bohn

Nutrients 2025, 17(14), 2314; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17142314 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Recent research indicates a global transition from healthy and balanced diets to unhealthy Westernized dietary patterns (WDPs). This transition is linked to increased rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, often preceded by metabolic syndrome [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Recent research indicates a global transition from healthy and balanced diets to unhealthy Westernized dietary patterns (WDPs). This transition is linked to increased rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, often preceded by metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a diet quality index, termed Westernized Diet Index (WDI), to assess adherence to WDPs and its association with main cardiometabolic health issues, for which MetS and its components were chosen as representatives of NCDs. Methods: The development of the WDI was driven by a semi-systematic and comprehensive examination of the literature (n = 491 articles) that evaluated the influence of WDP components on health outcomes. The scoring algorithm involved multiple steps, assigning scores based on study design, sample size, and the direction of food effects on health outcomes. Results: The final developed index encompassed 30 food groups/items. It was revealed that soft drinks, processed foods, red meat, sodium, and hydrogenated fats had the most detrimental effects on health, significantly influencing the index’s coefficients. In contrast, dietary fiber, plant-based metabolites, vitamins, minerals, nuts/seeds, and fish had the most substantial beneficial impacts. Conclusions: The WDI aligns with the existing literature on the importance of specific food items and with other validated diet quality indices, e.g., the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI). Thus, the WDI can provide evidence for clinicians and researchers in formulating evidence-based dietary guidelines as well as strategies for the prevention and treatment of diet-related health issues. However, further validation is proposed to verify the WDI’s capability across different contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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20 pages, 777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multidisciplinary Approaches to Tongue Thrust Management in Australia: An Exploratory Study

by Sharon Smart, Julia Dekenah, Ashleigh Joel, Holly Newman and Kelly Milner

Int. J. Orofac. Myol. Myofunct. Ther. 2025, 51(2), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijom51020007 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Tongue thrust (TT) occurs when abnormal tongue movements cause anterior tongue placement with pressure and contact against or between the teeth, potentially affecting the oral phase of swallowing, impacting eating, breathing and speaking. There is limited literature on the diagnostic and treatment [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Tongue thrust (TT) occurs when abnormal tongue movements cause anterior tongue placement with pressure and contact against or between the teeth, potentially affecting the oral phase of swallowing, impacting eating, breathing and speaking. There is limited literature on the diagnostic and treatment approaches for TT, as well as involvement of health practitioners in its management. This study aims to examine the current knowledge and practices related to TT diagnosis and treatment among health professionals in Australia. Methods: A two-phase explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was adopted, comprising an online survey that collected participants’ demographic information and details on assessment, diagnosis, management, referral practices, and relevant experience and training. Phase one involved 47 health professionals from various disciplines in Australia who completed an online survey in its entirety. Phase two included in-depth interviews with seven speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to gain further insights into their experiences in managing TT. Survey data were analysed descriptively, and interview data was analysed thematically. Results: Most participants diagnosed TT using clinical assessments, such as general observation and oral motor examinations. Treatment approaches commonly included orofacial myofunctional therapy and the use of myofunctional devices. Interviews with SLPs identified four key themes: tongue thrust as a symptom rather than a diagnosis, facilitators to effective treatment, multidisciplinary approaches to management, and training and education gaps in clinical practice. Conclusions: This study provides valuable insights into how TT is identified, assessed, diagnosed, and managed by health professionals in Australia. It highlights the perspectives of SLPs on treatment approaches, as well as their views on the availability and adequacy of training and education in this field. The findings suggest the need for a broader understanding of TT management, emphasising the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and professional development. These insights are globally relevant, as they stress the shared challenges and the value of international collaboration in improving TT diagnosis and treatment practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 50 Years of the IJOM: Perspectives and Future Directions in Orofacial Myology and Myofunctional Therapy)

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11 pages, 245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formulae for Generalization of Touchard Polynomials with Their Generating Functions

by Ayse Yilmaz Ceylan and Yilmaz Simsek

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071126 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

One of the main motivations of this paper is to construct generating functions for generalization of the Touchard polynomials (or generalization exponential functions) and certain special numbers. Many novel formulas and relations for these polynomials are found by using the Euler derivative operator [...] Read more.

One of the main motivations of this paper is to construct generating functions for generalization of the Touchard polynomials (or generalization exponential functions) and certain special numbers. Many novel formulas and relations for these polynomials are found by using the Euler derivative operator and functional equations of these functions. Some novel relations among these polynomials, beta polynomials, Bernstein polynomials, related to Binomial distribution from discrete probability distribution classes, are given. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

17 pages, 3994 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveal Spermine Enhances Sperm Freezability via Antioxidant Pathways

by Lewei Guo, Zhuoxuan Gu, Bing Wang, Yunuo Wang, Jiaorong Chen, Yitong Li, Qiuju Zheng, Jing Zhao, He Ding, Hongyu Liu, Yi Fang, Jun Wang and Wenfa Lyu

Antioxidants 2025, 14(7), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070861 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Sperm freezability exhibits marked individual variability, yet the mechanisms remain unclear. Using bulls as the experimental model, we integrated proteomic (sperm) and metabolomic (seminal plasma) analyses of high-freezability (HF) and control (CF) bulls to identify key biomarkers associated with sperm freezability. Post-thaw motility [...] Read more.

Sperm freezability exhibits marked individual variability, yet the mechanisms remain unclear. Using bulls as the experimental model, we integrated proteomic (sperm) and metabolomic (seminal plasma) analyses of high-freezability (HF) and control (CF) bulls to identify key biomarkers associated with sperm freezability. Post-thaw motility and membrane integrity were significantly higher in HF bulls (p < 0.05). Sperm proteome analysis revealed upregulated antioxidant proteins (PRDX2, GSTM4), heat shock proteins (HSP70, HSP90), and key enzymes in arginine and proline metabolism (PRODH, LAP3). Seminal plasma metabolomics revealed elevated spermine in HF bulls. Meanwhile, we found that spermine abundance was positively correlated with post-thaw motility, as well as with the expression levels of both PRODH and LAP3 (r > 0.6, p < 0.05). Functional validation demonstrated that 200 μM spermine supplementation in cryopreservation extenders enhanced post-thaw motility, kinematic parameters (VAP, VSL, VCL), membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity (p < 0.05). Concurrently, spermine enhanced antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) activity and reduced ROS and MDA levels (p < 0.05). Our study reveals a spermine-driven antioxidant network coordinating sperm–seminal plasma synergy during cryopreservation, offering novel strategies for semen freezing optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Defenses Against Stress Caused by Physical or Chemical Environmental Changes)

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22 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Digital Finance on the Development of Cross-Border E-Commerce

by Fanyong Meng and Yuqing Xiao

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(3), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20030180 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Digital finance, a financial innovation paradigm driven by the synergy of digital technology and data elements, has significant advantages in enhancing the convenience, accessibility, and security of cross-border transactions. This study empirically examines the impact of digital finance on the development of cross-border [...] Read more.

Digital finance, a financial innovation paradigm driven by the synergy of digital technology and data elements, has significant advantages in enhancing the convenience, accessibility, and security of cross-border transactions. This study empirically examines the impact of digital finance on the development of cross-border e-commerce using provincial-level panel data from China between 2013 and 2023. After a series of robustness tests, the empirical results remained consistent and robust. The study found that digital finance significantly promotes the development of cross-border e-commerce. Further analysis indicated that digital finance enhances its supportive role in cross-border e-commerce by fostering the development of new, high-quality productive forces in the economy. The moderation effect analysis showed that internet penetration rates, innovation capital investment, and the development level of technology markets all have significant positive moderating effects on the role of digital finance in promoting cross-border e-commerce. The heterogeneity test results indicate that in regions with higher levels of marketization and a larger number of enterprises, the promotional effect of digital finance on cross-border e-commerce development is more pronounced. Full article

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21 pages, 523 KiB

Open AccessReview

Wired for Intensity: The Neuropsychological Dynamics of Borderline Personality Disorders—An Integrative Review

by Eleni Giannoulis, Christos Nousis, Maria Krokou, Ifigeneia Zikou and Ioannis Malogiannis

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(14), 4973; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14144973 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe psychiatric condition characterised by emotional instability, impulsivity, interpersonal dysfunction, and self-injurious behaviours. Despite growing clinical interest, the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying these symptoms are still not fully understood. This review aims to summarise findings from neuroimaging, [...] Read more.

Background: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe psychiatric condition characterised by emotional instability, impulsivity, interpersonal dysfunction, and self-injurious behaviours. Despite growing clinical interest, the neuropsychological mechanisms underlying these symptoms are still not fully understood. This review aims to summarise findings from neuroimaging, psychophysiological, and neurodevelopmental studies in order to clarify the neurobiological and physiological basis of BPD, with a particular focus on emotional dysregulation and implications for the treatment of adolescents. Methods: A narrative review was conducted, integrating results from longitudinal neurodevelopmental studies, functional and structural neuroimaging research (e.g. FMRI and PET), and psychophysiological assessments (e.g., heart rate variability and cortisol reactivity). Studies were selected based on their contribution to understanding the neural correlates of BPD symptom dimensions, particularly emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, interpersonal dysfunction, and self-harm. Results: Findings suggest that early reductions in amygdala volume, as early as age 13 predict later BPD symptoms. Hyperactivity of the amygdala, combined with hypoactivity in the prefrontal cortex, underlies deficits in emotion regulation. Orbitofrontal abnormalities correlate with impulsivity, while disruptions in the default mode network and oxytocin signaling are related to interpersonal dysfunction. Self-injurious behaviour appears to serve a neuropsychological function in regulating emotional pain and trauma-related arousal. This is linked to disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and structural brain alterations. The Unified Protocol for Adolescents (UP-A) was more effective to Mentalization-Based Therapy for Adolescents (MBT-A) at reducing emotional dysregulation compared, though challenges in treating identity disturbance and relational difficulties remain. Discussion: The reviewed evidence suggests that BPD has its in early neurodevelopmental vulnerability and is sustained by maladaptive neurophysiological processes. Emotional dysregulation emerges as a central transdiagnostic mechanism. Self-harm may serve as a strategy for regulating emotions in response to trauma-related neural dysregulation. These findings advocate for the integration of neuroscience into psychotherapeutic practice, including the application of neuromodulation techniques and psychophysiological monitoring. Conclusions: A comprehensive understanding of BPD requires a neuropsychologically informed framework. Personalised treatment approaches combining pharmacotherapy, brain-based interventions, and developmentally adapted psychotherapies—particularly DBT, psychodynamic therapy, and trauma-informed care—are essential. Future research should prioritise interdisciplinary, longitudinal studies to further bridge the gap between neurobiological findings and clinical innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuro-Psychiatric Disorders: Updates on Diagnosis and Treatment)

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11 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Conditions Under Which an Algebra over a Field Has a Multiplicative Identity Element

by Małgorzata Jastrzębska

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071128 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The set of all annihilators in a ring forms a lattice whose structure reflects the internal properties of the ring. In contrast to the lattices of one-sided ideals, lattices of one-sided annihilators possess a particularly desirable property: symmetry. More precisely, the lattice of [...] Read more.

The set of all annihilators in a ring forms a lattice whose structure reflects the internal properties of the ring. In contrast to the lattices of one-sided ideals, lattices of one-sided annihilators possess a particularly desirable property: symmetry. More precisely, the lattice of left annihilators in a given ring is anti-isomorphic to the lattice of right annihilators. In the literature, attention is primarily focused on rings with identity. In this work, we study lattices of one-sided annihilators in rings without a multiplicative identity element. The properties of rings with an identity element usually differ significantly from those of rings without an identity. We restrict our consideration to rings that are algebras over fields. We indicate certain connections between algebras A without identity and their extensions to algebras

A^{1}

with identity (we consider the Dorroh extension). We highlight similarities and differences in the structure of the lattices of one-sided annihilators in A and those in

A^{1} .

We also identify conditions on annihilators in semiprimary algebras that ensure the existence of an identity element. Furthermore, we show that the existence of an identity in an algebra A is not guaranteed even if A satisfies the condition

A^{2} = A

and possesses a one-sided identity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

38 pages, 5791 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Gaussian Process Regression Models for Accurate Prediction of Carbonation-Induced Steel Corrosion in Cementitious Mortars

by Teerapun Saeheaw

Buildings 2025, 15(14), 2464; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15142464 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Steel corrosion prediction in concrete infrastructure remains a critical challenge for durability assessment and maintenance planning. This study presents a comprehensive framework integrating domain expertise with advanced machine learning for carbonation-induced corrosion prediction. Four Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) variants were systematically developed: Baseline [...] Read more.

Steel corrosion prediction in concrete infrastructure remains a critical challenge for durability assessment and maintenance planning. This study presents a comprehensive framework integrating domain expertise with advanced machine learning for carbonation-induced corrosion prediction. Four Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) variants were systematically developed: Baseline GPR with manual optimization, Expert Knowledge GPR employing domain-driven dual-kernel architecture, GPR with Automatic Relevance Determination (GPR-ARD) for feature selection, and GPR-OptCorrosion featuring specialized multi-component composite kernels. The models were trained and validated using 180 carbonated mortar specimens with 15 systematically categorized variables spanning mixture, material, environmental, and electrochemical parameters. GPR-OptCorrosion achieved superior performance (R² = 0.9820, RMSE = 1.3311 μA/cm²), representing 44.7% relative improvement in explained variance over baseline methods, while Expert Knowledge GPR and GPR-ARD demonstrated comparable performance (R² = 0.9636 and 0.9810, respectively). Contrary to conventional approaches emphasizing electrochemical indicators, automatic relevance determination revealed supplementary cementitious materials (silica fume and fly ash) as dominant predictive factors. All advanced models exhibited excellent generalization (gaps < 0.02) and real-time efficiency (<0.006 s), with probabilistic uncertainty quantification enabling risk-informed infrastructure management. This research contributes to advancing machine learning applications in corrosion engineering and provides a foundation for predictive maintenance strategies in concrete infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

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23 pages, 9638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Influence Mechanism of the Oil Injection Distance on the Oil Film Distribution Characteristics of the Gear Meshing Zone

by Wentao Zhao, Lin Li and Gaoan Zheng

Machines 2025, 13(7), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13070606 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Under the trend of lightweight and high-efficiency development in industrial equipment, precise regulation of lubrication in gear reducers is a key breakthrough for enhancing transmission system efficiency and reliability. This study establishes a three-dimensional numerical model for high-speed gear jet lubrication using computational [...] Read more.

Under the trend of lightweight and high-efficiency development in industrial equipment, precise regulation of lubrication in gear reducers is a key breakthrough for enhancing transmission system efficiency and reliability. This study establishes a three-dimensional numerical model for high-speed gear jet lubrication using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and dynamic mesh technology. By implementing the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model and the standard k-ω turbulence model, the study simulates the dynamic distribution of lubricant in gear meshing zones and analyzes critical parameters such as the oil volume fraction, eddy viscosity, and turbulent kinetic energy. The results show that reducing the oil injection distance significantly enhances lubricant coverage and continuity: as the injection distance increases from 4.8 mm to 24 mm, the lubricant shifts from discrete droplets to a dense wedge-shaped film, mitigating lubrication failure risks from secondary atomization and energy loss. The optimized injection distance also improves the spatial stability of eddy viscosity and suppresses excessive dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, enhancing both the shear-load capacity and thermal management. Dynamic data from monitoring point P show that reducing the injection distance stabilizes lubricant velocity and promotes more consistent oil film formation and heat transfer. Through multiphysics simulations and parametric analysis, this study elucidates the interaction between geometric parameters and hydrodynamic behaviors in jet lubrication systems. The findings provide quantitative evaluation methods for structural optimization and energy control in gear lubrication systems, offering theoretical insights for thermal management and reliability enhancement in high-speed transmission. These results contribute to the lightweight design and sustainable development of industrial equipment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Friction and Tribology)

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27 pages, 1919 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Italian Patent Multi-Label Classification System to Support the Innovation Demand and Supply Matching

by Nicola Amoroso, Annamaria Demarinis Loiotile, Ester Pantaleo, Giuseppe Conti, Shiva Loccisano, Sabina Tangaro, Alfonso Monaco and Roberto Bellotti

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6425; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146425 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The innovation demand and supply matching requires an accurate and time-consuming analysis of patents and the identification of their technological domains; since these tasks can be particularly challenging, this is why recent studies have evaluated the possibility of adopting Artificial Intelligence based on [...] Read more.

The innovation demand and supply matching requires an accurate and time-consuming analysis of patents and the identification of their technological domains; since these tasks can be particularly challenging, this is why recent studies have evaluated the possibility of adopting Artificial Intelligence based on NLP techniques. Here, we present an automated workflow for patent analysis and classification devoted to the Italian patent scenario. High-quality data from the online platform KnowledgeShare (KS) were investigated: KS is the first patent management platform on the Italian innovation scene. A not secondary aspect consisted in determining which words mostly influenced patent classification, thus characterizing the corresponding research areas. Several models were compared to ensure the workflow’s robustness; Logistic Regression (LR) resulted in the best-performing model, and its performance compared well with the State of the Art. For each technological domain in the KS database, we evaluated and discussed its characteristic words; furthermore, a further analysis was focused on explaining why some domains, such as “Packaging” and “Environment,” were particularly confounding. This last aspect is of paramount importance to identify cross-contamination effects among research areas. Full article

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21 pages, 5637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Multi-Omics Reveals DAM-Mediated Phytohormone Regulatory Networks Driving Bud Dormancy in ‘Mixue’ Pears

by Ke-Liang Lyu, Shao-Min Zeng, Xin-Zhong Huang and Cui-Cui Jiang

Plants 2025, 14(14), 2172; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14142172 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) is an important deciduous fruit tree that requires a specific period of low-temperature accumulation to trigger spring flowering. The warmer winter caused by global warming has led to insufficient winter chilling, disrupting floral initiation and significantly reducing pear [...] Read more.

Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) is an important deciduous fruit tree that requires a specific period of low-temperature accumulation to trigger spring flowering. The warmer winter caused by global warming has led to insufficient winter chilling, disrupting floral initiation and significantly reducing pear yields in Southern China. In this study, we integrated targeted phytohormone metabolomics, full-length transcriptomics, and proteomics to explore the regulatory mechanisms of dormancy in ‘Mixue’, a pear cultivar with an extremely low chilling requirement. Comparative analyses across the multi-omics datasets revealed 30 differentially abundant phytohormone metabolites (DPMs), 2597 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and 7722 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Integrated proteomic and transcriptomic expression clustering analysis identified five members of the dormancy-associated MADS-box (DAM) gene family among dormancy-specific differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Phytohormone correlation analysis and cis-regulatory element analysis suggest that DAM genes may mediate dormancy progression by responding to abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA), and salicylic acid (SA). A dormancy-associated transcriptional regulatory network centered on DAM genes and phytohormone signaling revealed 35 transcription factors (TFs): 19 TFs appear to directly regulate the expression of DAM genes, 18 TFs are transcriptionally regulated by DAM genes, and two TFs exhibit bidirectional regulatory interactions with DAM. Within this regulatory network, we identified a novel pathway involving REVEILLE 6 (RVE6), DAM, and CONSTANS-LIKE 8 (COL8), which might play a critical role in regulating bud dormancy in the ‘Mixue’ low-chilling pear cultivar. Furthermore, lncRNAs ONT.19912.1 and ONT.20662.7 exhibit potential cis-regulatory interactions with DAM1/2/3. This study expands the DAM-mediated transcriptional regulatory network associated with bud dormancy, providing new insights into its molecular regulatory mechanisms in pear and establishing a theoretical framework for future investigations into bud dormancy control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular, Genetic, and Physiological Mechanisms in Trees)

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14 pages, 1416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacillus spp. Potentiate the Virulence and Intracellular Invasion of A. paragallinarum in Chickens

by Jiajia Zhu, Ying Liu, Ting Gao, Yunsheng Chen, Keli Yang, Wei Liu, Kui Zhu and Danna Zhou

Animals 2025, 15(14), 2076; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15142076 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Coinfection poses severe threats to poultry health, particularly due to the complexity and resilience of multispecies interactions, increasing the difficulty of treatment. Haemophilus spp., a heterotrophic bacterium, heavily relies on extracellular growth factors acquired from other organisms or its surrounding environment. Although coinfections [...] Read more.

Coinfection poses severe threats to poultry health, particularly due to the complexity and resilience of multispecies interactions, increasing the difficulty of treatment. Haemophilus spp., a heterotrophic bacterium, heavily relies on extracellular growth factors acquired from other organisms or its surrounding environment. Although coinfections by Avibacterium paragallinarum and Bacillus have been reported, the underlying mechanism of the cooperative interaction remains poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the growth-promoting properties and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide production of some Bacillus species, including probiotic Bacillus, to evaluate the feasibility of A. paragallinarum coinfection in vitro. Meanwhile, we determined the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and population dynamics of cocultured Bacillus and A. paragallinarum to assess the effect of bacterial interactions on antibiotic efficacy. Additionally, we demonstrated that B. cereus aggravates rhinitis symptoms in chickens infected with A. paragallinarum. Our findings reveal that Bacillus spp.-derived metabolites sustain A. paragallinarum growth and enhance its survival, thereby highlighting the infection risks associated with Bacillus colonization in the respiratory tract. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Prebiotics and Probiotics: Impact on Animal Growth, Development and Health)

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12 pages, 243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy in Postpartum Woman

by Maria Vitória da Silva, Rafaela Zumblick Machado, Valentina Fretta Zappelini Bittencourt, Maite Farias Bittencourt, Daniela Quedi Willig and Betine Pinto Moehlecke Iser

Healthcare 2025, 13(14), 1690; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13141690 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objective: This study seeks to analyze the incidence of breastfeeding self-efficacy in postpartum woman who are undergoing prenatal care at the Family Health Strategy Units in the city of Tubarão, Santa Catarina (SC), Southern Brazil, from August to December 2022. Methods: An observational [...] Read more.

Objective: This study seeks to analyze the incidence of breastfeeding self-efficacy in postpartum woman who are undergoing prenatal care at the Family Health Strategy Units in the city of Tubarão, Santa Catarina (SC), Southern Brazil, from August to December 2022. Methods: An observational epidemiological study with a cross-sectional design was carried out with puerperal women—either primiparous or multiparous—who were followed in the municipal public network, along with their live-born children delivered at the maternity hospital of Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição in Tubarão, SC. Participants agreed to participate in the study. For data collection, an instrument developed by researchers and a validated instrument entitled Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form were used to assess the self-efficacy of breastfeeding. Results: The mean score of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES) was 61.75 points (±6.39), indicating high self-efficacy. There was an association between the mean of the general score and/or the domains of the BSES with maternal characteristics. Women with higher education had greater technical mastery (p = 0.010), and those with previous breastfeeding experience and those who breastfed their children during the first hour of life had a higher average in the overall score and in the domains of the scale. In addition, those who planned the pregnancy (p = 0.024) and those who did not receive assistance from the milk bank (p = 0.047) had greater technical domain. Conclusions: In the present study, there was a predominance of high breastfeeding self-efficacy. It was verified that the personal and clinical aspects interfered in the self-efficacy of breastfeeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nursing)

28 pages, 1051 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probabilistic Load-Shedding Strategy for Frequency Regulation in Microgrids Under Uncertainties

by Wesley Peres, Raphael Paulo Braga Poubel and Rafael Alipio

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071125 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel integer-mixed probabilistic optimal power flow (IM-POPF) strategy for frequency regulation in islanded microgrids under uncertain operating conditions. Existing load-shedding approaches face critical limitations: continuous frameworks fail to reflect the discrete nature of actual load disconnections, while deterministic models [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a novel integer-mixed probabilistic optimal power flow (IM-POPF) strategy for frequency regulation in islanded microgrids under uncertain operating conditions. Existing load-shedding approaches face critical limitations: continuous frameworks fail to reflect the discrete nature of actual load disconnections, while deterministic models inadequately capture the stochastic behavior of renewable generation and load variations. The proposed approach formulates load shedding as an integer optimization problem where variables are categorized as integer (load disconnection decisions at specific nodes) and continuous (voltages, power generation, and steady-state frequency), better reflecting practical power system operations. The key innovation combines integer load-shedding optimization with efficient uncertainty propagation through Unscented Transformation, eliminating the computational burden of Monte Carlo simulations while maintaining accuracy. Load and renewable uncertainties are modeled as normally distributed variables, and probabilistic constraints ensure operational limits compliance with predefined confidence levels. The methodology integrates Differential Evolution metaheuristics with Unscented Transformation for uncertainty propagation, requiring only 137 deterministic evaluations compared to 5000 for Monte Carlo methods. Validation on an IEEE 33-bus radial distribution system configured as an islanded microgrid demonstrates significant advantages over conventional approaches. Results show 36.5-fold computational efficiency improvement while achieving 95.28% confidence level compliance for frequency limits, compared to only 50% for deterministic methods. The integer formulation requires minimal additional load shedding (21.265%) compared to continuous approaches (20.682%), while better aligning with the discrete nature of real-world operational decisions. The proposed IM-POPF framework successfully minimizes total load shedding while maintaining frequency stability under uncertain conditions, providing a computationally efficient solution for real-time microgrid operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symmetry and Distributed Power System)

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10 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome in Adolescents: A Narrative Review

by Camilla Pietrantoni, Gaia Margiotta, Giuseppe Marano, Marianna Mazza, Francesco Proli, Giuseppe Stella, Alessia Cherubino, Francesca Viozzi, Fabiana Rita Guida, Claudia Rendeli, Roberto Pola, Eleonora Gaetani and Valentina Giorgio

Pediatr. Rep. 2025, 17(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17040075 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by a pattern of cyclic vomiting and abdominal pain despite an absence of an organic cause, occurring in regular cannabis users. This syndrome was first described in 2004. Initially considered rare, with the increased use and legalization [...] Read more.

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is characterized by a pattern of cyclic vomiting and abdominal pain despite an absence of an organic cause, occurring in regular cannabis users. This syndrome was first described in 2004. Initially considered rare, with the increased use and legalization of cannabis, a growing incidence of diagnoses has been observed. Data on the pediatric population are still scant despite the high rate of cannabis consumption in young people. In this narrative review, we aim to synthesize the growing knowledge about CHS and its epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management in the pediatric population. Findings in this review highlight the diagnostic challenges in pediatric patients, the limited efficacy of standard anti-emetic therapies, and the central role of cannabis cessation in treatment. This review underscores the need for increased awareness of CHS in pediatric practice to ensure timely diagnosis and avoid unnecessary investigations and interventions. Full article

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19 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxygen-Enhanced R2* Weighted MRI and Diffusion Weighted MRI of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer Lymph Nodes in Prediction of 2-Year Outcome Following Chemoradiotherapy

by Harbir Singh Sidhu, David Price, Tim Beale, Simon Morley, Sola Adeleke, Marianthi-Vasiliki Papoutsaki, Martin Forster, Dawn Carnell, Ruheena Mendes, Stuart Andrew Taylor and Shonit Punwani

Cancers 2025, 17(14), 2333; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17142333 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: We evaluated the utility of HNSCC LN R2* relaxation times to infer the oxygenation status of LN non-invasively at baseline and when breathing air and 100% oxygen to predict chemoradiotherapeutic locoregional response at 2 years. Hypoxia within LNs has been associated with [...] Read more.

Background: We evaluated the utility of HNSCC LN R2* relaxation times to infer the oxygenation status of LN non-invasively at baseline and when breathing air and 100% oxygen to predict chemoradiotherapeutic locoregional response at 2 years. Hypoxia within LNs has been associated with poorer outcomes following CRT. Deoxyhaemoglobin decreases MRI transverse relaxation time (T2*) (lengthening inverse, R2*). Methods: A total of 54 patients underwent 1.5T-MRI before CRT. Conventional MR sequences were supplemented with T2* sequences breathing both air and 100% oxygen; pathological nodes identified in consensus were volumetrically contoured to T2* parametric maps. Results: Patients followed-up with for >2 years were categorised by multidisciplinary consensus into post-therapy complete local response (CR; n = 32/54) and local nodal disease relapse (RD; n = 22/54). Our data demonstrated, by R2*, that nodes that sustained post-therapy CR are significantly more hypoxic compared with relapsing nodes and paradoxically demonstrate a significant increase in hypoxia on 100% oxygen. Pre-treatment LN short axis diameter, various qualitative descriptors of malignancy, and quantitative DWI were not useful in discriminating successful response to CRT. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a significant differential response to 100% oxygen and higher baseline R2* LN measurements could be exploited in risk stratification prior to CRT, and future work could be directed towards understanding the contrast mechanisms of R2* imaging, underpinning the observed differences in the context of hypoxia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical and Translational Research in Head and Neck Cancer)

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22 pages, 813 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inactivation of Emerging Opportunistic Foodborne Pathogens Cronobacter spp. and Arcobacter spp. on Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Products: Effects of Emerging Chemical and Physical Methods in Model and Real Food Systems—A Review

by Junior Bernardo Molina-Hernandez, Beatrice Cellini, Fatemeh Shanbeh Zadeh, Lucia Vannini, Pietro Rocculi and Silvia Tappi

Foods 2025, 14(14), 2463; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14142463 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables is essential for a healthy diet as they contain a diverse composition of vitamins, minerals, fibre, and bioactive compounds. However, cross-contamination during harvest and post-harvest poses a high risk of microbial contamination. Therefore, handling fruit and [...] Read more.

The consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables is essential for a healthy diet as they contain a diverse composition of vitamins, minerals, fibre, and bioactive compounds. However, cross-contamination during harvest and post-harvest poses a high risk of microbial contamination. Therefore, handling fruit and vegetables during processing and contact with wet equipment and utensil surfaces is an ideal environment for microbial contamination and foodborne illness. Nevertheless, less attention has been paid to some emerging pathogens that are now increasingly recognised as transmissible to humans through contaminated fruit and vegetables, such as Arcobacter and Cronobacter species in various products, which are the main risk in fruit and vegetables. Cronobacter and Arcobacter spp. are recognised food-safety hazards because they pose a risk of foodborne disease, especially in vulnerable groups such as newborns and immunocompromised individuals. Cronobacter spp. have been linked to severe infant conditions—notably meningitis and sepsis—most often traced to contaminated powdered infant formula. Although Arcobacter spp. have been less extensively studied, they have also been associated with foodborne disease, chiefly from dairy products and meat. With this in mind, this review provides an overview of the main chemical and physical sanitisation methods in terms of their ability to reduce the contamination of fresh fruit and vegetable products caused by two emerging pathogens: Arcobacter and Cronobacter. Emerging chemical (organic acid compounds, extracts, and essential oils) and physical methods (combination of UV-C with electrolysed water, ultrasound, and cold atmospheric plasma) offer innovative and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional approaches. These methods often utilise natural materials, less toxic solvents, and novel techniques, resulting in more sustainable processes compared with traditional methods that may use harsh chemicals and environmentally harmful processes. This review provides the fruit and vegetable industry with a general overview of possible decontamination alternatives to develop optimal and efficient processes that ensure food safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)

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15 pages, 505 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Genomic Scores in the Management of Prostate Cancer Patients: A Comprehensive Narrative Review

by Alessandro Viti, Leonardo Quarta, Paolo Zaurito, Alfonso Santangelo, Andrea Cosenza, Francesco Barletta, Simone Scuderi, Armando Stabile, Vito Cucchiara, Francesco Montorsi, Giorgio Gandaglia and Alberto Briganti

Cancers 2025, 17(14), 2334; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17142334 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Genomic score testing is increasingly being integrated into the management of prostate cancer (PCa) to overcome the limitations of traditional clinical and pathological parameters. Genomic tools will represent essential components of precision medicine, supporting risk stratification, therapeutic decision-making, and personalized screening strategies. Genomic [...] Read more.

Genomic score testing is increasingly being integrated into the management of prostate cancer (PCa) to overcome the limitations of traditional clinical and pathological parameters. Genomic tools will represent essential components of precision medicine, supporting risk stratification, therapeutic decision-making, and personalized screening strategies. Genomic score tests can be broadly classified into two main categories: polygenic risk scores (PRSs) and tumor-derived genomic classifiers (GCs). While not yet standard in routine practice, several international guidelines recommend their selective use when results are likely to impact clinical management. PRSs estimate an individual’s susceptibility to PCa based on the cumulative effect of multiple low-penetrance germline genetic variants. These scores show promise in enhancing early detection strategies and identifying men at higher genetic risk who may benefit from tailored screening protocols. Tumor-based GCs assays provide prognostic information that complements conventional clinical and pathological parameters, and are used to guide treatment decisions, including eligibility for active surveillance (AS) or adjuvant therapy after treatment of the primary tumor. This review summarizes and analyzes the current evidence on genomic testing in PCa, with a focus on the available assays, their clinical applications, and their predictive and prognostic value across the disease spectrum. When integrated with clinical and pathological parameters, these tools have the potential to significantly enhance personalized care and should be increasingly considered in routine clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Clinical Management of Genitourinary Tumors)

14 pages, 2951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilization of Sewage Sludge in the Sustainable Manufacturing of Ceramic Bricks

by Kairat Ospanov, Dariusz Andraka, Elmira Kuldeeva and Issatay Munussov

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6431; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146431 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The storage of sewage sludge in landfills is still the primary method of their disposal in many countries. Therefore, finding sustainable solutions for the reuse of this waste is an important issue to be addressed. This paper presents the results of research on [...] Read more.

The storage of sewage sludge in landfills is still the primary method of their disposal in many countries. Therefore, finding sustainable solutions for the reuse of this waste is an important issue to be addressed. This paper presents the results of research on processing sewage sludge generated at the wastewater treatment plants of Almaty, Kazakhstan, for use in the manufacturing of ceramic bricks. The chemical composition of the sewage sludge was determined, showing the presence of 35.7% silicon dioxide, 7.3% aluminum oxide, 11.2% iron oxide, and 10.6% calcium oxide. Experimental studies established that adding sewage sludge to clay reduces the compressive strength of ceramic bricks while increasing their flexural strength. Furthermore, as the proportion of sewage sludge in the clay mixture increases, the average density of the ceramic bricks decreases, while water absorption increases. It was also found that ceramic bricks made from a mixture of 90% clay and 10% sewage sludge demonstrated the best physico-mechanical properties. This composition showed increased flexural strength and a simultaneous reduction in the average density by 15.4%, indicating the improved structural quality of the manufactured bricks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Advancements in Construction Materials)

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27 pages, 2375 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pulmonary Embolism in Acute Ischaemic Stroke: Evolving Evidence, Diagnostic Challenges, and a Novel Thromboinflammatory Axis Hypothesis

by Darryl Chen and Sonu M. M. Bhaskar

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6733; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146733 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an under-recognised yet serious complication in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS), contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. The interplay of traditional risk factors—such as immobility, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability—with AIS-specific conditions, including atrial fibrillation, malignancy, and reperfusion therapies, [...] Read more.

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an under-recognised yet serious complication in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS), contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. The interplay of traditional risk factors—such as immobility, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability—with AIS-specific conditions, including atrial fibrillation, malignancy, and reperfusion therapies, complicates both diagnosis and management. Despite available prophylactic strategies, including low-molecular-weight heparin and intermittent pneumatic compression, their use remains limited by bleeding concerns and a lack of tailored guidelines. This review synthesises the current evidence on the incidence, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic approaches, and preventive strategies for PE in AIS, identifying critical gaps in risk stratification and clinical decision-making. We propose a novel mechanistic framework—the Brain–Lung Thromboinflammatory Axis Hypothesis—which posits that stroke-induced systemic inflammation, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, and pulmonary endothelial activation may drive in situ pulmonary thrombosis independent of deep vein thrombosis. This conceptual model highlights new diagnostic and therapeutic targets and underscores the need for stroke-specific VTE risk calculators, biomarker-guided prophylaxis, and prospective trials to optimise prevention and outcomes in this vulnerable population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Therapies, Pathogenetic and Inflammatory Mechanisms in Thrombosis)

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14 pages, 3047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Underlying Mechanisms of the Mechanical and Electrical Enhancement of Nano-SiO₂-Doped Epoxy Resins: A Molecular Simulation Study

by Kunqi Cui, Yang Wang, Wenchao Yan, Teng Cao, Yan Du, Kai Wu and Li Guo

Molecules 2025, 30(14), 2960; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30142960 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

As a key insulating material in power equipment, epoxy resins (EP) are often limited in practical applications due to space charge accumulation and mechanical degradation. This study systematically investigates the effects of SiO₂ nanoparticle doping on the electrical and mechanical properties of [...] Read more.

As a key insulating material in power equipment, epoxy resins (EP) are often limited in practical applications due to space charge accumulation and mechanical degradation. This study systematically investigates the effects of SiO₂ nanoparticle doping on the electrical and mechanical properties of SiO₂/EP composites through molecular dynamics simulations and first-principles calculations. The results demonstrate that SiO₂ doping enhances the mechanical properties of EP, with notable improvements in Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, and shear modulus, while maintaining excellent thermal stability across different temperatures. Further investigations reveal that SiO₂ doping effectively modulates the interfacial charge behavior between EP and metals (Cu/Fe) by introducing shallow defect states and reconstructing interfacial dipoles. Density of states analysis indicates the formation of localized defect states at the interface in doped systems, which dominate the defect-assisted hopping mechanism for charge transport and suppress space charge accumulation. Potential distribution calculations show that doping reduces the average potential of EP (1 eV for Cu layer and 1.09 eV for Fe layer) while simultaneously influencing the potential distribution near the polymer–metal interface, thereby optimizing the interfacial charge injection barrier. Specifically, the hole barrier at the maximum valence band (VBM) after doping significantly increased, rising from the initial values of 0.448 eV (Cu interface) and 0.349 eV (Fe interface) to 104.02% and 209.46%, respectively. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for designing high-performance epoxy-based composites with both enhanced mechanical properties and controllable interfacial charge behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epoxy Resin Synthesis, Performance and Application Research: Second Edition)

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23 pages, 3056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Methodology for Evaluating Collision Avoidance Maneuvers Using Aerodynamic Control

by Desiree González Rodríguez, Pedro Orgeira-Crespo, Jose M. Nuñez-Ortuño and Fernando Aguado-Agelet

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(14), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142437 (registering DOI) - 14 Jul 2025

Abstract

The increasing congestion of low Earth orbit (LEO) has raised the need for efficient collision avoidance strategies, especially for CubeSats without propulsion systems. This study proposes a methodology for evaluating passive collision avoidance maneuvers using aerodynamic control via a satellite’s Attitude Determination and [...] Read more.

The increasing congestion of low Earth orbit (LEO) has raised the need for efficient collision avoidance strategies, especially for CubeSats without propulsion systems. This study proposes a methodology for evaluating passive collision avoidance maneuvers using aerodynamic control via a satellite’s Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS). By adjusting orientation, the satellite modifies its exposed surface area, altering atmospheric drag and lift forces to shift its orbit. This new approach integrates atmospheric modeling (NRLMSISE-00), aerodynamic coefficient estimation using the ADBSat panel method, and orbital simulations in Systems Tool Kit (STK). The LUME-1 CubeSat mission is used as a reference case, with simulations at three altitudes (500, 460, and 420 km). Results show that attitude-induced drag modulation can generate significant orbital displacements—measured by Horizontal and Vertical Distance Differences (HDD and VDD)—sufficient to reduce collision risk. Compared to constant-drag models, the panel method offers more accurate, orientation-dependent predictions. While lift forces are minor, their inclusion enhances modeling fidelity. This methodology supports the development of low-resource, autonomous collision avoidance systems for future CubeSat missions, particularly in remote sensing applications where orbital precision is essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in CubeSat Missions and Applications in Remote Sensing)

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