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22 pages, 2608 KB  
Review
A Review of Coronaviruses in Wild Birds and Opportunities for Future Research on Migratory Waterfowl
by Allison A. Vestal-Laborde, Rebecca C. Christofferson, Kevin M. Ringelman and Ashley M. Long
Birds 2025, 6(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/birds6040052 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) were first described in poultry in the early 1930s and formally recognized as pathogens of both animal and human populations in the late 1960s. They are now considered among the most abundant viral families in the world. Though their distribution and [...] Read more.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) were first described in poultry in the early 1930s and formally recognized as pathogens of both animal and human populations in the late 1960s. They are now considered among the most abundant viral families in the world. Though their distribution and diversity remain understudied in wild animals, representatives from 13 orders of wild birds worldwide have tested positive for CoVs of the gamma and delta genera over the last 25 years. Many of these wild bird species are in the orders Charadriiformes (shorebirds and their relatives) and Anseriformes (waterfowl including ducks, geese, and swans). Waterfowl are particularly concerning as potential reservoirs for CoVs because they are globally distributed; often congregate in large, mixed-species flocks; and may exist in close proximity to humans and domesticated animals. This review describes the history and current knowledge of CoVs in birds, provides an updated list of global detections of CoVs in 124 species of wild birds as reported in the peer-reviewed literature since 2000, and highlights topics for future research that would help elucidate the role of waterfowl in CoV transmission. Our review reiterates the need for continuous surveillance to detect and monitor CoVs across all bird species and for standardization in data reporting and analysis of both negative and positive results. Such information is critical to understand the potential role of free-ranging birds in the maintenance, evolution, and transmission of the virus. Further, we believe that research on the potential impacts of coronavirus infections and coinfections on avian demographics, especially reproduction in waterfowl, is warranted given known consequences in domestic poultry. Full article
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42 pages, 34525 KB  
Article
Marine Crabs from African Waters Housed in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC)—An Opportunity for Biogeographic and Systematic Studies—Part II: Thoracotremata
by Isabel Muñoz, José Enrique García-Raso, Begoña Sánchez and Jose A. Cuesta
Diversity 2025, 17(10), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17100689 (registering DOI) - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Zoological collections are essential for preserving regional biodiversity but often lack taxonomic updates, risking data loss. This work supposes the continuation of a review of the African marine crabs housed at the Crustacean collection of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN) in [...] Read more.
Zoological collections are essential for preserving regional biodiversity but often lack taxonomic updates, risking data loss. This work supposes the continuation of a review of the African marine crabs housed at the Crustacean collection of the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN) in Madrid. Part I, Heterotremata, revealed that only 21.9% of the specimens were correctly identified. In this new study focused on Thoracotremata species, 197 specimens (59 records) were reviewed, and this new study reveals similar results to Part I: 22.9% of the reviewed specimens were previously correctly identified (less than 29% when considering records), meaning that around 77.2% of the African Thoracotremata specimens housed in the MNCN were either misidentified or not identified at all. This highlights the importance of the taxonomic reviews made by specialists of specimens housed in both historical and non-historical scientific collections. This time we have used DNA barcodes (16S and COI) to confirm identifications or to add new molecular data to species without previous DNA sequences known. DNA sequences (16S and/or COI) were obtained for seven species. It has been a challenge to obtain sequences from specimens preserved 60 to 200 years ago. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine Diversity)
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17 pages, 318 KB  
Article
Social Workers’ Experiences and Collaboration with Public Health Professionals in a Low-Income Country: A Qualitative Study
by Gloria Macassa, Janete Mabuie, José Da Cruz Francisco and Joaquim Soares
Societies 2025, 15(10), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100278 (registering DOI) - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Social workers and public health professionals are expected to collaborate in promoting health and social equity to address the complex challenges faced by societies now and in the future. This collaboration is particularly crucial in low-income countries, where social and health issues significantly [...] Read more.
Social workers and public health professionals are expected to collaborate in promoting health and social equity to address the complex challenges faced by societies now and in the future. This collaboration is particularly crucial in low-income countries, where social and health issues significantly affect people’s wellbeing. This study explored social workers’ perceptions of their role in society, their collaboration with public health professionals, and the importance of sustainable development in their professional practice. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted between March and June 2024, involving semi-structured interviews with twelve professional social workers from the three main geographic regions of Mozambique (north, central, and south). Content analysis was used to identify and synthesize the key categories that emerged from the data. Four main categories were identified: limited public understanding of the mission and practice of social work; a lack of collaboration with public health professionals; the integration of sustainable development goals into social work practice; and anticipated future challenges for Mozambique’s social and public health sectors. The findings highlight a perceived lack of societal awareness regarding the role of social workers and limited interprofessional collaboration, with barriers such as poor communication and a lack of mutual understanding between the two professions. Moreover, the participants recognized the need to contribute, through their daily work alongside public health professionals, to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holistic Approaches: The Inter-Effect Between Social Ecology and Social Work for Vulnerable Groups)
13 pages, 670 KB  
Article
Comparison of Short-Term Outcomes and Survivorship of Three Modular Dual Mobility Implants in Primary Total Hip Surgery
by Mitchell Kennedy, Braden Terner, Chukwuweike Gwam and Ran Schwarzkopf
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 6977; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14196977 (registering DOI) - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common procedure, yet instability and dislocation remain leading causes of revision. Dual mobility (DM) acetabular constructs improve stability, but comparative data across modular DM systems are limited. This study compared the safety and efficacy of [...] Read more.
Background: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a common procedure, yet instability and dislocation remain leading causes of revision. Dual mobility (DM) acetabular constructs improve stability, but comparative data across modular DM systems are limited. This study compared the safety and efficacy of three modular DM implants in primary THA, focusing on acetabular revision and functional recovery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 963 primary THAs performed from 2016–2024 using three modular DM systems. Patients with revision or bilateral THA, age < 18, or <2 years of follow-up were excluded. Outcomes included acetabular revision, 90-day readmission, and Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement (HOOS, JR). Kaplan–Meier analysis estimated 3-year implant survivorship for each implant, and non-inferiority of Implant A was tested against a combined “Dual Mobility Control” cohort (Implants B + C) using a prespecified −10% margin. Results: A total of 297 patients met inclusion criteria (142 Implant A, 110 Implant B, 45 Implant C). Revision rates were 4.9% for Implant A, 6.4% for Implant B, and 8.9% for Implant C. HOOS, JR scores improved significantly in all cohorts with comparable 2-year outcomes. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed 3-year survivorship of 98.3% for Implant A, 98.4% for Implant B, and 96.9% for Implant C (log-rank p = 0.053). The Dual Mobility Control cohort survivorship was 98.0%, and the difference between Implant A and controls (95% CI: −2.19% to 2.69%) met the non-inferiority margin (log-rank p = 0.796). Conclusions: Implant A demonstrated non-inferior 3-year survivorship and comparable short-term patient-reported outcomes relative to two other modular DM implants. Larger, multicenter studies with longer follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Hip and Knee Arthroplasty)
26 pages, 4017 KB  
Article
Research on Multi-Source Information-Based Mineral Prospecting Prediction Using Machine Learning
by Jie Xu, Yongmei Li, Wei Liu, Shili Han, Kaixuan Tan, Yanshi Xie and Yi Zhao
Minerals 2025, 15(10), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/min15101046 (registering DOI) - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
The Shizhuyuan polymetallic deposit in Hunan Province, China, is a world-class ore field rich in tungsten (W), tin (Sn), molybdenum (Mo), and bismuth (Bi), now facing resource depletion due to prolonged exploitation. This study addresses the limitations of traditional geological prediction methods in [...] Read more.
The Shizhuyuan polymetallic deposit in Hunan Province, China, is a world-class ore field rich in tungsten (W), tin (Sn), molybdenum (Mo), and bismuth (Bi), now facing resource depletion due to prolonged exploitation. This study addresses the limitations of traditional geological prediction methods in complex terrain by integrating multi-source datasets—including γ-ray spectrometry, high-precision magnetometry, induced polarization (IP), and soil radon measurements—across 5049 samples. Unsupervised factor analysis was employed to extract five key ore-indicating factors, explaining 82.78% of data variance. Based on these geological features, predictive models including Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were constructed and compared. SHAP values were employed to quantify the contribution of each geological feature to the prediction outcomes, thereby transforming the machine learning “black-box models” into an interpretable geological decision-making basis. The results demonstrate that machine learning, particularly when integrated with multi-source data, provides a powerful and interpretable approach for deep mineral prospectivity mapping in concealed terrains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Exploration Methods and Applications)
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12 pages, 453 KB  
Article
A Comparison Between Two Bearing Surfaces for Total Hip Arthroplasty—Ceramic-on-Ceramic and Metal–Polycarbonate–Urethane—A Pseudo-Randomized Study
by Daniel Donaire Hoyas, Eladio Jiménez Mejías, Jesús Moreta Suárez, Manuel Sumillera García, Alberto Albert Ullibarri and Jorge Albareda Albareda
J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100371 (registering DOI) - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background: Polycarbonate–urethane (PCU) is a recently developed bearing surface used in prosthetic hip surgery. It offers several theoretical advantages, including an elasticity modulus similar to that of natural cartilage, good lubrication properties, low wear, and the possibility of using large heads. However, comparative [...] Read more.
Background: Polycarbonate–urethane (PCU) is a recently developed bearing surface used in prosthetic hip surgery. It offers several theoretical advantages, including an elasticity modulus similar to that of natural cartilage, good lubrication properties, low wear, and the possibility of using large heads. However, comparative clinical experience is limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of the PCU bearing surface and compare them with those of ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) bearings using the same femoral stem model. (2) Methods: Following a propensity score matching analysis of a prospectively collected database, patients with a primary total hip arthroplasty aged between 18 and 60 years were included. Subjects were divided into two groups (PCU and CoC). Demographic, patient satisfaction, and implant survival data were recorded. Clinical results were evaluated using the Harris Hip Score (HHS) and the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). (3) Results: A total of 105 patients were included in each group. All patients exhibited a positive evolution on both the HHS and the WOMAC subscales between pre-op and one year post-op, no statistically significant differences being found between the groups with respect to improvement on the HHS (p = 0.172) or the pain (p = 0.523), stiffness (p = 0.448), and physical function (p = 0.255) subscales of the WOMAC. Head sizes in the PCU group were found to be larger, but this was not seen to have any effect on the patients’ clinical status or the prostheses’ dislocation rate. Although the complication rate was similar across the groups (p = 0.828), the incidence of squeaking was higher in the PCU group (p = 0.010). No differences were observed when comparing the implant survival rate (p = 0.427). nor in mean patient satisfaction (p = 0.138). (4) Conclusions: No differences were found in terms of clinical results, complications, implant survival, or patient satisfaction between the bearing surfaces under analysis, indicating that all of them are valid alternatives in total hip replacement, although the higher proportion of squeaking observed makes it advisable to exercise some caution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
23 pages, 284 KB  
Article
Dietary Behaviors and Psychosocial Factors of People Managing Diabetes During Fasting: A Qualitative Study from Five US Muslim Communities
by Asma Mahd Ali, Olayinka O. Shiyanbola, Ejura Salihu, Salma Abdelwahab, James E. Bailey and Betty Chewning
Diabetology 2025, 6(10), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6100104 (registering DOI) - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Objectives: This study sought to understand dietary behaviors among US Muslim people with Type 2 diabetes while managing diabetes and fasting during Ramadan, identify key psychosocial factors influencing behaviors, and examine how identified factors influence diet behaviors and health outcomes from the patient’s [...] Read more.
Objectives: This study sought to understand dietary behaviors among US Muslim people with Type 2 diabetes while managing diabetes and fasting during Ramadan, identify key psychosocial factors influencing behaviors, and examine how identified factors influence diet behaviors and health outcomes from the patient’s perspective. Methods: The study employed community-engaged research principles and qualitative research design. Twenty-two adult Muslim adults living with Type 2 diabetes for over 6 months participated in semi-structured one-on-one interviews. Participants were recruited from five US communities using purposive sampling. Three trained researchers used abductive coding, combining deductive and inductive approaches, to analyze the data. Results: Six main themes emerged from the data: (1) changes in dietary habits during Ramadan; (2) strong influence of religious, cultural and social practices on dietary behaviors; (3) variable self-efficacy in managing dietary behaviors; (4) impact of prior habits and current blood glucose status; (5) decision-making based on diabetes-related health outcomes (e.g., experiencing low blood sugar); (6) participants’ perception of Ramadan as an opportunity for sustainable behavioral changes. Conclusions: This study is among the first to document the dietary behaviors and key psychosocial factors influencing dietary behaviors and health outcomes for US Muslim people with Type 2 diabetes during Ramadan. The study suggests that interventions to improve diabetes control and promote diabetes remission among Muslims can benefit from cultural tailoring that draws on Ramadan religious, cultural and social practices to encourage sustainable behavioral change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle Behavior Intervention for Diabetes Prevention and Management: 2nd Edition)
30 pages, 1702 KB  
Review
Adulteration of Sports Supplements with Anabolic Steroids—From Innocent Athlete to Vicious Cheater
by Daniela Puscasiu, Corina Flangea, Daliborca Vlad, Roxana Popescu, Cristian Sebastian Vlad, Sorin Barac, Andreea Luciana Rata, Cristina Marina, Ionut Marcel Cobec and Sorina Maria Denisa Laitin
Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3146; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193146 (registering DOI) - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Some protein food supplements intended for athletes may be adulterated with pharmacologically active substances, including anabolic steroids and prohormones. The addition of these substances is aimed at enabling manufacturers to achieve rapid sales growth by promising quick increases in strength and muscle mass. [...] Read more.
Some protein food supplements intended for athletes may be adulterated with pharmacologically active substances, including anabolic steroids and prohormones. The addition of these substances is aimed at enabling manufacturers to achieve rapid sales growth by promising quick increases in strength and muscle mass. However, the consumption of these products will lead to a positive result in a routine anti-doping test, along with all of the consequences that will directly affect an athlete’s career and reputation. At the same time, the illicit use of anabolic steroids continues to evolve across numerous sport disciplines. Moreover, vicious cheaters try to cover up their illegal actions by using various pharmacological agents to mask detection in anti-doping tests. This narrative review focuses on two situations—the innocent athlete and the vicious cheater. The athlete involved in inadvertent doping will suffer the consequences of doping, making close collaboration with medical staff extremely important. The analytic strategies described here address anabolic steroid doping detection and cheating using masking agents. This approach, based on biochemical changes, examines how these substances interfere with the testosterone pathway, from synthesis to elimination. Using masking agents alters the steroid profile, and the modifications produced by each agent are the subject of a detailed presentation. For most honest athletes, these findings support the initiation, development, and refinement of strategies for identifying food supplements with added illegal substances. Every athlete must have access to these approaches in order to avoid becoming vulnerable to sports fraud. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Supplements for Athletic Training and Racing)
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16 pages, 892 KB  
Article
Mechanically Activated Transition from Linear Viscoelasticity to Yielding: Correlation-Based Unification
by Maxim S. Arzhakov, Irina G. Panova, Aleksandr A. Kiushov and Aleksandr A. Yaroslavov
Polymers 2025, 17(19), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17192665 (registering DOI) - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
The mechanically activated transition (MAT) from linear viscoelasticity to yielding is considered an essential part of the operational behavior of ductile materials. The MAT region is restricted by proportional limit at σ0 and ε0 and the yield point at σy [...] Read more.
The mechanically activated transition (MAT) from linear viscoelasticity to yielding is considered an essential part of the operational behavior of ductile materials. The MAT region is restricted by proportional limit at σ0 and ε0 and the yield point at σy and εy, or, in terms of this paper, E0=σ0/ε0 and ε0 and Ey=σy/εy and εy, respectively. This stage precedes yielding and controls the parameters of the yield point. For bulk plastic (co)polymers and cellular polymeric foams, the quantitative correlations between E0, ε0, Ey, and εy were determined. The ratios E0Ey=1.55±0.15 and εyε0=2.1±0.2 were specified as yielding criteria. For all the samples studied, their mechanical response within the MAT region was unified in terms of master curve constructed via re-calculation of the experimental “stress–strain” diagrams in the reduced coordinates lg E−lg E0lg E0−lg Ey=flgε−lgε0lgεy−lgε0, where E=σ/ε and ε are the current modulus and strain, respectively. To generalize these regularities found for bulk plastics and foams, our earlier experimental results concerning the rheology of soil-based pastes and data from the literature concerning the computer simulation of plastic deformation were invoked. Master curves for (1) dispersed pastes, (2) bulk plastics, (3) polymeric foams, and (4) various virtual models were shown to be in satisfactory coincidence. For the materials analyzed, this result was considered as the unification of their mechanical response within the MAT region. An algorithm for the express analysis of the mechanical response of plastic systems within the MAT region is proposed. The limitations and advances of the proposed methodological approach based on correlation studies followed by construction of master curves are outlined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanic Properties of Polymer Materials)
26 pages, 25630 KB  
Article
Constructing a Pan-Cancer Prognostic Model via Machine Learning Based on Immunogenic Cell Death Genes and Identifying NT5E as a Biomarker in Head and Neck Cancer
by Luojin Wu, Qing Sun, Atsushi Kitani, Xiaorong Zhou, Liming Mao and Mengmeng Sang
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(10), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47100812 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a specialized form of cell death that triggers antitumor immune responses. In tumors, ICD promotes the release of tumor-associated and tumor-specific antigens, thereby reshaping the immune microenvironment, restoring antitumor immunity, and facilitating tumor eradication. However, the regulatory mechanisms [...] Read more.
Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a specialized form of cell death that triggers antitumor immune responses. In tumors, ICD promotes the release of tumor-associated and tumor-specific antigens, thereby reshaping the immune microenvironment, restoring antitumor immunity, and facilitating tumor eradication. However, the regulatory mechanisms of ICD and its immunological effects vary across tumor types, and a comprehensive understanding remains limited. We systematically analyzed the expression of 34 ICD-related regulatory genes across 33 tumor types. Differential expression at the RNA, copy number variation (CNV), and DNA methylation levels was assessed in relation to clinical features. Associations between patient survival and RNA expression, CNVs, single-nucleotide variations (SNVs), and methylation were evaluated. Patients were stratified into immunological subtypes and further divided into high- and low-risk groups based on optimal prognostic models built using a machine learning framework. We explored the relationships between ICD-related genes and immune cell infiltration, stemness, heterogeneity, immune scores, immune checkpoint and regulatory genes, and subtype-specific expression patterns. Moreover, we examined the influence of immunotherapy and anticancer immune responses, applied three machine learning algorithms to identify prognostic biomarkers, and performed drug prediction and molecular docking analyses to nominate therapeutic targets. ICD-related genes were predominantly overexpressed in ESCA, GBM, KIRC, LGG, PAAD, and STAD. RNA expression of most ICD-related genes was associated with poor prognosis, while DNA methylation of these genes showed significant survival correlations in LGG and UVM. Prognostic models were successfully established for 18 cancer types, revealing intrinsic immune regulatory mechanisms of ICD-related genes. Machine learning identified several key prognostic biomarkers across cancers, among which NT5E emerged as a predictive biomarker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), mediating tumor–immune interactions through multiple ligand–receptor pairs. This study provides a comprehensive view of ICD-related genes across cancers, identifies NT5E as a potential biomarker in HNSC, and highlights novel targets for predicting immunotherapy response and improving clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges and Advances in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology)
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16 pages, 5605 KB  
Article
Crystal Morphology Prediction of LTNR in Different Solvents by Molecular Dynamics Simulation
by Da Li, Liang Song, Yin Yu, Yan Li and Xue-Hai Ju
Chemistry 2025, 7(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7050161 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted using the attachment energy (AE) model to investigate the growth morphology of lead 2,4,6-trinitrororesorcinate (LTNR, lead styphnate) under vacuum and different solvents. The adsorption energy of LTNR on (001), (110), (011), (020), (111), (200), and (201) crystal planes [...] Read more.
Molecular dynamics simulations were conducted using the attachment energy (AE) model to investigate the growth morphology of lead 2,4,6-trinitrororesorcinate (LTNR, lead styphnate) under vacuum and different solvents. The adsorption energy of LTNR on (001), (110), (011), (020), (111), (200), and (201) crystal planes were calculated. Meanwhile, the crystal morphology in solvents of ethanol, toluene, dichloromethane, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and water at 298 K was predicted by calculating the interaction energies between the solvents and crystal planes. The calculated results show that the morphology of LTNR crystals in different solvents is significantly different. In toluene, LTNR crystal morphologies are flat, while in pure solvents of ethanol, acetone, and DMSO, the number of crystal planes increases, and the crystal thickness is larger. In the water, LTNR tends to form tabular crystals, which is similar to the experimental results. Both radial distribution function (RDF) and mean squared displacement (MSD) analyses reveal that hydrogen bonding dominates the interactions between LTNR and solvent molecules. Solvent molecules with higher diffusion coefficients exhibit increased desorption tendencies from crystal surfaces, which may reduce their inhibitory effects on specific crystallographic planes. However, no direct correlation exists between solvent diffusion coefficients and crystal plane growth rates, suggesting that surface attachment kinetics or interfacial energy barriers play a more critical role in crystal growth. Full article
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10 pages, 480 KB  
Article
Diagnostic Performance of AI-Assisted Software in Sports Dentistry: A Validation Study
by André Júdice, Diogo Brandão, Carlota Rodrigues, Cátia Simões, Gabriel Nogueira, Vanessa Machado, Luciano Maia Alves Ferreira, Daniel Ferreira, Luís Proença, João Botelho, Peter Fine and José João Mendes
AI 2025, 6(10), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6100255 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in sports dentistry have the potential to improve early detection and diagnosis. We aimed to validate the diagnostic performance of AI-assisted software in detecting dental caries, periodontitis, and tooth wear using panoramic radiographs in elite athletes. This cross-sectional validation [...] Read more.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications in sports dentistry have the potential to improve early detection and diagnosis. We aimed to validate the diagnostic performance of AI-assisted software in detecting dental caries, periodontitis, and tooth wear using panoramic radiographs in elite athletes. This cross-sectional validation study included secondary data from 114 elite athletes from the Sports Dentistry department at Egas Moniz Dental Clinic. The AI software’s performance was compared to clinically validated assessments. Dental caries and tooth wear were inspected clinically and confirmed radiographically. Periodontitis was registered through self-reports. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), as well as the area under the curve and respective 95% confidence intervals. Inter-rater agreement was assessed using Cohen’s kappa statistic. The AI software showed high reproducibility, with kappa values of 0.82 for caries, 0.91 for periodontitis, 0.96 for periapical lesions, and 0.76 for tooth wear. Sensitivity was highest for periodontitis (1.00; AUC = 0.84), moderate for caries (0.74; AUC = 0.69), and lower for tooth wear (0.53; AUC = 0.68). Full agreement between AI and clinical reference was achieved in 86.0% of cases. The software generated a median of 3 AI-specific suggestions per case (range: 0–16). In 21.9% of cases, AI’s interpretation of periodontal level was deemed inadequate; among these, only 2 cases were clinically confirmed as periodontitis. Of the 34 false positives for periodontitis, 32.4% were misidentified by the AI. The AI-assisted software demonstrated substantial agreement with clinical diagnosis, particularly for periodontitis and caries. The relatively high false-positive rate for periodontitis and limited sensitivity for tooth wear underscore the need for cautious clinical integration, supervision, and further model refinements. However, this software did show overall adequate performance for application in Sports Dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering: Challenges and Developments)
18 pages, 2980 KB  
Article
Deep Learning-Based Identification of Kazakhstan Apple Varieties Using Pre-Trained CNN Models
by Jakhfer Alikhanov, Tsvetelina Georgieva, Eleonora Nedelcheva, Aidar Moldazhanov, Akmaral Kulmakhambetova, Dmitriy Zinchenko, Alisher Nurtuleuov, Zhandos Shynybay and Plamen Daskalov
AgriEngineering 2025, 7(10), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7100331 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
This paper presents a digital approach for the identification of apple varieties bred in Kazakhstan using deep learning methods and transfer learning. The main objective of this study is to develop and evaluate an algorithm for automatic varietal classification of apples based on [...] Read more.
This paper presents a digital approach for the identification of apple varieties bred in Kazakhstan using deep learning methods and transfer learning. The main objective of this study is to develop and evaluate an algorithm for automatic varietal classification of apples based on color images obtained under controlled conditions. Five representative cultivars were selected as research objects: Aport Alexander, Ainur, Sinap Almaty, Nursat, and Kazakhskij Yubilejnyj. The fruit samples were collected in the pomological garden of the Kazakh Research Institute of Fruit and Vegetable Growing, ensuring representativeness and taking into account the natural variability of the cultivars. Two convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures—GoogLeNet and SqueezeNet—were fine-tuned using transfer learning with different optimization settings. The data processing pipeline included preprocessing, training and validation set formation, and augmentation techniques to improve model generalization. Network performance was assessed using standard evaluation metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall, complemented by confusion matrix analysis to reveal potential misclassifications. The results demonstrated high recognition efficiency: the classification accuracy exceeded 95% for most cultivars, while the Ainur variety achieved 100% recognition when tested with GoogLeNet. Interestingly, the Nursat variety achieved the best results with SqueezeNet, which highlights the importance of model selection for specific apple types. These findings confirm the applicability of CNN-based deep learning for varietal recognition of Kazakhstan apple cultivars. The novelty of this study lies in applying neural network models to local Kazakhstan apple varieties for the first time, which is of both scientific and practical importance. The practical contribution of the research is the potential integration of the developed method into industrial fruit-sorting systems, thereby increasing productivity, objectivity, and precision in post-harvest processing. The main limitation of this study is the relatively small dataset and the use of controlled laboratory image acquisition conditions. Future research will focus on expanding the dataset, testing the models under real production environments, and exploring more advanced deep learning architectures to further improve recognition performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture)
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18 pages, 653 KB  
Systematic Review
Hydatidiform Mole with Coexisting Normal Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis
by Pier Carlo Zorzato, Alberta Ricci, Mariachiara Bosco, Liliana Galli, Laura Luka, Irene Porcari, Rosa Maria Laterza, Veronica Parolin, Michele Milella, Antonio Simone Laganà, Benjamim Ficial, Chiara Casprini, Anna Festi, Stefano Uccella and Simone Garzon
Medicina 2025, 61(10), 1781; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61101781 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate obstetric, neonatal, and oncologic outcomes of pregnancies complicated by a hydatidiform mole coexisting with a live fetus (HMCF) carried beyond viability, and to assess the impact of delivery mode on outcomes. Materials and Methods [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate obstetric, neonatal, and oncologic outcomes of pregnancies complicated by a hydatidiform mole coexisting with a live fetus (HMCF) carried beyond viability, and to assess the impact of delivery mode on outcomes. Materials and Methods: A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis included HMCF cases progressing beyond 23 weeks. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes, delivery patterns, and oncologic risks were analyzed. Results: Among 118 pregnancies complicated by HMFC (124 newborns), most were complete moles (87%). Median delivery occurred at 31.6 weeks, with over half before 32 weeks. Common complications included vaginal bleeding (59%), preeclampsia (30%), and hyperthyroidism (18%). Cesarean delivery was performed in 79% of cases, often for mole-related factors, but was not associated with reduced maternal or oncologic risk. Neonatal deaths occurred exclusively in infants delivered ≤32 weeks, highlighting extreme prematurity as the key determinant of survival. Severe preeclampsia was strongly linked to earlier delivery. Conclusion: With close monitoring, continuation of HMCF pregnancies is possible. Neonatal mortality is mainly driven by prematurity, which appears to be an indirect consequence of HMFC through the development of mola-associated complications. Cesarean section does not appear to improve maternal and oncologic outcomes. Vaginal delivery can be considered when no standard contraindications exist. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Obstetrics and Gynecology)
20 pages, 1355 KB  
Article
Under the Covers: The Effect of a Temperature-Controlled Mattress Cover on Sleep and Perceptual Measures in Healthy Adults
by Shauna Stevenson, Haresh Suppiah, Toby Mündel and Matthew Driller
Clocks & Sleep 2025, 7(4), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep7040055 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Ambient temperature and thermoregulation influence sleep quality. This study investigated the effects of a temperature-controlled mattress cover on sleep and perceptual outcomes in healthy adults. In a randomised, counterbalanced, crossover design, 34 healthy adults (20 F, 14 M; age, 30 ± 5 y) [...] Read more.
Ambient temperature and thermoregulation influence sleep quality. This study investigated the effects of a temperature-controlled mattress cover on sleep and perceptual outcomes in healthy adults. In a randomised, counterbalanced, crossover design, 34 healthy adults (20 F, 14 M; age, 30 ± 5 y) used a temperature-controlled mattress cover for 14 nights, following ≥3 nights of familiarisation. The temperature feature was on for 7 nights (POD) and off for 7 nights (CON). Sleep was assessed via wrist actigraphy, while heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), and respiratory rate (RR) were recorded by embedded sensors in the mattress cover. Participants completed daily and weekly questionnaires evaluating sleep quality, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation. Linear mixed models showed significant main effects of condition favouring POD over CON for all daily perceived outcomes (all p < 0.05). A large, significant improvement in perceived sleep quality was observed (p = 0.001, d = 0.92). No significant differences were found in objective sleep metrics or biometric measures (all p ≥ 0.05). A temperature-controlled mattress cover was associated with improved subjective sleep quality and thermal-related perceptions despite minimal changes in objective or biometric outcomes, which may in part reflect expectancy, or placebo effects. Further research is needed to explore whether these perceptual benefits lead to physiological improvements over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Human Basic Research & Neuroimaging)
16 pages, 3175 KB  
Article
Defects Identification in Ceramic Composites Based on Laser-Line Scanning Thermography
by Yalei Wang, Jianqiu Zhou, Leilei Ding, Xiaohan Liu and Senlin Jin
J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(10), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9100532 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Infrared thermography non-destructive testing technology has been widely used in the defect detection of composite structures due to its advantages, including non-contact operation, rapidity, low cost, and high precision. In this study, a laser-line scanning system combined with an infrared thermography was developed, [...] Read more.
Infrared thermography non-destructive testing technology has been widely used in the defect detection of composite structures due to its advantages, including non-contact operation, rapidity, low cost, and high precision. In this study, a laser-line scanning system combined with an infrared thermography was developed, along with a corresponding dynamic sequence image reconstruction method, enabling rapid localization of surface damages. Then, high-precision quantitative characterization of defect morphology in reconstructed images was achieved by integrating an edge gradient detection algorithm. The reconstruction method was validated through finite element simulations and experimental studies. The results demonstrated that the laser-line scanning thermography effectively enables both rapid localization of surface damages and precise quantitative characterization of their morphology. Experimental measurements of ceramic materials indicate that the relative error in detecting crack width is about 6% when the crack is perpendicular to the scanning direction, and the relative error gradually increases when the angle between the crack and the scanning direction decreases. Additionally, an alumina ceramic plate with micrometer-width cracks is inspected by the continuous laser-line scanning thermography. The morphology detection results are completely consistent with the actual morphology. However, limited by the spatial resolution of the thermal imager in the experiment, the quantitative identification of the crack width cannot be carried out. Finally, the proposed method is also effective for detecting surface damage of wrinkles in ceramic matrix composites. It can localize damage and quantify its geometric features with an average relative error of less than 3%, providing a new approach for health monitoring of large-scale ceramic matrix composite structures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
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12 pages, 765 KB  
Article
Optimising Ventilation System Preplanning: Duct Sizing and Fan Layout Using Mixed-Integer Programming
by Julius H. P. Breuer and Peter F. Pelz
Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2025, 10(4), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp10040032 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Traditionally, duct sizing in ventilation systems is based on balancing pressure losses across all branches, with fan selection performed subsequently. However, this sequential approach is inadequate for systems with distributed fans in the central duct network, where pressure losses can vary significantly. Consequently, [...] Read more.
Traditionally, duct sizing in ventilation systems is based on balancing pressure losses across all branches, with fan selection performed subsequently. However, this sequential approach is inadequate for systems with distributed fans in the central duct network, where pressure losses can vary significantly. Consequently, when designing the system topology, fan placement and duct sizing must be considered together. Recent research has demonstrated that discrete optimisation methods can account for multiple load cases and produce ventilation layouts that are both cost- and energy-efficient. However, existing approaches usually concentrate on component placement and assume that duct sizing has already been finalised. While this is sufficient for later design stages, it is unsuitable for the early stages of planning, when numerous system configurations must be evaluated quickly. In this work, we present a novel methodology that simultaneously optimises duct sizing, fan placement, and volume flow controller configuration to minimise life-cycle costs. To achieve this, we exploit the structure of the problem and formulate a mixed-integer linear program (MILP), which, unlike existing non-linear models, significantly reduces computation time while introducing only minor approximation errors. The resulting model enables fast and robust early-stage planning, providing optimal solutions in a matter of seconds to minutes, as demonstrated by a case study. The methodology is demonstrated on a case study, yielding an optimal configuration with distributed fans in the central fan station and achieving a 5 reduction in life-cycle costs compared to conventional central designs. The MILP formulation achieves these results within seconds, with linearisation errors in electrical power consumption below 1.4%, confirming the approach’s accuracy and suitability for early-stage planning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Industrial Fan Technologies)
24 pages, 4355 KB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Suction-Side Fences for Turbine NGVs
by Virginia Bologna, Daniele Petronio, Francesca Satta, Luca De Vincentiis, Matteo Giovannini, Gabriele Cattoli, Monica Gily and Andrea Notaristefano
Int. J. Turbomach. Propuls. Power 2025, 10(4), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp10040031 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
This work presents an extensive experimental and numerical analysis, aimed at investigating the impact of shelf-like fences applied on the suction side of a turbine nozzle guide vane. The cascade is constituted of vanes characterized by long chord and low aspect ratio, which [...] Read more.
This work presents an extensive experimental and numerical analysis, aimed at investigating the impact of shelf-like fences applied on the suction side of a turbine nozzle guide vane. The cascade is constituted of vanes characterized by long chord and low aspect ratio, which are typical features of some LPT first stages directly downstream of an HPT, hence presenting high channel diffusion, especially near the tip. In particular, the present study complements existing literature by highlighting how blade fences positioned on the suction side can reduce the penetration of the large passage vortex. This is particularly effective in applications where flow turning is limited, the blades are lightly loaded at the front, and the horseshoe vortex is weak. The benefits of the present fence design in terms of losses and flow uniformity at the cascade exit plane have been demonstrated by means of a detailed experimental campaign carried out on a large-scale linear cascade in the low-speed wind tunnel installed in the Aerodynamics and Turbomachinery Laboratory of the University of Genova. Measurements mainly focused on the characterization of the flow field upstream and downstream of straight and fenced vane cascades using a five-hole pressure probe, to evaluate the impact of the device in reducing secondary flows. Furthermore, experiments were also adopted to validate both low-fidelity (RANS) and high-fidelity (LES) simulations and revealed the capability of both simulation approaches to accurately predict losses and flow deviation. Moreover, the accuracy in high-fidelity simulations has enabled an in-depth investigation of how fences act mitigating the effects of the passage vortex along the blade channel. By comparing the flow fields of the configurations with and without fences, it is possible to highlight the mitigation of secondary flows within the channel. Full article
43 pages, 1840 KB  
Systematic Review
Investigation of the Antecedents of Personal Saving Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review Using TCM-ADO Framework
by Shilpi Batham, Hitesh Arora and Vibhuti Gupta
J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(10), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18100554 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
This paper reviews the current research landscape on Personal Saving Behavior, focusing on its antecedents and outcomes. Using bibliographic analysis of publication trends—highlighting productive authors, journals, countries, and keywords—the literature is synthesized. A framework-based systematic review is conducted to understand factors influencing saving [...] Read more.
This paper reviews the current research landscape on Personal Saving Behavior, focusing on its antecedents and outcomes. Using bibliographic analysis of publication trends—highlighting productive authors, journals, countries, and keywords—the literature is synthesized. A framework-based systematic review is conducted to understand factors influencing saving behavior and its effects, employing the TCM framework to analyze theory, context, and methods across selected studies. Additionally, the ADO framework is used to discuss antecedents, decisions, and outcomes related to personal saving behavior. The review consolidates 112 articles from 2000 to 2025, grouping unique antecedents into nine categories. It also examines how specific antecedents positively or negatively impact saving decisions and outcomes. Finally, using the TCM and ADO frameworks, the study identifies research gaps and discusses future directions, especially from the perspectives of behavioral economics and critical incidents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral Finance and Financial Management)
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12 pages, 531 KB  
Article
First Report on Cardiac Troponin T Detection in Canine Amniotic Fluid
by Elisa Giussani, Alessandro Pecile, Andrea Pasquale Del Carro, Valerio Bronzo, Silvia Michela Mazzola and Debora Groppetti
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 952; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100952 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Complications during pregnancy and parturition can lead to foetal hypoxia, which may be responsible for cardiac ischemia and the subsequent release of troponin from cardiac muscles into the amniotic fluid (AF) and bloodstream. So far, cardiac troponin T (cTnT) has only been measured [...] Read more.
Complications during pregnancy and parturition can lead to foetal hypoxia, which may be responsible for cardiac ischemia and the subsequent release of troponin from cardiac muscles into the amniotic fluid (AF) and bloodstream. So far, cardiac troponin T (cTnT) has only been measured in the blood samples of adult dogs, while no data on its presence and relevance in AF are available. This study aimed to determine whether cTnT can be detected in canine AF collected at birth. Furthermore, a possible correlation between amniotic cTnT concentration and maternal and neonatal outcomes was explored. For this purpose, 40 AF samples were collected from 14 bitches at the time of delivery. A commercially available ELISA kit was used for the analysis of canine cTnT in biological fluids. Cardiac troponin T was detected in all amniotic specimens with concentrations ranging from 74.1 to 318 ng/L (191.6 ± 66.4 ng/L). The dams’ morphotype, age, and weight, as well as the type of parturition (elective vs. emergency C-section) and the expulsion time of puppies, were significantly associated with amniotic cTnT concentrations. Although amniotic cTnT warrants further investigation to fully understand its clinical role in canine neonatology, these results suggest a promising and valuable contribution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)
17 pages, 1124 KB  
Perspective
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis—The Rubik’s Cube of Pediatric Rheumatology
by Olcay Y. Jones, Deborah K. McCurdy, Charles H. Spencer and Daniel J. Lovell
Children 2025, 12(10), 1319; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12101319 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is the most common autoimmune rheumatic disease in children and can vary in presentation based on the properties of the JIA subtypes. Timely diagnosis and intervention are essential for maximizing quality of life, healthy growth and development, [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is the most common autoimmune rheumatic disease in children and can vary in presentation based on the properties of the JIA subtypes. Timely diagnosis and intervention are essential for maximizing quality of life, healthy growth and development, and prevention of long-term disability. This review aims to provide a clinically practical framework for the core elements important in recognition, monitoring, and management of JIA. Methods: We performed a narrative review of the current literature, complemented by real-world clinical experience from academic rheumatology practice. The review synthesizes evidence-based knowledge with practical insights to develop an approach that can be applied in daily clinical decision-making. Results: We propose a structured, stepwise method for evaluating suspected JIA, emphasizing the integration of pattern recognition with differential diagnosis. Our framework emphasizes two principal parameters: (1) the distribution of joint involvement (peripheral vs. axial) and (2) the presence of extra-articular manifestations, including uveitis, cutaneous findings, and gastrointestinal symptoms. This format aids in distinguishing major JIA subtypes and highlights their distinctive features. In addition, we review overarching principles for monitoring, assessing risk for uveitis, and treatment, and the importance of multidisciplinary care. Conclusions: This structured approach is intended to support clinicians in the accurate recognition of JIA and its subtypes, facilitate early diagnosis, and provide insights on management strategies that improve patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Treatment and Care of Pediatric Rheumatology: 2nd Edition)
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20 pages, 1115 KB  
Article
Inflammatory Insights: Analysis of a Fecal Biomarker in Neurodegenerative and Gastrointestinal Disorders
by Anca Chisoi, Nicolae Dobrin, Georgeta-Camelia Cozaru, Anita-Cristina Ionescu, Mariana Aschie, Lidia Kajanto, Sabina Elena Vlad, Manuela Enciu, Ion Alexandru Popovici and Bogdan Cîmpineanu
Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2411; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102411 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are chronic disorders affecting different organs, and evidence has proposed a bidirectional link between them. Fecal calprotectin, which reflects intestinal inflammation and gut barrier injury, is augmented in different neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) are chronic disorders affecting different organs, and evidence has proposed a bidirectional link between them. Fecal calprotectin, which reflects intestinal inflammation and gut barrier injury, is augmented in different neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether fecal calprotectin levels in PD increase independently of gastrointestinal inflammation and aging. Methods: Fecal calprotectin values were compared in two groups (PD and IBD) of 30 patients each, taking into consideration variables such as endoscopic aspects and age. Analyses of fecal calprotectin levels in PD patients show an increase with advancing age, which was not observed in the IBD cohort. Results: Most PD patients had fecal calprotectin values exceeding 200 μg/g (mean value 366.25 μg/g), and their levels were comparable to those of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn’s Disease, mean value 537.70 μg/g). In the PD cohort, a weak positive association between calprotectin levels and inflammatory signs was observed, and in the IBD cohort, higher calprotectin levels were strongly associated with more severe endoscopic modifications. Conclusions: This weak but positive correlation with intestinal inflammation in PD patients suggests the involvement of complex mechanisms, other than those related to inflammaging or gut barrier injuries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota, Diet, and Immunity: Investigating the Connections and Implications for Disease Development—3rd Edition)
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10 pages, 274 KB  
Article
Comparative Outcomes of Day 3 and Day 5 Frozen–Thawed Embryo Transfers: A Retrospective Clinical Study
by Fatma Kılıç Hamzaoğlu, Serdar Dilbaz, Runa Özelçi, Onur Kaya and Emine Utlu Özen
Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2412; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102412 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to compare the clinical pregnancy outcomes of Day 3 (cleavage-stage) and Day 5 (blastocyst) frozen–thawed embryo transfers in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 6455 patients who underwent frozen–thawed embryo transfer [...] Read more.
Aim: This study aimed to compare the clinical pregnancy outcomes of Day 3 (cleavage-stage) and Day 5 (blastocyst) frozen–thawed embryo transfers in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 6455 patients who underwent frozen–thawed embryo transfer (FET) between 1 April 2010 and 1 April 2023, at SBÜ Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital. Patients were categorized based on embryo transfer type, and clinical outcomes were compared using statistical analyses. Results: Pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the blastocyst transfer group (p = 0.031). The cleavage-stage group had a higher number of embryo transfers (p < 0.001), likely due to lower implantation potential per embryo. Patients with diminished ovarian reserve had lower embryo freezing rates (p < 0.001). Blastocyst-stage transfers showed better synchronization with endometrial receptivity but carried a risk of embryo attrition. Conclusions: Blastocyst transfer is associated with higher pregnancy rates and should be preferred when viable embryos are available. However, cleavage-stage transfer remains an alternative for patients with poor embryo development. An individualized approach is essential for optimizing ART outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)
20 pages, 7005 KB  
Article
Floral Characteristics and Reproductive Biology in Brazilian Melon Accessions: Insights from Commercial and Exotic Varieties
by Nadia Carolina Sanabria-Verón, Cláusio Antônio Ferreira de Melo, Glauber Henrique de Sousa Nunes, Delmira Da Costa Silva, Margarete Magalhães de Souza and Ronan Xavier Corrêa
Plants 2025, 14(19), 3047; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193047 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
Melon has great economic importance in Brazil, and flower development is the basis for fruit and seed production. The objective of this study was to elucidate the variability of flowering characteristics and to compare qualitative and quantitative reproductive variations in relation to pollen [...] Read more.
Melon has great economic importance in Brazil, and flower development is the basis for fruit and seed production. The objective of this study was to elucidate the variability of flowering characteristics and to compare qualitative and quantitative reproductive variations in relation to pollen viability and stigmatic receptivity in 21 genotypes, which includes 15 Brazilian accessions. In addition, we evaluated the influence of time on the growth of the pollen tube and its arrival at the ovule in vivo at different intervals (1 h, 2 h, 3 h) after hand pollination in three commercial varieties, one exotic accession, and two intervarietal hybrids, by epifluorescence technique. Three groups were distributed by the clustering method of Scott–Knott at 5% probability; group III included only commercial varieties for the flower width descriptor. C. melo germplasm presented 81% andromonoecious plants and 19% trimonoecious plants. Through the multivariate strategy, these 21 genotypes were distributed into six groups with distinct reproductive characteristics, and male flowering was accelerated compared to female flowering. Regarding pollen viability, it was greater than 95% according to staining methods. Pollen germination rate in vivo was affected by time, with an almost 12.5% increase between 1 h and 3 h after hand pollination, and the in vivo pollen germination in hybrids was lower than in commercial varieties. Brazilian accessions, despite stability in pollen viability and stigma receptivity, have great differences in reproductive terms, such as variations in the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of floral pieces and flowering. This work contributes to the knowledge on varieties, hybrids, exotic accession, and Brazilian melon germplasm by characterizing some of their main agricultural traits, such as reproduction floral biology, and opens up prospects for yield evaluation in plant breeding programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Genomics of Plant Reproductive Systems)
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18 pages, 773 KB  
Article
Eight-Bit Vector SoftFloat Extension for the RISC-V Spike Simulator
by Andrea Marcelli, Abdallah Cheikh, Marcello Barbirotta, Antonio Mastrandrea, Francesco Menichelli and Mauro Olivieri
Electronics 2025, 14(19), 3924; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193924 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
The recent demand for 8-bit floating-point (FP) formats is driven by their potential to accelerate domain-specific applications with intensive vector computations (e.g., machine learning, graphics, and data compression). This paper presents the design, implementation, and application of the software model of an 8-bit [...] Read more.
The recent demand for 8-bit floating-point (FP) formats is driven by their potential to accelerate domain-specific applications with intensive vector computations (e.g., machine learning, graphics, and data compression). This paper presents the design, implementation, and application of the software model of an 8-bit FP vector arithmetic operation set, compliant with the RISC-V vector instruction set architecture. The model has been developed as an extension of the SoftFloat library and integrated into the RISC-V reference instruction-level simulator Spike, providing the first open-source 8-bit SoftFloat extension for an instruction-set simulator. Based on the SoftFloat library templates for standard FP formats, the proposed extension implements the two widely used 8-bit formats E4M3 and E5M2 in both Open Compute Project (OCP) and IEEE 754 variants. In host-time micro-kernels, FP8 delivers +2–4% more elements per second versus FP32 (across vfadd/vfsub/vfmul ) and ≈ 5% lower RSS; E4M3 and E5M2 perform similarly. Enabling FP8 in Spike increases the stripped binary by ~1.8% (mostly .text). The proposed extension was used to fully verify and correct errors in the vector FP unit design for the eProcessor European project, and continues to be used to verify other 8-bit FP unit implementations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computer Science & Engineering)
19 pages, 1813 KB  
Article
The Habitat Fragmentation and Suitability Evaluation of Mrs Hume’s Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae in Northwestern Guangxi, China
by Baodong Yuan, Ying Li and Zhicheng Yao
Biology 2025, 14(10), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14101345 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
The habitat landscape pattern of Mrs Hume’s pheasant in Jinzhongshan, northwestern Guangxi, was studied using field survey data and the LANDSAT satellite images by the ArcGIS 10.8 and Fragstats 3.3 software. The results showed that the Jinzhongshan region covers 38,716.6 hm2, [...] Read more.
The habitat landscape pattern of Mrs Hume’s pheasant in Jinzhongshan, northwestern Guangxi, was studied using field survey data and the LANDSAT satellite images by the ArcGIS 10.8 and Fragstats 3.3 software. The results showed that the Jinzhongshan region covers 38,716.6 hm2, including 1708 patches and 11 landscape types. Although the area of farmland and village only occupies 10%, their number and density have led Jinzhongshan habitats to fragment. The degree of connection of suitable habitat was found to be relatively low, and seven landscape indices were below 0.5, which implied that the extent of habitat fragmentation in Jinzhongshan for Mrs Hume’s Pheasant is very high. The fragmentation index of Jinzhongshan Nature Reserve is 0.9887, landscape connectivity is 1.861, and AWS index is 425.3024. The broad-leaved forest, considered a matrix in the Jinzhongshan area, was the dominant landscape type controlling structure, function, and dynamic changes. The total suitable habitat of Mrs Hume’s pheasant (Syrmaticus humiae) was determined to be 29,552.3 hm2, accounting for 76.3% of the total study area; the suitable habitat of Mrs Hume’s pheasant in Jinzhongshan Nature Reserve was determined to be 16,990.1 hm2, accounting for 81.14% of the protected area. It is absolutely necessary and urgent to strengthen the management and protection of Mrs Hume’s pheasant’s habitat to control its fragmentation. Therefore, we have provided some useful advice, such as habitat restoration and corridor reconstruction, which are beneficial to the conservation of Mrs Hume’s pheasant in this sensitive region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)
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23 pages, 1996 KB  
Article
Computation of the Radius of Curvature R in Any Avian Egg and Identification of the Location of Potential Load Application That Forms Its Unique Asymmetric Shape: A Theoretical Hypothesis
by Valeriy G. Narushin, Michael N. Romanov and Darren K. Griffin
Computation 2025, 13(10), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation13100232 - 1 Oct 2025
Abstract
In avian biology, the radius of curvature, or R, has hardly ever been used to study the mechanics of birds’ egg shape formation. However, it is essential for introducing important details about the form, function, and performance of an object, which is [...] Read more.
In avian biology, the radius of curvature, or R, has hardly ever been used to study the mechanics of birds’ egg shape formation. However, it is essential for introducing important details about the form, function, and performance of an object, which is useful in biomedicine, manufacturing, and precision design. In order to determine a possible biological mechanism and the location of load application that creates the distinctive asymmetric egg shape in nature, the goal of this study was to develop a formula for computing R at any point over an egg contour. We derived a relatively simple means of computing R and identified the location that muscular compression is carried out to give the egg its characteristic form. This location (x/L), the angle (α) of compression and the relative magnitude of the load proportional to R can help identify a specific section of the oviduct and the squeezing muscle involved. Novel equations for computing R, x/L and α were proposed, based on standard geometric parameters. Our findings demonstrate how the theoretical knowledge of physical, mechanical and mathematical processes can contribute to the solution of biological problems and resonates with the fields of egg-inspired engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Computational Biology)
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