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Article

Comparative Outcomes of Day 3 and Day 5 Frozen–Thawed Embryo Transfers: A Retrospective Clinical Study

1
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey
2
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Health Sciences, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara 06170, Turkey
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2412; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102412
Submission received: 14 August 2025 / Revised: 29 September 2025 / Accepted: 29 September 2025 / Published: 1 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)

Abstract

Aim: This study aimed to compare the clinical pregnancy outcomes of Day 3 (cleavage-stage) and Day 5 (blastocyst) frozen–thawed embryo transfers in assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 6455 patients who underwent frozen–thawed embryo transfer (FET) between 1 April 2010 and 1 April 2023, at SBÜ Etlik Zübeyde Hanım Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital. Patients were categorized based on embryo transfer type, and clinical outcomes were compared using statistical analyses. Results: Pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the blastocyst transfer group (p = 0.031). The cleavage-stage group had a higher number of embryo transfers (p < 0.001), likely due to lower implantation potential per embryo. Patients with diminished ovarian reserve had lower embryo freezing rates (p < 0.001). Blastocyst-stage transfers showed better synchronization with endometrial receptivity but carried a risk of embryo attrition. Conclusions: Blastocyst transfer is associated with higher pregnancy rates and should be preferred when viable embryos are available. However, cleavage-stage transfer remains an alternative for patients with poor embryo development. An individualized approach is essential for optimizing ART outcomes.
Keywords: frozen–thawed embryo transfer; cleavage-stage embryo; blastocyst-stage embryo frozen–thawed embryo transfer; cleavage-stage embryo; blastocyst-stage embryo

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kılıç Hamzaoğlu, F.; Dilbaz, S.; Özelçi, R.; Kaya, O.; Utlu Özen, E. Comparative Outcomes of Day 3 and Day 5 Frozen–Thawed Embryo Transfers: A Retrospective Clinical Study. Biomedicines 2025, 13, 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102412

AMA Style

Kılıç Hamzaoğlu F, Dilbaz S, Özelçi R, Kaya O, Utlu Özen E. Comparative Outcomes of Day 3 and Day 5 Frozen–Thawed Embryo Transfers: A Retrospective Clinical Study. Biomedicines. 2025; 13(10):2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102412

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kılıç Hamzaoğlu, Fatma, Serdar Dilbaz, Runa Özelçi, Onur Kaya, and Emine Utlu Özen. 2025. "Comparative Outcomes of Day 3 and Day 5 Frozen–Thawed Embryo Transfers: A Retrospective Clinical Study" Biomedicines 13, no. 10: 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102412

APA Style

Kılıç Hamzaoğlu, F., Dilbaz, S., Özelçi, R., Kaya, O., & Utlu Özen, E. (2025). Comparative Outcomes of Day 3 and Day 5 Frozen–Thawed Embryo Transfers: A Retrospective Clinical Study. Biomedicines, 13(10), 2412. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102412

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