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18 pages, 10816 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Continuous Integer-Order to Fractional Discrete-Time: A New Computer Virus Model with Chaotic Dynamics

by Imane Zouak, Ahmad Alshanty, Adel Ouannas, Antonio Mongelli, Giovanni Ciccarese and Giuseppe Grassi

Technologies 2025, 13(10), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13100471 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Computer viruses remain a persistent technological challenge in information security. They require mathematical frameworks that realistically capture their propagation in digital networks. Classical continuous-time, integer-order models often overlook two key aspects of cyber environments: their inherently discrete nature and the memory-dependent effects of [...] Read more.

Computer viruses remain a persistent technological challenge in information security. They require mathematical frameworks that realistically capture their propagation in digital networks. Classical continuous-time, integer-order models often overlook two key aspects of cyber environments: their inherently discrete nature and the memory-dependent effects of networked interactions. In this work, we introduce a fractional-order discrete computer virus (FDCV) model, derived from a three-dimensional continuous integer-order formulation and reformulated into a two-dimensional fractional discrete framework. We analyze its rich dynamical behaviors under both commensurate and incommensurate fractional orders. Leveraging a comprehensive toolbox including bifurcation diagrams, Lyapunov spectra, phase portraits, the 0–1 test for chaos, spectral entropy, and

C_{0}

complexity measures, we demonstrate that the FDCV system exhibits persistent chaos and high dynamical complexity across broad parameter regimes. Our findings reveal that fractional-order discrete models not only enhance the dynamical richness compared to integer-order counterparts but also provide a more realistic representation of malware propagation. These insights advance the theoretical study of fractional discrete systems, supporting the development of potential technologies for cybersecurity modeling, detection, and prevention strategies. Full article

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36 pages, 1511 KB

Open AccessReview

Petroleum Emulsion Stability and Separation Strategies: A Comprehensive Review

by Soroush Ahmadi and Azizollah Khormali

ChemEngineering 2025, 9(5), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering9050113 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Crude oil emulsions continue to pose significant challenges across production, transportation, and refining due to their inherent stability and complex interfacial chemistry. Their persistence is driven by the synergistic effects of asphaltenes, resins, acids, waxes, and fine solids, as well as operational factors [...] Read more.

Crude oil emulsions continue to pose significant challenges across production, transportation, and refining due to their inherent stability and complex interfacial chemistry. Their persistence is driven by the synergistic effects of asphaltenes, resins, acids, waxes, and fine solids, as well as operational factors such as temperature, pH, shear, and droplet size. These emulsions increase viscosity, accelerate corrosion, hinder catalytic activity, and complicate downstream processing, resulting in substantial operational, economic, and environmental impacts—underscoring the necessity of effective demulsification strategies. This review provides a comprehensive examination of emulsion behavior, beginning with their formation, classification, and stabilization mechanisms and progressing to the fundamental processes governing destabilization, including flocculation, coalescence, Ostwald ripening, creaming, and sedimentation. Separation techniques are critically assessed across chemical, thermal, mechanical, electrical, membrane-based, ultrasonic, and biological domains, with attention to their efficiency, limitations, and suitability for industrial deployment. Particular emphasis is placed on hybrid and emerging methods that integrate multiple mechanisms to improve performance while reducing environmental impact. By uniting fundamental insights with technological innovations, this work highlights current progress and identifies future directions toward greener, more efficient oil–water separation strategies tailored to diverse petroleum operations. Full article

11 pages, 1228 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Photosynthetic Characteristics of Leaves in Different-Colored Brassica juncea

by Gang Yang, Jiquan Zhang, Abbas Muhammad Fahim, Yuanyuan Zhang, Wancang Sun, Li Ma, Yuanyuan Pu, Lijun Liu, Wangtian Wang, Tingting Fan and Junyan Wu

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3197; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203197 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Leaf color is a key trait influencing photosynthetic efficiency in plants. This study investigates the photosynthetic characteristics of differently colored leaves in Brassica juncea L. using green-leaved (SWJ) and purple-red-leaved (RLJ) varieties, their reciprocal F₁ hybrids, and F₂ populations. The results [...] Read more.

Leaf color is a key trait influencing photosynthetic efficiency in plants. This study investigates the photosynthetic characteristics of differently colored leaves in Brassica juncea L. using green-leaved (SWJ) and purple-red-leaved (RLJ) varieties, their reciprocal F₁ hybrids, and F₂ populations. The results show that the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content of SWJ were significantly higher than those of RLJ, while F₁ hybrids exhibited intermediate photosynthetic performance. All five measured photosynthetic traits—net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll content—segregated significantly in the F₂ generation and were identified as quantitative traits. Notably, transpiration rate was positively correlated with leaf color, whereas no correlation was found with net photosynthetic rate or intercellular CO₂ concentration. A key finding is the occurrence of purple-leaved plants with high photosynthetic rates and green-leaved plants with low photosynthetic rates in the F₂ generation, indicating the potential to combine high photosynthesis with anthocyanin-rich purple leaves. This study provides new genetic insights and a theoretical basis for breeding high-yield, stress-tolerant Brassica juncea varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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24 pages, 3499 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modernizing Wind Load Standards for Ireland

by David Cunningham, Rubina Ramponi, Reamonn MacReamoinn and Jennifer Keenahan

Wind 2025, 5(4), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/wind5040026 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

In anticipation of the implementation of the Second-Generation Eurocodes, evaluating the suitability of these standards is necessary to ensure the structural safety and sustainable design of Ireland’s future building stock. This paper provides a detailed comparative analysis of the wind loading codes of [...] Read more.

In anticipation of the implementation of the Second-Generation Eurocodes, evaluating the suitability of these standards is necessary to ensure the structural safety and sustainable design of Ireland’s future building stock. This paper provides a detailed comparative analysis of the wind loading codes of practice relevant to Ireland: The Irish National Annex to EN1991-1-4 (2005) and the draft version of the Second-Generation Eurocode, EN1991-1-4 (2025). Quantitative evaluation is conducted across a range of building typologies, with calculations performed for various sites and structural geometries. The findings reveal marked differences in wind load predictions between the codes, particularly affecting base shear values and net pressure coefficients. Areas of concern regarding structural design efficiency and safety for future building structures in Ireland are outlined. The significant inconsistencies between provisions within the codes of practice are identified and critically evaluated from both theoretical and practical perspectives, providing insight into the optimal solution for implementation in Irish engineering practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Effects on Civil Infrastructure)

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18 pages, 13769 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reduction in Reflection Signal Losses in Complex Terahertz Optical Elements Through Tailored Oil Application

by Mateusz Kaluza, Adrianna Nieradka, Mateusz Surma, Wojciech Krauze and Agnieszka Siemion

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11167; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011167 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

In complex terahertz (THz) systems, multiple optical elements are often combined to achieve advanced functionalities. However, unwanted Fresnel reflections at their interfaces and between components lead to parasitic interference effects and signal losses. This study presents oil-based refractive-index-matching fillers integrated with additively manufactured [...] Read more.

In complex terahertz (THz) systems, multiple optical elements are often combined to achieve advanced functionalities. However, unwanted Fresnel reflections at their interfaces and between components lead to parasitic interference effects and signal losses. This study presents oil-based refractive-index-matching fillers integrated with additively manufactured assemblies to suppress Fresnel reflections and enhance overall optical system performance. The optical properties of 20 plant-based, synthetic, and mineral oils were investigated using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz TDS). Furthermore, a multilayer structure was designed and experimentally verified, fabricated via fused deposition modeling (FDM) using highly transparent cyclic olefin copolymer (COC). The results demonstrate that the use of tailored oils reduces Fresnel reflection signal losses and also mitigates parasitic interference within the system, thereby improving the effective efficiency of the optical system. Additionally, THz TDS measurements on multilayer structures revealed that, in imaging configurations, the application of refractive-index-matched oils increases the signal gain by 2.33 times. These findings highlight the potential of oil-based index-matching fillers for imaging multilayered objects and mitigating delamination effects in optical elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Simulation of Mechanical Properties for Additive Manufacturing Material)

31 pages, 1700 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Do Digitalization and Scale Influence Agricultural Carbon Emission Reduction: Evidence from Jiangsu, China

by Degui Yu, Ying Cao, Suyan Tian, Jiahao Cai and Xinzhuo Fang

Land 2025, 14(10), 2080; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14102080 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

In order to alleviate the constraints of global warming and sustainable development, digitalization has made significant contributions to promoting agricultural carbon reduction through resources, technology, and platforms. Under this situation, China insists on developing agricultural scale management. However, what impact will scale management [...] Read more.

In order to alleviate the constraints of global warming and sustainable development, digitalization has made significant contributions to promoting agricultural carbon reduction through resources, technology, and platforms. Under this situation, China insists on developing agricultural scale management. However, what impact will scale management in agricultural digital emission reduction have on mechanisms and pathways? Based on three rounds of follow-up surveys conducted by the Digital Countryside Research Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University in Jiangsu Province from 2022 to 2024, in this study a total of 258 valid questionnaires on the rice and wheat industry were collected. Methods such as member checking and audit trail were employed to ensure data reliability and validity. Using econometric approaches including Tobit, mediation, and moderation models, this study quantified the Scale Management Level (SML), examined the mechanism pathways of digital emission reduction in a scaled environment, further demonstrated the impact of scale management on digital emission reduction, and verified the mediating and moderating effects of internal and external scale management. We found that: (1) In scale and carbon reduction, the SBM-DEA model calculates that the scale of agricultural land in Jiangsu showed an “inverted S” trend with SML and an “inverted W” trend with the overall agricultural green production efficiency (AGPE), and the highest agricultural green production efficiency is 0.814 in the moderate scale range of 20–36.667 hm². (2) In digitalization and carbon reduction, the Tobit regression model results indicate that Network Platform Empowerment (NPE) significantly promotes carbon reduction (p < 1%), but its squared terms exhibit an inverted U-shaped relationship with agricultural green production efficiency (p < 1%), and SML is significant at the 5% level. From a local regression perspective, the strength of SML’s impact on the three core variables is: NPE > DRE > DTE. (3) Adding scale in agricultural digital emission reduction, the intermediary mechanism results showed that the significant intensity (p < 5%) of the mediating role of Agricultural Mechanization Level (AML) is NPE > DTE > DRE, and that of the Employment of Labor (EOL) is DRE > NPE > DTE. (4) Adding scale in agricultural digital emission reduction, the regulatory effect results showed that the Organized Management Level (OML) and Social Service System (SSS) significantly positively regulate the inhibitory effect of DRE and DTE on AGPE. Finally, we suggest controlling the scale of land management reasonably and developing moderate agricultural scale management according to local conditions, enhancing the digital literacy and agricultural machinery training of scale entities while encouraging the improvement of organizational level and social service innovation, and reasonably reducing labor and mechanization inputs in order to standardize the digital emission reduction effect of agriculture under the background of scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Use, Impact Assessment and Sustainability)

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14 pages, 1370 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Wetting and Scaling in Air Gap Membrane Distillation Crystallization via SiO₂ Seeding

by Stefanie Flatscher, Mark W. Hlawitschka, Wolfgang M. Samhaber, Florian Hell and Josef Lahnsteiner

Membranes 2025, 15(10), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes15100321 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Membrane distillation crystallization (MDCr) is an approach for treating hypersaline wastewaters and enabling zero-liquid-discharge (ZLD) systems. However, its performance is often inhibited by concentration polarization, scaling, and membrane wetting. Heterogeneous seeding has been proposed to shift crystallization into the bulk phase, yet its [...] Read more.

Membrane distillation crystallization (MDCr) is an approach for treating hypersaline wastewaters and enabling zero-liquid-discharge (ZLD) systems. However, its performance is often inhibited by concentration polarization, scaling, and membrane wetting. Heterogeneous seeding has been proposed to shift crystallization into the bulk phase, yet its quantitative influence on flux stability, wetting resistance, and crystal growth remains poorly understood. This study investigates air-gap MDCr (AGMDCr) of 300 g L⁻¹ NaCl using polypropylene (PP) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes under seeded and unseeded conditions. Introducing 0.1 g L⁻¹ SiO₂ seeds (30–60 µm) enhanced steady-state permeate flux by 41% and maintained salt rejection ≥ 99.99%, indicating effective suppression of wetting. Seeding shifted the crystal size distribution from fine (mean 50.6 µm, unseeded) to coarse (230–340 µm), consistent with reduced primary nucleation and preferential growth on seed surfaces. At 0.6 g L⁻¹, the flux decreased relative to 0.1–0.3 g L⁻¹, consistent with near-wall solids holdup and hindered transport at high seeding concentration. The PTFE membrane exhibited a 47% higher flux than PP, primarily due to its reduced thermal resistance and optimized module geometry at the same flow rate. These results demonstrate that appropriately sized and dosed SiO₂ seeding effectively stabilizes flux and suppresses wetting in MDCr. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Membrane Applications for Water Treatment)

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30 pages, 1708 KB

Open AccessArticle

BSEMD-Transformer: A New Framework for Rolling Element Bearing Diagnosis in Electrical Machines Based on Classification of Time–Frequency Features

by Lotfi Chaouech, Jaouher Ben Ali, Tarek Berghout, Eric Bechhoefer and Abdelkader Chaari

Machines 2025, 13(10), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13100961 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Rolling Element Bearing (REB) failures represent a critical challenge in rotating machinery maintenance, accounting for approximately 45% of industrial breakdowns. Considering the variable operating conditions of speeds and loads, vibration fault signatures are generally masked by noises. Consequently, traditional diagnostic methods relying on [...] Read more.

Rolling Element Bearing (REB) failures represent a critical challenge in rotating machinery maintenance, accounting for approximately 45% of industrial breakdowns. Considering the variable operating conditions of speeds and loads, vibration fault signatures are generally masked by noises. Consequently, traditional diagnostic methods relying on time and frequency analysis or conventional machine learning often fail to capture the nonlinear interactions and phase coupling characteristics essential for accurate fault detection, particularly in noisy industrial environments. In this study, we propose a framework that synergistically combines (1) Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) for adaptive handling of non-stationary vibration signals, (2) bispectrum analysis to extract phase-coupled features while inherently suppressing Gaussian noise, and (3) Time-Series Transformer with attention mechanisms to automatically weight discriminative feature interactions. Experimental results based on five different benchmarks show that the proposed BSEMD-Transformer framework is a powerful tool for REB diagnosis, reaching a classification accuracy of at least 98.2% for all tests regardless of the used dataset. The proposed approach is judged to be consistent, robust, and accurate even under variable conditions of speed and loads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machines Testing and Maintenance)

21 pages, 6547 KB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Resolution Sea Ice Concentration Retrieval from Ice-WaterNet Using Sentinel-1 SAR Imagery in Fram Strait, Arctic

by Tingting Zhu, Xiangbin Cui and Yu Zhang

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(20), 3475; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17203475 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

High spatial resolution sea ice concentration (SIC) is crucial for global climate and marine activity. However, retrieving high spatial resolution SIC from passive microwave sensors is challenging due to the trade-off between spatial resolution and atmospheric contamination. Our study develops the Ice-WaterNet framework, [...] Read more.

High spatial resolution sea ice concentration (SIC) is crucial for global climate and marine activity. However, retrieving high spatial resolution SIC from passive microwave sensors is challenging due to the trade-off between spatial resolution and atmospheric contamination. Our study develops the Ice-WaterNet framework, a novel superpixel-based deep learning model that integrates Conditional Random Fields (CRF) with a dual-attention U-Net to enhance ice–water classification in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery. The Ice-WaterNet model has been extensively tested on 2735 Sentinel-1 dual-polarized SAR images from 2021 to 2023, covering both winter and summer seasons in the Fram Strait. To tackle the complex surface features during the melt season, wind-roughened open water, and varying ice floe sizes, a superpixel strategy is employed to efficiently reduce classification uncertainty. Uncertain superpixels identified by CRF are iteratively refined using the U-Net attention mechanism. Experimental results demonstrate that Ice-WaterNet achieves significant improvements in classification accuracy, outperforming CRF and U-Net by 3.375% in Intersection over Union (IoU) and 3.09% in F1-score during the melt season, and by 1.96 in IoU and 1.75 in F1-score during the freeze season. The derived high-resolution SIC products, updated every two days, were evaluated against Met Norway ice charts and compared with ASI from AMSR-2 and SSM/I, showing a substantial reduction in misclassification in marginal ice zones, particularly under melting conditions. These findings underscore the potential of Ice-WaterNet in supporting precise sea ice monitoring and climate change research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Remote Sensing of the Polar Ice with High Frequency (HF) to L-Band Radar)

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19 pages, 1659 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Stapler Dilemma in VATS Wedge Resection: Are Sutures a Viable Alternative?

by Mithat Fazlioglu, Argun Kıs, Gokhan Ozturk and Nevin Fazlioglu

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(20), 7356; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14207356 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: This single-center, retrospective, non-randomized observational study aims to explore the outcomes of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) wedge resection using the traditional clamp-and-suture technique versus staplers, with a focus on cost-effectiveness, operative time, and short-term postoperative outcomes. Methods: Data from 59 patients who [...] Read more.

Background: This single-center, retrospective, non-randomized observational study aims to explore the outcomes of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) wedge resection using the traditional clamp-and-suture technique versus staplers, with a focus on cost-effectiveness, operative time, and short-term postoperative outcomes. Methods: Data from 59 patients who underwent VATS wedge resection between 2018 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into the stapler group (S-group, n = 27) and the clamp-and-suture group (C-group, n = 32). Technique selection was made intraoperatively by the surgeon based on lesion characteristics. Co-primary outcomes were total hospitalization cost and air leak duration > 2 days. Secondary outcomes included drainage time, complications, and hospital stay. The researchers conducted multivariable regression and sensitivity analyses to handle selection bias and confounding variables. Statistical analyses were performed with a significance level of p < 0.05. This study was approved by the Tekirdağ University Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee (Approval No: 2024.22.02.06). Results: The C-group lesions showed proximity to the pleural surface at 5 mm compared to 8 mm (p = 0.048), indicating significant selection bias. Operation time was longer in the C-group (70 vs. 60 min, p = 0.115). Air leak duration and drainage time were similar between groups (p = 0.872, p = 0.176). Complication rates classified by Clavien–Dindo scale and hospital stay were comparable. The C-group showed reduced hospitalization expenses ($191.6 vs. $371.7) after adjusting for lesion characteristics and confounders while the clinical results between groups remained equivalent (adjusted OR for air leak: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.13–3.51, p = 0.645). The cost advantages persisted through sensitivity analysis which tested for selection bias effects. Conclusions: The clamp-and-suture method appears to offer a potentially cost-effective alternative to staplers for carefully selected peripheral lesions in VATS wedge resection, particularly in resource-limited settings. The preliminary results need to be treated as speculative because the study uses a non-randomized retrospective design with limited data from a small number of patients treated by one surgeon and shows evidence of selection bias. The obtained results do not qualify as practice-changing recommendations. The validation of these findings requires prospective randomized controlled trials with predetermined selection criteria and extended follow-up periods to establish clinical recommendations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thoracic Surgery: Current Practice and Future Directions: 2nd Edition)

25 pages, 2227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage Biomarkers in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Francesca Milani, Annamaria Porreca, Giuseppe Rosano, Laura Vitiello, Maurizio Volterrani, Patrizia Russo and Stefano Bonassi

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101249 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress is a key driver of heart failure (HF) pathophysiology, promoting myocardial injury, inflammation, and remodeling. Although numerous biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage have been investigated in HF, their clinical relevance remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed [...] Read more.

Background: Oxidative stress is a key driver of heart failure (HF) pathophysiology, promoting myocardial injury, inflammation, and remodeling. Although numerous biomarkers of oxidative stress and DNA damage have been investigated in HF, their clinical relevance remains uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate alterations in these biomarkers in HF patients compared to healthy controls. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting oxidative stress or DNA damage biomarkers in HF patients versus controls were included. Random-effects models were used to calculate ratios of means (ROM) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using the I² statistic and Begg’s test. Results: Data from 3015 HF patients and 2704 controls were analyzed. HF patients had significantly higher levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (ROM = 2.24, 95% CI: 1.75–2.88), malondialdehyde (MDA) (ROM = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.49–2.36) and isoprostanes (ROM = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.97–4.05). Telomere length was significantly shorter (ROM = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.53–0.81), indicating accelerated cellular aging. Considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies. Conclusion: This meta-analysis supports a robust association between oxidative stress, DNA damage, and HF, highlighting the potential role of these biomarkers in disease monitoring and prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases and Vascular Pathophysiology)

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Graphical abstract

32 pages, 12133 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Modified Black-Winged Kite Optimization Algorithm with Three-Phase Attacking Strategy and Lévy–Cauchy Migration Behavior to Solve Mathematical Problems

by Yunpeng Ma, Wanting Meng, Ruixue Gu and Xinxin Zhang

Biomimetics 2025, 10(10), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10100707 (registering DOI) - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Black-winged Kite Algorithm (BKA) is a novel heuristic optimization algorithm proposed in 2024, which has demonstrated superior optimization performance on most CEC benchmark functions and several engineering problems. To further enhance its convergence accuracy and solution quality, this paper proposes a Modified [...] Read more.

The Black-winged Kite Algorithm (BKA) is a novel heuristic optimization algorithm proposed in 2024, which has demonstrated superior optimization performance on most CEC benchmark functions and several engineering problems. To further enhance its convergence accuracy and solution quality, this paper proposes a Modified Black-winged Kite Algorithm (MBKA). First, a three-phase attacking strategy is designed to replace the original BKA’s attacking mechanism, thereby enhancing population diversity and improving solution quality. Additionally, a Lévy–Cauchy migration strategy is incorporated to achieve a more effective balance between exploration and exploitation. The effectiveness of MBKA is assessed through extensive experiments on 18 classical benchmark functions, the CEC-2017 and CEC-2022 test suites, and two real-world engineering optimization problems. The results indicate that MBKA consistently outperforms the original BKA and several state-of-the-art algorithms in both convergence accuracy and convergence speed across most test cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biological Optimisation and Management)

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4 pages, 956 KB

Open AccessEditorial

2025: A Year of Great Success for Muscles

by Guglielmo Duranti

Muscles 2025, 4(4), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/muscles4040046 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

MDPI’s Muscles is celebrating a highly positive 2025 [...] Full article

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24 pages, 2264 KB

Open AccessArticle

Desirable Small-Scale Solar Power Production in a Global Context: Local Tradition-Inspired Solutions to Global Issues

by Nina-Cristina Diţoiu, Altan Abdulamit, Radu Ştefan Tărău and Dan Sebastian Săcui

Solar 2025, 5(4), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/solar5040047 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

The polder in this case study addresses several environmental issues, risk management concerns related to localities served by existing non-permanent dams, energy requirements that can meet a locality’s needs during the renewable energy transition, and their impacts on both rural and urban built [...] Read more.

The polder in this case study addresses several environmental issues, risk management concerns related to localities served by existing non-permanent dams, energy requirements that can meet a locality’s needs during the renewable energy transition, and their impacts on both rural and urban built environments. Cultural landscape preservation or solar regeneration on agricultural plots in Romania’s rural wetland areas focuses on traditionally inspired design, emphasising the technical versus humanistic approach as an optimal path through some inspiring “Dyads”. Briefly, the dyads are related to Bennett’s systematic approach to ensure the knowledge necessary for achieving understanding without experiencing it. With a two-way spiral, the defined methodology applies energy as solar photovoltaic technology to water-related natural aspects in the built environment without reducing or harming the relevant water management related to nature or built cultural heritage. The Solar Regeneration Monad “Nature -Energy- Built” is a holistic visual framework, replicable in any built environment for a “Built” regenerative culture, that enables the best solution to be identified for the conservation of cultural heritage values in an “Energy” transition context with “Nature”, biodiversity, or other water-related issues. Full article

17 pages, 5417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pennisetum glaucum (L.) Oral Supplementation Mitigates Multi-Organic Dysfunction Associated with Carcinogenesis in HPV16-Transgenic Mice

by Paula A. Oliveira, Latifa Hajri, Armando V. Pinto Moreno, Carlos E. Dias Santos, Haissa O. Brito, Margarida M. S. M. Bastos, Rui Medeiros, Soumaya Ghodbane, Mohamed Ammari, Rui M. Gil da Costa and Ana I. Faustino-Rocha

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(10), 858; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47100858 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cancers induced by human papillomavirus are often associated with systemic inflammation and cachexia. This study aimed to determine the interference of Pennisetum glaucum oral supplementation over multi-organic dysfunction in HPV16-transgenic mice. The experimental groups included (1) wildtype (WT) mice with standard diet, (2) [...] Read more.

Cancers induced by human papillomavirus are often associated with systemic inflammation and cachexia. This study aimed to determine the interference of Pennisetum glaucum oral supplementation over multi-organic dysfunction in HPV16-transgenic mice. The experimental groups included (1) wildtype (WT) mice with standard diet, (2) WT mice with 36% Pennisetum, (3) transgenic mice with standard diet, (4) transgenic mice with 29% Pennisetum, and (5) transgenic mice with 36% Pennisetum. During the 4-week experimental protocol, body weight, food and water intake, and humane endpoints were recorded. At sacrifice, blood and tissue samples were collected for analysis. Oral supplementation with millet was shown to be safe and well tolerated by both WT and transgenic mice, with no adverse effects on behavior, food or water intake, or general animal welfare. In HPV16-transgenic animals, millet supplementation was associated with an improved health status, reduced serum glucose levels, enhanced antioxidant responses, and a notable reduction in the severity of HPV-induced skin and organ lesions. Overall, Pennisetum glaucum was safe under these experimental conditions and is a promising functional food for patients suffering from systemic paraneoplastic syndromes. Longer exposure periods and doses should be evaluated experimentally before proceeding to clinical trials of Pennisetum-containing diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pharmacology)

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42 pages, 10989 KB

Open AccessReview

Review of the Seismic Response of Immersed Tunnels

by Luís Miranda, Laura Caldeira, João Bilé Serra and Rui Carrilho Gomes

Geotechnics 2025, 5(4), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics5040072 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Many immersed tunnels are constructed in alluvial formations within earthquake-prone regions, making seismic resistance a critical aspect of their safety design. During an earthquake, tunnel displacements can lead to slippage between the tunnel and surrounding soil and may be further amplified by liquefaction. [...] Read more.

Many immersed tunnels are constructed in alluvial formations within earthquake-prone regions, making seismic resistance a critical aspect of their safety design. During an earthquake, tunnel displacements can lead to slippage between the tunnel and surrounding soil and may be further amplified by liquefaction. This phenomenon can cause severe structural damage, including tunnel flotation. This paper examines the seismic performance of immersed tunnels, starting with an overview of the deformation mechanisms affecting tunnels, including those induced by ground shaking and failure. Given its significance in large foundation deformations and its impact on tunnel integrity, liquefaction is analyzed alongside potential mitigation strategies. The seismic design process for immersed tunnels is discussed in detail, covering analytical approaches, numerical modeling techniques (such as finite element and finite difference methods), and physical modeling. Real-world examples are provided to illustrate key concepts. Finally, this paper summarizes the core factors influencing the seismic response of immersed tunnels and highlights future research directions to enhance their resilience in seismic environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Geotechnical Engineering (3rd Edition))

23 pages, 1614 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Modal Dynamic Transit Assignment for Transit Networks Incorporating Bike-Sharing

by Yindong Shen and Zhuang Qian

Future Transp. 2025, 5(4), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040148 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Traditional multi-modal dynamic transit assignment (DTA) models predominantly focus on bus and rail systems, overlooking the role of bike-sharing in passenger flow distribution. To bridge this gap, a multi-modal dynamic transit assignment model incorporating bike-sharing (MMDTA-BS) is proposed. This model integrates bike-sharing, buses, [...] Read more.

Traditional multi-modal dynamic transit assignment (DTA) models predominantly focus on bus and rail systems, overlooking the role of bike-sharing in passenger flow distribution. To bridge this gap, a multi-modal dynamic transit assignment model incorporating bike-sharing (MMDTA-BS) is proposed. This model integrates bike-sharing, buses, rail services, and walking into a unified framework. Represented by the variational inequality (VI), the MMDTA-BS model is proven to satisfy the multi-modal dynamic transit user equilibrium conditions. To solve the VI formulation, a projection-based approach with dynamic path costing (PA-DPC) is developed. This approach dynamically updates path costs to accelerate convergence. Experiments conducted on real-world networks demonstrate that the PA-DPC approach achieves rapid convergence and outperforms all compared algorithms. The results also reveal that bike-sharing can serve as an effective means for transferring passengers to rail modes and attracting short-haul passengers. Moreover, the model can quantify bike-sharing demand imbalances and offer actionable insights for optimizing bike deployment and urban transit planning. Full article

17 pages, 2709 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review on the Synthetic Methods for the BODIPY Core

by Ruihan Yang, Hao Guan, Jiayan Jin, Tianran Zheng, Limin He, Yongli Zhang, Luyan Tian, Jianfei Wang and Xiangguang Li

Compounds 2025, 5(4), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/compounds5040042 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) has attracted extensive research attention in recent years due to its excellent photophysical properties, good chemical stability, and structural tunability, demonstrating broad application in fields such as fluorescence imaging, electroluminescence, biosensing and medical diagnostics. Researchers have extensively studied the synthesis, properties, [...] Read more.

Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) has attracted extensive research attention in recent years due to its excellent photophysical properties, good chemical stability, and structural tunability, demonstrating broad application in fields such as fluorescence imaging, electroluminescence, biosensing and medical diagnostics. Researchers have extensively studied the synthesis, properties, and applications of BODIPY derivatives. This review summarizes five synthetic methods for the BODIPY core, with comparative analysis of their respective advantages, limitations and applicable scopes, aiming to provide valuable references for the future design and synthesis of BODIPY derivatives. Full article

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20 pages, 2807 KB

Open AccessArticle

Heavy Metals Affect the Antioxidant Defences in the Soil Ciliate Rigidohymena tetracirrata

by Govindhasamay R. Varatharajan, Antonio Calisi, Santosh Kumar, Daizy Bharti, Arnab Ghosh, Shikha Singh, Amit C. Kharkwal, Martina Coletta, Francesco Dondero and Antonietta La Terza

J. Xenobiot. 2025, 15(5), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15050169 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of the soil ciliate Rigidohymena tetracirrata (Gellert, 1942) Berger 2011, exposed to single and bimetallic mixtures of heavy metals (HMs) for 24 h. Ecotoxicological tests showed LC₂₀ values of 0.16, 19.86 and [...] Read more.

In this study, we evaluated the cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of the soil ciliate Rigidohymena tetracirrata (Gellert, 1942) Berger 2011, exposed to single and bimetallic mixtures of heavy metals (HMs) for 24 h. Ecotoxicological tests showed LC₂₀ values of 0.16, 19.86 and 0.68 mg L⁻¹ to Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), and Cadmium (Cd), respectively, and LC₅₀ values of 0.25, 44.12 and 1.12 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that the mixture of Cd and Zn exhibited antagonism in comparison to other mixtures, (Cd + Cu and Cu + Zn). In the total phenolic content (TPC) assay, a higher phenolic content was observed for the LC₂₀ of extracellular Cu (p ≤ 0.01) and the LC₂₀ of intracellular Cd (p ≤ 0.001). The LC₅₀ values for Cd and Zn in both extracellular and intracellular contents demonstrated increased α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity with significant values of p ≤ 0.05, respectively. Regarding hydroxyl scavenging activity (HRSA), the LC₅₀ of extracellular Cd (p ≤ 0.001) and LC₅₀ of intracellular Cu (p ≤ 0.001) exhibited higher antioxidant activity. Therefore, the present study suggests that R. tetracirrata holds considerable potential as bioindicators and could be used as a model organism in ecotoxicological studies of soil polluted by HMs. Full article

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16 pages, 384 KB

Open AccessArticle

Encapsulation of Extract from Tomato Pomace Applicable as Natural Colorant and Antioxidant in Low-Nitrite Sausage

by Nachayut Chanshotikul and Bung-Orn Hemung

Macromol 2025, 5(4), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/macromol5040051 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Tomato pomace (TP) is a waste product from tomato processing. This study explored its use as a food ingredient by creating an encapsulated TP extract (ETPE). TP was extracted with ethanol using a microwave-assisted method prior to encapsulating with either gum arabic (GA) [...] Read more.

Tomato pomace (TP) is a waste product from tomato processing. This study explored its use as a food ingredient by creating an encapsulated TP extract (ETPE). TP was extracted with ethanol using a microwave-assisted method prior to encapsulating with either gum arabic (GA) or maltodextrin (MD) via spray drying. MD was selected for further studies based on its lower moisture content with higher radical scavenging ability, assessed by DPPH assay. Spray drying at 160 °C was chosen due to highest radical scavenging ability (≈14.02%), although lycopene content was not the highest. Application of ETPE in reduced nitrite sausages did not negatively impact the cooking yield, expressible moisture, and textures of samples. The redness and yellowness of sausage were improved significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, a reduction in TBARS from approximately 0.46 to 0.31 mgMDA/kg was found during cold storage for two weeks. In conclusion, the encapsulation of tomato pomace extract can serve as a functional ingredient to produce healthier sausage. Full article

19 pages, 1093 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gaps in Vitamin D Intake and Status in Moroccan Women

by Noura Zouine, Ilham Lhilali, Abdelhai Messaoudi, Samir El Jaafari and Younes Filali-Zegzouti

Epidemiologia 2025, 6(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia6040066 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D is essential for women’s health, yet deficiency is widespread among Moroccan premenopausal women. Objectives: This study examined vitamin D intake, dietary sources, determinants, and predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D₃] in 355 women aged 18–49 years in Meknes, [...] Read more.

Background: Vitamin D is essential for women’s health, yet deficiency is widespread among Moroccan premenopausal women. Objectives: This study examined vitamin D intake, dietary sources, determinants, and predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D₃] in 355 women aged 18–49 years in Meknes, Morocco. Methods: Intake and sun exposure were assessed with validated questionnaires, and serum 25(OH)D₃ was measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Multivariable and penalized regression (LASSO) were applied to deseasonalized values. Results: Median intake was 2.89 µg/day, and fewer than 20% of participants met the 5 µg/day recommendation. Fish (48%), dairy (24.39%), and meat (9.40%) were the main sources. Intake varied by age and residence: women aged 18–25 had significantly lower intakes (p = 0.027), while rural women consumed less than urban women (2.73 vs. 3.18 µg/day, p = 0.014), with inadequacy in 67.70% vs. 32.30% (p = 0.018). In adjusted regression, quartiles Q2–Q4 (1.76–16.60 µg/day) were associated with ~+3 ng/mL higher serum 25(OH)D compared to Q1 (0.20–1.76 µg/day, p < 0.05). Increments plateaued beyond Q2, and deficiency (<20 ng/mL) persisted in all quartiles (>59%, including 64% in Q4), reflecting limited sun exposure and high adiposity. Sun exposure was a strong positive predictor (β = 0.35, p < 0.001), while BMI was inversely associated (β = −0.37, p < 0.001). In LASSO, only sun exposure remained, explaining ~3% of variance. Conclusion: In this population, improving sun exposure (≥20 min/day) should be prioritized, alongside increasing vitamin D intake through richer food sources and fortification, while also addressing obesity, with a focus on women at risk of deficiency. Full article

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30 pages, 4936 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sensitivity of WRF Operational Forecasting to AIFS Initialisation: A Case Study on the Implications for Air Pollutant Dispersion

by Raúl Arasa Agudo, Matilde García-Valdecasas Ojeda, Miquel Picanyol Sadurní and Bernat Codina Sánchez

Earth 2025, 6(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6040132 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Artificial Intelligence Forecasting System (AIFS), recently released by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), represents a paradigm shift in global weather prediction by replacing traditional physically based methods with machine learning-based approaches. This study examines the sensitivity of the Weather [...] Read more.

The Artificial Intelligence Forecasting System (AIFS), recently released by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), represents a paradigm shift in global weather prediction by replacing traditional physically based methods with machine learning-based approaches. This study examines the sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to differentiate initial and boundary conditions, comparing the new AIFS with two well-established global models: IFS and GFS. The analysis focuses on the implications for air quality applications, particularly the influence of each global model on key meteorological variables involved in pollutant dispersion modelling. While overall forecast accuracy is comparable across models, some differences emerge in the spatial pattern of the wind field and vertical profiles of temperature and wind speed, which can lead to divergent interpretations in source attribution and dispersion pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section AI and Big Data in Earth Science)

22 pages, 2464 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fuzzy Control with Modified Fireworks Algorithm for Fuel Cell Commercial Vehicle Seat Suspension

by Nannan Jiang and Xiaoliang Chen

World Electr. Veh. J. 2025, 16(10), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16100585 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Enhancing ride comfort and vibration control performance is a critical requirement for fuel cell commercial vehicles (FCCVs). This study develops a semi-active seat suspension control strategy that integrates a fuzzy logic controller with a Modified Fireworks Algorithm (MFWA) to systematically optimize fuzzy parameters. [...] Read more.

Enhancing ride comfort and vibration control performance is a critical requirement for fuel cell commercial vehicles (FCCVs). This study develops a semi-active seat suspension control strategy that integrates a fuzzy logic controller with a Modified Fireworks Algorithm (MFWA) to systematically optimize fuzzy parameters. A seven-degree-of-freedom (7-DOF) half-vehicle model, including the magnetorheological damper (MRD)-based seat suspension system, is established in MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the methodology under both random and bump road excitations. In addition, a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experimental validation was conducted, confirming the real-time feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed controller. Comparative simulations are conducted against passive suspension (comprising elastic and damping elements) and conventional PID control. Results show that the proposed MFWA-FL approach significantly improves ride comfort, reducing vertical acceleration of the human body by up to 49.29% and seat suspension dynamic deflection by 12.50% under C-Class road excitation compared with the passive system. Under bump excitations, vertical acceleration is reduced by 43.03% and suspension deflection by 11.76%. These improvements effectively suppress vertical vibrations, minimize the risk of suspension bottoming, and highlight the potential of intelligent optimization-based control for enhancing FCCV reliability and passenger comfort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Propulsion Systems and Components)

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30 pages, 3661 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Inspired Optimization of Transfer Learning Models for Diabetic Macular Edema Classification

by A. M. Mutawa, Khalid Sabti, Bibin Shalini Sundaram Thankaleela and Seemant Raizada

AI 2025, 6(10), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ai6100269 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) poses a significant threat to vision, often leading to permanent blindness if not detected and addressed swiftly. Existing manual diagnostic methods are arduous and inconsistent, highlighting the pressing necessity for automated, accurate, and personalized solutions. This study presents a [...] Read more.

Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) poses a significant threat to vision, often leading to permanent blindness if not detected and addressed swiftly. Existing manual diagnostic methods are arduous and inconsistent, highlighting the pressing necessity for automated, accurate, and personalized solutions. This study presents a novel methodology for diagnosing DME and categorizing choroidal neovascularization (CNV), drusen, and normal conditions from fundus images through the application of transfer learning models and bio-inspired optimization methodologies. The methodology utilizes advanced transfer learning architectures, including VGG16, VGG19, ResNet50, EfficientNetB7, EfficientNetV2-S, InceptionV3, and InceptionResNetV2, for analyzing both binary and multi-class Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) datasets. We combined the OCT datasets OCT2017 and OCTC8 to create a new dataset for our study. The parameters, including learning rate, batch size, and dropout layer of the fully connected network, are further adjusted using the bio-inspired Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method, in conjunction with thorough preprocessing. Explainable AI approaches, especially Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), provide transparent insights into the model’s decision-making processes. Experimental findings demonstrate that our bio-inspired optimized transfer learning Inception V3 significantly surpasses conventional deep learning techniques for DME classification, as evidenced by enhanced metrics including the accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, misclassification rate, Matthew’s correlation coefficient, intersection over union, and kappa coefficient for both binary and multi-class scenarios. The accuracy achieved is approximately 98% in binary classification and roughly 90% in multi-class classification with the Inception V3 model. The integration of contemporary transfer learning architectures with nature-inspired PSO enhances diagnostic precision to approximately 95% in multi-class classification, while also improving interpretability and reliability, which are crucial for clinical implementation. This research promotes the advancement of more precise, personalized, and timely diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Diabetic Macular Edema, aiming to avert vision loss and improve patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Biomedical Engineering: Challenges and Developments)

21 pages, 2023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Decolourisation of Astrazon Pink Dye Using Biocarbon Derived from Prosopis juliflora Shells: Kinetics, Isotherms, and RSM-Based Optimization for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment

by Lakshmi Mohanraj and Ranjitha Jambulingam

Reactions 2025, 6(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/reactions6040057 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the efficiency of biocarbon derived from Prosopis juliflora shells in removing Astrazon pink dye from aqueous solutions. The biocarbon obtained from the thermochemical process was characterised using FTIR Spectroscopy, SEM microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and XRD. Batch adsorption [...] Read more.

This study investigates the efficiency of biocarbon derived from Prosopis juliflora shells in removing Astrazon pink dye from aqueous solutions. The biocarbon obtained from the thermochemical process was characterised using FTIR Spectroscopy, SEM microscopy with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and XRD. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to assess various factors, including the Potential of Hydrogen (pH), Dosage of biocarbon, Astrazon pink dye concentration, temperature, and Time of contact. Similarly, Adsorption isotherm models, including the Langmuir and the Freundlich isotherms, were used to evaluate the adsorption capacity. In contrast, pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were used to analyse the kinetics of dye adsorption. The interactive effects of selected variables on the removal of Astrazon Pink dye from synthetic water were determined using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The maximum dye uptake, 98.54%, was achieved with a biochar dose of 8 g/L at 50 ppm dye concentration, pH 7.5, and 35 °C. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model are the better-fitting models for the dye adsorption process, with R² values of 0.99. Consequently, the thermodynamic parameters indicate that the process is endothermic and spontaneous. Full article

20 pages, 2590 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Performance of Bone-Anchored Implants for Amputation Limb Prostheses

by Riyam Basim Al-Tameemi, Hashem Mazaheri, Jumaa Salman Chiad and Mahdi Shaban

Appl. Mech. 2025, 6(4), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech6040077 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

Bone-anchored implants have transformed prosthetic technology by providing a promising alternative to traditional socket-based prostheses through enhanced stability, comfort, and natural limb functionality. These advancements result from developments in osseointegration techniques, improved surgical methods, and innovative implant materials. To address current limitations, continued [...] Read more.

Bone-anchored implants have transformed prosthetic technology by providing a promising alternative to traditional socket-based prostheses through enhanced stability, comfort, and natural limb functionality. These advancements result from developments in osseointegration techniques, improved surgical methods, and innovative implant materials. To address current limitations, continued research remains essential to enhance safety and effectiveness, thereby promoting wider adoption of these advanced prosthetic solutions. This study focuses on modeling bone-anchored implants for limb prostheses in amputees. The research evaluates structural behavior and performance of osseointegrated implants under various conditions while optimizing implant design. The investigation examines different materials including aluminum, Ti-6Al-4V, and Ti-6Al-4V coated with 10 µm platinum. Additionally, implants of different lengths (207 mm, 217 mm, and 197 mm) were analyzed. The results indicate that Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-4V coated with ten µm platinum reduce stress by 46% and 65%, respectively. Ti-6Al-4V coated with platinum demonstrates the lowest equivalent stress, highlighting the coating’s effectiveness. Furthermore, the coated implant exhibits the lowest deformation—22.92% less than aluminum and 5.13% less than uncoated Ti-6Al-4V. Shorter implant lengths reduce deformation through increased stiffness, whereas longer implants, such as the 217 mm length display greater deformation due to enhanced flexibility. Full article

24 pages, 375 KB

Open AccessArticle

Existence and Uniqueness of Positive Solutions to Fractional Problems of Brézis–Oswald-Type with Unbalanced Growths and Hardy Potentials

by Yun-Ho Kim

Fractal Fract. 2025, 9(10), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract9100672 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to establish the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions to the non-local Brézis–Oswald-type fractional problems that involve fractional

(r, q)

-Laplace operators and Hardy potentials. In particular, we observe an eigenvalue problem associated with [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to establish the existence and uniqueness of positive solutions to the non-local Brézis–Oswald-type fractional problems that involve fractional

(r, q)

-Laplace operators and Hardy potentials. In particular, we observe an eigenvalue problem associated with the fractional

(r, q)

-Laplacian to determine the existence of at least one positive weak solution for our problem. The main features of this paper are the lack of the semicontinuity property of an energy functional related to our problem and the presence of a singular coefficient. The decisive tool for overcoming this technical difficulty is the concentration–compactness principle in fractional, critical and Hardy terms. Moreover, we establish the uniqueness results of Brézis–Oswald–type by exploiting a generalization of the discrete Picone inequality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Variational Problems and Fractional Differential Equations)

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