MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

15 pages, 4394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Implications of Aperiodic and Periodic EEG Components in Classification of Major Depressive Disorder from Source and Electrode Perspectives

by Ahmad Zandbagleh, Saeid Sanei and Hamed Azami

Sensors 2024, 24(18), 6103; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24186103 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Electroencephalography (EEG) is useful for studying brain activity in major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly focusing on theta and alpha frequency bands via power spectral density (PSD). However, PSD-based analysis has often produced inconsistent results due to difficulties in distinguishing between periodic and aperiodic [...] Read more.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is useful for studying brain activity in major depressive disorder (MDD), particularly focusing on theta and alpha frequency bands via power spectral density (PSD). However, PSD-based analysis has often produced inconsistent results due to difficulties in distinguishing between periodic and aperiodic components of EEG signals. We analyzed EEG data from 114 young adults, including 74 healthy controls (HCs) and 40 MDD patients, assessing periodic and aperiodic components alongside conventional PSD at both source and electrode levels. Machine learning algorithms classified MDD versus HC based on these features. Sensor-level analysis showed stronger Hedge’s g effect sizes for parietal theta and frontal alpha activity than source-level analysis. MDD individuals exhibited reduced theta and alpha activity relative to HC. Logistic regression-based classifications showed that periodic components slightly outperformed PSD, with the best results achieved by combining periodic and aperiodic features (AUC = 0.82). Strong negative correlations were found between reduced periodic parietal theta and frontal alpha activities and higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, particularly for the anhedonia subscale. This study emphasizes the superiority of sensor-level over source-level analysis for detecting MDD-related changes and highlights the value of incorporating both periodic and aperiodic components for a more refined understanding of depressive disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sensors)

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13 pages, 5579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Melt Pool Changes Characterization in Laser-Processed H11 Hot Work Tool Steel Using Point-by-Point Scanning Mode towards LPBF Process Optimization

by Krzysztof Fryzowicz, Radosław Bardo, Rafał Dziurka, Jakub Kawałko, Grzegorz Cios, Andrzej Stwora and Piotr Bała

Materials 2024, 17(18), 4631; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184631 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Additive manufacturing techniques employing laser-based metal melting have garnered significant attention within the scientific community. Despite a decade of comprehensive research on the fundamentals of these techniques, there still remain unexplored facets related to heat flux impact on metallic alloys’ properties. Particularly, the [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing techniques employing laser-based metal melting have garnered significant attention within the scientific community. Despite a decade of comprehensive research on the fundamentals of these techniques, there still remain unexplored facets related to heat flux impact on metallic alloys’ properties. Particularly, the effects of point-by-point laser operation on melt pool formation in metallic materials still remain unclear. Thus, this study focuses on the implications of laser metal melting, particularly investigating a point-by-point laser mode operation’s influence on melt pool formation and its geometry in the phase-transformation-sensitive material H11 hot work tool steel. To examine the melt pool, singular laser tracks with various laser parameters were scanned across H11 sheet metal, which allowed for the elimination of layer-by-layer heat cycles’ influence on the melt pool’s microstructure. Samples were examined by means of metallography, revealing significant differences in the melt pool’s depth, influenced mostly by exposure time rather than volumetric energy density. Heat-affected zone effects were found to have a limited range and thus potentially marginal effects in layer-by-layer manufacturing conditions. At the same time, retained austenite concentrations near fusion lines have been found within melt pools, suggesting potential micro-segregation of the alloying additions. The results present guidelines towards laser melting processes optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processing–Structure–Properties Relationships of Advanced Materials)

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14 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessReview

How Can Safety Contribute to Working Conditions in the Construction Industry? A Conceptual Framework

by Ayodele Alejo, Clinton Aigbavboa and Douglas Aghimien

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8213; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188213 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Studies have demonstrated the critical role that safety plays in preserving favourable working conditions in the construction industry, which is necessary to accomplish goals. The aim of this research was to inform stakeholders in the construction industry in developing nations about the value [...] Read more.

Studies have demonstrated the critical role that safety plays in preserving favourable working conditions in the construction industry, which is necessary to accomplish goals. The aim of this research was to inform stakeholders in the construction industry in developing nations about the value of safety and possible strategies for influencing their opinions regarding safety protocols. The importance of safety to the construction sector, which is crucial to the advancement of the country, has also been emphasised. However, due to a lack of adequate safety understanding among stakeholders in the construction sector, the construction industry is characterised by a great deal of instability and hazard. To determine what factors affect productive working conditions in construction production, this study examined safety. We studied what is obtainable in developed countries through a literature review and then making recommendations for developing countries. A systematic review approach was used to examine 81 research articles on construction safety that were released between 2004 and 2022. There were not many articles on construction safety before 2004. The person dimension, environmental factors, safety behaviour, organisation features, technology, and safety incentives were the six construction safety categories into which the results of this study were classified from the in-depth review of the health and safety literature. Additionally, these construction safety variables were developed into a conceptualised framework. To solve different construction safety issues related to working conditions in the construction sector, this study adds to the body of knowledge by systematically classifying and defining the often-utilised safety variables. It is now imperative to bring in these dimensions to improve the safe working conditions in the construction industry, particularly in developing countries. By putting these safety factors into practice, the construction industry can reduce safety risks, lower the number of accidents and fatalities, cut expenses related to subpar safety performance, safeguard the reputation of construction companies, boost employee morale and satisfaction with their work, enhance employee retention, reduce absenteeism, and enhance sustainability goals. Furthermore, it is certain that the conceptual framework that has been suggested would be novel and well-liked in developing countries. The conceptual framework was created with this supposition in mind. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Building a Sustainable Construction Workforce)

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18 pages, 3036 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factors Affecting the Happiness of Learners in Higher Education: Attitude, Grade Point Average, and Time Management

by Nattaporn Thongsri, Jariya Seksan and Pattaraporn Warintarawej

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8214; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188214 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Student well-being is essential for academic achievement and personal growth. Fostering happiness among university students is crucial for individual development, strong family bonds, a harmonious society, and national progress. This study aimed to identify key determinants of student happiness in higher education. Eight [...] Read more.

Student well-being is essential for academic achievement and personal growth. Fostering happiness among university students is crucial for individual development, strong family bonds, a harmonious society, and national progress. This study aimed to identify key determinants of student happiness in higher education. Eight factors, including GPA, workload, family support, university environment, attitude, motivation, time management, and social relationships, were examined among 388 Thai students using an online survey. Students were categorized into distinct groups based on these factors using k-means clustering. ANOVA was employed to assess whether these factors significantly differentiated the groups, and significant factors were further analyzed using regression analysis to confirm their impact on student happiness. A neural network analysis was also utilized to evaluate the relative importance of each factor. The results revealed that attitude, GPA, and time management significantly affected student happiness. A positive attitude fosters a sense of opportunity and achievement, a high GPA reflects academic success and enhances self-confidence, and effective time management reduces stress while allowing more time for enjoyable activities. Full article

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23 pages, 10169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Chemical Profiles and Biological Activities of Essential Oils Derived from Torreya grandis Arils and Leaves: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

by Pengfei Deng, Huiling Wang and Xiaoniu Xu

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2640; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182640 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Torreya grandis (T. grandis, Taxaceae) is a well-known nut tree species. Its fruit aril and leaves possess a unique aroma, making it an ideal natural raw material for extracting essential oils (EOs). This study aims to comprehensively compare the composition, biological [...] Read more.

Torreya grandis (T. grandis, Taxaceae) is a well-known nut tree species. Its fruit aril and leaves possess a unique aroma, making it an ideal natural raw material for extracting essential oils (EOs). This study aims to comprehensively compare the composition, biological activities, and pharmacological mechanism of EOs extracted from the arils (AEO) and leaves (LEO) of T. grandis. The results revealed that the chemical composition of the two EOs was highly consistent, with α-pinene and D-limonene as the main components. Both EOs significantly reduced cellular melanin production and inhibited tyrosinase activity in α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells (p < 0.05). AEO and LEO suppressed inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, significantly inhibiting cellular NO production and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.05). A network pharmacology analysis reveals that AEO and LEO share similar molecular mechanisms and pharmacological pathways for treating skin pigmentation and inflammation. Regulating inflammatory cytokines may be a critical pathway for AEO and LEO in treating skin pigmentation. These findings suggest that AEO and LEO have potential for cosmetic applications. The leaves of T. grandis could be a valuable source of supplementary materials for producing T. grandis aril EO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemistry)

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14 pages, 5927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Root Water Uptake and Mitigating Salinity through Ecological Water Conveyance: A Study of Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. Using Hydrus-1D Modeling

by Lei Jiang, Shuai Guo, Liang He, Shengshuai Zhang, Ziyong Sun and Lei Wang

Forests 2024, 15(9), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091664 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

In an arid climate with minimal rainfall, plant growth is constrained by water scarcity and soil salinity. Ecological Water Conveyance (EWC) can mitigate degradation risks faced by riparian plant communities in these regions. However, its effects on long-term dynamics of root zone soil [...] Read more.

In an arid climate with minimal rainfall, plant growth is constrained by water scarcity and soil salinity. Ecological Water Conveyance (EWC) can mitigate degradation risks faced by riparian plant communities in these regions. However, its effects on long-term dynamics of root zone soil water content, salt levels, and root water uptake remain unclear. This study examined how groundwater affects salt and water dynamics, in addition to root water uptake, under different scenarios involving Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. The research was conducted in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in northwestern China. The Hydrus-1D model was used, following the EWC strategy. The results show that the distribution of T. ramosissima roots was significantly influenced by soil water and salt distributions, with 56.8% of roots concentrated in the 60–100 cm soil layer. Under water stress conditions, root water uptake reached 91.0% of the potential maximum when considering water stress alone, and 41.0% when accounting for both water and salt stresses. Root water uptake was highly sensitive to changes in Depth-to-Water Table (DWT), notably decreasing with lower or higher DWT at 40% of the reference level. EWC effectively enhances root water uptake by using water to leach salts from the root zone soil, with optimal results observed at 500–600 mm. This study advocates for sustainable EWC practices to support vegetation and combat desertification in the lower reaches of arid inland rivers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Forest Vegetation and Water and Its Regulation in Changing Environments)

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14 pages, 835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Religiosity and Forgiveness: Testing a Moderated Mediation Model of Self-Compassion and Adverse Childhood Experiences

by Justyna Mróz, Loren Toussaint and Kinga Kaleta

Religions 2024, 15(9), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15091137 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: Forgiveness is one way to deal with negative experiences. The protective–protective model and the resource-caravan model assume that positive resources come together and support coping. In this study, we tested the association of religiosity, decisional and emotional forgiveness, and the indirect [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Forgiveness is one way to deal with negative experiences. The protective–protective model and the resource-caravan model assume that positive resources come together and support coping. In this study, we tested the association of religiosity, decisional and emotional forgiveness, and the indirect associations running through self-compassion. In addition, negative experiences in childhood were considered as a moderator of the indirect model of associations. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of 309 participants. The measures included the Religious Meaning System Questionnaire, the Decisional Forgiveness Scale, the Emotional Forgiveness Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. SEM and PROCESS models were applied to test the moderated mediation model. (3) Results: The results partially supported our moderated mediation model. Self-warmth mediated the associations between religiosity and decisional forgiveness and between religiosity and emotional forgiveness—presence of positive emotions. Self-coldness mediated the relationship between religiosity and emotional forgiveness. The relationship between religiosity and forgiveness was fully mediated by self-compassion when ACEs were low. (4) Conclusions: Both religiosity and self-compassion are assets for forgiveness, and their influence is more pronounced in individuals with more negative childhood experiences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intersections of Religiousness/Spirituality and Forgiveness and Implications for Mental Health and Well-Being)

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12 pages, 433 KiB

Open AccessReview

by Younhee Kang and Chohee Bang

Healthcare 2024, 12(18), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181893 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: As the elderly population grows, the prevalence of dementia is rising, with 70–95% of patients in hospital settings exhibiting problematic behaviors such as aggression. These behaviors significantly contribute to increased nursing workloads, affecting nurses’ well-being and patient care quality. This study aims [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: As the elderly population grows, the prevalence of dementia is rising, with 70–95% of patients in hospital settings exhibiting problematic behaviors such as aggression. These behaviors significantly contribute to increased nursing workloads, affecting nurses’ well-being and patient care quality. This study aims to review workload-related issues among nurses caring for dementia patients, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to mitigate stress and improve care quality. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using the five-stage framework of Arksey and O’Malley. The literature search covered studies published between 2013 and 2023, focusing on quantitative research about nurses’ workload-related stress when managing patients with dementia and problematic behaviors. Databases such as PubMed and PsycINFO were searched, and 13 studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The review revealed that problematic behaviors, particularly aggression, significantly increase nurses’ stress and workload. This stress has negative consequences on nurses’ physical and mental health, often leading to burnout, decreased job satisfaction, and a decline in care quality. Inadequate staffing and support systems exacerbate these issues. Conclusions: Targeted education, sufficient staffing, and support are essential to reduce the workload and stress experienced by nurses caring for dementia patients. Implementing these strategies can enhance the quality of care provided and improve the well-being of healthcare professionals. Full article

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14 pages, 5498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Dual Air Gaps on Flux–Torque Regulation Hybrid Excitation Machine with Axial–Radial Magnetic Circuit

by Yong Dai, Yifeng Zheng, Chunwei Yuan, Yuqing Zhang and Hongbo Qiu

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(9), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15090430 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

In this paper, a flux–torque regulation hybrid excitation machine (FTRHEM) with axial–radial dual air gaps, which can increase torque and regulate magnetic flux by changing the exciting current, is studied. Dual air gaps have a huge impact on the magnetic flux and additional [...] Read more.

In this paper, a flux–torque regulation hybrid excitation machine (FTRHEM) with axial–radial dual air gaps, which can increase torque and regulate magnetic flux by changing the exciting current, is studied. Dual air gaps have a huge impact on the magnetic flux and additional torque. The effect of the air gap reluctances on the magnetic flux of the machine is obtained by establishing equivalent magnetic network models, which show that the dual air gaps are the key component in the axial–radial magnetic circuit. This study examines the flux regulation ability and the enhanced torque performance of an FTRHEM with dual air gaps. The mechanism by which the dual air gaps affect the machine’s magnetic field is clarified, and the constraints and relationships between the dual air gaps are explained, offering a theoretical foundation for future machine optimization. As the axial air gap decreases from 0.95 mm to 0.35 mm, the flux regulation capability improves from 15.44% to 26.51%, while the additional torque increases by 40.77%. Ultimately, prototypes are manufactured for experimental testing to validate the viability of the structure and the accuracy of the FEA for the FTRHEM featuring an axial–radial magnetic circuit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))

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29 pages, 1119 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biostasis: A Roadmap for Research in Preservation and Potential Revival of Humans

by Andrew T. McKenzie, Brian Wowk, Anton Arkhipov, Borys Wróbel, Nathan Cheng and Emil F. Kendziorra

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 942; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090942 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Human biostasis, the preservation of a human when all other contemporary options for extension of quality life are exhausted, offers the speculative potential for survival via continuation of life in the future. While provably reversible preservation, also known as suspended animation, is not [...] Read more.

Human biostasis, the preservation of a human when all other contemporary options for extension of quality life are exhausted, offers the speculative potential for survival via continuation of life in the future. While provably reversible preservation, also known as suspended animation, is not yet possible for humans, the primary justification for contemporary biostasis is the preservation of the brain, which is broadly considered the seat of memories, personality, and identity. By preserving the information contained within the brain’s structures, it may be possible to resuscitate a healthy whole individual using advanced future technologies. There are numerous challenges in biostasis, including inadequacies in current preservation techniques, methods to evaluate the quality of preservation, and potential future revival technologies. In this report, we describe a roadmap that attempts to delineate research directions that could improve the field of biostasis, focusing on optimizing preservation protocols and establishing metrics for querying preservation quality, as well as pre- and post-cardiac arrest factors, stabilization strategies, and methods for long-term preservation. We acknowledge the highly theoretical nature of future revival technologies and the importance of achieving high-fidelity brain preservation to maximize the potential of future repair technologies. We plan to update the research roadmap biennially. Our goal is to encourage multidisciplinary communication and collaboration in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurosurgery and Neuroanatomy)

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19 pages, 7520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Thermoresponsive Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-Based Films with Enhanced Stability and Reusability for Efficient Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Culture and Harvesting

by Lei Yang, Luqiao Sun, Yuanyuan Sun, Guangwei Qiu, Xiaoguang Fan, Qing Sun and Guang Lu

Molecules 2024, 29(18), 4481; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29184481 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) offers a promising platform for non-invasive and gentle cell detachment. However, conventional PNIPAM-based substrates often suffer from limitations including limited stability and reduced reusability, which hinder their widespread adoption in biomedical applications. In this study, PNIPAM copolymer films were [...] Read more.

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) offers a promising platform for non-invasive and gentle cell detachment. However, conventional PNIPAM-based substrates often suffer from limitations including limited stability and reduced reusability, which hinder their widespread adoption in biomedical applications. In this study, PNIPAM copolymer films were formed on the surfaces of glass slides or silicon wafers using a two-step film-forming method involving coating and grafting. Subsequently, a comprehensive analysis of the films’ surface wettability, topography, and thickness was conducted using a variety of techniques, including contact angle analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and ellipsometric measurements. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were then seeded onto PNIPAM copolymer films prepared from different copolymer solution concentrations, ranging from 0.2 to 10 mg·mL⁻¹, to select the optimal culture substrate that allowed for good cell growth at 37 °C and effective cell detachment through temperature reduction. Furthermore, the stability and reusability of the optimal copolymer films were assessed. Finally, AFM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to examine the surface morphology and elemental composition of the copolymer films after two rounds of BMMSC adhesion and detachment. The findings revealed that the surface properties and overall characteristics of PNIPAM copolymer films varied significantly with the solution concentration. Based on the selection criteria, the copolymer films derived from 1 mg·mL⁻¹ solution were identified as the optimal culture substrates for BMMSCs. After two rounds of cellular adhesion and detachment, some proteins remained on the film surfaces, acting as a foundation for subsequent cellular re-adhesion and growth, thereby implicitly corroborating the practicability and reusability of the copolymer films. This study not only introduces a stable and efficient platform for stem cell culture and harvesting but also represents a significant advance in the fabrication of smart materials tailored for biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wettability Control Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties and Applications)

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20 pages, 3490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Effective Concept for Teaching LabVIEW Programming to Engineering Students

by Bojan Gergič and Darko Hercog

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(18), 8506; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14188506 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

In today’s technology-driven era, the demand for engineers with strong programming skills continues to rise across diverse industries. LabVIEW software stands out as a key tool in engineering, supporting applications ranging from test and measurement systems to automation and control across different sectors, [...] Read more.

In today’s technology-driven era, the demand for engineers with strong programming skills continues to rise across diverse industries. LabVIEW software stands out as a key tool in engineering, supporting applications ranging from test and measurement systems to automation and control across different sectors, like manufacturing, aerospace, and automotive. Proficiency in LabVIEW therefore enables engineers to work on a wide range of projects and applications. This article presents two distinct pedagogical approaches to teaching LabVIEW programming at the university level. The introductory course is taught using traditional direct teaching methods, with an emphasis on face-to-face teaching and classroom lectures. In contrast, the advanced course uses a flipped classroom model, where students work independently on preparatory material before participating in laboratory exercises. The latter course concludes with a large project, which the student must complete within four hours. The article provides details on the teaching methods and content of the individual courses, as well as an explanation of the assessment process for the final project. The analysis of the final project results confirms that the students have acquired the knowledge necessary to create functional LabVIEW programs with the appropriate programming style. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application of Digital Technology in Education)

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18 pages, 594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of External Sources of Indole Acetic Acid and 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid on Alkaloid Production and Their Relationships with Primary Metabolism and Antioxidant Activity in Annona emarginata (Schltdl.) H. Rainer

by Bruna Cavinatti Martin, Ivan De-la-Cruz-Chacón, Carolina Ovile Mimi, Carmen Silvia Fernandes Boaro, Felipe Girotto Campos, Inara Regiane Moreira-Coneglian and Gisela Ferreira

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2637; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182637 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Annona emarginata is a native Brazilian species capable of producing at least ten alkaloids of ecological, agronomic, and pharmacological importance. Some studies have explored the effect of external phytoregulators on the production of alkaloids, including the effect of auxins, which, like alkaloids, derive [...] Read more.

Annona emarginata is a native Brazilian species capable of producing at least ten alkaloids of ecological, agronomic, and pharmacological importance. Some studies have explored the effect of external phytoregulators on the production of alkaloids, including the effect of auxins, which, like alkaloids, derive from the shikimic acid pathway. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate how indole acetic acid (IAA) and its inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) impact the production of alkaloids and the primary metabolism of A. emarginata, which brings advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of alkaloid synthesis and can aid in the bioprospection of molecules of interest in Annonaceae. The design was completely randomized, with three treatments (control, IAA [10⁻⁶ M] and TIBA [10⁻⁶ M]) and five collection times (12, 36, 84, 156, and 324 h). The following variables were analyzed: total alkaloids, alkaloid profile, nitrate reductase activity, gas exchange in photosynthesis, chlorophyll a fluorescence, sugars, starch, and antioxidant activity. Of the twelve alkaloids analyzed, discretine and xylopine were not detected in the control plants; however, both were detected when IAA was applied (in roots and leaves) and xylopine (in roots) when the inhibitor was applied. The alkaloid asimilobine was not detected with the use of TIBA. Variations in alkaloid concentrations occurred in a punctual manner, without significant variations in photosynthesis and nitrate reductase activity, but with variations in the antioxidant system and sugar concentrations, mainly at 156 h, when the highest alkaloid concentrations were observed with the use of TIBA. It could be concluded that IAA is capable of selectively modulating the production of alkaloids in A. emarginata, either due to an external source or by the application of its inhibitor (TIBA). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Auxin Biology)

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6 pages, 2260 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

A Unique Late Presentation of Primary Breast Lymphoma: A Case Report

by Mahmood Mausd Al Awfi, Maryam Nasser Algheilani, Salma Al Shamsi, Nabila Ali Al Julandani and Smitha Mahesh

J. Oman Med. Assoc. 2024, 1(1), 23-28; https://doi.org/10.3390/joma1010004 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Primary breast lymphoma is a rare entity in that it accounts for less than 1% of breast cancer and 2.2% of extranodal lymphoma. The most common histological type is diffuse B-cell lymphoma. Early stages of the disease have relatively good prognosis. Case [...] Read more.

Background: Primary breast lymphoma is a rare entity in that it accounts for less than 1% of breast cancer and 2.2% of extranodal lymphoma. The most common histological type is diffuse B-cell lymphoma. Early stages of the disease have relatively good prognosis. Case Presentation: In this case, we are reporting on a forty-four-year-old lady presenting a large fungating right breast mass that turned out to be a primary breast lymphoma and whose outcome was unfortunate due to late presentation. Conclusions: Despite significant evolvement on treatment of lymphoma, negligence and social stigmatization still have a role in patients’ demise. Efforts toward awareness and anti-stigmatization are of paramount importance. Full article

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13 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Successive Top-Dressing Application of Lime on a Sweet Cherry Orchard in Southern Chile

by Pamela Artacho, Daniel Schwantes, Pablo Martabit and Claudia Bonomelli

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2151; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092151 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Annual top-dressing application of agricultural lime is a common practice in fruit orchards on acidic soils in southern Chile, which could result in surface over-liming and base imbalances. A trial was performed in a cherry orchard with an 8-year history of surface liming [...] Read more.

Annual top-dressing application of agricultural lime is a common practice in fruit orchards on acidic soils in southern Chile, which could result in surface over-liming and base imbalances. A trial was performed in a cherry orchard with an 8-year history of surface liming to evaluate the effectiveness of lime materials in neutralizing acidity in the soil profile and the effect on the tree nutritional status. No-lime (NL), calcitic (AgL), hydrated (HL), and liquid (LL) lime treatments were applied on soil surface at commercial rates, and soil acidity variables were measured at depths of 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm in samples collected at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 225 days after application. Tree nutritional status was evaluated through foliar analysis. Top-dressing application of AgL was ineffective in ameliorating subsoil acidity at depths >5 cm, even in high-rainfall conditions. HL did not exhibit greater alkalinity mobility compared to AgL, although it had a faster but shorter-lived reaction. At the manufacturer-recommended rates, LL application was ineffective. After 8 years of top-dressing liming with AgL, a significant stratification of soil pH, Al, and Ca was observed. However, foliar concentration of bases did not reflect the surface Ca accumulation in soil, discarding an antagonistic cation competition for tree uptake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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11 pages, 481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interferon-Gamma-Inducible Protein-10 (IP-10) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) as Serological Predictors of Active Disease Status in Localized Scleroderma

by Brittany Ashe, Christina Kelsey Zigler, Jonathan Yabes, Kelsey Magee, Katherine Kurzinski and Kathryn S. Torok

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(18), 10134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms251810134 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

We investigated the ability of a panel of immune-related cytokines and chemokines to predict the disease activity state in localized scleroderma (LS) subjects followed longitudinally. A total of 194 sera samples were obtained from 45 LS subjects with diverse types of LS (40% [...] Read more.

We investigated the ability of a panel of immune-related cytokines and chemokines to predict the disease activity state in localized scleroderma (LS) subjects followed longitudinally. A total of 194 sera samples were obtained from 45 LS subjects with diverse types of LS (40% linear, 20% mixed, 16% craniofacial, 13% generalized, and 11% circumscribed) in our cohort. Cytokines/chemokines that were significantly elevated at the baseline active disease visit compared to the inactive disease state at follow-up were Interferon-Gamma-Inducible Protein (IP)-10 (p < 0.021) and Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α (p < 0.033). Mixed effect logit modeling identified IP-10 (Odds Ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval] = 2.1 [1.4, 3.2], p < 0.001), TNF-α (OR = 1.8 [1.1, 3.0], p = 0.016), and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein (MCP)-1 (OR = 2.0 [1.1, 3.9], p = 0.034) as significant predictors of active disease status. These findings support earlier correlations between IP-10 and TNF-α with disease activity parameters in a cross-sectional Luminex™ serological study and may enhance clinical decision-making when disease activity is challenging to assess by clinical examination alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Targeted Therapy for Immune Diseases)

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14 pages, 23117 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is It Reliable to Extract Gully Morphology Parameters Based on High-Resolution Stereo Images? A Case of Gully in a “Soil-Rock Dual Structure Area”

by Tingting Yan, Weijun Zhao, Fujin Xu, Shengxiang Shi, Wei Qin, Guanghe Zhang and Ningning Fang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(18), 3500; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16183500 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The gully morphology parameter is an important quantitative index for monitoring gully erosion development. Its extraction method and accuracy evaluation in the “soil-rock dual structure area” are of great significance to the evaluation of gully erosion in this type of area. In this [...] Read more.

The gully morphology parameter is an important quantitative index for monitoring gully erosion development. Its extraction method and accuracy evaluation in the “soil-rock dual structure area” are of great significance to the evaluation of gully erosion in this type of area. In this study, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tilt photography data were used to evaluate the accuracy of extracting gully morphology parameters from high-resolution remote sensing stereoscopic images. The images data (0.03 m) were taken as the reference in Zhangmazhuang and Jinzhongyu small river valleys in Yishui County, Shandong Province, China. The accuracy of gully morphology parameters were extracted from simultaneous high-resolution remote sensing stereo images data (0.5 m) was evaluated, and the parameter correction model was constructed. The results showed that (1) the average relative errors of circumference (P), area (A), linear length of bottom (L1), and curve length of bottom (L2) are mainly concentrated within 10%, and the average relative errors of top width (TW) are mainly within 20%. (2) The average relative error of three-dimensional (3D) parameters such as gully volume (V) and gully depth (D) is mainly less than 50%. (3) The larger the size of the gully, the smaller the 3D parameters extracted by visual interpreters, especially the absolute value of the mean relative error (R_mean) of V and D. (4) A relationship model was built between the V and D values obtained by the two methods. When V and D were extracted from high-resolution remote sensing stereo images, the relationship model was used to correct the measured parameter values. These findings showed that high-resolution remote sensing stereo images represents an efficient and convenient data source for monitoring gully erosion in a small watershed in a “soil-rock dual structure area”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing of Soil Erosion in Forest Area)

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18 pages, 1013 KiB

Open AccessReview

Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA): Its Nature, Biological Role, Significance in Human Nutrition, and Possibility to Be Used as Marker of Whole-Grain Status in Wheat-Based Foods

by Marina Carcea, Sahara Melloni, Valentina Narducci and Valeria Turfani

Foods 2024, 13(18), 2990; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13182990 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The growing scientific evidence on the health benefits of whole-grain food consumption has promoted the manufacturing of a great number of products differing in quality and content of whole-grain components. This is particularly true for commercial wheat-based products where it is not always [...] Read more.

The growing scientific evidence on the health benefits of whole-grain food consumption has promoted the manufacturing of a great number of products differing in quality and content of whole-grain components. This is particularly true for commercial wheat-based products where it is not always clear how much whole wheat is present considering that in many cases, they are manufactured from reconstituted mill streams and that there is not a standardised globally accepted definition and metrics to objectively evaluate whole-grain status. Attempts have been made to assess the level of “wholegraininess” in wheat products by measuring specific constituents that correlate with different wheat tissues, especially those that are expected to be found in a true whole-grain wheat product. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), a small lectin protein present exclusively in the wheat-germ tissues, has been indicated by several scientists as one of these constituents and after founding that its level changes depending on the amount of germ found in a wheat flour, it has been indicated as a biomarker of whole-grain status for wheat products. In this review, the biochemistry of WGA, its methods of detection, and current knowledge on its possibility to be practically utilized as a reliable marker are critically discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Grain)

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15 pages, 647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Pilot Psychometric Validation of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer—Quality of Life Questionnaire—Sexual Health (EORTC QLQ-SH22) Scale, Moroccan Arabic Version

by Safiya Mahlaq, Ghizlane Rais, Redouane Abouqal and Jihane Belayachi

Healthcare 2024, 12(18), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181892 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: The Sexual Health Scale (QLQ-SH22) is the only cancer-specific measure of sexual health. It has never been translated into Arabic. In order to envisage effective healthcare strategies that improve sexual quality of life, the validation of the Moroccan version of this scale [...] Read more.

Background: The Sexual Health Scale (QLQ-SH22) is the only cancer-specific measure of sexual health. It has never been translated into Arabic. In order to envisage effective healthcare strategies that improve sexual quality of life, the validation of the Moroccan version of this scale is a crucial step in exploring the influence of cancer and its treatment on patients in the Moroccan context. In this regard, this study aimed to validate a Moroccan Arabic version among patients with cancer. Method: A total of 280 Moroccan patients with cancer participated in this study from August 2022 to April 2023. The translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the QLQ-SH22 was performed following the EORTC guidelines. Psychometric validation was explored using the reliability of internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Results: The analysis revealed a greater internal consistency for both sexual satisfaction (α = 0.83) and sexual pain (α = 0.86). The intraclass correlation coefficient indicated an excellent level of test–retest reliability (from 0.925 to 0.993). The CFA demonstrated high-performing model fit indices (χ2/df = 1.17, SRMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.035, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, IFI = 0.99, NFI = 0.94). The concurrent validity between the QLQ-C30 and QLQ-SH22 confirmed a strong correlation between the fatigue scales in both questionnaires (r = 0.69). This version showed good discrimination between known groups. Conclusions: The QLQ-SH22 Moroccan Arabic version has demonstrated a high level of reliability and validity, and therefore it is now ready for use. Full article

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12 pages, 5370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Peroxide Is Involved in Methane-Alleviated Cadmium Toxicity in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Seedlings by Enhancing Cadmium Chelation onto Root Cell Walls

by Yingying Zhao, Jie Yang, Feiyan Jiang and Gan Zhao

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2639; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182639 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Although previous studies have demonstrated that methane (CH₄) can mitigate the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) in alfalfa seedlings, the CH₄-rich water used in these studies may create hypoxic conditions, potentially influencing the experimental outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to [...] Read more.

Although previous studies have demonstrated that methane (CH₄) can mitigate the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) in alfalfa seedlings, the CH₄-rich water used in these studies may create hypoxic conditions, potentially influencing the experimental outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether CH₄ can reduce Cd toxicity in alfalfa seedlings without the interference of hypoxia and to analyze its underlying mechanisms. Here, it was observed that supplementing oxygen with saturated CH₄-rich water can significantly alleviate the inhibition of 75 μM CdCl₂ on the growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings. Less Cd accumulation was also observed in both root and shoot parts, which could be explained by the CH₄-altered cell wall components in alfalfa seedling roots, including covalent and ionic soluble pectin, and the degree of demethylation in pectin, thus enabling a higher proportion of Cd binding to the cell walls and reducing the entry of Cd into the cells. The above actions of CH₄ were accompanied by an increase in hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content and NADPH oxidase activity, which could be blocked by the addition of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI). Taken together, these results implied that exogenously applied CH₄ could alleviate Cd toxicity in alfalfa seedlings by enhancing Cd chelation onto the root cell walls, which might be closely associated with NADPH oxidase-dependent H₂O₂ signals. These findings could provide insight into the mechanism through which CH₄ alleviates Cd toxicity in alfalfa plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants)

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15 pages, 7306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Sediment on the Occurrence of Cladophora sp. (Cladophoraceae) in Aquaculture Ponds

by Yuanyuan Zhang, Kaifang Liu, Jun Lv, Xinliang Peng, Yongtao Tang, Liangjie Zhao, Yongxu Cheng and Qigen Liu

Biology 2024, 13(9), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090739 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

To explore the impact of sedimentary nitrogen and phosphorus on Cladophora occurrence, we conducted a microecosystem experiment simulating different nitrogen and phosphorus content as well as nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios in the sediment. Subsequently, to further explore the specific mechanism of influence that epiphytic algae [...] Read more.

To explore the impact of sedimentary nitrogen and phosphorus on Cladophora occurrence, we conducted a microecosystem experiment simulating different nitrogen and phosphorus content as well as nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios in the sediment. Subsequently, to further explore the specific mechanism of influence that epiphytic algae have on Cladophora, we designed various microsystem culture experiments. These results revealed that an N/P ratio of 40:1 was relatively unfavorable for Cladophora growth. Additionally, there was an extremely significant negative correlation between the benthic cyanobacteria coverage on the sediment surface and the wet weight of Cladophora (p < 0.01), indicating that benthic cyanobacteria could inhibit the growth of Cladophora. Total nitrogen levels in the water column showed a significant positive correlation with phytoplankton biomass (p < 0.05), while benthic cyanobacteria coverage exhibited an extremely significant positive correlation with phytoplankton biomass through phosphorus absorption and nitrogen release (p < 0.01). Metabolite analysis of benthic cyanobacteria identified annotations for 313 metabolites; among them cis,cis-muconic acid (32.48‰), erucamide (9.52‰), phosphoric acid (6.97‰), fenpropidin (6.53‰), and propionic acid (5.16‰) accounted for proportions exceeding 5‰. However, none of these metabolites have been recognized as allelochemicals or toxins at present. This study provides novel insights into controlling Cladophora occurrence by considering sediment nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus, along with allelochemicals. Full article

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19 pages, 6715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COL6A6 Peptide Vaccine Alleviates Atherosclerosis through Inducing Immune Response and Regulating Lipid Metabolism in Apoe^−/− Mice

by Dongmei Tang, Yan Liu, Rui Duan, Run Lin, Zhonghao Li, Xianyan Liu, Jingrong Huang and Ming Zhao

Cells 2024, 13(18), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13181589 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by lipid imbalances and chronic inflammation within blood vessels, with limited preventive and treatment options currently available. In this study, a vaccine prepared with COL6A6 peptide (named the Pep_A6 vaccine) was administered to immunize Apoe^−/− mice, [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by lipid imbalances and chronic inflammation within blood vessels, with limited preventive and treatment options currently available. In this study, a vaccine prepared with COL6A6 peptide (named the Pep_A6 vaccine) was administered to immunize Apoe^−/− mice, and the immune mechanism of the Pep_A6 vaccine against atherosclerosis was first investigated. The results of arterial oil red O staining demonstrated that the Pep_A6 vaccine significantly reduced the atherosclerotic plaque area in Apoe^−/− mice fed with a high-fat diet for 20 weeks. A flow cytometry analysis revealed that the Pep_A6 vaccine inhibited Th1 cell differentiation and increased the proportion of Treg cells. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in Ly6C^low monocytes observed in the vaccinated group. The ELISA results showed that the Pep_A6 vaccine induced a significant expression of Pep_A6-specific antibody IgG and IgG1 in mouse serum. Additionally, we found that the Pep_A6 vaccine significantly decreased serum LDL-C content and regulated the expression of genes related to liver lipid metabolism. Together, our findings suggest that the Pep_A6 vaccine alleviates atherosclerosis by inducing a positive immune response and regulating lipid metabolism, providing new insights into potential prevention strategies for atherosclerosis as an innovative vaccine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Cardiovascular Disease: From Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities)

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15 pages, 2298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Erosion Effectiveness of Selected Crops in Sustainable Mountain Agriculture in a Warming Climate

by Joanna Puła, Kazimierz Klima, Angelika Kliszcz and Andrzej Lepiarczyk

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188212 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Mountain ecosystems are among the most difficult areas for plant cultivation due to water erosion occurring on the slopes. Growing plants in these areas may lead to a weakening of ecosystem functions and in degradation of these areas and threatens sustainability. In this [...] Read more.

Mountain ecosystems are among the most difficult areas for plant cultivation due to water erosion occurring on the slopes. Growing plants in these areas may lead to a weakening of ecosystem functions and in degradation of these areas and threatens sustainability. In this experiment, the anti-erosion effectiveness of maize, oat and spring vetch were assessed through the measuring of LAI and sheet wash from a slope where cultivation had occurred. Averaged values from the six years field experiment (2017–2022) reveal that maize achieved maximum soil protection between the 115th and 128th day of vegetation (14 days), when the LAI value equals to 3.8–4.0. The corresponding values for oats were 63–81 days of vegetation (19 days; LAI 2.4–2.7). The longest period of maximum soil protection was achieved from the cultivation of spring vetch compared to maize and oats (between the 49th and 82nd day of its vegetation, i.e., 34 days), when the LAI value was in the range of 2.2–3.0. Soil cover at their maximum development is conservative compared to mountain ecosystems, and in the case of the studied plants, the protection time varied. These relationships were quantified by simple regression equations. Additionally, taking into account the compiled climate data, the average air temperature in the years of research (2017–2022) was higher than the multi-year average (1961–2000) by 2.15 °C, which may confirm the fact that the climate is warming in the region of Southern Poland. Full article

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24 pages, 13091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EfficientUNetViT: Efficient Breast Tumor Segmentation Utilizing UNet Architecture and Pretrained Vision Transformer

by Shokofeh Anari, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Ramin Ranjbarzadeh, Angela Maria Alves, Gabriel Caumo Vaz and Malika Bendechache

Bioengineering 2024, 11(9), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090945 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study introduces a sophisticated neural network structure for segmenting breast tumors. It achieves this by combining a pretrained Vision Transformer (ViT) model with a UNet framework. The UNet architecture, commonly employed for biomedical image segmentation, is further enhanced with depthwise separable convolutional [...] Read more.

This study introduces a sophisticated neural network structure for segmenting breast tumors. It achieves this by combining a pretrained Vision Transformer (ViT) model with a UNet framework. The UNet architecture, commonly employed for biomedical image segmentation, is further enhanced with depthwise separable convolutional blocks to decrease computational complexity and parameter count, resulting in better efficiency and less overfitting. The ViT, renowned for its robust feature extraction capabilities utilizing self-attention processes, efficiently captures the overall context within images, surpassing the performance of conventional convolutional networks. By using a pretrained ViT as the encoder in our UNet model, we take advantage of its extensive feature representations acquired from extensive datasets, resulting in a major enhancement in the model’s ability to generalize and train efficiently. The suggested model has exceptional performance in segmenting breast cancers from medical images, highlighting the advantages of integrating transformer-based encoders with efficient UNet topologies. This hybrid methodology emphasizes the capabilities of transformers in the field of medical image processing and establishes a new standard for accuracy and efficiency in activities related to tumor segmentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Large Language Models in Medical and Biomedical Data Processing)

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