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Volume 15
Issue 6
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, Volume 15, Issue 6 (June 2018) – 245 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In this original, community-based study, we examined factors associated with alcohol-related violence among youth living in the slums of Kampala. Studies of youth in slums are rare but very important. Urban populations are growing rapidly, and the majority of residents live in slums, particularly across sub-Saharan Africa. Moreover, in Uganda, half of the population is under age 15 and faces significant challenges. Despite high levels of alcohol use in the country, few studies have assessed alcohol use in community studies of youth. Our research findings show that parental alcohol use, childhood abuse, homelessness, youth frequent heavy drinking and drunkenness were significantly associated with alcohol-related violence. These findings suggest that strategies are needed to prevent and delay alcohol use and related harm among vulnerable youth in Kampala.
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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

8 pages, 270 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue “Decision Models in Green Growth and Sustainable Development”
by Ning Zhang 1, Zaiwu Gong 1,2, Kedong Yin 3,4,* and Yuhong Wang 5
1 School of Management Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
2 Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Nanjing 210044, China
3 School of Economics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
4 Institute of Marine Development, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, Shandong, China
5 School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061093 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3259
Abstract
n/a Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision Models in Green Growth and Sustainable Development)
4 pages, 254 KiB  
Editorial
Climate Change and Human Health: Health Impacts of Warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C
by Alice McGushin 1, Yassen Tcholakov 1,2 and Shakoor Hajat 1,*
1 Faculty of Public Health & Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1H 9SH, UK
2 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A2, Canada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061123 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5440
Abstract
In December 2015, a historic agreement was reached at the Paris Climate Conference for the first-ever global deal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impacts of Warming of 1.5 °C and 2 °C)
4 pages, 233 KiB  
Editorial
Teenage Reproductive Health: Pregnancy, Contraception, Unsafe Abortion, Fertility
by Jon Øyvind Odland
Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061176 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4810
Abstract
We are proud to present 14 papers with focus on teenager health in this Special Issue entitled “Teenage Reproductive Health: Pregnancy, Contraception, Unsafe Abortion, Fertility”. [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Teenage Reproductive Health: Pregnancy, Contraception, Unsafe Abortion, Fertility)
3 pages, 234 KiB  
Editorial
Environmental Determinants of Infectious Disease Transmission: A Focus on One Health Concept
by Hui-Yi Yeh 1, Kou-Huang Chen 2 and Kow-Tong Chen 3,4,*
1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan 736, Taiwan
2 School of Mechanical & Electronic Engineering, Sanming University, Sanming City 365004, China
3 Department of Occupational Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), Tainan 701, Taiwan
4 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061183 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4948
Abstract
n/a Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Determinants of Infectious Disease Transmission)
3 pages, 234 KiB  
Editorial
Nano–Bio Interactions: Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology
by Hugh J. Byrne 1,*, Sourav P. Mukherjee 2 and Pratap C. Naha 3
1 FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 X622, Ireland
2 Molecular Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine (IMM), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
3 Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061222 - 10 Jun 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3644
Abstract
The 21st century has truly become the age of nanotechnology. Nanomaterials, design strategies, and processing have already made a significant impact in areas of materials science and electronics, with many commercial applications already being available on the consumer market[...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Bio Interactions: Nanomedicine and Nanotoxicology)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

10 pages, 316 KiB  
Article
Determinants of Inappropriate Admissions in County Hospitals in Rural China: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Yan Zhang 1,2, Liang Zhang 1,2, Haomiao Li 1,2 and Yingchun Chen 1,2,*
1 School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
2 Research Centre for Rural Health Service, Key Research Institute of Humanities & Social Sciences of Hubei Provincial Department of Education, Wuhan 430030, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061050 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3377
Abstract
Inappropriate admissions have contributed to the rapid increase in hospitalisations in rural China. This study characterised the degree and determinants of inappropriate admissions in county hospitals. We used expert consultation to develop an appropriateness evaluation protocol that included nine requirements for services and [...] Read more.
Inappropriate admissions have contributed to the rapid increase in hospitalisations in rural China. This study characterised the degree and determinants of inappropriate admissions in county hospitals. We used expert consultation to develop an appropriateness evaluation protocol that included nine requirements for services and 21 indicators of disease severity. A total of 2230 medical records from 2014 were collected from five county hospitals by stratified cluster sampling and evaluated for appropriateness using the protocol in 2016. The determinants of inappropriate admissions were analysed by two-level logistic regression. The overall inappropriate admission rate was 15.2%. Patients aged <20 years (19.3%), patients in the paediatrics department (22.9%), patients with lower disease severity (22.3%), and patients without complications (17.0%) were more likely to have been inappropriately admitted than other groups. Age, treating department, disease severity, causes of hospitalisation, complications, and length of stay were determinants of inappropriate admission. Policymakers must act to reduce the high prevalence of inappropriate admissions in county hospitals in rural China, by guiding patients to seek primary care and changing the motivating mechanism of these hospitals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)
13 pages, 2016 KiB  
Article
Human Mercury Exposure in Yanomami Indigenous Villages from the Brazilian Amazon
by Claudia M. Vega 1, Jesem D.Y. Orellana 2, Marcos W. Oliveira 3, Sandra S. Hacon 4 and Paulo C. Basta 4,*
1 Center for Amazonian Scientific Innovation, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road P.O. Box 7306, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA
2 Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Teresina, 476, Adrianópolis, Manaus CEP: 69057-070, Brazil
3 Instituto Socioambiental—ISA, Av. Higienópolis, 901, Higienópolis, São Paulo CEP: 01238-001, Brazil
4 Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, 1480, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP: 21041-210, Brazil
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061051 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 9298
Abstract
In the Brazilian Amazon, where the majority of Yanomami villages are settled, mercury (Hg) exposure due to artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has been reported since the 1980s. This study assessed mercury exposure in the Yanomami reserve and whether the level of contamination [...] Read more.
In the Brazilian Amazon, where the majority of Yanomami villages are settled, mercury (Hg) exposure due to artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has been reported since the 1980s. This study assessed mercury exposure in the Yanomami reserve and whether the level of contamination was related to the ASGM geographical location. It was conducted using a cross-sectional study of 19 villages. Direct interviews were performed and hair samples were used as a bioindicator of Hg exposure. The Prevalence-Ratio (PR) was estimated as an indicator of association between ASGM geographical locations and human exposure to mercury. Mercury levels (239 hair samples) ranged between 0.4 and 22.1 μg·g−1 and presented substantial differences amongst the villages. In the Waikas-Aracaça region, where current ASGM was reported, we observed the highest Hg concentrations (median = 15.5 μg·g−1). Almost all participants presented with hair-Hg levels >6 μg·g−1 (prevalence = 92.3%). In the Paapiu region, we observed the lowest concentrations (median = 3.2 μg·g−1; prevalence = 6.7%). Our findings showed that the Waikas Ye’kuana and Waikas Aracaca villages presented with 4.4 (PR = 4.4; Confidence Interval (CI) 95% = 2.2–9.0) and 14.0 (PR = 14.0; CI 95% = 7.9–24.9) times higher prevalence of hair-Hg concentration, respectively, compared with Paapiu. Considering seasonal variation of Hg-exposure, the lowest concentrations were observed during the wet season (June–September) and the highest in the dry season (December–April). Our study suggests that there is an association between mercury exposure and ASGM geographical locations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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15 pages, 318 KiB  
Article
A Cross-Sectional Examination of Physical Activity Levels and Their Socio-Demographic Determinants in Southern Tanzania
by Beverly Msambichaka 1,2,3, Ramadhani Abdul 1, Salim Abdulla 1, Paul Klatser 4, Marcel Tanner 2,3, Ramaiya Kaushik 5, Bettina Bringolf-Isler 2,3, Eveline Geubbels 1 and Ikenna C. Eze 2,3,*
1 Ifakara Health Institute, Kiko Avenue, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 78373, Tanzania
2 Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
3 University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
4 Athena Institute, Vrije Universiteit/Free University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
5 Shree Hindu Mandal Hospital, Chusi St, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 581, Tanzania
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061054 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4510
Abstract
Physical activity is essential for healthy aging. Evidence suggests that vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) may be more beneficial than moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA). We examined physical activity levels (MPA, VPA and total physical activity), and their socio-demographic determinants in 2311 participants (15–93 years; [...] Read more.
Physical activity is essential for healthy aging. Evidence suggests that vigorous-intensity physical activity (VPA) may be more beneficial than moderate-intensity physical activity (MPA). We examined physical activity levels (MPA, VPA and total physical activity), and their socio-demographic determinants in 2311 participants (15–93 years; 68% women) of the MZIMA Open Community Cohort, who had complete relevant data. Physical activity levels were estimated in minutes per week across three domains—work, leisure and transport. We created three outcome variables: low MPA (<150 min per week of MPA), low VPA (<75 min per week of VPA) and insufficient physical activity (IPA: <150 min per week of total physical activity) and applied sample-weighted multivariable logistic regression to assess associations with potential socio-demographic determinants. Prevalence of IPA, low MPA and low VPA were 25%, 26% and 65% respectively. IPA and low MPA were correlated (Spearman R = 0.98; p < 0.001). Work, leisure and transport contributed 54%, 25% and 21% to total physical activity respectively. IPA and low VPA were significantly associated with female sex, lower education, non-manual occupation and frequent fruit consumption. We observed significant differences by sex (Pheterogeneity < 0.001), on the associations between education and IPA, and between age, occupation and low VPA. In conclusion, low levels of VPA, which were more pronounced in women, support the monitoring and promotion of VPA alongside overall physical activity. Leisure-related activities should also be promoted towards gains in vigorous-intensity and total physical activity in this setting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Physical Activity and Public Health)
11 pages, 800 KiB  
Article
Risk and Benefit of Different Cooking Methods on Essential Elements and Arsenic in Rice
by Tasila Mwale 1, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman 2 and Debapriya Mondal 1,*
1 School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
2 Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061056 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7493
Abstract
Use of excess water in cooking of rice is a well-studied short-term arsenic removal technique. However, the outcome on the nutritional content of rice is not well addressed. We determined the benefit of different cooking techniques on arsenic removal and the associated risk [...] Read more.
Use of excess water in cooking of rice is a well-studied short-term arsenic removal technique. However, the outcome on the nutritional content of rice is not well addressed. We determined the benefit of different cooking techniques on arsenic removal and the associated risk of losing the essential elements in rice. Overall, we found 4.5%, 30%, and 44% decrease in the arsenic content of rice when cooked with rice-to-water ratios of 1:3, 1:6 (p = 0.004), and 1:10 (parboiling; p < 0.0001), respectively. All the essential elements (except iron, selenium, and copper) incurred a significant loss when rice was cooked using the 1:6 technique: potassium (50%), nickel (44.6%), molybdenum (38.5%), magnesium (22.4%), cobalt (21.2%), manganese (16.5%), calcium (14.5%), selenium (12%), iron (8.2%), zinc (7.7%), and copper (0.2%) and further reduction was observed on parboiling, except for iron. For the same cooking method (1:6), percentage contribution to the recommended daily intake (RDI) of essential elements was highest for molybdenum (154.7%), followed by manganese (34.5%), copper (33.4%), selenium (13.1%), nickel (12.4%), zinc (10%), magnesium (8%), iron (6.3%), potassium (1.8%), and calcium (0.5%). Hence, cooked rice as a staple is a poor source for essential elements and thus micronutrients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arsenic Contamination, Bioavailability and Public Health)
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10 pages, 309 KiB  
Article
Lead Exposure and Associated Risk Factors among New Migrant Children Arriving in Greece
by Marsela Tanaka 1, Konstantinos Petsios 2, Stavroula K. Dikalioti 1,*, Stavroula Poulopoulou 3, Vassiliki Matziou 1, Stamatios Theocharis 4 and Ioanna D. Pavlopoulou 1
1 Pediatric Clinic, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Nursing, Thivon & Levadeias str., Athens 11527, Greece
2 Department of Nursing Research, Onassis Cardiosurgical Center, 356 Sygrou Avenue, Athens 17674, Greece
3 Department of Statistics, Athens University of Economy & Business, 76 Patission str., Athens 10434, Greece
4 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 M. Asias str., Athens 11527, Greece
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061057 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4377
Abstract
Background: This study aims to assess lead exposure and associated risk factors among newly arrived migrant (M) (immigrant and refugees) children in Greece and a matched control of native (N) children. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed in an outpatient clinic of [...] Read more.
Background: This study aims to assess lead exposure and associated risk factors among newly arrived migrant (M) (immigrant and refugees) children in Greece and a matched control of native (N) children. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed in an outpatient clinic of a tertiary children’s hospital. Results: From 2010 to 2014, 598 children (M/N: 349/249) with a mean age of 6.96 years old (range 1–14, SD 3.76) were enrolled. Blood lead levels (BLLs) ranged from 0.7 to 21 μg/dL in migrant and from 0.4 to 10 μg/dL in native Greek children. Elevated BLLs ≥ 5 μg/dL were detected in 27.7% of migrants and 1.2% of natives (p < 0.001). A significant association was found between EBLLs and childrens’ age (≤5 years) (OR: 1.8, p-value 0.02) and EBLLs with Asian origin (OR: 3.63, p-value 0.023). Conclusion: New migrant children presented with increased BLLs when compared to their age- and sex-matched controls. Younger age and Asian origin were significant risk factors associated with elevated BLLs among children. Early screening, secondary prevention, and regular follow-up could prove useful in this vulnerable population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
9 pages, 1043 KiB  
Article
Prevalence, Knowledge and Attitudes Concerning Dietary Supplements among a Student Population in Croatia
by Sandra Pavičić Žeželj 1,*, Ana Tomljanović 1, Gordana Kenđel Jovanović 2, Greta Krešić 3, Olga Cvijanović Peloza 4, Nataša Dragaš-Zubalj 2 and Iva Pavlinić Prokurica 5
1 Health Ecology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
2 Department of Health Ecology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Primorsko-goranska County, Krešimirova 52a, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
3 Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, University of Rijeka, Primorska 42, P.O. Box 97, 51410 Opatija, Croatia
4 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
5 Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gorice 68 g, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061058 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8066
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of usage and the knowledge and attitudes towards dietary supplements among medical sciences and nonmedical sciences students from Croatia. The study was conducted based on a questionnaire about dietary supplement usage, knowledge and [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of usage and the knowledge and attitudes towards dietary supplements among medical sciences and nonmedical sciences students from Croatia. The study was conducted based on a questionnaire about dietary supplement usage, knowledge and attitudes. The prevalence of dietary supplement use, among 910 university students was 30.5%. The most-used dietary supplements were vitamins (18.0% in medical sciences students and 9.8% in non-medical sciences students). For all students, the internet (66.1%) was the most common source of information, followed by healthcare professionals (33.2%). The most common reason for taking dietary supplements was to maintain good health (26.4%). Use of the internet rather than health professionals as a trusted information source should be revised among this young population. Supplement intake was significantly associated with body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.016) and physical activity (p = 0.050). Students with normal BMI (61.5%) and the most physically active students (37.7%) took significantly more dietary supplements. Results of this study could help medicine faculties to improve their curriculum and support the development of public health messages aimed at wise and safe use of dietary supplements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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16 pages, 11548 KiB  
Article
Measuring Land Change in Coastal Zone around a Rapidly Urbanized Bay
by Faming Huang 1, Boqiang Huang 2, Jinliang Huang 2,* and Shenghui Li 2
1 Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361001, China
2 Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061059 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4130
Abstract
Urban development is a major cause for eco-degradation in many coastal regions. Understanding urbanization dynamics and underlying driving factors is crucial for urban planning and management. Land-use dynamic degree indices and intensity analysis were used to measure land changes occurred in 1990, 2002, [...] Read more.
Urban development is a major cause for eco-degradation in many coastal regions. Understanding urbanization dynamics and underlying driving factors is crucial for urban planning and management. Land-use dynamic degree indices and intensity analysis were used to measure land changes occurred in 1990, 2002, 2009, and 2017 in the coastal zone around Quanzhou bay, which is a rapidly urbanized bay in Southeast China. The comprehensive land-use dynamic degree and interval level intensity analysis both revealed that land change was accelerating across the three time intervals in a three-kilometer-wide zone along the coastal line (zone A), while land change was fastest during the second time interval 2002–2009 in a separate terrestrial area within coastal zone (zone B). Driven by urbanization, built-up gains and cropland losses were active for all time intervals in both zones. Mudflat losses were active except in the first time interval in zone A due to the intensive sea reclamation. The gain of mangrove was active while the loss of mangrove is dormant for all three intervals in zone A. Transition level analysis further revealed the similarities and differences in processes within patterns of land changes for both zones. The transition from cropland to built-up was systematically targeted and stationary while the transition from woodland to built-up was systematically avoiding transition in both zones. Built-up tended to target aquaculture for the second and third time intervals in zone A but avoid Aquaculture for all intervals in zone B. Land change in zone A was more significant than that in zone B during the second and third time intervals at three-level intensity. The application of intensity analysis can enhance our understanding of the patterns and processes in land changes and suitable land development plans in the Quanzhou bay area. This type of investigation is useful to provide information for developing sound land use policy to achieve urban sustainability in similar coastal areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practice of Sustainable Built Environment in the Context of Developing Countries)
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15 pages, 21270 KiB  
Article
Distribution of Arsenic and Risk Assessment of Activities on Soccer Pitches Irrigated with Arsenic-Contaminated Water
by Nadia Martínez-Villegas 1,*, Abraham Hernández 1, Diana Meza-Figueroa 2 and Bhaskar Sen Gupta 3
1 IPICyT, Instituto Potosino de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica, Division de Geociencias Aplicadas, Camino a la Presa San Jose No. 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Sec., San Luis Potosi 78216, SLP, Mexico
2 Departamento de Geología, Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Encinas s/n, Col. Centro, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico
3 School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure & Society, Institute for Infrastructure and Environment, Water Academy, Heriot-Watt University, EGIS 2.02A William Arrol Building, Scotland EH14 4AS, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061060 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5498
Abstract
The aim of this research was to estimate the risk of human exposure to arsenic due to sporting activities in a private soccer club in Mexico, where arsenic-contaminated water was regularly used for irrigation. For this purpose, the total concentration in the topsoil [...] Read more.
The aim of this research was to estimate the risk of human exposure to arsenic due to sporting activities in a private soccer club in Mexico, where arsenic-contaminated water was regularly used for irrigation. For this purpose, the total concentration in the topsoil was considered for risk assessment. This was accomplished through three main objectives: (1) measuring arsenic concentrations in irrigation water and irrigated soils, (2) determining arsenic spatial distribution in shallow soils with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) using geostatistical analysis, and (3) collecting field and survey data to develop a risk assessment calculation for soccer activities in the soccer club. The results showed that the average arsenic concentrations in shallow soils (138.1 mg/kg) were 6.2 times higher than the Mexican threshold for domestic soils (22 mg/kg). Furthermore, dermal contact between exposed users and contaminated soils accounted for a maximum carcinogenic risk value of 1.8 × 10−5, which is one order of magnitude higher than the recommended risk value, while arsenic concentrations in the irrigation water were higher (6 mg/L) than the WHO’s permissible threshold in drinking water, explaining the contamination of soils after irrigation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first risk study regarding dermal contact with arsenic following regular grass irrigation with contaminated water in soccer pitches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Environmental Risk Assessment)
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13 pages, 1484 KiB  
Article
Problem Drinking, Alcohol-Related Violence, and Homelessness among Youth Living in the Slums of Kampala, Uganda
by Monica H. Swahn 1,*, Rachel Culbreth 1, Nazarius Mbona Tumwesigye 2, Volkan Topalli 3, Eric Wright 4 and Rogers Kasirye 5
1 Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3984 Atlanta, GA 30302-3984, USA
2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala 00256, Uganda
3 Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3992, Atlanta, GA 30302-3992, USA
4 Department of Sociology, College of Arts and Science, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5020, Atlanta, GA 30302-5020, USA
5 Uganda Youth Developmental Link, P.O. Box 12659, Kampala 00256, Uganda
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061061 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6226
Abstract
This paper examines problem drinking, alcohol-related violence, and homelessness among youth living in the slums of Kampala—an understudied population at high-risk for both alcohol use and violence. This study is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014 with youth living in the [...] Read more.
This paper examines problem drinking, alcohol-related violence, and homelessness among youth living in the slums of Kampala—an understudied population at high-risk for both alcohol use and violence. This study is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2014 with youth living in the slums and streets of Kampala, Uganda (n = 1134), who were attending Uganda Youth Development Link drop-in centers. The analyses for this paper were restricted to youth who reported current alcohol consumption (n = 346). Problem drinking patterns were assessed among youth involved in alcohol-related violence. Mediation analyses were conducted to examine the impact of homelessness on alcohol-related violence through different measures of problem drinking. Nearly 46% of youth who consumed alcohol were involved in alcohol-related violence. Problem drinkers were more likely to report getting in an accident (χ2 = 6.8, df = 1, p = 0.009), having serious problems with parents (χ2 = 21.1, df = 1, p < 0.0001) and friends (χ2 = 18.2, df = 1, p < 0.0001), being a victim of robbery (χ2 = 8.8, df = 1, p = 0.003), and going to a hospital (χ2 = 15.6, df = 1, p < 0.0001). For the mediation analyses, statistically significant models were observed for frequent drinking, heavy drinking, and drunkenness. Interventions should focus on delaying and reducing alcohol use in this high-risk population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Youth Violence as a Public Health Issue)
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13 pages, 859 KiB  
Article
Do Physical Activity Friendly Neighborhoods Affect Community Members Equally? A Cross-Sectional Study
by Nicole E. H. Stappers 1,*, Dave H. H. Van Kann 2, Nanne K. De Vries 1,3 and Stef P. J. Kremers 1
1 Department of Health Promotion, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
2 School of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 347, 5600 AH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
3 Department of Health Promotion, CAPHRI Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 Maastricht, The Netherlands
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061062 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4038
Abstract
An activity-friendly environment may increase physical activity (PA) levels and decrease sedentary behavior (SB). This study investigated associations between socio-demographic characteristics, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), perceived environment and objectively measured PA outcomes. Socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using a questionnaire and HRQoL was [...] Read more.
An activity-friendly environment may increase physical activity (PA) levels and decrease sedentary behavior (SB). This study investigated associations between socio-demographic characteristics, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), perceived environment and objectively measured PA outcomes. Socio-demographic characteristics were assessed using a questionnaire and HRQoL was measured using the EQ-5D. The Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (NEWS-A) was used to assess the perceived environment. SB, light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were measured using the Actigraph GT3X+. Data from 622 Dutch adults were used in multivariate linear regression analyses to investigate associations between NEWS-A and PA outcomes. Analyses were controlled for socio-demographic characteristics and HRQoL. The presence of attractive buildings was associated with less SB (β = −0.086, p < 0.01) and more MVPA (β = 0.118, p < 0.01). Presence of destinations within walking distance was also positively associated with MVPA (β = 0.106, p < 0.01). Less crime was associated with less MVPA (β = 0.092, p < 0.05). Interactions between personal and environmental characteristics showed that the absence of PA-hindering characteristics (e.g., heavy traffic) was associated with less SB and more MVPA, but only for residents with problems regarding pain and usual activities. The presence of PA-facilitating characteristics (e.g., aesthetics and destinations) was associated with less SB, more LPA and more MVPA but only for the more advantaged people in society. Results suggest that to reduce health inequalities, it would be more helpful to remove barriers rather than introduce PA facilitating characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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16 pages, 2918 KiB  
Article
Parallel Processing Transport Model MT3DMS by Using OpenMP
by Linxian Huang 1,2,*, Lichun Wang 3, Jingli Shao 4, Xingwei Liu 4, Qichen Hao 5,*, Liting Xing 1,2, Lizhi Zheng 3 and Yong Xiao 6
1 School of Water Conservancy and Environment, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
2 Engineering Technology Institute for Groundwater Numerical Simulation and Contamination Control, Jinan 250022, China
3 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78705, USA
4 School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
5 Institute of Hydrogeology and Environment Geology, CAGS, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
6 Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061063 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3633
Abstract
Solute transport modeling resolves advection, dispersion, and chemical reactions in groundwater systems with its accuracy depending on the resolution of domain at all scales, thus the computational efficiency of a simulator becomes a bottleneck for the wide application of numerical simulations. However, the [...] Read more.
Solute transport modeling resolves advection, dispersion, and chemical reactions in groundwater systems with its accuracy depending on the resolution of domain at all scales, thus the computational efficiency of a simulator becomes a bottleneck for the wide application of numerical simulations. However, the traditional serial numerical simulators have reached their limits for the prohibitive computational time and memory requirement in solving large-scale problems. These limitations have greatly hindered the wide application of groundwater solute transport modeling. Thus, the development of an efficient method for handling large-scale groundwater solute transport simulation is urgently required. In this study, we developed and assessed a parallelized MT3DMS (Modular Three-Dimensional Multispecies Transport Model) by using OpenMP (Open specifications for Multi-Processing) to accelerate the solute transport simulation process. The parallelization was achieved by adding OpenMP compile directives (i.e., defining various types of parallel regions) into the most time-consuming packages, including the Advection package (ADV), Dispersion package (DSP), and Generalized Conjugate Gradient Solver package (GCG). This allows parallel processing on shared-memory multiprocessors, i.e., both the memory requirement and computing efforts are automatically distributed among all processors. Moreover, we discussed two different parallelization strategies for handling numerical models with either many layers or few layers. The performance of parallelized MT3DMS was assessed by two benchmark numerical models with different model domain sizes via a workstation with two quad-core processors. Results showed that the running time of parallelized MT3DMS can be 4.15 times faster than that using sequential MT3DMS. The effects of using different preconditioners (procedures that transform a given problem into a form that is more suitable for numerical solving methods) in the GCG package were additionally evaluated. The modified strategy for handling numerical models with few layers also achieved satisfactory results with running time two times faster than that via sequential simulation. Thus, the proposed parallelization allows high-resolution groundwater transport simulation with higher efficiency for large-scale or multimillion-cell simulation problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)
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11 pages, 1293 KiB  
Article
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Roadside Soil in Urban Area and the Related Impacting Factors
by Meie Wang 1,* and Haizhen Zhang 2
1 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
2 Lingyin Administration Department (Hangzhou Flower Garden), Hangzhou Park and Cultural Relic Administration, Hangzhou 310012, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061064 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 105 | Viewed by 7266
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in roadside soil due to traffic emission has been recognized for a long time. However, seldom has been reported regarding identification of critical factors influencing the accumulation of heavy metals in urban roadside soils due to the frequent disturbances such [...] Read more.
Heavy metal contamination in roadside soil due to traffic emission has been recognized for a long time. However, seldom has been reported regarding identification of critical factors influencing the accumulation of heavy metals in urban roadside soils due to the frequent disturbances such as the repair of damaged roads and green belt maintanance. Heavy metals in the roadside soils of 45 roads in Xihu district, Hangzhou city were investigated. Results suggested the accumulation of Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Zn in roadside soil was affected by human activity. However, only two sites had Pb and Zn excessing the standards for residential areas, respectively, according to Chinese Environmental Quality Standards for soils. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn were significantly and positively correlated to soil pH and organic matter. An insignificant correlation between the age of the roads or vegetation cover types and the concentration of heavy metals was found although they were reported closely relating to the accumulation of heavy metals in roadside soils of highways. The highest Pb, Cd, and Cr taking place in sites with heavy traffic and significant differences in the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn among the different categories of roads suggested the contribution of traffic intensity. However, it was difficult to establish a quantitative relationship between traffic intensity and the concentrations of heavy metals in the roadside soil. It could be concluded that impaction of traffic emission on the accumulation of heavy metals in roadside soils in urban area was slight and soil properties such as pH and organic matters were critical factors influencing the retention of heavy metals in soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation)
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11 pages, 315 KiB  
Article
Mental Health Status and Associated Contributing Factors among Gay Men in China
by Xiaojun Liu 1,2,†, Dongdong Jiang 1,†, Xiangfan Chen 1, Anran Tan 1,3, Yitan Hou 1, Meikun He 1, Yuanan Lu 2,4 and Zongfu Mao 1,2,*
1 School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
2 Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
3 Global Health Research Center, Duke Kunshan University, 8# Duke Road, Kunshan 215316, China
4 Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, 1960 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061065 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5418
Abstract
Chinese gay men are preferentially vulnerable to mental health problems because of deep-rooted, traditional social influence that overemphasizes heterosexual marriage, fertility, and filial piety. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November to December 2017 using the Chinese version of the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) [...] Read more.
Chinese gay men are preferentially vulnerable to mental health problems because of deep-rooted, traditional social influence that overemphasizes heterosexual marriage, fertility, and filial piety. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November to December 2017 using the Chinese version of the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) to assess the status of, and factors associated with the mental health of Chinese gay men. Unadjusted associations between demographic factors and the total score of SCL-90-R were examined using t/F tests or person correlation analysis. The main factors that were most predictive of the aggregate score of SCL-90-R were identified by multiple linear regressions. A total of 367 gay men participated in this survey with an average score of SCL-90-R of 180.78 ± 79.58. The scores of seven dimensions (OCS, INTS, DEPR, ANX, HOS, PHOA, PARI) for Chinese gay men were found to be significantly higher than the national norm (all p < 0.001). Age (B = −1.088, SE = 0.478, p = 0.023), educational level (B = −14.053, SE = 5.270, p = 0.008), and degree of coming out publicly (B = −23.750, SE = 4.690, p < 0.001) were protective factors for participants’ mental health status. A gay man who is the only child in his family was more likely to obtain a higher total score of SCL-90-R in China (B = 59.321, SE = 7.798, p < 0.001). Our study reveals the worrying mental health status of Chinese gay men. Shifts in familial, governmental, and societal normas are suggested to improve the current social acceptance towards sexual minority men, as well as to reduce detrimental health effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in LGBT Health Research)
10 pages, 293 KiB  
Article
Prenatal Perfluorooctyl Sulfonate Exposure and Alu DNA Hypomethylation in Cord Blood
by Chen-Yu Liu 1,*, Pau-Chung Chen 2, Pei-Chen Lien 1 and Yi-Peng Liao 1
1 Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
2 Institute of Occupational Medicine and Industrial Hygiene, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061066 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5487
Abstract
Background: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are stable and persistent in the environment, animals, and humans. PFASs can penetrate placenta and affect fetal growth. We investigated associations between prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA) and [...] Read more.
Background: Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are stable and persistent in the environment, animals, and humans. PFASs can penetrate placenta and affect fetal growth. We investigated associations between prenatal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUA) and global methylation levels. Specific Aims and Methods: The study used the subjects from Taiwan Birth Panel birth cohort study, including all pregnant women who gave birth between July 2004 and June 2005 in four hospitals in Taipei city and New Taipei City. A total of 363 mother-infant pairs were included in the final analyses. PFOA, PFOS, PFNA, and PFUA were measured by UPLC-MS/MS in cord blood. LINE-1 and Alu repeated elements from cord blood was used to represent global DNA methylation levels. Multivariable regression models were used to adjust potential confounders. Results: After controlling for potential confounders, each unit increase in the natural log-transformed PFOS exposure was associated with an adjusted OR of 1.72 (95% CI: 1.03, 2.88) for low Alu methylation level when dichotomized methylation level by medium. No significant effects between PFOA, PFNA, PFUA and methylation levels in the multivariable regression models were observed. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that prenatal PFOS exposure may be associated with low Alu methylation level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Child Health 2018)
14 pages, 326 KiB  
Article
Early Childhood Caries-Related Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice: Discordance between Pediatricians and Dentists toward Medical Office-Based Prevention in Taiwan
by Shinechimeg Dima 1, Wei-Jen Chang 1,2, Jung-Wei Chen 3 and Nai-Chia Teng 1,4,*
1 School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
2 Department of Dentistry, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei 235, Taiwan
3 School of Dentistry, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
4 Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061067 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4284
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding early childhood caries (ECC) prevention and implementation of medical setting-based caries prevention among pediatricians and dentists in Taiwan. Data were collected from currently practicing pediatricians and general and pediatric [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding early childhood caries (ECC) prevention and implementation of medical setting-based caries prevention among pediatricians and dentists in Taiwan. Data were collected from currently practicing pediatricians and general and pediatric dentists using self-administered questionnaires. A total of 301 questionnaires were completed by the pediatricians (n = 105), general dentists (n = 117), and pediatric dentists (n = 79). The pediatric dentists obtained significantly higher knowledge and practice scores than the general dentists and pediatricians (p < 0.0001). The pediatricians’ attitude score related to engaging physicians in medical office-based caries prevention was significantly higher than the attitude scores of the general and pediatric dentists (p < 0.05). A Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated a significant positive correlation between knowledge and practice among the general dentists (rs = 0.271, p < 0.01) and pediatricians (rs = 0.262, p < 0.01). The correlation between knowledge and attitude among the pediatricians was significantly positive (rs = 0.242, p < 0.05). Attitude and practice among the pediatricians were significantly positively correlated (rs = 0.271, p < 0.01). Pediatricians lacked ECC-related knowledge; however, they had a more positive attitude toward medical office-based prevention when they had a higher level of knowledge. Oral health-related education for pediatricians is necessary if such medical office-based caries prevention programs are to be implemented in Taiwan. Full article
13 pages, 522 KiB  
Article
Direct Self-Injurious Behavior (D-SIB) and Life Events among Vocational School and High School Students
by Lili O. Horváth 1,2,*, Maria Balint 3, Gyongyver Ferenczi-Dallos 4, Luca Farkas 5, Julia Gadoros 4, Dora Gyori 2, Agnes Kereszteny 2,6, Gergely Meszaros 4,6, Dora Szentivanyi 1,2, Szabina Velo 1,2, Marco Sarchiapone 7, Vladimir Carli 7,8, Camilla Wasserman 9, Christina W. Hoven 10, Danuta Wasserman 8 and Judit Balazs 2,4
1 Doctoral School of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
2 Institute of Psychology, Eotvos Lorand University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
3 Pedagogical Services, Budapest District 12, 1126 Budapest, Hungary
4 Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Hospital and Outpatient Clinic, 1021 Budapest, Hungary
5 West Hertfordshire Specialist CAMHS St Albans Clinic, AL3 5TL St Albans, UK
6 Semmelweis University, Mental Health Sciences Doctoral School, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
7 Department of Health Sciences, University of Molise, 86100 Molise, Italy
8 Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
9 Global Psychiatric Epidemiology, Columbia University-New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA
10 Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061068 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5523
Abstract
Although several studies have recently assessed direct self-injurious behavior (D-SIB) among adolescents, it is still understudied in adolescents attending vocational schools: an educational setting generally associated with lower socioeconomic status. After extending the “Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe” (SEYLE) project to [...] Read more.
Although several studies have recently assessed direct self-injurious behavior (D-SIB) among adolescents, it is still understudied in adolescents attending vocational schools: an educational setting generally associated with lower socioeconomic status. After extending the “Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe” (SEYLE) project to a vocational school population, we examined their D-SIB and life event characteristics compared to the high school population. SEYLE’s Hungarian randomly selected high school sample (N = 995) was completed with a randomly selected vocational school sample (N = 140) in Budapest, Hungary. Participants aged 14–17 years completed the SEYLE project’s self-administered questionnaires. D-SIB lifetime prevalence was significantly higher (29.4%) in the vocational school group compared to the high school group (17.2%) (Χ2(1) = 12.231, p< 0.001). D-SIB was associated with suicidal ideation in the vocational school group. Different life events were more frequent in the high school than in the vocational school group, and associations between D-SIB and life events differed in the vocational school group compared to the high school group. In conclusion, vocational school students are a vulnerable population with a higher prevalence of D-SIB compared to high school students. Life events and their association with D-SIB also differ in vocational school students compared to high school students. Taking all these into account might contribute to prevention/intervention designed for this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)
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13 pages, 1746 KiB  
Article
Parental Migration and Left-Behind Children’s Depressive Symptoms: Estimation Based on a Nationally-Representative Panel Dataset
by Mi Zhou 1, Xiaotong Sun 1, Li Huang 1,*, Guangsheng Zhang 2,*, Kaleigh Kenny 3, Hao Xue 4,5, Emma Auden 3,5 and Scott Rozelle 3
1 College of Economics and Management, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
2 School of Business, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110031, Liaoning, China
3 Rural Education Action Program, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
4 School of Economics and Management, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, Shanxi, China
5 Center for Experimental Economics in Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710127, Shanxi, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1069; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061069 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5403
Abstract
China’s rapid urbanization in the past several decades have been accompanied by rural labor migration. An important question that has emerged is whether rural labor migration has a positive or negative impact on the depressive symptoms of children left behind in the countryside [...] Read more.
China’s rapid urbanization in the past several decades have been accompanied by rural labor migration. An important question that has emerged is whether rural labor migration has a positive or negative impact on the depressive symptoms of children left behind in the countryside by their migrating parents. This paper uses a nationally representative panel dataset to investigate whether parental migration impacts the prevalence of depressive symptoms among left-behind children in China. Using DID and PSM-DID methods, our results show that parental migration significantly increases the depression scores of 10 and 11-year-old children by 2 points using the CES-D depression scale. Furthermore, we also find that the negative effect of decreased parental care is stronger than the positive effect of increased income in terms of determining the depressive symptoms status of children in rural China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poverty, Inequality and Public Health in China)
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14 pages, 1478 KiB  
Article
Association between Dietary Mineral Intake and Chronic Kidney Disease: The Health Examinees (HEXA) Study
by Jeewoo Kim 1, Juyeon Lee 2,3,4, Kyoung-Nam Kim 5, Kook-Hwan Oh 6, Curie Ahn 6, Jongkoo Lee 7,8, Daehee Kang 2,3 and Sue K. Park 2,3,4,*
1 Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehakro, Jongnogu, Seoul 03080, Korea
2 Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehakro, Jongnogu, Seoul 03080, Korea
3 Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehakro, Jongnogu, Seoul 03080, Korea
4 Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, 103 Daehakro, Jongnogu, Seoul 03080, Korea
5 Division of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakro, Jongnogu, Seoul 03080, Korea
6 Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakro, Jongnogu, Seoul 03080, Korea
7 JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, IhwaJang-gil 71 Jongnogu, Seoul 03087, Korea
8 Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakro, Jongnogu, Seoul 03080, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1070; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061070 - 24 May 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7003
Abstract
Few studies have explored the association between mineral intake and chronic kidney disease (CKD). A cross-sectional analysis investigated the association between mineral intake (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, and zinc) and CKD using the Health Examinee (HEXA) cohort of the Korean Genome and [...] Read more.
Few studies have explored the association between mineral intake and chronic kidney disease (CKD). A cross-sectional analysis investigated the association between mineral intake (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, and zinc) and CKD using the Health Examinee (HEXA) cohort of the Korean Genome and Epidemiologic Study (KoGES). For 159,711 participants, mineral intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Dietary intake of each mineral was divided into quartiles and the quartile including recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or adequate intake (AI) of each mineral was used as a reference. We assessed the association between the quartile of mineral intakes and CKD using polytomous logistic regression models. The lowest quartiles of phosphorus (≤663.68 mg/day, odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–2.15), potassium (≤1567.53 mg/day, OR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.27–2.75), iron (≤6.93 mg/day, OR = 1.53, 95% CI: 1.17–2.01), and zinc (≤5.86 mg/day, OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.02–2.26) were associated with higher odds for advanced CKD compared with the references. The present study suggests that an inadequate intake of some minerals may be associated with CKD occurrence in the general population. Due to the reverse causation issue in this cross-sectional study design, further longitudinal prospective studies are needed in order to prove the results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Exposures)
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18 pages, 1777 KiB  
Article
Research Project Evaluation—Learnings from the PATHWAYS Project Experience
by Aleksander Galas 1, Aleksandra Pilat 1, Matilde Leonardi 2 and Beata Tobiasz-Adamczyk 1,*
1 Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
2 Fondazione IRCCS, Neurological Institute Carlo Besta, 20-133 Milano, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061071 - 25 May 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7259
Abstract
Background: Every research project faces challenges regarding how to achieve its goals in a timely and effective manner. The purpose of this paper is to present a project evaluation methodology gathered during the implementation of the Participation to Healthy Workplaces and Inclusive Strategies [...] Read more.
Background: Every research project faces challenges regarding how to achieve its goals in a timely and effective manner. The purpose of this paper is to present a project evaluation methodology gathered during the implementation of the Participation to Healthy Workplaces and Inclusive Strategies in the Work Sector (the EU PATHWAYS Project). The PATHWAYS project involved multiple countries and multi-cultural aspects of re/integrating chronically ill patients into labor markets in different countries. This paper describes key project’s evaluation issues including: (1) purposes, (2) advisability, (3) tools, (4) implementation, and (5) possible benefits and presents the advantages of a continuous monitoring. Methods: Project evaluation tool to assess structure and resources, process, management and communication, achievements, and outcomes. The project used a mixed evaluation approach and included Strengths (S), Weaknesses (W), Opportunities (O), and Threats (SWOT) analysis. Results: A methodology for longitudinal EU projects’ evaluation is described. The evaluation process allowed to highlight strengths and weaknesses and highlighted good coordination and communication between project partners as well as some key issues such as: the need for a shared glossary covering areas investigated by the project, problematic issues related to the involvement of stakeholders from outside the project, and issues with timing. Numerical SWOT analysis showed improvement in project performance over time. The proportion of participating project partners in the evaluation varied from 100% to 83.3%. Conclusions: There is a need for the implementation of a structured evaluation process in multidisciplinary projects involving different stakeholders in diverse socio-environmental and political conditions. Based on the PATHWAYS experience, a clear monitoring methodology is suggested as essential in every multidisciplinary research projects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Workplaces, Employment and Chronic Conditions in Europe: Answering the Hidden Emergency with Innovative Strategies)
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15 pages, 339 KiB  
Article
Children and Nature: Linking Accessibility of Natural Environments and Children’s Health-Related Quality of Life
by Suzanne Tillmann 1, Andrew F. Clark 1 and Jason A. Gilliland 1,2,3,4,5,6,*
1 Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
2 Department of Paediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
3 School of Health Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
5 Children’s Health Research Institute, London, N6C 2V5, Canada
6 Lawson Health Research Institute, London, N6C 2R5, Canada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1072; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061072 - 25 May 2018
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 9480
Abstract
A growing body of research suggests that increasing children’s nature interactions can have positive benefits for their health-related quality of life (HRQOL); however, researchers have yet to examine how geographical context influences this relationship. The purpose of this study was to examine individual-level [...] Read more.
A growing body of research suggests that increasing children’s nature interactions can have positive benefits for their health-related quality of life (HRQOL); however, researchers have yet to examine how geographical context influences this relationship. The purpose of this study was to examine individual-level and environmental factors that are associated with HRQOL of children from different geographical contexts. Data were collected for 851 children from 34 elementary schools in Ontario, Canada. The natural environments around each child’s home were computed using geospatial analyses in a geographic information system. Natural environment measures were combined with HRQOL and the demographics from child surveys to be used in a series of step-wise linear regression models. These models explored the relationship between children’s HRQOL and the natural environment in urban/suburban and rural populations. In addition to important individual-level determinants, the findings revealed that characteristics of the natural environment, including the amount of greenness, park, and water, show significant relationships in the urban/suburban population. Interpersonal variables were the key predictors of HRQOL in the rural population. Where children live influences relationships between nature and HRQOL. These findings have implications for policymakers, health practitioners, educators, and parents in the design and the promotion of nature for children’s HRQOL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Environment and Health: The Effect of Socio-Cultural Context on Health Effects of Natural Environments)
11 pages, 1110 KiB  
Article
Emotional Intelligence and Its Relationship with Levels of Social Anxiety and Stress in Adolescents
by Javier Cejudo 1,*, Débora Rodrigo-Ruiz 2, Maria Luz López-Delgado 1 and Lidia Losada 2
1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education of Ciudad Real, University of Castilla La Mancha, Ronda de Calatrava 3, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
2 Department of Research Methods and Assessment in Education II, Faculty of Education, UNED, Juan del Rosal, 14, 28040 Madrid, Spain
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061073 - 25 May 2018
Cited by 75 | Viewed by 20311
Abstract
The aim of this work is to extend the research on the relationships between emotional intelligence and various indicators of subjective well-being in adolescents, such as stress and social anxiety. The existence of differences in stress and social anxiety as a function of [...] Read more.
The aim of this work is to extend the research on the relationships between emotional intelligence and various indicators of subjective well-being in adolescents, such as stress and social anxiety. The existence of differences in stress and social anxiety as a function of an emotional intelligence score is also analyzed. A total of 505 Spanish adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 participated in the study. The results obtained support the existence of a positive relationship between trait emotional intelligence and subjective well-being. Likewise, the existence of a negative association between emotional intelligence and stress, and emotional intelligence and social anxiety, is confirmed. These results are consistent with other similar works based on adolescent samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress, Coping, and Resilience in Adolescents)
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9 pages, 861 KiB  
Article
Risk Perceptions of Cellphone Use While Driving: Results from a Delphi Survey
by Motao Zhu 1,2,*, Toni M. Rudisill 3, Kimberly J. Rauscher 4, Danielle M. Davidov 5 and Jing Feng 6
1 The Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
2 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
3 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
4 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
5 Departments of Emergency Medicine and Social and Behavioral Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
6 Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061074 - 25 May 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6672
Abstract
Cellphone use while driving has been recognized as a growing and important public health issue by the World Health Organization and U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveys typically collect data on overall texting while driving, but do not differentiate between various [...] Read more.
Cellphone use while driving has been recognized as a growing and important public health issue by the World Health Organization and U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveys typically collect data on overall texting while driving, but do not differentiate between various forms of cellphone use. This study sought to improve the survey indicators when monitoring cellphone use among young drivers. Experts and young drivers were recruited to propose behavioral indicators (cellphone use while driving behaviors) and consequential indicators (safety consequences of cellphone use while driving) in 2016. Subsequently, experts and young drivers selected the top indicators using the Delphi survey method. We enrolled 22 experts with published articles on cellphone use while driving nationally, and seven young drivers who were freshmen at a state university. Sending a text or e-mail on a handheld phone was picked as the top behavioral indicator by both groups. However, young drivers chose playing music on a handheld phone as the second most important behavioral indicator, which was overlooked by experts. Injury/death and collision were the top two consequential indicators. Experts and young drivers identified the important survey indicators to monitor cellphone use while driving. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Health Behavior and Public Health)
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11 pages, 326 KiB  
Article
Reduced Recovery of Depression in Female T Allele Carriers of TNF-RII rs1061622 at Earlier Stage after Wenchuan Earthquake
by Nazakat Hussain Memon †, Mei Fan †, Jia Lin, Yan Jun Si, Mi Su, Qi Wei Guo and Ding Zhi Fang *
1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061075 - 25 May 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3487
Abstract
Objective: The aim of current study was to explore longitudinally the prevalence, severity, potential factors, and predictors of depression among Chinese Han adolescent survivors with different genotypes of tumor necrosis factor receptor-II (TNF-RII) rs1061622 after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Method: TNF-RII [...] Read more.
Objective: The aim of current study was to explore longitudinally the prevalence, severity, potential factors, and predictors of depression among Chinese Han adolescent survivors with different genotypes of tumor necrosis factor receptor-II (TNF-RII) rs1061622 after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Method: TNF-RII rs1061622 variants were examined by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism and verified by DNA sequencing. Depression symptoms were assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) among 439 high school students at 6, 12, and 18 months after the earthquake. Results: No significant differences were observed in depression prevalence and BDI scores between the TT homozygotes and the G allele carriers in both the male and female subjects. However, the female TT homozygotes had a higher depression prevalence than the male TT homozygotes at 6, 12, and 18 months, whereas the female G allele carriers had a higher depression prevalence than the male G allele carriers only at 6 and 12 months after the earthquake. Moreover, BDI scores declined in the male subjects with both genotypes and only in the female G allele carriers at 12 months when compared with those at 6 months. Furthermore, the predictors of depression severity or potential factors of depression prevalence were different between the G allele carriers and the TT homozygotes at different times after the earthquake. Conclusion: It is concluded that the association of TNF-RII rs1061622 with depression is longitudinally different in Chinese Han adolescents after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The T allele may be associated with reduced recovery of depression in female adolescents in the earlier stage of depression rehabilitation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
20 pages, 2724 KiB  
Article
Residential Ambient Traffic in Relation to Childhood Pneumonia among Urban Children in Shandong, China: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Jing Chang 1,2, Wei Liu 3,4 and Chen Huang 1,*
1 School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
2 Department of Thermal Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
3 Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061076 - 25 May 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4306
Abstract
Pneumonia is a leading cause of childhood death. Few studies have investigated associations between residential ambient environmental exposures and pneumonia. In January–April 2015, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Shandong Province (China) and collected 9597 (response rate: 78.7%) parent-reported questionnaires for 3–6-year-old children [...] Read more.
Pneumonia is a leading cause of childhood death. Few studies have investigated associations between residential ambient environmental exposures and pneumonia. In January–April 2015, we conducted a cross-sectional study in Shandong Province (China) and collected 9597 (response rate: 78.7%) parent-reported questionnaires for 3–6-year-old children from 69 urban kindergartens. We then selected 5640 children who had never changed residence since birth and examined associations between residential ambient traffic-related facilities and childhood pneumonia considering residential characteristics. Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed pneumonia during lifetime-ever was 25.9%. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, residence close to a main traffic road (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 1.23, 1.08–1.40) and automobile 4S shop (1.76, 1.16–2.67) within 200 m, residence close to a filling station within 100 m (1.71, 1.10–2.65; reference: >200 m), as well as having a ground car park in the residential community (1.24, 1.08–1.42) were significantly associated with childhood pneumonia. The cumulative numbers of these traffic-related facilities had a positive dose-response relationship with the increased odds of childhood pneumonia. These associations and dose-response relationships were stronger among boys and among children with worse bedroom ventilation status during the night. Associations of residence close to the main traffic road and ground car parks in the residential community with childhood pneumonia were stronger among children living in the 1st–3rd floors than those living on higher floors. Similar results were found in the two-level (kindergarten-child) logistic regression analyses. Our findings indicate that living near traffic-related facilities is likely a risk factor for childhood pneumonia among urban children. The child’s sex, bedroom floor level, and bedroom ventilation could modify associations of ambient traffic-related facilities with childhood pneumonia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality and Health)
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10 pages, 1005 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Particulate Air Pollution Exposure is Associated with Increased Severity of Respiratory and Quality of Life Symptoms in Patients with Fibrotic Sarcoidosis
by Cheryl S. Pirozzi 1,*, Daniel L. Mendoza 1,2, Yizhe Xu 3, Yue Zhang 4, Mary Beth Scholand 1 and Robert P. Baughman 5
1 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
2 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
3 Department of Population Health Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
4 Divisions of Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
5 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1077; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061077 - 26 May 2018
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4704
Abstract
This study aimed to determine if short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) is associated with increased symptoms or lung function decline in fibrotic sarcoidosis. Sixteen patients with fibrotic sarcoidosis complicated by frequent exacerbations completed pulmonary function [...] Read more.
This study aimed to determine if short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) is associated with increased symptoms or lung function decline in fibrotic sarcoidosis. Sixteen patients with fibrotic sarcoidosis complicated by frequent exacerbations completed pulmonary function testing and questionnaires every three months for one year. We compared 7-, 10-, and 14-day average levels of PM2.5 and O3 estimated at patient residences to spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), to forced vital capacity (FVC), episodes of FEV1 decline > 10%) and questionnaire outcomes (Leicester cough questionnaire (LCQ), Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and King’s Sarcoidosis Questionnaire (KSQ)) using generalized linear mixed effect models. PM2.5 level averaged over 14 days was associated with lower KSQ general health status (score change −6.60 per interquartile range (IQR) PM2.5 increase). PM2.5 level averaged over 10 and 14 days was associated with lower KSQ lung specific health status (score change −6.93 and −6.91, respectively). PM2.5 levels were not associated with FEV1, FVC, episodes of FEV1 decline > 10%, or respiratory symptoms measured by SGRQ or LCQ. Ozone exposure was not associated with any health outcomes. In this small cohort of patients with fibrotic sarcoidosis, PM2.5 exposure was associated with increased severity of respiratory and quality of life symptoms. Full article
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19 pages, 1575 KiB  
Article
“Everybody Puts Their Whole Life on Facebook”: Identity Management and the Online Social Networks of LGBTQ Youth
by Elizabeth McConnell 1,*, Bálint Néray 2, Bernie Hogan 3, Aaron Korpak 1, Antonia Clifford 2 and Michelle Birkett 2
1 Department of Psychology, DePaul University, 2219 N. Kenmore Ave., Chicago, IL 60614, USA
2 Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 625 N. Michigan Ave., Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60614; USA
3 Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Manor Road Building, Manor Road, Oxford OX1 3UQ, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1078; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061078 - 26 May 2018
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 14004
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth and young adults almost inevitably “come out”, or self-disclose their identity to others. Some LGBTQ youth are more uniformly “out”, while others may disclose to some groups but not others. This selective disclosure is complicated [...] Read more.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) youth and young adults almost inevitably “come out”, or self-disclose their identity to others. Some LGBTQ youth are more uniformly “out”, while others may disclose to some groups but not others. This selective disclosure is complicated on real name social media sites, which tend to encourage a unified presentation of self across social contexts. We explore these complications with a cohort of LBGTQ youth on Facebook (N = 199, Mage = 24.13). Herein we ask: How do LBGTQ youth manage the disclosure of their sexual orientation and/or gender identity to different people in their lives? Further, are there identifiable differences in the online social network structure for LGBTQ youth who manage outness in different ways? Finally, how do LGBTQ young people describe their experiences on Facebook? We answer these questions using a mixed methods approach, combining statistical cluster analysis, network visualization, and qualitative data. Our findings illustrate patterns in network structure by outness cluster type, highlighting both the work involved in managing one’s online identity as well as the costs to (semi-) closeted individuals including a considerably lower overall network connectivity. In particular, outness to family characterized LGBTQ young people’s experiences on Facebook. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in LGBT Health Research)
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13 pages, 2169 KiB  
Article
Women’s Mid-Life Night Sweats and 2-Year Bone Mineral Density Changes: A Prospective, Observational Population-Based Investigation from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos)
by Evelyn M. M. Wong 1,2,3,4,5, George Tomlinson 4,5,6, Marsha M. Pinto 3,7, Claudie Berger 8, Angela M. Cheung 2,3,4,5,6,7,9 and Jerilynn C. Prior 1,10,11,12,*
1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
3 Osteoporosis Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
4 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
5 Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
6 Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
7 Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
8 Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study Data Management Group, McGill University, Montreal, ON H4A 3S5, Canada
9 Centre of Excellence in Skeletal Health Assessment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
10 Centre for Menstrual Cycle and Ovulation Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
11 School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
12 BC Women’s Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC V6H 2N9, Canada
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1079; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061079 - 26 May 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5086
Abstract
Women’s hot flushes and night sweats, collectively called vasomotor symptoms (VMS), are maximal (79%) in late perimenopause. The evidence describing whether VMS are associated with loss of areal bone mineral density (BMD) is mixed. We examined baseline and 2-year data for 1570 randomly [...] Read more.
Women’s hot flushes and night sweats, collectively called vasomotor symptoms (VMS), are maximal (79%) in late perimenopause. The evidence describing whether VMS are associated with loss of areal bone mineral density (BMD) is mixed. We examined baseline and 2-year data for 1570 randomly selected women aged 43–63 in the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos), a prospective Canada-wide study; we used linear regression to assess the relationship of night sweats (VMSn) with BMD and its changes. Clinically important VMSn occurred for 12.2%. Women with VMSn were slightly younger (54.5 vs. 55.3 years, p = 0.02) and less likely to use sex steroid therapies (39.8% vs. 51.4%, p < 0.05). BMD at the lumbar spine (L1-4), femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH) were similar between those with/without VMSn. In adjusted models, we did not find a significant association between VMSn and 2-year change in L1-4, FN and TH BMD. Age, reproductive status, weight, sex steroid therapy and smoking status were associated with 2-year change in BMD. Incident fractures over 2 years also did not differ by VMSn. Our analyses were restricted to VMSn and may not truly capture the relationship between VMS and BMD. Additional research involving VMS, bone loss and fracture incidence is needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Concepts in Women’s Bone Health)
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14 pages, 2538 KiB  
Article
Cognitive Impact and Psychophysiological Effects of Stress Using a Biomonitoring Platform
by Susana Rodrigues 1,2,*, Joana S. Paiva 1,2,3, Duarte Dias 1,2, Marta Aleixo 4, Rui Manuel Filipe 4,† and João Paulo S. Cunha 1,2
1 Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers—Technology and Science (INESC TEC), Porto 4200-465, Portugal
2 Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
3 Astronomy and Physics Department, Sciences Faculty, University of Porto, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
4 Navegação Aérea de Portugal (NAV), EPE, Lisboa 1700-111, Portugal
† Deceased: November 2017
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1080; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061080 - 26 May 2018
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6411
Abstract
Stress can impact multiple psychological and physiological human domains. In order to better understand the effect of stress on cognitive performance, and whether this effect is related to an autonomic response to stress, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was used as a [...] Read more.
Stress can impact multiple psychological and physiological human domains. In order to better understand the effect of stress on cognitive performance, and whether this effect is related to an autonomic response to stress, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) was used as a testing platform along with a 2-Choice Reaction Time Task. When considering the nature and importance of Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs) work and the fact that they are subjected to high levels of stress, this study was conducted with a sample of ATCs (n = 11). Linear Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features were extracted from ATCs electrocardiogram (ECG) acquired using a medical-grade wearable ECG device (Vital Jacket® (1-Lead, Biodevices S.A, Matosinhos, Portugal)). Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) were also used to measure perceived stress. TSST produced statistically significant changes in some HRV parameters (Average of normal-to-normal intervals (AVNN), Standard Deviation of all NN (SDNN), root mean square of differences between successive rhythm-to-rhythm (RR) intervals (RMSSD), pNN20, and LF/HF) and subjective measures of stress, which recovered after the stress task. Although these short-term changes in HRV showed a tendency to normalize, an impairment on cognitive performance was evident. Despite that participant’s reaction times were lower, the accuracy significantly decreased, presenting more errors after performing the acute stress event. Results can also point to the importance of the development of quantified occupational health (qOHealth) devices to allow for the monitoring of stress responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Technology Enabled Health and Care)
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10 pages, 1560 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Nutrients Removal Using Reeds Straw as Carbon Source in a Laboratory Scale Constructed Wetland
by Tong Wang 1, Haiyan Wang 2,3,*, Yang Chang 1,2,3, Zhaosheng Chu 2,4, Yaqian Zhao 5,6,* and Ranbin Liu 6
1 School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Da Yang Fang, Anwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
3 Research Center for Water Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, No. 8 Da Yang Fang, Anwai, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China
4 National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
5 State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
6 UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Civil Engineering, Newstead Building, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1081; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061081 - 27 May 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4664
Abstract
The low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and high nitrate content characteristics of agricultural runoff restricted the nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands (CWs). To resolve such problems, the economically- and easily-obtained Phragmites Australis (reeds) litters were applied and packed in the surface layer of a [...] Read more.
The low carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio and high nitrate content characteristics of agricultural runoff restricted the nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands (CWs). To resolve such problems, the economically- and easily-obtained Phragmites Australis (reeds) litters were applied and packed in the surface layer of a surface flow CW as external carbon sources. The results demonstrated that the introduction of the reeds straw increased the C concentration as a result of their decomposition during the CW operation, which will help the denitrification in the ensuing operation of an entire 148 days. The total nitrogen (TN) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) () in the effluent reached the peak level of 63.2 mg/L and 83 mg/L at the fourth and the second day, respectively. Subsequently, the pollutants in the CW that were filled with straw decreased rapidly and achieved a stable removal after 13 days of operation. Moreover, the present study showed that the N removal efficiency increased with the increase of the hydraulic retention time (HRT). Under the HRT of four days, the CW presented 74.1 ± 6%, 87.4 ± 6% and 56.0 ± 6% removal for TN, NO3-, and TP, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Point Source Pollution and Environmental Assessment)
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9 pages, 778 KiB  
Article
Location of Femoral Fractures in Patients with Different Weight Classes in Fall and Motorcycle Accidents: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Analysis
by Meng-Wei Chang 1, Hang-Tsung Liu 2, Chun-Ying Huang 2, Peng-Chen Chien 3, Hsiao-Yun Hsieh 3 and Ching-Hua Hsieh 3,*
1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
2 Department of Trauma Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
3 Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1082; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061082 - 27 May 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4331
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to determine the incidence of femoral fracture location in trauma patients with different weight classes in fall and motorcycle accidents. Methods: A total of 2647 hospitalized adult patients with 2760 femoral fractures from 1 January 2009 to 31 December [...] Read more.
Background: This study aimed to determine the incidence of femoral fracture location in trauma patients with different weight classes in fall and motorcycle accidents. Methods: A total of 2647 hospitalized adult patients with 2760 femoral fractures from 1 January 2009 to 31 December 2014 were included in this study. Femoral fracture sites were categorized based on their location: proximal femur (type A, trochanteric; type B, neck; and type C, head), femoral shaft, and distal femur. The patients were further classified as obese (body mass index [BMI] of ≥30 kg/m2), overweight (BMI of <30 but ≥25 kg/m2), normal weight (BMI of <25 but ≥18.5 kg/m2), and underweight (BMI of <18.5 kg/m2). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the incidences of femoral fracture location were calculated in patients with different weight classes in fall or motorcycle accidents, and they were then compared with those in patients with normal weight. p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Most of the fractures sustained in fall accidents presented in the proximal type A (41.8%) and type B (45.3%) femur, whereas those sustained in motorcycle accidents involved the femoral shaft (37.1%), followed by the distal femur (22.4%) and proximal type A femur (21.2%). In fall accidents, compared with normal-weight patients, obese and overweight patients sustained lower odds of risk for proximal type B fractures but higher odds of risk for femoral shaft and distal femoral fractures. In motorcycle accidents, compared with normal-weight patients, obese patients sustained lower odds of risk for proximal type B fractures but no difference in odds of risk for femoral shaft and distal femoral fractures. Overweight and underweight patients who sustained fractures in a motorcycle accident did not have different fracture location patterns compared with normal-weight patients. Conclusions: This study revealed that femoral fracture locations differ between fall and motorcycle accidents. Moreover, greater soft tissue padding may reduce impact forces to the greater trochanteric region in obese patients during fall accidents, and during motorcycle accidents, the energy transmitted and the point of impact may dominantly determine the location of femoral fractures. Full article
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10 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Weight Concerns and Use of Cigarettes and E-Cigarettes among Young Adults
by Brooke L. Bennett 1 and Pallav Pokhrel 2,*
1 Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2500 Campus Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
2 Cancer Prevention in Pacific Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1084; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061084 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5067
Abstract
Higher weight concerns have been associated with higher cigarette smoking, particularly among women, partly because smoking is perceived to limit appetite for food. E-cigarettes are increasingly used as an alternative to combustible cigarettes and are widely believed to be less harmful than cigarettes. [...] Read more.
Higher weight concerns have been associated with higher cigarette smoking, particularly among women, partly because smoking is perceived to limit appetite for food. E-cigarettes are increasingly used as an alternative to combustible cigarettes and are widely believed to be less harmful than cigarettes. Currently it is not known whether weight concerns are associated with e-cigarette use among young adults. In this study, we tested the association between weight concerns and cigarette and e-cigarette use and use susceptibility among young adults. Cross-sectional data were collected from college students (N = 470; M age = 20.9; SD = 2.1; 65% women). Results indicated that weight concerns were significantly associated with lifetime and current cigarette smoking status, current cigarette smoking frequency and cigarette use susceptibility (among never smokers), adjusting for demographics variables. Weight concerns were not associated with lifetime or current e-cigarette use status or e-cigarette use susceptibility, adjusting for demographics and cigarette use status. However, higher weight concerns were associated with higher frequency of current e-cigarette use, adjusting for demographic variables and current cigarette smoking frequency. These findings imply that even though weight concerns may not motivate e-cigarette use as strongly as cigarette use, weight concerns may influence higher intensity of e-cigarette use among users. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
10 pages, 648 KiB  
Article
Which Patients Are Prescribed Escitalopram?: Predictors for Escitalopram Prescriptions and Functional Outcomes among Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
by Jarim Kim 1 and Yerim Kim 2,3,*
1 School of Communication, Kookmin University, Bugak Hall 603, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Korea
2 Department of Neurology, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Seoul 05355, Korea
3 College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061085 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4182
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that antidepressants could enhance functional recovery via neuroplasticity beyond solely treating depression. However, since Koreans typically show a greater aversion to seeking psychiatric care than citizens of Western countries, the number of antidepressant prescriptions is low. Through this study, [...] Read more.
Recent studies have demonstrated that antidepressants could enhance functional recovery via neuroplasticity beyond solely treating depression. However, since Koreans typically show a greater aversion to seeking psychiatric care than citizens of Western countries, the number of antidepressant prescriptions is low. Through this study, we aim to identify the factors that lead to the prescription of antidepressants in subjects with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in clinical practice. A total of 775 patients with ischemic stroke (IS) participated in this study from March 2010 to May 2013. We used binary logistic regression to find predictors for escitalopram prescriptions. To reveal predictors for short-term functional outcomes, we used an adjusted regression model using a propensity score. Among the 775 participants, 39 (5.03%) were prescribed escitalopram. The duration of hospital stay (odds ratio (OR) = 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.10) and the use of mechanical ventilation were significantly more closely related to escitalopram prescriptions as compared to non-escitalopram prescriptions (OR = 5.15; 95% CI = 1.53–17.40). The use of escitalopram, on the other hand, was not significantly associated with short-term functional outcomes (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 0.50–3.25). Duration of hospital stay and use of mechanical ventilation were significantly related to escitalopram prescriptions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)
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12 pages, 905 KiB  
Article
Environmental Lead Exposure and Adult Literacy in Myanmar: An Exploratory Study of Potential Associations at the Township Level
by Robert C. MacTavish 1, Liam W. Rémillard 2 and Colleen M. Davison 2,*
1 Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
2 Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, 99 University Ave, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061086 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4988
Abstract
Environmental lead exposure is a population health concern in many low- and middle-income countries. Lead is found throughout Myanmar and prior to the 1940s the country was the largest producer of lead worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine any potential [...] Read more.
Environmental lead exposure is a population health concern in many low- and middle-income countries. Lead is found throughout Myanmar and prior to the 1940s the country was the largest producer of lead worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine any potential association between lead mining and adult literacy rates at the level of 330 townships in Myanmar. Townships were identified as lead or non-lead mining areas and 2015 census data were examined with association being identified using descriptive, analytical and spatial statistical methods. Overall, there does appear to be a significant relationship between lead mining activity and adult literacy levels among townships with both low access (p = 0.05; OR = 2.701 (1.136–6.421)) as well with high access to safe sanitation (p = 0.01; OR = 18.40 (1.794–188.745)). Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) cluster maps confirm these findings. This exploratory analysis is a first step in the examination of potential environmental lead exposure and its implications in Myanmar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventing Lead Exposure and Its Consequences in Vulnerable Populations: The Unfinished Agenda)
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12 pages, 314 KiB  
Article
Relationship between Body Mass Index, Cardiorespiratory and Musculoskeletal Fitness among South African Adolescent Girls
by Emmanuel Bonney 1,2,*, Gillian Ferguson 1 and Bouwien Smits-Engelsman 1
1 Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
2 Department of Physiotherapy, School of Biomedical & Allied Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061087 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5426
Abstract
Background: Cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness are important health indicators that support optimal physical functioning. Understanding the relationship between body mass index and these health markers may contribute to the development of evidence-based interventions to address obesity-related complications. The relationship between body mass [...] Read more.
Background: Cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness are important health indicators that support optimal physical functioning. Understanding the relationship between body mass index and these health markers may contribute to the development of evidence-based interventions to address obesity-related complications. The relationship between body mass index, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness has not been well explored, particularly in female adolescents. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between body mass index, cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness among South African adolescent girls in low-income communities. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 151 adolescent girls, aged 13–16 years. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using the 20 m shuttle run test and musculoskeletal fitness was assessed using a variety of field-based tests. Height and weight were measured with standardised procedures and body mass index (BMI) was derived by the formula [BMI = weight (kg)/height (m)2]. Participants were categorised into three BMI groups using the International Obesity Task Force age- and gender-specific cut-off points. Pearson correlations were used to determine the association between body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness and measures of musculoskeletal fitness at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Overweight and obese girls were found to have lower cardiorespiratory fitness, decreased lower extremity muscular strength, greater grip strength, and more hypermobile joints compared to normal-weight peers. BMI was negatively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and lower extremity muscular strength. Conclusions: The findings indicate that increased body mass correlates with decreased cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness. Interventions should be developed to target these important components of physical fitness in this demographic group. Full article
9 pages, 2320 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Self-Propelled High-Energy Ultrasonic Atomizer on Azoxystrobin and Tebuconazole Application in Sunlit Greenhouse Tomatoes
by Yan-Jie Li 1, Yi-Fan Li 2, Rong-Hua Chen 3, Xue-Sheng Li 3, Can-Ping Pan 1,* and Jian-Li Song 1,*
1 Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
2 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
3 Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061088 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3505
Abstract
In this study, a self-propelled high-energy ultrasonic atomizer was evaluated in terms of deposition on the canopy, the loss to the ground, and fungicide residues in cherry tomato and tomato. Artificial collectors fixed to the upper side and underside of the leaves at [...] Read more.
In this study, a self-propelled high-energy ultrasonic atomizer was evaluated in terms of deposition on the canopy, the loss to the ground, and fungicide residues in cherry tomato and tomato. Artificial collectors fixed to the upper side and underside of the leaves at different depths and heights were used to collect the depositions. A reliable analytical method for determination of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole in artificial collectors and residue samples was developed by using liquid chromatography triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. The results showed that the atomizer distributed the droplets evenly throughout the greenhouse with good uniformity (CVs below 39%). The ratio of depositions on the internal and external sides was 66–83%, and the ratio of depositions on the underside and upper side was 39–50%. There were no significant differences in depositions between two different height crops. The residues of azoxystrobin and tebuconazole in tomato and cherry tomato fruits were far below the maximum residue limits at harvest time. In general, self-propelled high-energy ultrasonic atomizer used in a greenhouse could increase the depositions, especially on the underside and internal side of the canopies, and lead to a reduction of operator exposure risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)
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13 pages, 1690 KiB  
Article
Persistence of Salmonella Typhimurium in Well Waters from a Rural Area of Changchun City, China
by Jiahang Li 1,2, Meiyue Ding 1,2, Ziming Han 1,2 and Jincai Ma 1,2,*
1 Key Laboratory of Ground Water Resource and Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
2 College of Environmental and Resources, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1090; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061090 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3954
Abstract
Salmonella-contaminated well water could cause major infection outbreaks worldwide, thus, it is crucial to understand their persistence in those waters. In this study, we investigated the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in 15 well waters from a rural area of Changchun [...] Read more.
Salmonella-contaminated well water could cause major infection outbreaks worldwide, thus, it is crucial to understand their persistence in those waters. In this study, we investigated the persistence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in 15 well waters from a rural area of Changchun City, China. Results illustrated that the time to reach detection limit (ttd), first decimal reduction time (δ), and the shape parameter (p) ranged from 15 to 80 days, from 5.6 to 66.9 days, and from 0.6 to 6.6, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that ttds of S. Typhimurium were positively correlated with total organic carbon, pH, NH4+–N, and total phosphate. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that ttds could be best predicted by NH4+–N and pH. Canonical correspondence analysis and variation partition analysis revealed that NH4+–N and pH, and the rest of the water parameters, could explain 27.60% and 28.15% of overall variation of the survival behavior, respectively. In addition, ttds were found to be correlated (p < 0.01) with δ and p. Our results showed that the longer survival (>2.5 months) S. Typhimurium could constitute an increased health risk to the local communities, and provided insights into the close linkage between well water quality and survival of S. Typhimurium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiological Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment)
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24 pages, 2847 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Industrial Odors on the Subjective Well-Being of Communities in Colorado
by Mohamed A. Eltarkawe and Shelly L. Miller *
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Sustainability, Energy and Environment Complex, East Campus, 4001 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061091 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 14488
Abstract
Odor pollution was identified as a top priority of the community of North Denver. Previous studies that investigated the impact of air pollution in North Denver focused on adverse health effects, rather than mental well-being. This study assessed the impact of odors from [...] Read more.
Odor pollution was identified as a top priority of the community of North Denver. Previous studies that investigated the impact of air pollution in North Denver focused on adverse health effects, rather than mental well-being. This study assessed the impact of odors from industrial sources on the subjective well-being (SWB) of North Denver residents, and of four similar communities in Colorado for comparison. An online survey was sent to participants from Greeley, Fort Collins, Fort Lupton, North Denver, and Pueblo, asking questions about SWB and odors in their areas (n = 351). The evaluation of SWB was performed using a novel approach that appraises three aspects of SWB. This approach of evaluating SWB has not been used in odor exposure studies. A proportional odds logistic regression model was used to estimate nine measures of SWB. The results showed that participants who reported that the air is very fresh or the odor is highly acceptable had higher levels of SWB. This association suggests that residents who live in areas exposed to strong industrial odors had lower levels of SWB. A subset of participants in this study took the survey four times in one year. Longitudinal analysis showed that evaluative satisfaction was slightly associated with seasonality. Both satisfaction with how life turned out and satisfaction with standards of living slightly increased during the fourth quarter of the year. The study also found that four of the nine measures can be used to represent SWB in future studies. Two of those measures were evaluative SWB, and the other two were positive hedonic SWB measures. A comparison between the five communities showed that well-being levels in North Denver and Greeley were not significantly different than those in Fort Collins or Fort Lupton. The comparison, however, showed that Pueblo had the lowest levels of well-being among all communities. Full article
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12 pages, 553 KiB  
Article
Drivers Are More Physically Active Than Non-Drivers in Older Adults
by Shiho Amagasa 1, Noritoshi Fukushima 1, Hiroyuki Kikuchi 1, Tomoko Takamiya 1, Yuko Odagiri 1, Koichiro Oka 2 and Shigeru Inoue 1,*
1 Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
2 Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1094; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061094 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5153
Abstract
Car use has been identified as sedentary behavior, although it may enhance mobility, particularly in the older population. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the time spent in objectively determined sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) between older drivers and non-drivers. Four [...] Read more.
Car use has been identified as sedentary behavior, although it may enhance mobility, particularly in the older population. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the time spent in objectively determined sedentary behavior (SB) and physical activity (PA) between older drivers and non-drivers. Four hundred and fifty Japanese older adults (74.3 ± 2.9 years) who had valid accelerometer data were included. They were asked to respond to a questionnaire and wear an accelerometer (HJA-350IT, Omron Healthcare) on their waist for 7 consecutive days in 2015. To compare activity time between drivers and non-drivers, we calculated estimated means using analysis of covariance, adjusting for sociodemographic, physical, and psychological factors and accelerometer wear time. Compared to non-drivers, drivers engaged in more light-intensity PA (LPA) (drivers: 325.0 vs. non-drivers: 289.0 min/day) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (drivers: 37.5 vs. non-drivers: 30.0 min/day) and less SB (drivers: 493.4 vs. non-drivers: 535.9 min/day) (all p < 0.05). After stratification by age, sex, and residential area, larger effect of driving on PA time was found in older-older adults, in men, and in rural residents. Older drivers were found to be more physically active than non-drivers, suggesting more access to outdoor activities or expanding social network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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7 pages, 269 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Quality of Life, Depression and Anxiety in Asian Patients
by Carol C. Choo *, Peter K. H. Chew, Shuet-Ming Lai, Shuenn-Chiang Soo, Cyrus S. Ho, Roger C. Ho and Raymond C. Wong
College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061095 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 8991
Abstract
This study explored the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on quality of life, depression, and anxiety in Asian patients in Singapore. Out of the 194 patients who were recruited into the study, 139 patients (71.6%) completed both the pre- and post-cardiac rehabilitation questionnaires. Their [...] Read more.
This study explored the effect of cardiac rehabilitation on quality of life, depression, and anxiety in Asian patients in Singapore. Out of the 194 patients who were recruited into the study, 139 patients (71.6%) completed both the pre- and post-cardiac rehabilitation questionnaires. Their ages ranged from 28 to 80 (M = 56.66, SD = 8.88), and 103 patients (74.1%) were males and 21 patients (15.1%) were females. As hypothesized, there was a statistically significant difference between the pre- and post-cardiac rehabilitation scores on the combined dependent variables, F (4, 135) = 34.84, p < 0.001; Wilks’ Lambda = 0.49; partial eta squared = 0.51. An inspection of the mean scores indicated that patients reported higher levels of physical and mental quality of life and lower levels of depression post-cardiac rehabilitation. The findings were discussed in regards to implications in cardiac rehabilitation in Singapore. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)
21 pages, 2605 KiB  
Article
Project SoL—A Community-Based, Multi-Component Health Promotion Intervention to Improve Eating Habits and Physical Activity among Danish Families with Young Children. Part 1: Intervention Development and Implementation
by Ulla Toft 1,*, Paul Bloch 2, Helene C. Reinbach 3, Lise L. Winkler 1, Tine Buch-Andersen 1,3, Jens Aagaard-Hansen 2,4, Bent Egberg Mikkelsen 5, Bjarne Bruun Jensen 2 and Charlotte Glümer 1
1 Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Capital Region, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
2 Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Health Promotion, Niels Steensens Vej 2-4, 2820 Gentofte, Denmark
3 Department of Development and Planning, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15 2nd floor, 2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark
4 MRC Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
5 Department of Learning & Philosophy, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vænge 15, 3rd floor, 2450 Copenhagen SV, Denmark
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061097 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7023
Abstract
Project SoL was implemented over a period of four years from 2012–2015 with the aim to promote healthy eating and physical activity among families with children aged 3–8 years, living in selected communities in two Danish municipalities. This was done by applying the [...] Read more.
Project SoL was implemented over a period of four years from 2012–2015 with the aim to promote healthy eating and physical activity among families with children aged 3–8 years, living in selected communities in two Danish municipalities. This was done by applying the supersetting approach to implement complex multi-component interventions in a participatory, coordinated, and integrated manner in childcare centres, schools, and supermarkets in three local communities, as well as in local media during a 19-month period in the Regional Municipality of Bornholm, which served as the intervention site. The matching municipality of Odsherred served as a control site based on its similarity to Bornholm regarding several socio-demographic and health indicators. The present paper describes the design of Project SoL as well as the processes of developing and implementing its complex interventions. Moreover, the theoretical and conceptual framework of the project is described together with its organisational structure, concrete activities, and sustainability measures. The paper discusses some of the key lessons learned related to participatory development and the implementation of a multi-component intervention. The paper concludes that coordinated and integrated health promotion activities that are implemented together with multiple stakeholders and across multiple settings in the local community are much more powerful than individual activities carried out in single settings. The supersetting approach was a useful conceptual framework for developing and implementing a complex multi-component health promotion intervention and for fostering ownership and sustainability of the intervention in the local community. The research and evaluation approach of the project is described in a separate paper (Part 2). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Community Health Intervention to Reduce Chronic Disease)
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15 pages, 1001 KiB  
Article
Stress Response and Cognitive Performance Modulation in Classroom versus Natural Environments: A Quasi-Experimental Pilot Study with Children
by Lærke Mygind 1,*, Matt P. Stevenson 2, Lasse S. Liebst 3, Ivana Konvalinka 4 and Peter Bentsen 1
1 Health Promotion, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, The Capital Region of Denmark, Niels Steensens Vej 6, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark
2 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Nødebovej 77A, DK-3480 Fredensborg, Denmark
3 Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
4 Section for Cognitive Systems, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Richard Petersens Plads, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061098 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10080
Abstract
Stress during childhood can have mental and somatic health influences that track throughout life. Previous research attributes stress-reducing effects to natural environments, but has mainly focused on adults and often following leisurely relaxation in natural environments. This pilot study explores the impact of [...] Read more.
Stress during childhood can have mental and somatic health influences that track throughout life. Previous research attributes stress-reducing effects to natural environments, but has mainly focused on adults and often following leisurely relaxation in natural environments. This pilot study explores the impact of natural environments on stress response during rest and mental load and cognitive performance in 47 children aged 10–12 years in a school context. Heart rate variability measures indexing tonic, event, and phasic vagal tone and attention scores were compared across classroom and natural environments. Tonic vagal tone was higher in the natural environment than the classrooms, but no differences were found in event or phasic vagal tone or cognitive performance measures. These findings suggest a situational aspect of the conditions under which natural environments may give rise to stress-buffering influences. Further research is warranted to understand the potential benefits in a real-life context, in particular with respect to the underpinning mechanisms and effects of accumulated exposure over time in settings where children spend large proportions of time in natural environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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9 pages, 303 KiB  
Article
Gender and Sexual Orientation Differences in Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Uptake among Chinese Young Adults
by Edmond Pui Hang Choi *, Janet Yuen Ha Wong, Angel Yin Yim Lau and Daniel Yee Tak Fong
School of Nursing, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1099; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061099 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 6429
Abstract
To date, empirical studies on HPV vaccine uptake are still limited in Chinese populations and mainly conducted in female cohorts. In order to inform health services planning and health promotion programmes for HPV vaccination, this cross-sectional study aimed to report the prevalence of [...] Read more.
To date, empirical studies on HPV vaccine uptake are still limited in Chinese populations and mainly conducted in female cohorts. In order to inform health services planning and health promotion programmes for HPV vaccination, this cross-sectional study aimed to report the prevalence of self-reported HPV vaccination status and to examine gender and sexual orientation differences in the uptake of HPV vaccine in Chinese college students. The overall prevalence of HPV vaccine uptake was 27.6% (n = 242), with a significantly higher prevalence in females (39.7%) than in males (4.7%). 91.4% of subjects heard about HPV vaccination, with a significantly higher prevalence in females (93.8%) than in males (86.8%). The prevalence of HPV vaccine uptake was only 2.6% for bisexual/ homosexual males and 5.0% for heterosexual males. Only 45.8% of the overall subjects knew HPV vaccination is not for females only, with a significantly higher prevalence in females (49.7%) than in males (38.6%). The low prevalence of male HPV vaccine uptake and awareness called for the need to have more male-specific HPV campaigns to promote HPV vaccination awareness and uptake in males to reduce the overall prevalence of HPV infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Health Behavior and Public Health)
14 pages, 2989 KiB  
Article
Multi-Target Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Farmland Soil Based on the Environment-Ecological-Health Effect
by Zhongyang Wang †, Bo Meng †, Wei Zhang, Jinheng Bai, Yingxin Ma and Mingda Liu *
1 College of Land and Environmental Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061101 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5208
Abstract
There are potential impacts of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) (e.g., Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Zn, Hg, and Pb) in soil from the perspective of the ecological environment and human health, and assessing the pollution and risk level of soil will play an [...] Read more.
There are potential impacts of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) (e.g., Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Zn, Hg, and Pb) in soil from the perspective of the ecological environment and human health, and assessing the pollution and risk level of soil will play an important role in formulating policies for soil pollution control. Lingyuan, in the west of Liaoning Province, China, is a typical low-relief terrain of a hilly area. The object of study in this research is the topsoil of farmland in this area, of which 71 soil samples are collected. In this study, research methods, such as the Nemerow Index, Potential Ecological Hazard Index, Ecological Risk Quotient, Environmental Exposure Hazard Analysis, Positive Matrix Factorization Model, and Land Statistical Analysis, are used for systematical assessment of the pollution scale, pollution level, and source of PTEs, as well as the ecological environmental risks and health risks in the study area. The main conclusions are: The average contents of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Zn, Ni, and Pb of the soil are 5.32 mg/kg, 0.31 mg/kg, 50.44 mg/kg, 47.05 mg/kg, 0.03 mg/kg, 79.36 mg/kg, 26.01 mg/kg, and 35.65 mg/kg, respectively. The contents of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb exceed the background value of local soil; Cd content of some study plots exceeds the National Soil Environmental Quality Standard Value (0.6 mg/kg), and the exceeding standard rate of study plots is 5.63%; the comprehensive potential ecological hazard assessment in the study area indicates that the PTEs are at a slight ecological risk; probabilistic hazard quotient assessment indicates that the influence of PTEs on species caused by Cu is at a slight level (p = 10.93%), and Zn, Pb, and Cd are at an acceptable level. For the ecological process, Zn is at a medium level (p = 25.78%), Cu is at a slight level (19.77%), and the influence of Cd and Pb are acceptable; human health hazard assessment states that the Non-carcinogenic comprehensive health hazard index HI = 0.16 < 1, indicating that PTEs in soil have no significant effect on people’s health through exposure; the PMF model (Positive Matrix Factorization) shows that the contribution rates of agricultural source, industrial source, atmospheric dust source, and natural source are 13.15%, 25.33%, 18.47%, and 43.05%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Environmental Risk Assessment)
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29 pages, 7544 KiB  
Article
Particulate Matter and Gaseous Pollutions in Three Metropolises along the Chinese Yangtze River: Situation and Implications
by Mao Mao, Xiaolin Zhang * and Yan Yin
Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change, Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061102 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4855
Abstract
The situation of criteria atmospheric pollutants, including particulate matter and trace gases (SO2, NO2, CO and O3), over three metropolises (Chongqing, Wuhan, and Nanjing), representing the upstream, midstream and downstream portions of the Yangtze River Basin from [...] Read more.
The situation of criteria atmospheric pollutants, including particulate matter and trace gases (SO2, NO2, CO and O3), over three metropolises (Chongqing, Wuhan, and Nanjing), representing the upstream, midstream and downstream portions of the Yangtze River Basin from September 2015 to August 2016 were analyzed. The maximum annual mean PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were 61.3 and 102.7 μg/m3 in Wuhan, while highest annual average gaseous pollutions occurred in Nanjing, with 49.6 and 22.9 ppb for 8 h O3 and NO2, respectively. Compared to a few years ago, SO2 and CO mass concentrations have dropped to well below the qualification standards, and the O3 and NO2 concentrations basically meet the requirements though occasionally is still high. In contrary, about 13%, 25%, 22% for PM2.5, and 4%, 17%, 15% for PM10 exceed the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAAQS) Grade II. Particulate matter, especially PM2.5, is the most frequent major pollutant to poor air quality with 73%, 64% and 88% accounting for substandard days. Mean PM2.5 concentrations on PM2.5 episode days are 2–3 times greater than non-episode days. On the basis of calculation of PM2.5/PM10 and PM2.5/CO ratios, the enhanced particulate matter pollution on episode days is closely related to secondary aerosol production. Except for O3, the remaining five pollutants exhibit analogous seasonal patterns, with the highest magnitude in winter and lowest in summer. The results of back trajectories show that air pollution displays synergistic effects on local emissions and long range transport. O3 commonly demonstrated negative correlations with other pollutants, especially during winter, while moderate to strong positive correlation between particulate matter and NO2, SO2, CO were seen. Compared to pollutant substandard ratios over three megacities in eastern China (Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou), the situation in our studied second-tier cities are also severe. The results in this paper provide basic knowledge for pollution status of three cities along Chinese Yangtze River and are conductive to mitigating future negative air quality levels. Full article
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12 pages, 1052 KiB  
Article
Association between Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels and the Prevalence of Adult-Onset Asthma
by Mark P. C. Cherrie 1,2, Christophe Sarran 3 and Nicholas J. Osborne 2,4,*
1 Centre for Research on Environment, Society and Health, Institute of Geography, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
2 European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro TR1 3HD, UK
3 Met Office, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, Devon EX1 3PB, UK
4 School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1103; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061103 - 29 May 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4658
Abstract
The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D (25(OH)D) has been implicated in the pathogenesis for atopic dermatitis, asthma and other allergic diseases due to downstream immunomodulatory effects. However, a consistent association between 25(OH)D and asthma during adulthood has yet to be found in [...] Read more.
The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D (25(OH)D) has been implicated in the pathogenesis for atopic dermatitis, asthma and other allergic diseases due to downstream immunomodulatory effects. However, a consistent association between 25(OH)D and asthma during adulthood has yet to be found in observational studies. We aimed to test the association between 25(OH)D and asthma during adulthood and hypothesised that this association would be stronger in non-atopic participants. Using information collected on the participants of the 1958 birth cohort, we developed a novel measure of atopic status using total and specific IgE values and reported history of eczema and allergic rhinitis. We designed a nested case-control analysis, stratified by atopic status, and using logistic regression models investigated the association between 25(OH)D measured at age 46 years with the prevalence of asthma and wheezy bronchitis at age 50 years, excluding participants who reported ever having asthma or wheezy bronchitis before the age of 42. In the fully adjusted models, a 10 nmol/L increase in serum 25(OH)D prevalence had a significant association with asthma (aOR 0.94; 95% CI 0.88–1.00). There was some evidence of an atopic dependent trend in the association between 25(OH)D levels and asthma. Further analytical work on the operationalisation of atopy status would prove useful to uncover whether there is a role for 25(OH)D and other risk factors for asthma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Epidemiology of Allergy)
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20 pages, 523 KiB  
Article
Involving Patients and Families in the Analysis of Suicides, Suicide Attempts, and Other Sentinel Events in Mental Healthcare: A Qualitative Study in The Netherlands
by Renée Bouwman 1,*, Bert De Graaff 2, Derek De Beurs 1, Hester Van de Bovenkamp 2, Ian Leistikow 2,3 and Roland Friele 1,4
1 NIVEL, P.O. Box 1568, 3500 BN Utrecht, The Netherlands
2 Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P.O. box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
3 Dutch Healthcare and Youth Inspectorate, 3521 AZ Utrecht, The Netherlands
4 TRANZO (Scientific Centre for Care and Welfare), Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tilburg University, 5037 DB Tilburg, The Netherlands
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061104 - 29 May 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 8321
Abstract
Involving patients and families in mental healthcare is becoming more commonplace, but little is known about how they are involved in the aftermath of serious adverse events related to quality of care (sentinel events, including suicides). This study explores the role patients and [...] Read more.
Involving patients and families in mental healthcare is becoming more commonplace, but little is known about how they are involved in the aftermath of serious adverse events related to quality of care (sentinel events, including suicides). This study explores the role patients and families have in formal processes after sentinel events in Dutch mental healthcare. We analyzed the existing policies of 15 healthcare organizations and spoke with 35 stakeholders including patients, families, their counselors, the national regulator, and professionals. Respondents argue that involving patients and families is valuable to help deal with the event emotionally, provide additional information, and prevent escalation. Results indicate that involving patients and families is only described in sentinel event policies to a limited extent. In practice, involvement consists mostly of providing aftercare and sharing information about the event by providers. Complexities such as privacy concerns and involuntary admissions are said to hinder involvement. Respondents also emphasize that involvement should not be obligatory and stress the need for patients and families to be involved throughout the process of treatment. There is no one-size-fits-all strategy for involving patients and families after sentinel events. The first step seems to be early involvement during treatment process itself. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicide Risk and Mental Disorders)
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13 pages, 961 KiB  
Article
Mosses Are Better than Leaves of Vascular Plants in Monitoring Atmospheric Heavy Metal Pollution in Urban Areas
by Yanbin Jiang, Miao Fan, Ronggui Hu, Jinsong Zhao and Yupeng Wu *
Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061105 - 29 May 2018
Cited by 84 | Viewed by 7402
Abstract
Mosses and leaves of vascular plants have been used as bioindicators of environmental contamination by heavy metals originating from various sources. This study aims to compare the metal accumulation capabilities of mosses and vascular species in urban areas and quantify the suitability of [...] Read more.
Mosses and leaves of vascular plants have been used as bioindicators of environmental contamination by heavy metals originating from various sources. This study aims to compare the metal accumulation capabilities of mosses and vascular species in urban areas and quantify the suitability of different taxa for monitoring airborne heavy metals. One pleurocarpous feather moss species, Haplocladium angustifolium, and two evergreen tree species, Cinnamomum bodinieri Osmanthus fragrans, and substrate soil were sampled in the urban area of different land use types in Wuhan City in China. The concentrations of Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, V, Pb, and Zn in these samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The differences of heavy metals concentration in the three species showed that the moss species was considerably more capable of accumulating heavy metals than tree leaves (3 times to 51 times). The accumulated concentration of heavy metals in the moss species depended on the metal species and land use type. The enrichment factors of metals for plants and the correlations of metals in plants with corresponding metals in soil reflected that the accumulated metals in plants stemmed mostly from atmospheric deposition, rather than the substrate soil. Anthropogenic factors, such as traffic emissions from automobile transportation and manufacturing industries, were primarily responsible for the variations in metal pollutants in the atmosphere and subsequently influenced the metal accumulation in the mosses. This study elucidated that the moss species H. angustifolium is relatively more suitable than tree leaves of C. bodinieri and O. fragrans in monitoring heavy metal pollution in urban areas, and currently Wuhan is at a lower contamination level of atmospheric heavy metals than some other cities in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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11 pages, 308 KiB  
Article
Sexual Risk Behaviors of Patients with HIV/AIDS over the Course of Antiretroviral Treatment in Northern Vietnam
by Thuc Minh Thi Vu 1, Victoria L. Boggiano 2, Bach Xuan Tran 3,4,5, Long Hoang Nguyen 6, Tung Thanh Tran 7,*, Carl A. Latkin 4, Cyrus S. H. Ho 8 and Roger C. M. Ho 9
1 Center for Research and Training, Tam Anh Hospital, 108 Hoang Nhu Tiep, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
2 Berkeley School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
3 Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
4 Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
5 Vietnam Young Physician Association, 64 Ba Trieu, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
6 School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
7 Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
8 Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
9 Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061106 - 29 May 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4471
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the health and well-being of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, PLWH), and reduces their risk of transmitting the virus to sexual partners. However, patterns of sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive patients taking ART in Vietnam remain [...] Read more.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the health and well-being of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, PLWH), and reduces their risk of transmitting the virus to sexual partners. However, patterns of sexual risk behavior among HIV-positive patients taking ART in Vietnam remain largely unknown. In this study, we sought to examine sexual risk behaviors and their associated factors among HIV-positive patients receiving ART in northern Vietnam. The socio-demographic characteristics, ART use, health status, and sexual behaviors of 1133 patients taking ART in the Hanoi and Nam Dinh provinces were explored through face-to-face interviews. There were 63.5% of patients who had one sex partner, while 3.6% and 5.6% of patients had sexual intercourse with casual partners or sex workers, respectively, in the previous 12 months. Most participants tended to use condoms more often with commercial sex partners (90.2%) and intimate partners (79.7%), and less often with casual partners (60.9%). Higher age (odds ratio, OR = 1.0; 95% CIs = 1.0, 1.1) or suffering pain/discomfort (OR = 1.7; 95% CIs = 1.2, 2.4) were factors more likely to be associated with multiple sex partners. Patients who were self-employed were more likely to have sexual intercourse with casual partners/sex workers (OR = 2.1; 95% CIs = 1.1, 4.0). Meanwhile, a higher score on the EuroQol visual analog scale (EQ-VAS), an unknown HIV stage, and a longer duration of ART were adversely associated with not using condoms with casual partners/sex workers. Patients with longer durations of ART had a lower likelihood of not using a condom with casual partners/sex workers (OR = 0.5; 95% CIs = 0.3, 0.8). Our study underscored a relatively high rate of unsafe sexual behaviors among HIV-positive patients. Continuing to improve the physical and psychological well-being of HIV-positive patients in Vietnam is important in reducing the spread of HIV via risky sexual behaviors. In addition, safe-sex education should be provided to older people, and to those who are self-employed. Full article
14 pages, 1111 KiB  
Article
Functioning and Disability Profile of Children with Microcephaly Associated with Congenital Zika Virus Infection
by Haryelle Náryma Confessor Ferreira 1, Veronica Schiariti 2, Isabelly Cristina Rodrigues Regalado 3, Klayton Galante Sousa 1, Silvana Alves Pereira 1, Carla Patrícia Novaes dos Santos Fechine 4 and Egmar Longo 1,*
1 Postgraduate Program in Collective Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte—Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairi (UFRN-FACISA), Santa Cruz 59200-000, Brazil
2 Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
3 Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
4 Undegraduate Program in Physical Therapy, UNIPÊ, João Pessoa 58053-000, Brazil
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061107 - 29 May 2018
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 9101
Abstract
Introduction: The increase in the number of cases of microcephaly in Brazil and its association with the Zika virus (ZIKV) is a global public health problem. The International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) model is a powerful tool and extremely relevant [...] Read more.
Introduction: The increase in the number of cases of microcephaly in Brazil and its association with the Zika virus (ZIKV) is a global public health problem. The International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) model is a powerful tool and extremely relevant in managing disability. Objective: Describe the functioning profile of children with microcephaly associated with ZIKV in two states of northeastern Brazil. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The sociodemographic characteristics, head circumference, and other clinical data were collected from medical charts, physical examinations, measuring instruments, and interviews with the children and their parents. The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Brief Common ICF Core Set for cerebral palsy (CP) was used. Each ICF category was assigned a qualifier, which ranged from 0 to 4 (no problem, mild problem, moderate problem, severe problem, complete problem). For environmental factors, 0 represents no barrier and 4 represents complete barrier; +0, no facilitator and +4, complete facilitator. Results: A total of 34 children with microcephaly caused by ZIKV were recruited (18 girls and 16 boys) at four rehabilitation facilities in Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba states, Brazil. The average age of the participants was 21 months, monthly income was ≈USD 300.00, and head circumference z-scores ranged between 0.92 and −5.51. The functioning profile revealed complete disability in most of the body function categories (b). The activity and participation areas (d) were highly impacted, particularly in mobility-related categories. With respect to environmental factors (e), most of the sample reported a complete facilitator for the immediate family, friends, and health services, systems, and policies, as well as a complete barrier to societal attitudes. Conclusion: This is the first study that describes the functioning profile of children with microcephaly associated with ZIKV, using a tool based on the ICF in Brazil. Our findings reinforce the need to maximize health care and access to information, based on the ICF, for multiprofessional teams, administrators, family members, and children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)
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18 pages, 12022 KiB  
Article
The Human Health Assessment to Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) and Potential Probability Prediction by Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter EEM-FRI Fluorescence in Erlong Lake
by Meichen Ji 1,2,3,†, Sijia Li 1,2,3,†, Jiquan Zhang 1,2,3,*, Hui Di 1,2,3, Fengxu Li 1,2,3 and Tianji Feng 1,2,3
1 School of Environment, Institute of Natural Disaster Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
2 Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China
3 State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
† These authors equally contributed to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061109 - 29 May 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4058
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are suspected to cause wide environmental pollution and have adverse effects on human health. Three priority control phthalates, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), were determined in 45 water samples from the largest drinking [...] Read more.
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are suspected to cause wide environmental pollution and have adverse effects on human health. Three priority control phthalates, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), were determined in 45 water samples from the largest drinking water source in Jilin Province. Chromophoric-dissolved organic matter (CDOM), which are composed of complex compounds and are a proxy for water quality, can be monitored using a fluorometer. This study attempted to understand the correlations of the CDOM fluorescence regional integration (FRI) components with PAEs and CDOM characteristics under seasonal and spatial variations in the Erlong Lake. The characteristics of the CDOM absorption parameters in different water samples showed a higher aromatic content and molecular weight in October because of increased terrestrial inputs. The Σ3PAEs concentrations ranged from 0.231 mg L−1 to 0.435 mg L−1 in water, and DEP contributed to more than 90% of the Σ3PAEs. The FRI method identified five fluorescence components: one tyrosine-like (R1), one tryptophan-like (R2), one fulvic-like (R3), one microbial protein-like (R4), and one humic-like (R5) component. However, significant relationships exist between DEP and R3 (R2 = 0.78, p < 0.001), R4 (R2 = 0.77, p < 0.001), and R5 (R2 = 0.58, p < 0.001). Quantifying the relationship between CDOM and PAEs was highly significant, because the results will simplify the componential analysis of pollutants from a spatiotemporal perspective as compared to traditional chemical measurements. The human health risk assessment results revealed no human health risk (HQ < 1) in the Erlong Lake basin. Full article
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10 pages, 625 KiB  
Article
Interactions of Genes and Sodium Intake on the Development of Hypertension: A Cohort-Based Case-Control Study
by Mei-Ling Chen 1, Tzu-Pi Huang 2, Tai-Wei Chen 3, Hsin-Hua Chan 3 and Bing-Fang Hwang 3,*
1 College of Human Science and Social Innovation, HungKuang University, No. 1018, Sec. 6, Taiwan Boulevard, Shalu District, Taichung 43302, Taiwan
2 Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402 Taiwan
3 Department of Occupational Safety and Heath, College of Public Health, China Medical University, No 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061110 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4212
Abstract
There have been few studies investigating interactions of G-protein beta3 subunit (GNB3) C825T (rs5443) and dietary sodium intake on the risk of hypertension, i.e., BP salt sensitivity. The study aims to evaluate joint effects of GNB3 polymorphisms and sodium consumption on [...] Read more.
There have been few studies investigating interactions of G-protein beta3 subunit (GNB3) C825T (rs5443) and dietary sodium intake on the risk of hypertension, i.e., BP salt sensitivity. The study aims to evaluate joint effects of GNB3 polymorphisms and sodium consumption on the development of hypertension. A cohort-based case-control study was conducted in 2014. There are 233 participants with newly diagnosed hypertension in the case group and 699 participants in the gender-matched control group. The primary outcome is the development of hypertension over a 10-year period. The determinants of hypertension were three genotypes of SNP in GNB3 (TT; CT; and CC) and two dietary salt categories on the basis of the level of sodium consumption representing high (>4800 mg/day) and low-sodium (<2400 mg/day) diets. The development of hypertension increased with participants carrying TT genotype and high-sodium diets comparing with those carrying TC or CC genotype with low-sodium diets (adjusted OR 3.23, 95% CI 1.52–6.83) (Rothman synergy index = 3.79). The study suggests that GNB3 C825T polymorphism may influence the response of the renin-angiotensin system to high-sodium diet. It implies that GNB3 can be served as an easy, inexpensive, and early genetic marker of salt sensitivity to blood pressure. Salt-sensitive individuals should pay more attention to salt intake to reduce cardiovascular morbidity or mortality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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18 pages, 7598 KiB  
Article
A Rapid Public Health Needs Assessment Framework for after Major Earthquakes Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery
by Jian Zhao 1, Fan Ding 1, Zhe Wang 1, Jinghuan Ren 1, Jing Zhao 1, Yeping Wang 1, Xuefeng Tang 2, Yong Wang 3, Jianyi Yao 1,* and Qun Li 1,*
1 Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
2 Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
3 Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061111 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6202
Abstract
Background: Earthquakes causing significant damage have occurred frequently in China, producing enormous health losses, damage to the environment and public health issues. Timely public health response is crucial to reduce mortality and morbidity and promote overall effectiveness of rescue efforts after a [...] Read more.
Background: Earthquakes causing significant damage have occurred frequently in China, producing enormous health losses, damage to the environment and public health issues. Timely public health response is crucial to reduce mortality and morbidity and promote overall effectiveness of rescue efforts after a major earthquake. Methods: A rapid assessment framework was established based on GIS technology and high-resolution remote sensing images. A two-step casualties and injures estimation method was developed to evaluate health loss with great rapidity. Historical data and health resources information was reviewed to evaluate the damage condition of medical resources and public health issues. Results: The casualties and injures are estimated within a few hours after an earthquake. For the Wenchuan earthquake, which killed about 96,000 people and injured about 288,000, the estimation accuracy is about 77%. 242/294 (82.3%) of the medical existing institutions were severely damaged. About 40,000 tons of safe drinking water was needed every day to ensure basic living needs. The risk of water-borne and foodborne disease, respiratory and close contact transmission disease is high. For natural foci diseases, the high-risk area of schistosomiasis was mapped in Lushan County as an example. Finally, temporary settlements for victims of earthquake were mapped. Conclusions: High resolution Earth observation technology can provide a scientific basis for public health emergency management in the major disasters field, which will be of great significance in helping policy makers effectively improve health service ability and public health emergency management in prevention and control of infectious diseases and risk assessment. Full article
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14 pages, 1430 KiB  
Article
Research Trend Visualization by MeSH Terms from PubMed
by Heyoung Yang * and Hyuck Jai Lee
Kore Institute of Science and Technology Information, 66, Hoegi-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02456, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061113 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 17613
Abstract
Motivation: PubMed is a primary source of biomedical information comprising search tool function and the biomedical literature from MEDLINE which is the US National Library of Medicine premier bibliographic database, life science journals and online books. Complimentary tools to PubMed have been [...] Read more.
Motivation: PubMed is a primary source of biomedical information comprising search tool function and the biomedical literature from MEDLINE which is the US National Library of Medicine premier bibliographic database, life science journals and online books. Complimentary tools to PubMed have been developed to help the users search for literature and acquire knowledge. However, these tools are insufficient to overcome the difficulties of the users due to the proliferation of biomedical literature. A new method is needed for searching the knowledge in biomedical field. Methods: A new method is proposed in this study for visualizing the recent research trends based on the retrieved documents corresponding to a search query given by the user. The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) are used as the primary analytical element. MeSH terms are extracted from the literature and the correlations between them are calculated. A MeSH network, called MeSH Net, is generated as the final result based on the Pathfinder Network algorithm. Results: A case study for the verification of proposed method was carried out on a research area defined by the search query (immunotherapy and cancer and “tumor microenvironment”). The MeSH Net generated by the method is in good agreement with the actual research activities in the research area (immunotherapy). Conclusion: A prototype application generating MeSH Net was developed. The application, which could be used as a “guide map for travelers”, allows the users to quickly and easily acquire the knowledge of research trends. Combination of PubMed and MeSH Net is expected to be an effective complementary system for the researchers in biomedical field experiencing difficulties with search and information analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Networks and Health)
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14 pages, 332 KiB  
Article
Early-Life Air Pollution Exposure, Neighborhood Poverty, and Childhood Asthma in the United States, 1990–2014
by Nicole Kravitz-Wirtz 1,*, Samantha Teixeira 2, Anjum Hajat 3, Bongki Woo 2, Kyle Crowder 4 and David Takeuchi 2
1 Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
2 School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
3 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
4 Department of Sociology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061114 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 10873
Abstract
Ambient air pollution is a well-known risk factor of various asthma-related outcomes, however, past research has often focused on acute exacerbations rather than asthma development. This study draws on a population-based, multigenerational panel dataset from the United States to assess the association of [...] Read more.
Ambient air pollution is a well-known risk factor of various asthma-related outcomes, however, past research has often focused on acute exacerbations rather than asthma development. This study draws on a population-based, multigenerational panel dataset from the United States to assess the association of childhood asthma risk with census block-level, annual-average air pollution exposure measured during the prenatal and early postnatal periods, as well as effect modification by neighborhood poverty. Findings suggest that early-life exposures to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a marker of traffic-related pollution, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a mixture of industrial and other pollutants, are positively associated with subsequent childhood asthma diagnosis (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.10–1.41 and OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.06–1.46, respectively, per interquartile range (IQR) increase in each pollutant (NO2 IQR = 8.51 ppb and PM2.5 IQR = 4.43 µ/m3)). These effects are modified by early-life neighborhood poverty exposure, with no or weaker effects in moderate- and low- (versus high-) poverty areas. This work underscores the importance of a holistic, developmental approach to elucidating the interplay of social and environmental contexts that may create conditions for racial-ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in childhood asthma risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Environmental Health Equity: Great Expectations)
13 pages, 617 KiB  
Article
Clinical Relevant Polymorphisms Affecting Clopidogrel Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: Insights from the Puerto Rico Newborn Screening Program
by Dagmar F. Hernandez-Suarez 1,*, Jonnalie C. Tomassini-Fernandini 2, Angelica Cuevas 2, Anyelis N. Rosario-Berrios 2, Héctor J. Nuñez-Medina 1, Dariana Padilla-Arroyo 3, Nannette Rivera 2, Jennifer Liriano 2, Rocio K. Vega-Roman 4, Jessicca Y. Renta 5, Kyle Melin 6 and Jorge Duconge 3
1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medicine Sciences Campus, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
2 Department of Biology, Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00931, USA
3 Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
4 Department of Biology, Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico Bayamon Campus, Bayamon, PR 00959, USA
5 Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
6 Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061115 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5491
Abstract
Background: Variations in several clopidogrel-pharmacogenes have been linked to clopidogrel response variability and clinical outcomes. We aimed to determine the frequency distribution of major polymorphisms on CYP2C19, PON1, ABCB1 and P2RY12 pharmacogenes in Puerto Ricans. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, [...] Read more.
Background: Variations in several clopidogrel-pharmacogenes have been linked to clopidogrel response variability and clinical outcomes. We aimed to determine the frequency distribution of major polymorphisms on CYP2C19, PON1, ABCB1 and P2RY12 pharmacogenes in Puerto Ricans. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, population-based study of 200 unrelated “Guthrie” cards specimens from newborns registered in the Puerto Rican newborn screening program (PRNSP) between 2004 and 2014. Taqman® SNP assay techniques were used for genotyping. Results: Minor allele frequencies (MAF) were 46% for PON1 (rs662), 41% for ABCB1 (rs1045642), 14% for CYP2C19*17, 13% for CYP2C19*2, 12% for P2RY12-H2 and 0.3% for CYP2C19*4. No carriers of the CYP2C19*3 variants were detected. All alleles and genotype proportions were found to be in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Overall, there were no significant differences between MAFs of these variants in Puerto Ricans and the general population (n = 453) of the 1000 Genome project, except when comparisons to each individual parental group were performed (i.e., Africans, Europeans and East-Asians; p < 0.05). As expected, the prevalence of these markers in Puerto Ricans most resembled those in the 181 subjects from reference populations of the Americas. Conclusions: These prevalence data provide a necessary groundwork for future clinical studies of clopidogrel pharmacogenetics in Caribbean Hispanics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of Research Centers at Minority Institutions (RCMI) Translational Science 2017 Conference)
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9 pages, 483 KiB  
Article
Burnout Risk and Protection Factors in Certified Nursing Aides
by María Del Mar Molero Jurado 1, María Del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes 1,*, José Jesús Gázquez Gázquez Linares 2, María Del Mar Simón Márquez 1 and África Martos Martínez 1
1 Department of Psychology, University of Almería, Almería 04120, Spain
2 Department of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Región Metropolitana, Providencia 7500000, Chile
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061116 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 81 | Viewed by 12383
Abstract
Studies have found a higher risk of burnout among employees in the healthcare sector. As such, this study focused on Certified Nursing Aides (CNAs) who have shown a high prevalence of burnout and are therefore considered an especially vulnerable group. The objective of [...] Read more.
Studies have found a higher risk of burnout among employees in the healthcare sector. As such, this study focused on Certified Nursing Aides (CNAs) who have shown a high prevalence of burnout and are therefore considered an especially vulnerable group. The objective of this study was to identify the relationships between some organizational, personal, and sociodemographic factors and burnout. The final study sample included 278 working CNAs with a mean age of 40.88 (SD = 9.41). To compile the data, an ad hoc questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic information. To collect professional and employment information, we used the Brief Emotional Intelligence Inventory for Adults, the Brief Questionnaire on Perceived Social Support, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale. The results showed that Burnout Syndrome is significantly and negatively related to all the emotional intelligence factors, self-efficacy, and perceived social support. The risk of burnout is higher in younger persons and in permanently employed professionals. General self-efficacy and stress management act as protective factors against the likelihood of burnout. This study suggests that organizations should urge coaching and transformational leadership training programs to promote the wellbeing and organizational commitment of workers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Health Promotion 2018)
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8 pages, 514 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Glyphosate on Human Sperm Motility and Sperm DNA Fragmentation
by George Anifandis 1,*, Katerina Katsanaki 1, Georgia Lagodonti 1, Christina Messini 1, Mara Simopoulou 2, Konstantinos Dafopoulos 1 and Alexandros Daponte 1
1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ART Unit, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa 41222, Greece
2 Department of Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11225, Greece
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061117 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 7845
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient of Roundup®, which is one of the most popular herbicides worldwide. Although many studies have focused on the reproductive toxicity of glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides, the majority of them have concluded that the effect of the [...] Read more.
Glyphosate is the active ingredient of Roundup®, which is one of the most popular herbicides worldwide. Although many studies have focused on the reproductive toxicity of glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides, the majority of them have concluded that the effect of the specific herbicide is negligible, while only a few studies indicate the male reproductive toxicity of glyphosate alone. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 0.36 mg/L glyphosate on sperm motility and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF). Thirty healthy men volunteered to undergo semen analysis for the purpose of the study. Sperm motility was calculated according to WHO 2010 guidelines at collection time (zero time) and 1 h post-treatment with glyphosate. Sperm DNA fragmentation was evaluated with Halosperm® G2 kit for both the control and glyphosate-treated sperm samples. Sperm progressive motility of glyphosate-treated samples was significantly reduced after 1 h post-treatment in comparison to the respective controls, in contrast to the SDF of glyphosate-treated samples, which was comparable to the respective controls. Conclusively, under these in vitro conditions, at high concentrations that greatly exceed environmental exposures, glyphosate exerts toxic effects on sperm progressive motility but not on sperm DNA integrity, meaning that the toxic effect is limited only to motility, at least in the first hour. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Persistent Toxic Substances and Their Influence on Reproductive Health, Child Development, Adolescent Development, and Adult Health)
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17 pages, 3996 KiB  
Article
Influence of Personal Factors on Sound Perception and Overall Experience in Urban Green Areas. A Case Study of a Cycling Path Highly Exposed to Road Traffic Noise
by Francesco Aletta *, Timothy Van Renterghem and Dick Botteldooren
Department of Information Technology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061118 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 7462
Abstract
In contemporary urban design, green public areas play a vital role. They have great societal value, but if exposed to undue environmental noise their restorative potential might be compromised. On the other hand, research has shown that the presence of greenery can moderate [...] Read more.
In contemporary urban design, green public areas play a vital role. They have great societal value, but if exposed to undue environmental noise their restorative potential might be compromised. On the other hand, research has shown that the presence of greenery can moderate noise annoyance in areas with high sound levels, while personal factors are expected to play an important role too. A cycling path bordered by vegetation, but highly exposed to road traffic noise, was here considered as a case study. A sound perception survey was submitted to participants on site and they were subsequently sorted into groups according to their noise sensitivity, visual attention and attitude towards greenery. The aim of this study was testing whether these three personal factors could affect their noise perception and overall experience of the place. Results showed that people highly sensitive to noise and more sceptical towards greenery’s potential as an environmental moderator reported worse soundscape quality, while visually attentive people reported better quality. These three personal factors were found to be statistically independent. This study shows that several person-related factors impact the assessment of the sound environment in green areas. Although the majority of the respondents benefit from the presence of visual green, policy-makers and planners should be aware that for a significant subset of the population, it should be accompanied by a tranquil soundscape to be fully appreciated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Environment and Health: The Effect of Socio-Cultural Context on Health Effects of Natural Environments)
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11 pages, 285 KiB  
Article
Primary Care Patients’ Preference for Hospitals over Clinics in Korea
by Agnus M. Kim 1, Seongcheol Cho 2, Hyun Joo Kim 3, Hyemin Jung 1, Min-Woo Jo 4, Jin Yong Lee 5,* and Sang Jun Eun 6,*
1 Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
2 Regional Emergency Care Center, Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
3 Department of Nursing Science, Shinsung University, Dangjin 31801, Korea
4 Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
5 Public Health Medical Service, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 20 Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Korea
6 Department of Preventive Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061119 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 5751
Abstract
Korea is in a unique condition to observe whether patients, when equal access to the levels of health care facilities is guaranteed by the support of the national health insurance, choose the appropriate levels of health care facilities. This study was performed to [...] Read more.
Korea is in a unique condition to observe whether patients, when equal access to the levels of health care facilities is guaranteed by the support of the national health insurance, choose the appropriate levels of health care facilities. This study was performed to investigate the primary care patients’ preference for hospitals over clinics under no restriction for their choice. We used the 2011 National Inpatient Sample database of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in Korea. A primary care patient was defined as a patient who visited as an outpatient in health care facilities with one of the 52 minor conditions defined by the Korean government. We found that approximately 15% of outpatient visits of the patients who were eligible for primary care in Korea happened in hospitals. In terms of cost, the outpatient visits in hospitals accounted for about 29% of total cost of outpatient visits. This arbitrary access to hospitals can lead to an inefficient use of health care resources. In order to ensure that health care facilities are stratified in terms of access as well as size and function, interventions to distribute patients to the appropriate level of care are required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)
11 pages, 1979 KiB  
Article
Attachment and Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 on In-Shell Hazelnuts
by Lingyu Feng, Muhammed S. Muyyarikkandy, Stephanie R. B. Brown and Mary Anne Amalaradjou *
Department of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061122 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4623
Abstract
The multistate Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 outbreak associated with in-shell hazelnuts highlights the pathogen’s ability to involve non-traditional vehicles in foodborne infections. Furthermore, it underscores significant gaps in our knowledge of pathogen survivability and persistence on nuts. Therefore, this study [...] Read more.
The multistate Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 outbreak associated with in-shell hazelnuts highlights the pathogen’s ability to involve non-traditional vehicles in foodborne infections. Furthermore, it underscores significant gaps in our knowledge of pathogen survivability and persistence on nuts. Therefore, this study investigated the ability of E. coli O157:H7 to attach and survive on in-shell hazelnuts. In-shell hazelnuts were inoculated with a four-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7 at 7.6 log colony forming units (CFU)/nut by wet or dry inoculation, stored at ambient conditions (24 ± 1 °C; 40% ± 3% relative humidity (RH) and sampled for twelve months. For the attachment assay, in-shell hazelnuts were inoculated and the adherent population was enumerated at 30 s−1 h following inoculation. Irrespective of the inoculation method, ~5 log CFU of adherent E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from the hazelnuts as early as 30 s after inoculation. Conversely, pathogen survival was significantly reduced under dry inoculation with samples being enrichment negative after five months of storage (p < 0.05). On the other hand, wet inoculation led to a significantly longer persistence of the pathogen with ~3 log CFU being recovered from the in-shell nuts at 12 months of storage (p < 0.05). These results indicate that E. coli O157:H7 can survive in significant numbers on in-shell hazelnuts when stored under ambient conditions. Full article
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13 pages, 286 KiB  
Article
Neighborhood Built and Social Environments and Change in Weight Status over the Summer in Low-Income Elementary School Children
by Rebecca Miles 1,*, Yuxia Wang 2 and Suzanne Bennett Johnson 2
1 Department of Urban & Regional Planning, College of Social Sciences, Florida State University (FSU), Tallahassee, FL 32306-2280, USA
2 Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, FSU College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061124 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3556
Abstract
Neighborhoods can provide opportunities for children to maintain a healthy weight or encourage unhealthy weight gain. Which neighborhood characteristics matter most remains poorly understood. We investigated links between neighborhood characteristics and weight change over the summer in children from 12 elementary schools with [...] Read more.
Neighborhoods can provide opportunities for children to maintain a healthy weight or encourage unhealthy weight gain. Which neighborhood characteristics matter most remains poorly understood. We investigated links between neighborhood characteristics and weight change over the summer in children from 12 elementary schools with a high proportion of children from low-income families, in a mid-sized city in the US South. Mixed models and objective measures of height and weight were used. Study participants were 2770 children (average age 8.3, range 5.6–12.6 years). Older and female children and those who were already overweight were more likely to gain weight over the summer compared to younger, male, and normal weight children. Overweight children who lived near 2 or more small grocery stores gained less weight than overweight children who lived near 0 (weight change, p = 0.0468; body mass index (BMI) change, p = 0.0209) or 1 store (weight change, p = 0.0136; BMI change, p = 0.0033). Normal weight children living in neighborhoods with more large multifamily buildings gained more weight over the summer, although this association only approached significance. Additional efforts to understand which neighborhood factors have greater significance for overweight compared to normal weight children are warranted. Full article
10 pages, 316 KiB  
Article
Risk of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes after Early-Life Famine Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Northeastern China
by Yangyu Zhang, Xinyu Liu, Mohan Wang, Yan Song, Lili Zhang, Yueyue You, Yingying Su, Yingyu Liu and Changgui Kou *
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061125 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4065
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that malnutrition during early life may play an essential role in later outcomes and disease risk in adulthood. We aimed to investigate the risks of hyperglycemia and diabetes 50 years after early-life famine exposure in a Northeastern Chinese population. We [...] Read more.
Previous studies suggested that malnutrition during early life may play an essential role in later outcomes and disease risk in adulthood. We aimed to investigate the risks of hyperglycemia and diabetes 50 years after early-life famine exposure in a Northeastern Chinese population. We used the data from 5690 adults born between 1956 and 1965 in selected communities from a 2012 cross-sectional study. The early-childhood exposure cohort showed an increased risk of hyperglycemia compared with the unexposed cohort in the female population (odds ratio (OR) 1.46; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04, 2.06). The increased risk of diabetes in the early-childhood and fetal exposure cohorts was 37.0% (95% CI 1.05–1.79) and 50% (95% CI 1.15–1.96), respectively. For women, the risk of diabetes was more pronounced in the fetal-exposed cohort (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.26–2.63) than in the early-childhood cohort (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.08–2.26). Early-life exposure to famine increased the risk of diabetes. Furthermore, early-childhood exposure to famine might increase the risk of hyperglycemia in women. A policy for preventing early life malnutrition should be drafted by the government to prevent hyperglycemia and diabetes in adulthood. Full article
13 pages, 2277 KiB  
Article
Assessing the Linkages between Knowledge and Use of Veterinary Antibiotics by Pig Farmers in Rural China
by Xiujuan Chen, Linhai Wu * and Xuyan Xie
Institute for Food Safety Risk Management, School of Business, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061126 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4017
Abstract
Improper use of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) has led to antibiotic resistance and food safety issues that are harmful for sustainable development and public health. In this study, farmers’ knowledge influencing their usage of veterinary antibiotics was analyzed based on a survey of 654 [...] Read more.
Improper use of veterinary antibiotics (VAs) has led to antibiotic resistance and food safety issues that are harmful for sustainable development and public health. In this study, farmers’ knowledge influencing their usage of veterinary antibiotics was analyzed based on a survey of 654 pig farmers in Funing County, China. A behavior probability model was constructed, and a Matlab simulation was used to evaluate the dynamic changes in farmers’ behavioral choice regarding VAs use. The survey results showed that the 654 pig farmers’ knowledge of VAs were relatively poor, along with a high occurrence of improper behavior. Specifically, 68.35% of the 654 surveyed pig farmers admitted their violation of VAs use regulations, while 55.50% among them overused and 24.31% among them misused VAs. The simulation results showed that the probability of improper VA use decreased with the increase in farmers’ knowledge about VA use specification, and when farmers’ knowledge about the hazards of VA residues increased. However, when farmers had a high level of knowledge about relevant laws and their penalties, there was still a high probability of improper VA use. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment)
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18 pages, 858 KiB  
Article
Implementation of Brain Breaks® in the Classroom and Effects on Attitudes toward Physical Activity in a Macedonian School Setting
by Biljana Popeska 1,*, Snezana Jovanova-Mitkovska 1, Ming-Kai Chin 2, Christopher R. Edginton 3, Magdalena Mo Ching Mok 4 and Serjoza Gontarev 5
1 Faculty of Educational Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Krste Misirkov 10–A, Stip 2000, Macedonia
2 HOPSports, Inc., 4262 Blue Diamond Road #102-359, Las Vegas, NV 89139, USA
3 Human Performance Center, University of Northern Iowa, 105, Cedar Falls, IA 50614, USA
4 Department of Psychology and Assessment Research Centre, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Pol, Hong Kong, China
5 Faculty for Physical Education, Sport and Health, University “St. Chyril and Methodius”, Zeleznicka bb, Skopje 1000, Macedonia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061127 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 12967
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Brain Break® activities on interest and motivation for physical activity among schoolchildren and the contribution of such activities on learning for health and holistic development. The study sample was comprised of [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Brain Break® activities on interest and motivation for physical activity among schoolchildren and the contribution of such activities on learning for health and holistic development. The study sample was comprised of 283 participants, primary school students from 3rd to 5th grades from two public schools in the Republic of Macedonia. Six experimental and six control groups were included in the study. Interventions in classroom settings—based Brain Break® video exercises were introduced in the experimental group during a period of three months. Students’ attitudes toward physical activity were tested using a self-report survey instrument entitled “Attitudes toward Physical Activity Scale (APAS)” before and after intervention. Applied factor analyses were completed and the results of these analysis support APAS validity and the successful use of this application in the measurement of the learning experience, self-awareness, self-efficacy, and self-confidence in developing physical fitness. Learning was enhanced by using video exercises. Information presented in this paper is meaningful for the promotion of better exercise habits and the holistic approach to better health by using personal motivation and motivation provided by others. The results from repeated ANCOVA suggest positive effects of the applied Brain Break® video exercises as an interventional program. The study confirms the effect of application of Brain Break® video exercises on children’s attitudes for physical activity, motivation for PA, internalization of movement habits as personal good. Full article
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21 pages, 1736 KiB  
Article
Modeling the Heterogeneity of Dengue Transmission in a City
by Lingcai Kong 1, Jinfeng Wang 2,3,*, Zhongjie Li 3, Shengjie Lai 4,5,6, Qiyong Liu 7,8, Haixia Wu 7 and Weizhong Yang 3
1 Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University; Baoding 071003, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100864, China
3 Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
4 WorldPop, Department of Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 IBJ, UK
5 Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
6 Flowminder Foundation, Roslagsgatan 17, SE-11355 Stockholm, Sweden
7 State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
8 WHO Collaborating Center for Vector Surveillance and Management, Beijing 102206, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061128 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5862
Abstract
Dengue fever is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in the world, and modeling its transmission dynamics allows for determining the key influence factors and helps to perform interventions. The heterogeneity of mosquito bites of humans during the spread of dengue virus [...] Read more.
Dengue fever is one of the most important vector-borne diseases in the world, and modeling its transmission dynamics allows for determining the key influence factors and helps to perform interventions. The heterogeneity of mosquito bites of humans during the spread of dengue virus is an important factor that should be considered when modeling the dynamics. However, traditional models generally assumed homogeneous mixing between humans and vectors, which is inconsistent with reality. In this study, we proposed a compartmental model with negative binomial distribution transmission terms to model this heterogeneity at the population level. By including the aquatic stage of mosquitoes and incorporating the impacts of the environment and climate factors, an extended model was used to simulate the 2014 dengue outbreak in Guangzhou, China, and to simulate the spread of dengue in different scenarios. The results showed that a high level of heterogeneity can result in a small peak size in an outbreak. As the level of heterogeneity decreases, the transmission dynamics approximate the dynamics predicted by the corresponding homogeneous mixing model. The simulation results from different scenarios showed that performing interventions early and decreasing the carrying capacity for mosquitoes are necessary for preventing and controlling dengue epidemics. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of heterogeneity during the spread of dengue virus. Full article
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8 pages, 269 KiB  
Article
Perspectives on Biological Monitoring in Environmental Health Research: A Focus Group Study in a Native American Community
by Melissa Gonzales 1,*, Elanda King 1, Jeanette Bobelu 2, Donica M. Ghahate 2, Teresa Madrid 3, Sheri Lesansee 4 and Vallabh Shah 2,*
1 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC10 5550, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC 08 4670 Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
3 Office for Diversity, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, MSC 09 5235 Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
4 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Center for Health Policy, University of New Mexico, MSC 02 1645, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061129 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4757
Abstract
Background: Reliance on natural resources brings Native American communities into frequent contact with environmental media, which, if contaminated, represents an exposure route for environmental pollutants. Native American communities vary in their perspectives on research and relatively little is known about the range of [...] Read more.
Background: Reliance on natural resources brings Native American communities into frequent contact with environmental media, which, if contaminated, represents an exposure route for environmental pollutants. Native American communities vary in their perspectives on research and relatively little is known about the range of perspectives regarding the use of biological samples for environmental exposure assessment. Methods: Thirty-one members of Zuni Pueblo (median age = 40.0 years, range = 26–59 years) participated a series of four focus groups. Qualitative themes emerging from the focus group discussion transcripts were identified by content analysis. Results: Emergent themes included adequate informed consent, traditional beliefs, and personal choice. Conclusions: The discussions reinforced the central role of traditional values in the decision to participate in research involving biological samples for environmental exposure assessment. Decision-making required a balance between the perceived value of the proposed project and its purpose, with cultural perspectives surrounding the biological sample requested. We examine the potential for study bias and include recommendations to aid in the collaborative identification and control of unintended risks posed by the use of biological samples in environmental health studies in native communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Environmental Health Equity: Great Expectations)
16 pages, 583 KiB  
Article
Identifying Local and Centralized Mental Health Services—The Development of a New Categorizing Variable
by Taina Ala-Nikkola 1,2,3,*, Sami Pirkola 4, Minna Kaila 1,3, Grigori Joffe 1, Raija Kontio 1,5,6, Olli Oranta 7, Minna Sadeniemi 1,2,8, Kristian Wahlbeck 2 and Samuli I. Saarni 7
1 Clinic of Psychiatry and Clinic of Public Health Välskärinkatu 12 and Stenbäckinkatu 9, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
2 Unit for Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (T.H.L.), Mannerheimintie 168, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
3 Public Health Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, FI-000014 Helsinki, Finland
4 University of Tampere School of Health Sciences and Tampere University Hospital, Lääkärinkatu 1, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
5 University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
6 Lohja Hospital Area, Sairaalakatu 8, 08200 Lohja, Finland
7 Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinanmyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
8 Department of Social Services and Health Care, City of Helsinki, FI-00099 Helsinki, Finland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061131 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4999
Abstract
The challenges of mental health and substance abuse services (MHS) require shifting of the balance of resources from institutional care to community care. In order to track progress, an instrument that can describe these attributes of MHS is needed. We created a coding [...] Read more.
The challenges of mental health and substance abuse services (MHS) require shifting of the balance of resources from institutional care to community care. In order to track progress, an instrument that can describe these attributes of MHS is needed. We created a coding variable in the European Service Mapping Schedule-Revised (ESMS-R) mapping tool using a modified Delphi panel that classified MHS into centralized, local services with gatekeeping and local services without gatekeeping. For feasibility and validity, we tested the variable on a dataset comprising MHS in Southern Finland, covering a population of 2.3 million people. There were differences in the characteristics of services between our study regions. In our data, 41% were classified as centralized, 37% as local without gatekeeping and 22% as local services with gatekeeping. The proportion of resources allocated to local services varied from 20% to 43%. Reclassifying ESMS-R is an easy way to compare the important local vs. centralized balance of MHS systems globally, where such data exists. Further international studies comparing systems and validating this approach are needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and its Social and Cultural Implications)
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14 pages, 335 KiB  
Article
Impact of Housing and Community Conditions on Multidimensional Health among Middle- and Low-Income Groups in Hong Kong
by Jionghua Wang 1,2, Bo Huang 1,2,3,*, Ting Zhang 1, Hung Wong 4 and Yifan Huang 5
1 Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
2 Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
3 Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
4 Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
5 Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061132 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 8032
Abstract
With decades of urbanization, housing and community problems (e.g., poor ventilation and lack of open public spaces) have become important social determinants of health that require increasing attention worldwide. Knowledge regarding the link between health and these problems can provide crucial evidence for [...] Read more.
With decades of urbanization, housing and community problems (e.g., poor ventilation and lack of open public spaces) have become important social determinants of health that require increasing attention worldwide. Knowledge regarding the link between health and these problems can provide crucial evidence for building healthy communities. However, this link has heretofore not been identified in Hong Kong, and few studies have compared the health impact of housing and community conditions across different income groups. To overcome this gap, we hypothesize that the health impact of housing and community problems may vary across income groups and across health dimensions. We tested these hypotheses using cross-sectional survey data from Hong Kong. Several health outcomes, e.g., chronic diseases and the SF-12 v. 2 mental component summary scores, were correlated with a few types of housing and community problems, while other outcomes, such as the DASS-21–Stress scores, were sensitive to a broader range of problems. The middle- and low-income group was more severely affected by poor built environments. These results can be used to identify significant problems in the local built environment, especially amongst the middle- and low-income group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
15 pages, 841 KiB  
Article
A Comparison of Mental Health Care Systems in Northern and Southern Europe: A Service Mapping Study
by Minna Sadeniemi 1,2,3,*, Nerea Almeda 4, Jose A. Salinas-Pérez 5, Mencía R. Gutiérrez-Colosía 4, Carlos García-Alonso 5, Taina Ala-Nikkola 2,3, Grigori Joffe 2, Sami Pirkola 6, Kristian Wahlbeck 3, Jordi Cid 7 and Luis Salvador-Carulla 8
1 Department of Social Services and Health Care, City of Helsinki, Southern Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic, Työpajankatu 14, FI-00099 Helsinki, Finland
2 University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Välskärinkatu 12, FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
3 Unit for Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL); Mannerheimintie 168, FI-00270 Helsinki, Finland
4 PSICOST Research Association, Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, C/Energía Solar 1, 41014 Sevilla, Spain
5 PSICOST Research Association, Department of Quantitative Methods, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, C/Energía Solar 1, 41014 Sevilla, Spain
6 University of Tampere School of Health Sciences, and Tampere University Hospital, Lääkärinkatu 1, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
7 Mental Health & Addiction Research Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques de Girona (IdibGI)-Institut d’Assistència Sanitària, 17190 Salt Girona, Spain
8 VIDEA Lab, Centre for Mental Health Research, Australian National University, 63 Eggleston Rd, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061133 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 7471
Abstract
Mental health services (MHS) have gone through vast changes during the last decades, shifting from hospital to community-based care. Developing the optimal balance and use of resources requires standard comparisons of mental health care systems across countries. This study aimed to compare the [...] Read more.
Mental health services (MHS) have gone through vast changes during the last decades, shifting from hospital to community-based care. Developing the optimal balance and use of resources requires standard comparisons of mental health care systems across countries. This study aimed to compare the structure, personnel resource allocation, and the productivity of the MHS in two benchmark health districts in a Nordic welfare state and a southern European, family-centered country. The study is part of the REFINEMENT (Research on Financing Systems’ Effect on the Quality of Mental Health Care) project. The study areas were the Helsinki and Uusimaa region in Finland and the Girona region in Spain. The MHS were mapped by using the DESDE-LTC (Description and Evaluation of Services and Directories for Long Term Care) tool. There were 6.7 times more personnel resources in the MHS in Helsinki and Uusimaa than in Girona. The resource allocation was more residential-service-oriented in Helsinki and Uusimaa. The difference in mental health personnel resources is not explained by the respective differences in the need for MHS among the population. It is important to make a standard comparison of the MHS for supporting policymaking and to ensure equal access to care across European countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and its Social and Cultural Implications)
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8 pages, 650 KiB  
Article
A Doctor’s Name as a Brand: A Nationwide Survey on Registered Clinic Names in Taiwan
by Feng-Yuan Chu 1, Ying-Xiu Dai 2,3, Jui-Yao Liu 1,3, Tzeng-Ji Chen 1,3,*, Li-Fang Chou 4 and Shinn-Jang Hwang 1,3
1 Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shi-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
2 Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, No. 201, Sec. 2, Shi-Pai Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
3 School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112, Taiwan
4 Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061134 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4273
Abstract
In countries where the private clinics of physicians can be freely named, registering a clinic with a physician’s name is one way to make patients familiar with the physician. No previous study had investigated how clinics make use of this method of personal [...] Read more.
In countries where the private clinics of physicians can be freely named, registering a clinic with a physician’s name is one way to make patients familiar with the physician. No previous study had investigated how clinics make use of this method of personal branding. Therefore, the current study analyzed 10,847 private physician Western medicine clinics in Taiwan. Of those clinics, 31.0% (n = 3363) were named with a physician’s full name, 8.9% (n = 960) with a surname, and 8.1% (n = 884) with a given name. The proportion of clinics registered with a physician’s name was lower in rural areas (37.3%) than in urban (48.5%) and suburban areas (49.2%), respectively. Among clinics with only one kind of specialist, a physician’s name was used most frequently in clinics of obstetrics and gynecology (64.9%), otorhinolaryngology (64.1%), and dermatology (63.4%). In Taiwan, fewer than half of clinics used a physician’s name as a brand. The sociocultural or strategic factors and real benefits of doing so could be further studied in the future for a better understanding of healthcare services management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)
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11 pages, 568 KiB  
Article
Associations between the Objectively Measured Office Environment and Workplace Step Count and Sitting Time: Cross-Sectional Analyses from the Active Buildings Study
by Abi Fisher 1,*, Marcella Ucci 2, Lee Smith 3, Alexia Sawyer 1, Richard Spinney 4, Marina Konstantatou 5 and Alexi Marmot 6
1 Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1–19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
2 Bartlett School of Environmental Design and Engineering, UCL Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn place, London WC1H 0NN, UK
3 The Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
4 Complex Systems Research Group & Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering and IT, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
5 Structures Group, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
6 UCL Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, Gordon House, 29 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PP, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061135 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5733
Abstract
Office-based workers spend a large proportion of the day sitting and tend to have low overall activity levels. Despite some evidence that features of the external physical environment are associated with physical activity, little is known about the influence of the spatial layout [...] Read more.
Office-based workers spend a large proportion of the day sitting and tend to have low overall activity levels. Despite some evidence that features of the external physical environment are associated with physical activity, little is known about the influence of the spatial layout of the internal environment on movement, and the majority of data use self-report. This study investigated associations between objectively-measured sitting time and activity levels and the spatial layout of office floors in a sample of UK office-based workers. Participants wore activPAL accelerometers for at least three consecutive workdays. Primary outcomes were steps and proportion of sitting time per working hour. Primary exposures were office spatial layout, which was objectively-measured by deriving key spatial variables: ‘distance from each workstation to key office destinations’, ‘distance from participant’s workstation to all other workstations’, ‘visibility of co-workers’, and workstation ‘closeness’. 131 participants from 10 organisations were included. Fifty-four per cent were female, 81% were white, and the majority had a managerial or professional role (72%) in their organisation. The average proportion of the working hour spent sitting was 0.7 (SD 0.15); participants took on average 444 (SD 210) steps per working hour. Models adjusted for confounders revealed significant negative associations between step count and distance from each workstation to all other office destinations (e.g., B = −4.66, 95% CI: −8.12, −1.12, p < 0.01) and nearest office destinations (e.g., B = −6.45, 95% CI: −11.88, −0.41, p < 0.05) and visibility of workstations when standing (B = −2.35, 95% CI: −3.53, −1.18, p < 0.001). The magnitude of these associations was small. There were no associations between spatial variables and sitting time per work hour. Contrary to our hypothesis, the further participants were from office destinations the less they walked, suggesting that changing the relative distance between workstations and other destinations on the same floor may not be the most fruitful target for promoting walking and reducing sitting in the workplace. However, reported effect sizes were very small and based on cross-sectional analyses. The approaches developed in this study could be applied to other office buildings to establish whether a specific office typology may yield more promising results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impact of 24-Hour Movement Behaviour and Time Use)
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11 pages, 718 KiB  
Article
The Association between State Policy Environments and Self-Rated Health Disparities for Sexual Minorities in the United States
by Gilbert Gonzales 1,* and Jesse M. Ehrenfeld 2
1 Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
2 Departments of Anesthesiology, Biomedical Informatics, Surgery & Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061136 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6799
Abstract
A large body of research has documented disparities in health and access to care for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people in the United States. Less research has examined how the level of legal protection afforded to LGB people (the state policy environment) [...] Read more.
A large body of research has documented disparities in health and access to care for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people in the United States. Less research has examined how the level of legal protection afforded to LGB people (the state policy environment) affects health disparities for sexual minorities. This study used data on 14,687 sexual minority adults and 490,071 heterosexual adults from the 2014–2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to document differences in health. Unadjusted state-specific prevalence estimates and multivariable logistic regression models were used to compare poor/fair self-rated health by gender, sexual minority status, and state policy environments (comprehensive versus limited protections for LGB people). We found disparities in self-rated health between sexual minority adults and heterosexual adults in most states. On average, sexual minority men in states with limited protections and sexual minority women in states with either comprehensive or limited protections were more likely to report poor/fair self-rated health compared to their heterosexual counterparts. This study adds new findings on the association between state policy environments and self-rated health for sexual minorities and suggests differences in this relationship by gender. The associations and impacts of state-specific policies affecting LGB populations may vary by gender, as well as other intersectional identities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in LGBT Health Research)
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15 pages, 1387 KiB  
Article
Electronic Medical Records in Greece and Oman: A Professional’s Evaluation of Structure and Value
by Ourania Koutzampasopoulou Xanthidou 1,*, Liyana Shuib 1,*, Dimitrios Xanthidis 2,3 and David Nicholas 3
1 Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
2 Management Information Systems, Sohar University, Sohar 311, Oman
3 CIBER Research Ltd., Newbury RG14 7RU, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061137 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7742
Abstract
An Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is a patient’s database record that can be transmitted securely. There are a diversity of EMR systems for different medical units to choose from. The structure and value of these systems is the focus of this qualitative study, [...] Read more.
An Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is a patient’s database record that can be transmitted securely. There are a diversity of EMR systems for different medical units to choose from. The structure and value of these systems is the focus of this qualitative study, from a medical professional’s standpoint, as well as its economic value and whether it should be shared between health organizations. The study took place in the natural setting of the medical units’ environments. A purposive sample of 40 professionals in Greece and Oman, was interviewed. The study suggests that: (1) The demographics of the EMR should be divided in categories, not all of them accessible and/or visible by all; (2) The EMR system should follow an open architecture so that more categories and subcategories can be added as needed and following a possible business plan (ERD is suggested); (3) The EMR should be implemented gradually bearing in mind both medical and financial concerns; (4) Sharing should be a patient’s decision as the owner of the record. Reaching a certain level of maturity of its implementation and utilization, it is useful to seek the professionals’ assessment on the structure and value of such a system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)
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9 pages, 300 KiB  
Article
Barriers to Nutrition Promotion in Private Secondary Schools in Kolkata, India: Perspectives of Parents and Teachers
by Neha Rathi *, Lynn Riddell and Anthony Worsley
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong VIC 3220, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061139 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5296
Abstract
School-based nutrition promotion is critical to the development of healthy eating habits in adolescents. Unfortunately, most Indian secondary schools do not support healthy eating among adolescents. Therefore, this study was designed to understand the perspectives of teachers and parents regarding the potential barriers [...] Read more.
School-based nutrition promotion is critical to the development of healthy eating habits in adolescents. Unfortunately, most Indian secondary schools do not support healthy eating among adolescents. Therefore, this study was designed to understand the perspectives of teachers and parents regarding the potential barriers to nutrition promotion in Indian secondary schools. Thirty-two teachers and 280 parents from five private English-speaking secondary schools in Kolkata, India took part in a cross-sectional survey. The paper-based survey instrument included both quantitative and qualitative items which were derived from previously published evidence. Descriptive and chi-square analyses were conducted on the quantitative data. Qualitative data were evaluated by thematic data analysis underpinned by the template analysis technique. Five main barriers to nutrition promotion emerged from the study. These included the perceived strong preference for energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods among students; lack of government canteen guidelines; limited engagement of parents, teachers, and adolescents in canteen operations; the widespread display of eye-catching food advertisements; and poor knowledge among canteen personnel with regards to healthy food preparation. These findings about the potential barriers to nutrition promotion provide useful directions for healthy school food policy implementation. Successful implementation of healthy school food policies can inculcate lifelong healthy eating habits among adolescents. Full article
12 pages, 335 KiB  
Article
Hunting, Sale, and Consumption of Bushmeat Killed by Lead-Based Ammunition in Benin
by Shukrullah Ahmadi 1,2,*, Suzanne Maman 3, Roméo Zoumenou 4, Achille Massougbodji 4, Michel Cot 5,6,7, Philippe Glorennec 1,8 and Florence Bodeau-Livinec 1,2
1 EHESP, F-35000 Rennes, France
2 Obstetrical, Perinatal, and Pediatric Epidemiology Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité (U1153), INSERM, Paris Descartes University, 75020 Paris, France
3 Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
4 Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
5 MERIT (Mère et Enfant Face aux Infections Tropicales)—UMR 216, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
6 Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France
7 Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
8 Inserm, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061140 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5788
Abstract
Human consumption of animal meat killed by lead ammunition has been reported as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels. However, little is known about how meat killed by lead ammunition is hunted, prepared, sold, and consumed. We explored the process from [...] Read more.
Human consumption of animal meat killed by lead ammunition has been reported as a risk factor for elevated blood lead levels. However, little is known about how meat killed by lead ammunition is hunted, prepared, sold, and consumed. We explored the process from hunting to consumption within communities in Benin from the perspective of preventive measures. We conducted 38 semi-structured interviews with hunters (n = 9) and sellers (n = 8) of bushmeat and families (n = 21) as consumers of bushmeat killed by lead ammunition. Data were transcribed, translated, and coded for analysis. We conducted content analysis to identify and describe key themes and processes from hunting to consumption. Many hunters (n = 7/9) used lead-based ammunition. After the meat is hunted, market sellers often buy it directly from the hunters. Amongst the hunters and sellers, few (n = 4/17) acknowledged removing the meat impacted by lead shot prior to sale. Many families (n = 15/21) mentioned consumption of the hunted bushmeat. The meat is cooked before sharing with children. Many families (n = 19/21) mentioned they look for the remains of the lead shot or remove the meat impacted by the shot. The finding suggests that hunting, sale, and consumption of bushmeat killed by lead ammunition are well-known practices in Allada, Benin. The bushmeat often hunted illegally with lead shot is sold in the markets and eventually consumed by families who attempt to clean the meat impacted by the lead shot before cooking it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventing Lead Exposure and Its Consequences in Vulnerable Populations: The Unfinished Agenda)
14 pages, 1988 KiB  
Article
Validity of a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire Assessing Macronutrient and Fiber Intakes in Patients of Han Chinese Descent with Type 2 Diabetes
by Meng-Chuan Huang 1,2, Kun-Der Lin 3,4, Hung-Jiun Chen 1,2, Yu-Ju Wu 1,2, Chiao-I Chang 2, Shyi-Jang Shin 4, Hsin-Chia Hung 5, Chien-Hung Lee 6, Ya-Fang Huang 7 and Chih-Cheng Hsu 7,8,9,*
1 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80705, Taiwan
2 Graduate Institute of Medicine and Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80705, Taiwan
3 Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan
4 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 80705, Taiwan
5 Department of Oral Hygiene, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80705, Taiwan
6 Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80705, Taiwan
7 Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan 35053, Miaoli County, Taiwan
8 Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
9 Department of Family Medicine, Min-Sheng General Hospital, Taoyuan 33044, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061142 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5049
Abstract
Few food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) have been developed to assess diet in diabetes patients. This cross-sectional study examined the validity of a 45-item FFQ assessing the intake of macronutrients against three 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDRs) in Taiwan, and compared vegetable and fruit intakes [...] Read more.
Few food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) have been developed to assess diet in diabetes patients. This cross-sectional study examined the validity of a 45-item FFQ assessing the intake of macronutrients against three 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDRs) in Taiwan, and compared vegetable and fruit intakes with carotenoid biomarkers. We recruited 126 adults with type 2 diabetes who completed the FFQ and three 24-HDRs administered by a registered dietitian. We measured plasma carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein) in 71 subjects. Partial Pearson correlation coefficients derived from the FFQs and three 24-HDRs and adjusted for energy were of 0.651, 0.587, 0.639 and 0.664 for protein, fat, carbohydrate and fiber, respectively. Cross-classification analysis revealed that 71.5–81% of the macronutrients and fiber were categorized into the same or adjacent quartiles by the FFQ and 24-HDRs. Bland–Altman plots revealed good agreement for energy/macronutrients/fiber across the range of intakes. Multiple linear regression of backward elimination revealed that tertile levels of dark- or light-colored vegetables obtained by the FFQ were significantly associated with plasma α-carotene and β-carotene, but not lutein. Fruit consumption did not correlate with carotenoid biomarkers. In conclusion, this short FFQ provided a valid assessment of macronutrients and fiber intake in type 2 diabetes patients. Vegetable consumption estimated by the FFQ corresponded to plasma α-carotene and β-carotene concentrations. Full article
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9 pages, 534 KiB  
Article
Awareness and Work-Related Factors Associated with Scrub Typhus: A Case-Control Study from South Korea
by Dong-Seob Kim 1,†, Dilaram Acharya 1,2,†, Kwan Lee 1, Seok-Ju Yoo 1, Ji-Hyuk Park 1 and Hyun-Sul Lim 1,*
1 Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, 123 Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju-si 38066, Korea
2 Department of Community Medicine, Devdaha Medical College and Research Institute, Kathmandu University, Devdaha Municipality, Rupandehi 32900, Nepal
† The authors contribute equally to this paper.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061143 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4953
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the awareness and the work-related factors associated with scrub typhus to provide data essential for evidence-based preventive strategies. A community-based case control study was carried out in the rural areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. Confirmed cases of scrub [...] Read more.
This study aimed to examine the awareness and the work-related factors associated with scrub typhus to provide data essential for evidence-based preventive strategies. A community-based case control study was carried out in the rural areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. Confirmed cases of scrub typhus (n = 57) were based on laboratory tests performed by the Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC), 114 matched neighborhood controls, age (±6 years), gender and area of residence in the Gyeongsangbuk-do of South Korea. These cases were contracted over the 12-month period of January to December 2015. Overall, 61.4% cases and 79.8% of the control group had heard about scrub typhus. Cases were less aware about the fact that mites are mainly found in the bushes and that long sleeves and full-length pants and boots helped prevent scrub typhus. However, more were aware of the eschar lesion as a characteristic sign of scrub typhus. Work related risk factors such as having a wetland or puddles of water surrounding the house, dry field farming and working in the livestock industry were significantly associated with the scrub typhus. Health promotion strategies, such as creating general awareness, personal protection methods and improving personal hygiene and environmental sanitation in collaboration with relevant sectors, are recommended to reduce the burden of scrub typhus. Further intervention studies on awareness and behavioral and environmental modifications are required to investigate the effectiveness of such interventions. Full article
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20 pages, 903 KiB  
Article
An Interactive Model among Potential Human Risk Factors: 331 Cases of Coal Mine Roof Accidents in China
by Ruipeng Tong 1, Cunli Zhai 1, Qingli Jia 1, Chunlin Wu 2,3,*, Yan Liu 4 and Surui Xue 5
1 School of Resources & Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2 School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
3 Beijing Key Laboratory of Emergency Support Simulation Technologies for City Operations, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
4 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
5 School of Safety Engineering, China University of Labor Relations, Beijing 100048, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061144 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4541
Abstract
In order to explore optimal strategies for managing potential human risk factors, this paper developed an interactive model among potential human risk factors based on the development processes of accidents. This model was divided into four stages, i.e., risk latency stage, risk accumulation [...] Read more.
In order to explore optimal strategies for managing potential human risk factors, this paper developed an interactive model among potential human risk factors based on the development processes of accidents. This model was divided into four stages, i.e., risk latency stage, risk accumulation stage, risk explosion stage and risk residue stage. Based on this model, this paper analyzed risk management procedures and relevant personal’s responsibility in each stage, and then probed into the interactive mechanism among human risk factors in three aspects, i.e., knowledge, information and communication. The validity and feasibility of the model was validated by analyzing a coal mine roof accident in China. In addition, the contribution of different functional levels’ personnel in risk evolution was discussed. It showed that this model can effectively reveal the interactive mechanism of potential human risk factors, and can thus give significant insights into the development of risk management theories and practices. It also proves that the contribution of different functional levels’ personnel in the model is different. This can further help practitioners design enhanced Behavioral-Based Safety (BBS) intervention approaches which can have a more sustainable and persistent impact on corporate personnel’s safety behavior. Specific recommendations and suggestions are provided fundamentally for future BBS practices in the coal mine industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues in Occupational Safety and Health)
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16 pages, 2925 KiB  
Article
Which Compounds Contribute Most to Elevated Soil Pollution and the Corresponding Health Risks in Floodplains in the Headwater Areas of the Central European Watershed?
by Jan Skála 1,*, Radim Vácha 1 and Pavel Čupr 2,*
1 Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation, Žabovřeská 250, 15627 Prague, Czech Republic
2 Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753-5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061146 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6347
Abstract
The main topic of this study is a human health risk assessment of a defined exposure scenario in the floodplain soils of the headwater areas of the central European watershed, with the aim of exploring both multivariate and regional data structures. Flood-prone areas [...] Read more.
The main topic of this study is a human health risk assessment of a defined exposure scenario in the floodplain soils of the headwater areas of the central European watershed, with the aim of exploring both multivariate and regional data structures. Flood-prone areas are recognized worldwide to be susceptible to contamination and its redistribution. Contributions of various classes of toxic compounds (organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) to human health risks were assessed in a screening risk assessment. However, due to the relative nature of our data and a high PAH dominancy over the data ensemble, reliance solely on the standard statistical processing of raw data might lead to incomplete insight into the structure of the multivariate data. Explanatory analysis of the data structure using the compositional approach was found to be beneficial to elucidating human health risk profiles and provided robust evidence that a contrast between agricultural and airborne industrial pollution controlled the whole human toxicological variation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in floodplain soils. These results were effectively quantified with the subcomposition of benzo(a)pyrene, DDT, and alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (aHCH), allowing for an interpretation of structural differences in regional pollution patterns, which conferred different extents and compositions of human health risks in floodplain soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Pollution and Remediation)
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13 pages, 313 KiB  
Article
Health and Well-Being of International University Students, and Comparison with Domestic Students, in Tasmania, Australia
by Sarah Skromanis 1, Nick Cooling 2, Bryan Rodgers 3, Terry Purton 1, Frances Fan 4, Heather Bridgman 1, Keith Harris 2, Jennifer Presser 2 and Jonathan Mond 1,5,*
1 Centre for Rural Health, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia
2 School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7000, Australia
3 School of Demography, Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
4 School of Education, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia
5 School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney 2560, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061147 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 74 | Viewed by 14012
Abstract
International students comprise an increasingly larger proportion of higher education students globally. Empirical evidence about the health and well-being of these students is, however, limited. We sought to examine the health and well-being of international students, primarily from Asian countries, attending the University [...] Read more.
International students comprise an increasingly larger proportion of higher education students globally. Empirical evidence about the health and well-being of these students is, however, limited. We sought to examine the health and well-being of international students, primarily from Asian countries, attending the University of Tasmania, Australia, using domestic students as a comparison group. Ethics approval was given to invite (via email) all currently enrolled students to participate in the study by completing a pilot-tested, online survey. The survey was completed by 382 international students (response rate = 8.9%) and 1013 domestic students (9.2%). Independent samples t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests were used for bivariate comparisons between international and domestic students, and between subgroups of international students. Regression models were used to examine the associations between student status (international vs. domestic) and health outcomes, controlling for demographic and enrolment variables. International students, particularly male students, were found to be at increased risk of several adverse health outcomes while also being less likely to seek help for mental health and related problems. The findings indicate the need for accessible, targeted, culturally-sensitive health promotion and early intervention programs. Full article
9 pages, 447 KiB  
Article
Changes in Sitting Time and Sitting Fragmentation after a Workplace Sedentary Behaviour Intervention
by Jasmin Hutchinson 1,*, Samuel Headley 1, Tracey Matthews 2, Greg Spicer 1, Kristen Dempsey 3, Sarah Wooley 1 and Xanne Janssen 4
1 Department of Exercise Science and Sport Studies, Springfield College, 263 Alden Street, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
2 School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, Springfield College, 263 Alden Street, Springfield, MA 01109, USA
3 Cardiac Rehab/Non-Invasive Cardiology, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, 2014 Washington Street, Newton, MA 02462, USA
4 School of Psychological Science and Health, University of Strathclyde, 16 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061148 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5105
Abstract
Prolonged sedentary behaviour (SB) has shown to be detrimental to health. Nevertheless, population levels of SB are high and interventions to decrease SB are needed. This study aimed to explore the effect of a personalized intervention aimed at reducing SB and increasing breaks [...] Read more.
Prolonged sedentary behaviour (SB) has shown to be detrimental to health. Nevertheless, population levels of SB are high and interventions to decrease SB are needed. This study aimed to explore the effect of a personalized intervention aimed at reducing SB and increasing breaks in SB among college employees. A pre-experimental study design was used. Participants (n = 36) were recruited at a college in Massachusetts, USA. SB was measured over 7 consecutive days using an activPAL3 accelerometer. Following baseline measures, all participants received a personalized SB consultation which focused on limiting bouts of SB >30 min, participants also received weekly follow-up e-mails. Post-intervention measures were taken after 16 weeks. Primary outcome variables were sedentary minutes/day and SB bouts >30 min. Differences between baseline and follow-up were analyzed using paired t-tests. The intervention did not change daily sedentary time (−0.48%; p > 0.05). The number of sedentary bouts >30 min decreased significantly by 0.52 bouts/day (p = 0.010). In this study, a personalized SB intervention was successful in reducing number of bouts >30 min of SB. However, daily sedentary time did not reduce significantly. These results indicate that personalized, consultation-based interventions may be effective if focused on a specific component of SB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Sedentary Behaviour)
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13 pages, 494 KiB  
Article
Adverse Events Following Immunization in Brazil: Age of Child and Vaccine-Associated Risk Analysis Using Logistic Regression
by Sílvia R.C. Lopes 1, João L.R. Perin 2, Taiane S. Prass 3, Sandra Maria D. Carvalho 4, Sérgio C. Lessa 5 and José G. Dórea 6,*
1 Institute of Mathematics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre RS 91509-900, Brazil
2 Management and Technical Support, StatSoft South America, Porto Alegre RS 90040-190 Brazil
3 Statistics Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria RS 97105-900, Brazil
4 National Immunization Program/SVS/MS, Brasília 70058-900, Brazil
5 National Research Council (CNPq), COAGR/CGAPB, Brasília 71605-001, Brazil
6 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília 70919-970, Brazil
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061149 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6752
Abstract
Objective: Vaccines are effective in controlling and eradicating infectious diseases. However, adverse events following immunization (AEFI) can occur in susceptible individuals. The objective of this study was to analyze the Brazilian AEFI database and compare eight vaccines in order to profile risks [...] Read more.
Objective: Vaccines are effective in controlling and eradicating infectious diseases. However, adverse events following immunization (AEFI) can occur in susceptible individuals. The objective of this study was to analyze the Brazilian AEFI database and compare eight vaccines in order to profile risks of AEFIs related to the mandated pediatric schedule of immunization, considering the age and sex of the child, type of vaccine, and reported adverse events. Methods: We analyzed the Brazilian AEFI database integrating reports between 2005 and 2010 for children less than 10-years old immunized with eight mandated vaccines: diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae type b (TETRA); diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP); Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG); oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV); measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR); oral rotavirus vaccine (ORV); hepatitis B (HB); and yellow fever (YF). We compared the children’s age regarding types of AEFI, evaluated AEFI factors associated with the chance of hospitalization of the child, and estimated the chance of notification of an AEFI as a function of the type of vaccine. In total, 47,105 AEFIs were observed for the mandated vaccines. Results: The highest AEFI rate was for the TETRA vaccine and the lowest was for the OPV vaccine, with 60.1 and 2.3 events per 100,000 inoculations, respectively. The TETRA vaccine showed the highest rate of hypotonic hyporesponsive episode, followed by convulsion and fever. The MMR and YF vaccines were associated with generalized rash. BCG was associated with enlarged lymph glands but showed the largest negative (protective) association with hyporesponsive events and seizures. Compared with children aged 5–9-years old, young children (<1 year) showed significantly higher odds of hospitalization. Conclusions: The Brazilian AEFI registry is useful to compare the magnitude and certain characteristics of adverse events associated with mandated pediatric vaccines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vaccination and Health Outcomes)
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11 pages, 1226 KiB  
Article
Physical Activity, Lifestyle Factors and Oxidative Stress in Middle Age Healthy Subjects
by Elisabetta Carraro 1, Tiziana Schilirò 1,*, Felicina Biorci 2, Valeria Romanazzi 1, Raffaella Degan 1, Daniela Buonocore 3, Manuela Verri 3, Maurizia Dossena 3, Sara Bonetta 1 and Giorgio Gilli 1
1 Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
2 Center of Sport and Preventive Medicine, University of Torino, Piazza Bernini 12, 10143 Torino, Italy
3 Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061152 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7967
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) has been recognized to play a primary role in many acute and chronic diseases. Environmental and lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and dietary intake are involved in the oxidative balance, but their specific influence remains unclear. In order to [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress (OS) has been recognized to play a primary role in many acute and chronic diseases. Environmental and lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and dietary intake are involved in the oxidative balance, but their specific influence remains unclear. In order to contribute to a greater characterization of the oxidative status in relation to exercise training and to environmental and lifestyle factors, different biomarkers—pro-oxidant capacity (d-ROMs), anti-oxidant capacity (BAP), radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and DNA damage (8-OHdGuo)—were measured in biological samples of a group of healthy middle aged subjects. The evaluation of the investigated biomarkers highlighted a significant effect of exercise training on OS, measured as d-ROMs and 8OhdGuo, in subjects playing regular physical activity. An association of the OS status measured by DPPH and 8-OhdGuo with the condition of living in urban high traffic areas was also found. Otherwise dietary habits did not reveal any significant effect on OS levels by the investigated biomarkers. As a whole the results obtained in this investigation suggested that a correct lifestyle, with regular physical activity practice, contributes to control the OS status in middle age subjects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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12 pages, 914 KiB  
Article
Factors Contributing to the Duration of Chemotherapy-Induced Severe Oral Mucositis in Oncopediatric Patients
by Lecidamia Cristina Leite Damascena 1,*,†, Nyellisonn Nando Nóbrega De Lucena 1, Isabella Lima Arrais Ribeiro 1, Tarciana Liberal Pereira De Araujo 1, Ricardo Dias De Castro 2, Paulo Rogério Ferreti Bonan 2, Eufrásio De Andrade Lima Neto 1, Luiz Medeiros De Araújo Filho 1 and Ana Maria Gondim Valença 2
1 Departament of Statistics, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 5045, Brazil
2 Departament of Clinical and Social Dentistry, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba 50445, Brazil
† Rua: Inácio Ramos de Andrade, 398, apt. 301, Ed. Filipéia, Jardim Cidade Universitária/CEP: 58052-210, João Pessoa (PB), Brazil.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1153; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061153 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4753
Abstract
This study analyzes the factors contributing to the duration of severe oral mucositis in oncopediatric patients. A longitudinal study was conducted in the pediatric department of a cancer referral hospital between 2013 and 2017. Seventy-three patients diagnosed with cancer undergoing chemotherapy protocols were [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the factors contributing to the duration of severe oral mucositis in oncopediatric patients. A longitudinal study was conducted in the pediatric department of a cancer referral hospital between 2013 and 2017. Seventy-three patients diagnosed with cancer undergoing chemotherapy protocols were analyzed. Oral evaluations were performed using the Modified Oral Assessment Guide criteria, and the data were collected from the patients’ records. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival curves. Most patients were males (52.1%), of mixed race (“pardo”) (49.3%), with a mean age of 7.56 years (±5.34). There was a predominance of patients diagnosed with solid tumors (52.1%), with no metastasis (86.3%), using natural product chemotherapeutics (56.2%), who had not undergone a bone marrow transplant (97.3%); amputation was observed in 35.6% of patients, while death rates were as high as 8.2%. The survival analysis estimated a mean time of 30.6 days until complete remission of severe oral mucositis. The regression analysis showed that patients over 10 years old had a median mucositis duration 1.4 times greater than those at the age of 10 years or younger. Patients without metastasis had a median mucositis duration 1.7 times greater than those with metastasis (p-value ≤ 0.10). Increasing age and the absence of metastasis were conditions that prolonged the duration of severe oral mucositis. Full article
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12 pages, 523 KiB  
Article
An Overview of Coverage of BCG Vaccination and Its Determinants Based on Data from the Coverage Survey in Zhejiang Province
by Yu Hu *, Yaping Chen, Hui Liang and Ying Wang
Institute of Immunization and Prevention, Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou 310000, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061155 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5826
Abstract
To assess the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination coverage in Zhejiang province and to investigate predictors of the BCG vaccination, we used data from the 2017 Zhejiang provincial coverage survey. Demographic and immunization data on the selected children, their mothers, and their families were [...] Read more.
To assess the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination coverage in Zhejiang province and to investigate predictors of the BCG vaccination, we used data from the 2017 Zhejiang provincial coverage survey. Demographic and immunization data on the selected children, their mothers, and their families were also collected by using a pre-tested questionnaire. BCG scars were verified among children who were available at the moment of survey. Coverage of BCG and other expanded program on immunization (EPI) vaccines scheduled before the first year of life was calculated. BCG coverage through the scar assessment and timeliness of BCG were also presented. Multivariate analyses of the predictors associated with the BCG vaccination and its timeliness were conducted separately. In total, 1393 children agreed to participate in the survey and presented the immunization cards. Of them, the coverage of BCG was 92.0% and 88.3% received the BCG within the first 28 days after birth. Besides this, 1282 out of the 1393 children were screened for the BCG scars and 97.1% of them had developed the scars. The multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that hospital delivery, higher maternal education, a mother with no job, and a resident child were positively associated with the higher BCG vaccination coverage and its timely administrations. BCG coverage was optimal and it was administered in a timely manner. The majority of children vaccinated with BCG developed scars. Tailored interventions should be more greatly focused on and targeted to children with the risk factors identified in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)
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15 pages, 775 KiB  
Article
ETS Exposure and PAH Body Burden in Nonsmoking Italian Adults
by Laura Campo 1, Elisa Polledri 1, Petra Bechtold 2, Giulia Gatti 2, Giulia Quattrini 2, Luca Olgiati 1, Michael Romolo 2, Andrea Ranzi 3, Paolo Lauriola 4, Giuliano Carrozzi 2 and Silvia Fustinoni 1,*
1 Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan and Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milano, Italy
2 Department of Public Health, Local Health Unit, 41121 Modena, Italy
3 Environmental Health Reference Centre, Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention of Emilia Romagna, 41121 Modena, Italy
4 Italian National Research Council, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Unit of Environmental Epidemiology and Disease Registries, 56124 Pisa, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061156 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4313
Abstract
Active smoking is associated with increased body burden of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); the aim of this study was to assess whether environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) increases the internal dose of PAHs. In 344 nonsmoking Italian adults, out of 497 individuals selected as [...] Read more.
Active smoking is associated with increased body burden of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); the aim of this study was to assess whether environmental tobacco smoking (ETS) increases the internal dose of PAHs. In 344 nonsmoking Italian adults, out of 497 individuals selected as representative of the population of the town of Modena, ETS exposure was evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire and by the measurement of urinary cotinine (COT-U). PAH exposure was assessed by the measurement of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) and of ten urinary PAHs. In all subjects, median (5th–95th percentile) COT-U was 0.47 (<0.1–3.91) µg/L. While 58 subjects reported to be ETS exposed (ETSQUEST), 38 individuals were identified as ETS exposed on the basis of a COT-U value of 1.78 (90% confidence interval 1.75–1.80) µg/L, previously derived as an upper reference value in not ETS exposed Italian adults (ETSCOT). Median COT-U levels were 1.38 (<0.1–9.06) and 3.63 (1.80–17.39) µg/L in ETSQUEST and in ETSCOT subjects, respectively. Significant correlations between COT-U and 1-OHPYR, and urinary anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene were found among all subjects. Significantly higher levels of 1-OHPYR, and urinary fluorene, anthracene, and pyrene were found in ETSCOT individuals. The results of multiple linear regression analyses, taking into consideration diet and other sources of PAHs exposures such as the residence area/characteristics and traffic, confirmed that 1-OHPYR and urinary fluorene were affected by ETS exposure, even if ETS played a minor role. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Exposure and Effects)
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19 pages, 326 KiB  
Article
A Qualitative Study of the Development of Health Literacy Capacities of Participants Attending a Community-Based Cardiovascular Health Programme
by Verna B. McKenna *, Jane Sixsmith and Margaret M. Barry
Health Promotion Research Centre, Discipline of Health Promotion, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1157; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061157 - 2 Jun 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5398
Abstract
Health literacy is a critical determinant of health, which can empower individuals and lead to engagement in collective health promotion action and is also a crucial component in the self-management of illness. The current study moves beyond a focus on functional health literacy [...] Read more.
Health literacy is a critical determinant of health, which can empower individuals and lead to engagement in collective health promotion action and is also a crucial component in the self-management of illness. The current study moves beyond a focus on functional health literacy and presents findings from a longitudinal qualitative (LQ) study consisting of three phases. This paper presents findings from the second phase of the study, which assessed the development of health literacy capacities of individuals attending a structured cardiovascular risk reduction programme in Ireland. The study objectives were to: explore perceptions of changes in interactions and information exchange within health consultations; identify the facilitators associated with changes in health literacy capacities; assess developments in engagement with broader contexts for health literacy capacities. A LQ study design was undertaken, which employed repeat interview methodology with 19 participants (aged 36–76 years) 12 weeks after beginning a structured cardiovascular risk reduction programme. Health literacy levels were assessed using the HLS-EU 47 item instrument in phase 1 (68% limited health literacy (HL), 32% adequate health literacy). A semi-structured interview guide, (informed by Sørensen’s conceptual model of health literacy), was used to explore the development of health literacy and to identify changes in knowledge, attitudes and experiences over time. Thematic analysis was used, informed by aspects of Saldaña’s framework for longitudinal qualitative data analysis. All participants reported having acquired increased understanding of issues relevant to their health and self-care. Participants described health literacy capacities that incorporate aspects of all levels of health literacy (functional, interactive and critical). Core themes were identified corresponding to changes in these levels: re-engagement with health information and increased understanding of risk and protective factors (changes in functional health literacy); changes in interactions with healthcare providers (HCP) (changes in interactive health literacy); enhanced psychological insights and understanding the broader determinants of health (changes in critical health literacy). Findings support the development of health literacy capacities across the functional, interactive and critical health literacy domains. Participants are capable of locating responsibility for health beyond the individual level and are making sense of knowledge within their own social contexts. Individuals, regardless of their initial health literacy levels, are capable of engaging with broader issues that can impact on their health and can be supported to develop these critical health literacy capacities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Literacy in Context—Settings, Media, and Populations)
18 pages, 589 KiB  
Article
Using the Healthy Community Assessment Tool: Applicability and Adaptation in the Midwest of Western Australia
by Christina Tsou 1,*, Charmaine Green 1, Gordon Gray 2 and Sandra Claire Thompson 1
1 Western Australia Centre for Rural Health, University of Western Australia, PO Box 109, Geraldton, WA 6531, Australia
2 Midwest Aboriginal Organisations Alliance, Geraldton Regional Aboriginal Medical Service, Western Australia Aboriginal Advisory Council, Geraldton, WA 6531, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061159 - 2 Jun 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5172
Abstract
Population-based studies have associated poor living conditions with the persistent disparity in the health of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. This project assesses the applicability of the Health Community Assessment Tool and its role in improving the environment of a small community in the [...] Read more.
Population-based studies have associated poor living conditions with the persistent disparity in the health of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. This project assesses the applicability of the Health Community Assessment Tool and its role in improving the environment of a small community in the Midwest of Western Australia (WA). The action research cycles started with the initial reflection on the suitability of the HCAT version 2 for the local community context and whether it was fit-for-purpose. The researcher provided ‘critical companionship’, while the participants of the study were invited to be co-researchers (the Assessors) who critically examined the HCAT and assess the community. The relevant domains to the serviced town (an outer regional community) were pest control and animal management; healthy housing; food supply; community vibrancy, pride and safety; reducing environmental tobacco smoke; and promoting physical activity. The Assessors found the HCAT descriptors mostly aligned with their community context but found some of the items difficult to apply. Based on participant’s suggestions, some of the original scoring scales were reformatted. School attendance and illicit drug use were identified as a key outcome indicator for youth but were missing from the HCAT. The HCAT domains applied helped streamlining core business of agencies in the local community. The face validity of HCAT items were confirmed in this research with minor adjustments to reflect local context. Youth engagement to education is of high community concern and the development of an item would create similar interagency collaborative dialogues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indigenous Health and Wellbeing)
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13 pages, 1453 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Air Pollution and Depression in China: Is Neighbourhood Social Capital Protective?
by Ruoyu Wang 1,2, Desheng Xue 1,2, Ye Liu 1,2,*, Penghua Liu 1,2 and Hongsheng Chen 3
1 School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
2 Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou 510275, China
3 School of Architecture, Southeast University, Si-Pai-Lou Road No. 2, Nanjing 210096, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1160; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061160 - 2 Jun 2018
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 8109
Abstract
There is increasing evidence from the developed world that air pollution is significantly related to residents’ depressive symptoms; however, the existence of such a relationship in developing countries such as China is still unclear. Furthermore, although neighbourhood social capital is beneficial for health, [...] Read more.
There is increasing evidence from the developed world that air pollution is significantly related to residents’ depressive symptoms; however, the existence of such a relationship in developing countries such as China is still unclear. Furthermore, although neighbourhood social capital is beneficial for health, whether it is a protective factor in the relationship between health and environment pollution remains unclear. Consequently, we examined the effects of cities’ PM2.5 concentrations on residents’ depressive symptoms and the moderating effects of neighbourhood social capital, using data from the 2016 wave of China Labourforce Dynamics Survey and the real-time remote inquiry website of Airborne Fine Particulate Matter and Air Quality Index. Results showed that PM2.5 concentrations and neighbourhood social capital may increase and decrease respondents’ depressive symptoms, respectively. Notably, neighbourhood social capital decreased the negative effect of PM2.5 concentrations on respondents’ depressive symptoms. These analyses contributed to the understanding of the effect of air pollution on mental health in China and confirmed that neighbourhood social capital were protective factors in the relationship between health and environment hazards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Mental Health and the Environment)
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21 pages, 1855 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Haze on Housing Prices: An Empirical Analysis Based on Data from Chengdu (China)
by Runqiu Liu 1,2, Chao Yu 2, Canmian Liu 3, Jian Jiang 2 and Jing Xu 4,*
1 Institute of Land Economics and Land Management, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
2 School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
3 Business School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
4 The Economy and Enterprise Development Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061161 - 2 Jun 2018
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 6605
Abstract
Based on cross-section data of 20 districts in Chengdu, this article reviews the relationships between haze and housing prices with the combined application of Spatial Error Model (SEM) and Spatial Lag Model (SLM). The results illustrate that haze significantly have negative impacts on [...] Read more.
Based on cross-section data of 20 districts in Chengdu, this article reviews the relationships between haze and housing prices with the combined application of Spatial Error Model (SEM) and Spatial Lag Model (SLM). The results illustrate that haze significantly have negative impacts on both the selling and rental prices of houses. Controlling other variables, if the air quality index rises by 0.1, the housing selling prices and rental prices will drop by 3.97% and 4.01%, respectively. Interestingly, housing rental prices have a more significant response to the air quality than housing sale prices. Residents are willing to pay a premium for better air quality and the influence of air quality is partially reflected in housing prices, which indicates that better air quality has been becoming a scarce resource with the improvement of people’s living standard. Furthermore, the impacts of haze on housing prices are also expected to lead to a “crowding out effect” in different regions. This would be detrimental for human capital accumulation and will accelerate the regional divergence in the internal economy and population structure, thus forming a region “fence” within cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Environmental Health Equity: Great Expectations)
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14 pages, 1405 KiB  
Article
Comprehensive Evaluation of Hazardous Chemical Exposure Control System at a Semiconductor Manufacturing Company in South Korea
by Sangjun Choi 1, Chungsik Yoon 2, Seungwon Kim 3, Won Kim 4, Kwonchul Ha 5, Jeeyeon Jeong 6, Jongcheul Kim 7, Jungah Shin 8 and Donguk Park 9,*
1 Department of Occupational Health, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongbuk 38430, Korea
2 Department of Environmental Health Science and Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
3 Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea
4 Wonjin Institute for Occupational and Environmental Health, Seoul 02221, Korea
5 Department of Biohealth Science, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea
6 Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Korea
7 Boram E&T Co.Ltd., Gwangju 61007, Korea
8 Occupational Lung Disease Institute, Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service, Incheon 21417, Korea
9 Department of Environmental Health, Korea National Open University, Seoul 03087, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1162; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061162 - 3 Jun 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7749
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the hazardous chemical exposure control system in a semiconductor manufacturing company and recommend an appropriate exposure surveillance system for hazardous agents. We reviewed compliance-based chemical exposure data compiled between 2012 and 2014 by the study [...] Read more.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the hazardous chemical exposure control system in a semiconductor manufacturing company and recommend an appropriate exposure surveillance system for hazardous agents. We reviewed compliance-based chemical exposure data compiled between 2012 and 2014 by the study company. The chemical management system, characteristics of chemical use and hazardous gas monitoring system were also investigated. We evaluated the airborne isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and acetone generally used as cleaning solvents, volatile organic compounds and metals levels using internationally recommended sampling and analytical methods. Based on the results of past working environment measurement data and of our investigation, the overall current exposure to chemicals by semiconductor workers during routine production work appears to be controlled below occupational exposure limits. About 40% of chemical products used were found to contain at least one unidentifiable trade-secret substance. There are several situations and maintenance tasks that need special attention to reduce exposure to carcinogens as much as possible. In addition, a job-exposure matrix as a tool of surveillance system that can examine the exposure and health status of semiconductor workers according to type of operation and type of job or task is recommended. Full article
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14 pages, 360 KiB  
Article
Paraquat Exposure of Pregnant Women and Neonates in Agricultural Areas in Thailand
by Pajaree Konthonbut 1, Pornpimol Kongtip 1,*, Noppanun Nankongnab 1, Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul 2, Witaya Yoosook 3 and Susan Woskie 4
1 Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
2 Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, 420/1 Rajvithi Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
3 Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Khamriang Sub-District, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand
4 Department of Public Health, Zuckerberg College of Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061163 - 3 Jun 2018
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6080
Abstract
This study aimed to assess paraquat concentrations in the urine of women at 28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery and 2 months postpartum and in the meconium of neonates. In all, 79 pregnant women were recruited from three hospitals located in agricultural areas in [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess paraquat concentrations in the urine of women at 28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery and 2 months postpartum and in the meconium of neonates. In all, 79 pregnant women were recruited from three hospitals located in agricultural areas in Thailand. The subjects were interviewed about personal characteristics, agricultural activities and pesticide use patterns. Paraquat was analyzed in urine and meconium using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a fluorescence detector. The geometric mean (GSD) of urinary paraquat concentrations at 28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery and 2 months postpartum were 2.04 (4.22), 2.06 (5.04) and 2.42 (5.33) ng/mL, respectively. The urinary paraquat concentrations at 28 weeks of pregnancy, delivery and 2 months postpartum between agriculturist and non-agriculturist were not significantly different (p = 0.632, p = 0.915, p = 0.57 respectively). The geometric mean (GSD) of paraquat concentration in the meconium was 33.31 (4.59) ng/g. The factors predicting paraquat exposures among pregnant women and neonates included working outside, living near farmland, having family members who work on a farm, drinking well water and using herbicides or paraquat. Full article
15 pages, 4052 KiB  
Article
Vascular Hyperactivity in the Rat Renal Aorta Participates in the Association between Immune Complex-Mediated Glomerulonephritis and Systemic Hypertension
by Israel Pérez-Torres 1,*,†, Bernardo Moguel-González 1,†, Elizabeth Soria-Castro 1, Verónica Guarner-Lans 2, María Del Carmen Avila-Casado 1 and Teresa Imelda Fortoul Vander Goes 3
1 Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Ciudad de México 14080, México
2 Departamento de Fisiología Instituto Nacional de Cardiología “Ignacio Chávez”, Ciudad de México 14080, México
3 Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
† Israel Pérez-Torres and Bernardo Moguel-González share the first authorship of this paper.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061164 - 3 Jun 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4542
Abstract
Introduction: systemic hypertension (SH) involving endothelial dysfunction contributes to immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN). Objective, we demonstrate a relationship between ICGN and SH by analyzing vascular reactivity in renal aortic rings. Methods: 48 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (a) [...] Read more.
Introduction: systemic hypertension (SH) involving endothelial dysfunction contributes to immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN). Objective, we demonstrate a relationship between ICGN and SH by analyzing vascular reactivity in renal aortic rings. Methods: 48 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (a) control (C); (b) injected with bovine serum albumin (BSA); (c) receiving 200 mg/L NAME (an analog of arginine that inhibits NO production) in drinking water; and (d) receiving BSA and 200 mg/L NAME. Rats were pre-immunized subcutaneously with BSA and Freund’s adjuvant. After 10 days, groups (b) and (c) received 1 mg/mL of BSA in saline intravenous (IV) daily for 35 days. The urine of 24 h was measured at days 0, 15, 30 and 45. Results: vascular reactivity to norepinephrine (NE), acetylcholine (Ach) and NAME were tested. Creatinine clearance, vasodilatation, eNOS and elastic fibers were diminished (p ≤ 0.001). Blood pressure, vasoconstriction, iNOS were increased, and glomerular alterations were observed in groups (b), (c) and (d) when compared to group (a) (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions: SH contributes to the development of progressive renal disease in ICGN. Alterations of the vascular reactivity are mediated by the endothelium in the renal aorta. Thus, the endothelium plays a determinant role in the production of vasoactive substances such as NO during this process. Full article
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14 pages, 509 KiB  
Article
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice with Respect to Antibiotic Use among Chinese Medical Students: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study
by Yanhong Hu 1, Xiaomin Wang 2, Joseph D. Tucker 3, Paul Little 4, Michael Moore 4, Keiji Fukuda 1 and Xudong Zhou 2,*
1 School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
2 School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
3 UNC-China Project, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
4 Primary Care and Population Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 5ST, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061165 - 4 Jun 2018
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 10573
Abstract
Objective: Inappropriate antibiotic use leads to antibiotic resistance. This has become a serious global crisis, with more multi-drug resistant infections and fewer effective antibiotics available. This study aims to understand knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) with respect to antibiotic use for self-limiting illnesses [...] Read more.
Objective: Inappropriate antibiotic use leads to antibiotic resistance. This has become a serious global crisis, with more multi-drug resistant infections and fewer effective antibiotics available. This study aims to understand knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) with respect to antibiotic use for self-limiting illnesses among medical students in China. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey instrument questionnaire was distributed in six regional universities in China from September to November 2015. Overall, 1819 medical students were enrolled. A pre-tested questionnaire was delivered by the researchers. KAP scores were calculated to determine the appropriation. Chi-squared and multivariable logistic regression and adjusted odd ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the relationship between the demographic characteristics and antibiotic use knowledge and behaviour. Results: In total, 11,192 students completed the questionnaires, with a response rate of 95%. In total, 529 (29%) medical students reported at least one self-limiting illness in the prior month. Of those with a self-limiting illness, 285 (54%) self-medicated, with 77 (27%) using antibiotics; 111 (21%) went to see a doctor, of which 64 (58%) were prescribed antibiotics, and 133 did nothing (25%). In the past year, 279 (15%) of medical students had used antibiotics as prophylaxis, and 273 (15%) of medical students had demanded an antibiotic from a doctor. Meanwhile, 1166 (64%) of them kept a personal stock of antibiotics, and 1034 (57%) of them had bought antibiotics at a pharmacy, of which 97% were purchased without a prescription. Students with high KAP scores with respect to antibiotics were significantly less likely to self-medicate with antibiotics (aOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.15–0.91, p = 0.031), use antibiotics for prophylaxis (aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.21–0.60, p < 0.0001), or demand an antibiotic (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.26–0.81, p = 0.007) from the doctor. Logistical regression showed that students whose fathers had a higher education level, whose mothers had medical background, who were from urban areas were more likely to stock antibiotics and self-medicate with antibiotics. Conclusion: High rates of antibiotic self-medication for self-limiting illness and stocking of antibiotics among medical students were observed. Along with the high rates of medical students receiving unnecessary antibiotics from their doctors were observed. The students’ knowledge and attitude towards to antibiotics, which drive prescribing, highlight the urgent need for effective antibiotic stewardship and training programs in Chinese healthcare institutes and medical schools. Full article
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10 pages, 824 KiB  
Communication
Effect of Intermittent Energy Restriction on Flow Mediated Dilatation, a Measure of Endothelial Function: A Short Report
by Michelle L. Headland 1,2,3, Peter M. Clifton 1,2,3 and Jennifer B. Keogh 1,2,3,*
1 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
2 Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
3 Sansom Institute for Health Research University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061166 - 4 Jun 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4619
Abstract
Intermittent energy restriction is a popular alternative to daily energy restriction for weight loss; however, it is unknown if endothelial function, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is altered by periods of severe energy restriction. The objective of the study was to determine [...] Read more.
Intermittent energy restriction is a popular alternative to daily energy restriction for weight loss; however, it is unknown if endothelial function, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is altered by periods of severe energy restriction. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of two consecutive very low energy intake days, which is the core component of the 5:2 intermittent energy restriction diet strategy, on endothelial function compared to consecutive ad libitum eating days. The secondary objective was to explore the effects of these dietary conditions on fasting glucose concentrations. This was a 4-week randomized, single-blinded, crossover study of 35 participants. Participants consumed a very low energy diet (500 calories for women, 600 calories for men) on two consecutive days per week and 5 days of habitual eating. In weeks 3 and 4 of the trial, participants had measurements of flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and blood samples taken following either 2 habitual eating days or 2 energy restricted days in a randomized order. FMD values were not different after the two eating states (8.6% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.7). All other outcome variables were unchanged. Endothelial function, as measured by flow mediated dilatation, was not altered by two consecutive very low energy intake days. Further investigations assessing the impact in specific population groups as well as different testing conditions would be beneficial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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13 pages, 5968 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the First Polish Web-Based Intervention Aimed at Improving Cancer Prevention (the PORINA Study)
by Maksymilian Gajda *, Małgorzata Kowalska and Jan E. Zejda
Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061167 - 4 Jun 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3355
Abstract
The appropriate level of the society’s health-oriented knowledge is essential for improving the effectiveness of actions to reduce the number of new cases and deaths caused by cancer. The aim of this study was to identify the role of web-based educational campaigns in [...] Read more.
The appropriate level of the society’s health-oriented knowledge is essential for improving the effectiveness of actions to reduce the number of new cases and deaths caused by cancer. The aim of this study was to identify the role of web-based educational campaigns in the field of cancer prevention in Poland. From 14.05.2015 to 13.11.2016 readers of Polish scientific websites were invited to participate in the “PORINA” prospective interventional study. A total of 1118 volunteers (unrepresentative sample) were recruited and randomized (interventional and control groups). After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 463 participants (41.4% of the recruited) qualified for the final analysis; 207 were allocated to the interventional and 256 to the control group. A specially designed internet platform, a self-reported questionnaire (validated during the study) and educational materials which were prepared by a physician specialized in clinical oncology were used. Assessments of participants’ knowledge were based on the authors Cancer Knowledge Index (CKI). The number of subjects with an increase in CKI score was significantly higher for the interventional group with minor changes in the control (p < 0.001). The highest increase in CKI scores was obtained in the following demographic groups: females, younger participants, those living in smaller villages and also among the less educated. An overall impact of presented web-based educational intervention was moderate. However, the results obtained confirmed that well-organized intervention supported by oncologists may be useful in cancer prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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18 pages, 1081 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Determinants of Perceived Risk of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Korea
by Sunhee Kim 1 and Seoyong Kim 2,*
1 Department of Public Administration, Seowon University, Musimseoro, Cheongju 28674, Chungbuk 361-742, Korea
2 Department of Public Administration, Ajou University, Worldcup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1168; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061168 - 4 Jun 2018
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 6119
Abstract
The world is turning into a risky society. Although modernization based on the developments in science and technology has increased individuals’ well-being and wealth, the perceived risk toward the complex technological system has increased. In a risky society, social accidents amplify the existing [...] Read more.
The world is turning into a risky society. Although modernization based on the developments in science and technology has increased individuals’ well-being and wealth, the perceived risk toward the complex technological system has increased. In a risky society, social accidents amplify the existing fear among individuals. It is generally assumed that each value, perception, and resource influences the fear of risk. However, very few studies have tested these three factors together within an integrated causal model. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the determinants that influence the perceived risk in cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), a deadly epidemic disease, in Korea. Based on the theoretical model, we analyzed the survey data collected from respondents (N = 814) in Korea. After controlling for variables such as sociodemographic characteristics, we examined how three competing factors, i.e., value, perception, and resource, influence the perceived risk of MERS. The analysis showed that trust and vulnerability variables in the perception factor, health state, and perceived knowledge in the resource factor had a significant impact on the perceived risk of MERS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)
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25 pages, 397 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Arts based Courses within a UK Recovery College for People with Mental Health Challenges
by Joanna Stevens 1,*, Catherine Butterfield 1, Adrian Whittington 1 and Sue Holttum 2
1 Aldrington House, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, 35 New Church Road, Hove BN3 4AG, UK
2 Salomons Centre for Applied Psychology, Canterbury Christ Church University, Tunbridge Wells TN1 2YG, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061170 - 4 Jun 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7163
Abstract
No previous studies have evaluated arts based recovery college courses. Yet arts may assist in personal recovery, as often defined by service users, through social connection and personal meaning. This interdisciplinary study evaluated (i) whether self-reported wellbeing and arts activities increased following arts [...] Read more.
No previous studies have evaluated arts based recovery college courses. Yet arts may assist in personal recovery, as often defined by service users, through social connection and personal meaning. This interdisciplinary study evaluated (i) whether self-reported wellbeing and arts activities increased following arts based recovery college courses, and (ii) how students, peer trainers and artist-trainers understood courses’ impact. The design was mixed-methods. Of 42 service user students enrolling, 39 completed a course and 37 consented to provide data. Of these, 14 completed pre and post course questionnaires on mental wellbeing and 28 on arts participation. Post course focus groups were held with six of eight peer trainers and five of seven artist-trainers, and 28 students gave written feedback. Twenty-four students were interviewed up to three times in the subsequent nine months. There were statistically significant increases in self-reported mental wellbeing and range of arts activities following course attendance. At follow-up 17 of 24 students reported improved mental wellbeing, while seven reported little or no change. Some spoke of increased social inclusion and continuing to use skills learned in the course to maintain wellbeing. Initial in-course experience of ‘artistic growth’ predicted follow-up reports of improvement. Future controlled studies should employ standardized measures of social inclusion and arts participation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Social Care and Social Interventions)
10 pages, 434 KiB  
Article
Trend of Age-Adjusted Rates of Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in U.S. Emergency Departments from 2006 to 2013
by Cheng Chen 1,2, Jin Peng 1,2,3, Eric A. Sribnick 1,4,5, Motao Zhu 2,4 and Henry Xiang 1,2,3,4,*
1 Center for Pediatric Trauma Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
2 Center for Injury Research and Policy, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215, USA
3 College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
4 Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
5 Department of Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061171 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 4325
Abstract
Objective: To use the 2006–2013 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) database to describe trends of age-adjusted rates of pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBI) treated in U.S. emergency departments. Methods: Time trend analysis was conducted on age-adjusted rates among children ≤17 years [...] Read more.
Objective: To use the 2006–2013 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) database to describe trends of age-adjusted rates of pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBI) treated in U.S. emergency departments. Methods: Time trend analysis was conducted on age-adjusted rates among children ≤17 years in the U.S. The annual percent change (APC) was calculated by fitting a least squares regression to the logarithm of the rates, using the calendar year as an independent variable. Results: In males, motor-vehicle-related trauma (APC −2.5%) and severe TBI (APC −3.6%) decreased over the study time period. Conversely, concussion (APC 5.1%), unspecified head injury (APC 6.6%), fall-related TBI (APC 7.1%), and mild TBI (APC 5.9%) increased. In females, severe TBI (APC −3.3%) decreased over the study time period and concussion (APC 6.5%), unspecified head injury (APC 7.2%), fall-related TBI (APC 7.6%), and mild TBI (APC 6.8%) increased. Conclusion: The overall age-adjusted rates of pediatric TBI-related emergency department (ED) visits increased from 2006 to 2013, which is largely caused by pediatric mild TBIs, especially unspecified injury to the head (ICD-9-CM code 959.01) and concussion. In comparison, age-adjusted rates of pediatric severe TBIs decreased. A major contributing factor might be a reduced number of traffic-related head trauma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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24 pages, 6960 KiB  
Article
The Impacts of Transportation Infrastructure on Sustainable Development: Emerging Trends and Challenges
by Luqi Wang 1, Xiaolong Xue 1,2, Zebin Zhao 1,* and Zeyu Wang 2
1 School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2 School of Management, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061172 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 149 | Viewed by 23211
Abstract
Transportation infrastructure has an enormous impact on sustainable development. To identify multiple impacts of transportation infrastructure and show emerging trends and challenges, this paper presents a scientometric review based on 2543 published articles from 2000 to 2017 through co-author, co-occurring and co-citation analysis. [...] Read more.
Transportation infrastructure has an enormous impact on sustainable development. To identify multiple impacts of transportation infrastructure and show emerging trends and challenges, this paper presents a scientometric review based on 2543 published articles from 2000 to 2017 through co-author, co-occurring and co-citation analysis. In addition, the hierarchy of key concepts was analyzed to show emerging research objects, methods and levels according to the clustering information, which includes title, keyword and abstract. The results expressed by visual graphs compared high-impact authors, collaborative relationships among institutions in developed and developing countries. In addition, representative research issues related to the economy, society and environment were identified such as cost overrun, spatial economy, prioritizing structure, local development and land value. Additionally, two future directions, integrated research of various effects and structure analysis of transportation network, are recommended. The findings of this study provide researchers and practitioners with an in-depth understanding of transportation infrastructure’s impacts on sustainable development by visual expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practice of Sustainable Built Environment in the Context of Developing Countries)
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13 pages, 3689 KiB  
Article
Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway Contributes to the Protective Effects of Sargassum serratifolium Extract against Oxidative Stress-Induced DNA Damage and Apoptosis in SW1353 Human Chondrocytes
by Cheol Park 1, Su Hyun Hong 2,3, Soon Shik Shin 4, Dae-Sung Lee 5, Min Ho Han 5, Hee-Jae Cha 6, Suhkmann Kim 7, Heui-Soo Kim 8, Gi-Young Kim 9, Eui Kyun Park 10, You-Jin Jeon 9 and Yung Hyun Choi 2,3,*
1 Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
2 Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
3 Anti-Aging Research Center, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Korea
4 Department of Formula Sciences, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Korea
5 National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea
6 Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Korea
7 Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Center for Proteome Biophysics and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
8 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
9 Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
10 Department of Oral Pathology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Dentistry, Institute for Hard Tissue and Biotooth Regeneration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1173; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061173 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 37 | Viewed by 5360
Abstract
Oxidative stress in chondrocytes plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis as an important cause of articular cartilage degradation. Sargassum serratifolium C. Agardh, a marine brown algae, is known to have potent antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted yet [...] Read more.
Oxidative stress in chondrocytes plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis as an important cause of articular cartilage degradation. Sargassum serratifolium C. Agardh, a marine brown algae, is known to have potent antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, no study has been conducted yet on the protective efficacy against oxidative stress in chondrocytes. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to investigate the mechanism of the antioxidative effect of ethanol extract of S. serratifolium (EESS) on DNA damage and apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in SW1353 human chondrocytes. For this purpose, SW1353 cells exposed to H2O2 in the presence or absence of EESS were applied to cell viability assay, comet assay, immunoblotting and flow cytometry analyses. Our results showed that EESS effectively attenuated H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage associated with the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. EESS also weakened the mitochondria membrane permeabilization by H2O2, and recovered H2O2-induced decreased expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and pro-caspase-3, and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. In addition, EESS increased not only expression, but also phosphorylation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), and promoted the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a critical target enzyme of Nrf2, but decreased the expression of kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1; however, the inhibition of HO-1 activity by zinc protoporphyrin abolished the antioxidant potential induced by EESS against H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that the antioxidant efficacy of EESS in chondrocytes is at least involved in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway-dependent mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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9 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
Cost-of-Illness and the Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients in the Dengue Fever Outbreak in Hanoi in 2017
by Bach Xuan Tran 1,2,3,*, Giang Thu Vu 4, Long Hoang Nguyen 5, Anh Tuan Le Nguyen 1, Tung Thanh Tran 4, Binh Thanh Nguyen 4, Thao Phuong Thi Thai 6, Carl A. Latkin 2, Cyrus S. H. Ho 7 and Roger C. M. Ho 8
1 Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
2 Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
3 Vietnam Young Physician Association, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
4 Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
5 School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam National University, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
6 Department of General Planning and Department of Cardiology, Friendship Hospital, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
7 Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
8 Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061174 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6055
Abstract
Dengue fever (DF) outbreaks occur intermittently in Vietnam, and the most recent epidemic happened in 2017. However, attempts to measure the burden of DF in relation to the quality of life and the cost of treatment for patients during an epidemic period are [...] Read more.
Dengue fever (DF) outbreaks occur intermittently in Vietnam, and the most recent epidemic happened in 2017. However, attempts to measure the burden of DF in relation to the quality of life and the cost of treatment for patients during an epidemic period are constrained. This study explored the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and the cost of illness among patients with dengue fever in Vietnam. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bach Mai Hospital from September to November 2017. The EuroQol-5 dimensions-5 levels (EQ-5D-5L) was used to measure HRQOL. Cost-of illness was measured by collecting data about the direct medical cost, the non-medical cost, and the indirect cost. Among 225 patients, most of the participants experienced problems regarding mobility (62.3%), self-care (71.8%), usual activities (64.6%), and anxiety/depression (64.1%). The mean EQ-5D index was 0.66 (SD = 0.24). The median cost of illness for inpatient and outpatient groups were US $110.10 (IQR = US $4.40–1200.00) and US $36.10 (IQR = US $1.80–816.30), respectively. Indirect costs accounted for a major proportion in both groups. Lower-skilled workers and those with a higher severity of the disease had significantly lower HRQOL. Meanwhile, people who were inpatients, had comorbidities, had higher incomes, and who experienced a longer disease duration, had a higher cost of treatment. In conclusion, high costs and severe health deterioration, especially in psychological dimensions, were found in patients with DF in Vietnam. Strengthening primary health care services and communication campaigns are necessary to relieve the burden of diseases and could possibly contribute to effective DF control and prevention strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)
16 pages, 3585 KiB  
Article
Land Use Change Assessment and Water Quality of Ephemeral Ponds for Irrigation in the North West Province, South Africa
by Frederick Asare, Lobina G. Palamuleni * and Tabukeli Ruhiiga
School of Geo and Spatial Sciences, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, North West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061175 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4228
Abstract
In the semi-arid environments of the North West province of South Africa the amount, timing, and distribution of rainfall is irregular, while water accessibility is a key factor in production. In line with this, a study was conducted to assess the impact of [...] Read more.
In the semi-arid environments of the North West province of South Africa the amount, timing, and distribution of rainfall is irregular, while water accessibility is a key factor in production. In line with this, a study was conducted to assess the impact of land use change on water quality and water depth within the sub-catchment areas of ephemeral ponds. To determine land use dynamics, 2004 and 2013 Landsat images were classified using maximum likelihood algorithm. Pond water quality was analysed for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters using standard the American Public Health Association (APHA) methods. Multiple linear regression models were computed to determine relationships between land use changes and water quality parameters. Results revealed a reduction in grass cover, whereas built-up areas increased at the expense of bare land. All the values for the physical characteristics were higher than the recommended Department of Water Affairs (DWAF) and Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) limits, but chemical parameters, except cadmium, were within limits. Regression showed that bare areas have a positive effect on Escherichia coli (E. coli) in ephemeral pond water. The study highlights the suitability of pond water for irrigation to increase crop production and the effects of land use changes on ecosystems as critical for proper catchment planning, water resource management, and food security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)
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19 pages, 7173 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Groundwater Susceptibility to Non-Point Source Contaminants Using Three-Dimensional Transient Indexes
by Yong Zhang 1,2,*, Gary S. Weissmann 3, Graham E. Fogg 4, Bingqing Lu 2, HongGuang Sun 1 and Chunmiao Zheng 5
1 Department of Engineering Mechanics, Institute of Soft Matter Mechanics, Hohai University, 1 XiKang Road, Nanjing 210098, Jiangsu, China
2 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
3 Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, MSCO3 2040, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, MN 87131, USA
4 Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, One Shields Avenue, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
5 School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061177 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5128
Abstract
Groundwater susceptibility to non-point source contamination is typically quantified by stable indexes, while groundwater quality evolution (or deterioration globally) can be a long-term process that may last for decades and exhibit strong temporal variations. This study proposes a three-dimensional (3-d), transient [...] Read more.
Groundwater susceptibility to non-point source contamination is typically quantified by stable indexes, while groundwater quality evolution (or deterioration globally) can be a long-term process that may last for decades and exhibit strong temporal variations. This study proposes a three-dimensional (3-d), transient index map built upon physical models to characterize the complete temporal evolution of deep aquifer susceptibility. For illustration purposes, the previous travel time probability density (BTTPD) approach is extended to assess the 3-d deep groundwater susceptibility to non-point source contamination within a sequence stratigraphic framework observed in the Kings River fluvial fan (KRFF) aquifer. The BTTPD, which represents complete age distributions underlying a single groundwater sample in a regional-scale aquifer, is used as a quantitative, transient measure of aquifer susceptibility. The resultant 3-d imaging of susceptibility using the simulated BTTPDs in KRFF reveals the strong influence of regional-scale heterogeneity on susceptibility. The regional-scale incised-valley fill deposits increase the susceptibility of aquifers by enhancing rapid downward solute movement and displaying relatively narrow and young age distributions. In contrast, the regional-scale sequence-boundary paleosols within the open-fan deposits “protect” deep aquifers by slowing downward solute movement and displaying a relatively broad and old age distribution. Further comparison of the simulated susceptibility index maps to known contaminant distributions shows that these maps are generally consistent with the high concentration and quick evolution of 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) in groundwater around the incised-valley fill since the 1970s’. This application demonstrates that the BTTPDs can be used as quantitative and transient measures of deep aquifer susceptibility to non-point source contamination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Point Source Pollution and Environmental Assessment)
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11 pages, 366 KiB  
Article
Ethnic, Geographic, and Genetic Differences in Arsenic Metabolism at Low Arsenic Exposure: A Preliminary Analysis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
by Poojitha Balakrishnan 1,*, Miranda R. Jones 2, Dhananjay Vaidya 3, Maria Tellez-Plaza 4,5, Wendy S. Post 2,3, Joel D. Kaufman 6, Suzette J. Bielinski 7, Kent Taylor 8, Kevin Francesconi 9, Walter Goessler 9 and Ana Navas-Acien 1,2,4
1 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
2 Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
3 Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
4 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
5 Fundación de Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia INCLIVA, Valencia 46010, Spain
6 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
7 Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
8 Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90502, USA
9 Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061179 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4092
Abstract
We investigated the effect of candidate variants in AS3MT (arsenic (III) methyltransferase) with urinary arsenic metabolites and their principal components in a subset of 264 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Urinary arsenic species, including inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonate (MMA), dimethylarsinate [...] Read more.
We investigated the effect of candidate variants in AS3MT (arsenic (III) methyltransferase) with urinary arsenic metabolites and their principal components in a subset of 264 participants in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Urinary arsenic species, including inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonate (MMA), dimethylarsinate (DMA), and arsenobetaine (Ab), were measured using high performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICPMS) and corrected for organic sources from seafood consumption by regressing Ab on arsenic species using a validated method. Principal components of arsenic metabolism were also used as independent phenotypes. We conducted linear regression of arsenic traits with allelic dosage of candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12768205 (G > A), rs3740394 (A > G), and rs3740393 (G > C) measured using Illumina MetaboChip. Models were stratified by non-Hispanic white vs. all other race/ethnicity and adjusted for age, sex, arsenic exposure, study site, and population stratification. Consistent with previous studies, rs12768205 showed evidence for strongest association (non-Hispanic white: iAs% −0.14 (P 0.83), MMA% −0.66 (0.49), DMA% 0.81(0.49); other race/ethnicity: 0.13 (0.71), −1.21 (0.09), 1.08 (0.20)). No association, however, passed the strict Bonferroni p-value. This was a novel study among an ethnically diverse population exposed to low arsenic levels. Full article
9 pages, 535 KiB  
Article
General Practice Care for Patients with Rare Diseases in Belgium. A Cross-Sectional Survey
by Nicole Boffin 1,*, Elfriede Swinnen 1, Johan Wens 2, Montse Urbina 1, Johan Van der Heyden 1 and Viviane Van Casteren 1
1 SD Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
2 Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, Primary and Interdisciplinary Care, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061180 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3700
Abstract
There are almost no studies about rare diseases in general practice. This study examined care characteristics of active rare disease patients in the Belgian Network of Sentinel General Practices (SGP) and the importance of rare diseases in general practice by its caseload, general [...] Read more.
There are almost no studies about rare diseases in general practice. This study examined care characteristics of active rare disease patients in the Belgian Network of Sentinel General Practices (SGP) and the importance of rare diseases in general practice by its caseload, general practitioner (GP)–patient encounter frequency and nationwide prevalence. The SGP reported data about: (i) the number of active rare disease patients in 2015; and (ii) characteristics of one to three most recently seen patients. Rare diseases were matched against Orphanet (www.orpha.net). GP encounter frequency and patients’ age were compared to the total general practice population. Details from 121 active patients (median age: 44, interquartile range (IQR) 24–60) showed that for 36.9% the GP had been the first caregiver for the rare disease and for 35.8% the GP established a diagnostic referral. GPs rated their knowledge about their patients’ disease as moderate and used Orphanet for 14.9% of patients. Any active rare disease patients (median: 1, IQR 0–2) were reported by 66 of 111 SGP. Compared to the total general practice population, the mean GP encounter frequency was higher (7.3; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 6.1–8.5 versus 5.4; 95% CI 5.4–5.4). The prevalence of rare diseases in the Belgian general practice population was estimated at 12.0 (95% CI 10.3–13.9) per 10,000. This study acknowledges the important role of GPs in rare disease care. Knowledge and use of Orphanet by GPs could be improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Situation and Distribution of Rare Diseases: Challenges, Prevention, Healthcare and Effects)
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16 pages, 369 KiB  
Article
Psychological Resilience as a Protective Factor for the Body Image in Post-Mastectomy Women with Breast Cancer
by Bernadetta Izydorczyk 1,*, Anna Kwapniewska 1, Sebastian Lizinczyk 2,* and Katarzyna Sitnik-Warchulska 1
1 Institute of Applied Psychology, Faculty of Management and Social Communication, Jagiellonian University, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
2 S.L.—Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, 40-326 Katowice, Poland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061181 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 68 | Viewed by 11966
Abstract
European statistics confirm a rise in breast cancer among contemporary women. Those suffering from cancer and undergoing a surgery (mastectomy) are undoubtedly considered to be in difficult situations. The range of the numerous negative and/or positive emotions, thoughts, and behaviours depend on many [...] Read more.
European statistics confirm a rise in breast cancer among contemporary women. Those suffering from cancer and undergoing a surgery (mastectomy) are undoubtedly considered to be in difficult situations. The range of the numerous negative and/or positive emotions, thoughts, and behaviours depend on many psychological factors such as psychological resilience. The authors are currently drawing a report on their own studies where they are trying to determine factors that protect body image resilience in women suffering from breast cancer after mastectomies. The research group consisted of 120 women after a short (up to 2 years) or a long (over 2 years) duration having elapsed since their mastectomy. The results of the research groups show that psychological resilience is a significant protecting factor for the body image that prevents the excessive development of negative self-esteem in post-mastectomy women. Female patients ought to be provided aid in the short time immediately after the procedure and afterwards, when they are less capable of tolerating negative emotions. In order to significantly improve the general body image resilience to emotional and cognitive distortions in post-mastectomy women who experienced breast cancer, it is recommended that psychological interventions (from psychoeducation to psychological assistance and specialist psychotherapy) are conducted systematically throughout the course of treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
17 pages, 550 KiB  
Article
Using Co-Design to Develop a Collective Leadership Intervention for Healthcare Teams to Improve Safety Culture
by Marie E. Ward 1,*, Aoife De Brún 1, Deirdre Beirne 2, Clare Conway 3, Una Cunningham 4, Alan English 5, John Fitzsimons 6, Eileen Furlong 1, Yvonne Kane 3, Alan Kelly 4, Sinéad McDonnell 2, Sinead McGinley 1, Brenda Monaghan 7, Ann Myler 4, Emer Nolan 2, Róisín O’Donovan 1, Marie O’Shea 1, Arwa Shuhaiber 8 and Eilish McAuliffe 1
1 School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health Systems, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
2 Integrated Care Team Older Persons, Community Healthcare Organisation 6, Clonskeagh, Dublin 6, Ireland
3 Midlands Regional Hospital Mullingar, Longford Road, Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
4 Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, Dublin 7, Ireland
5 Patient Representative, Dublin, Ireland
6 Quality Improvement Division HSE & Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda, Co. Louth, Ireland
7 Our Lady’s Hospital, Navan, Co. Meath, Ireland
8 School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061182 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 112 | Viewed by 18899
Abstract
While co-design methods are becoming more popular in healthcare; there is a gap within the peer-reviewed literature on how to do co-design in practice. This paper addresses this gap by delineating the approach taken in the co-design of a collective leadership intervention to [...] Read more.
While co-design methods are becoming more popular in healthcare; there is a gap within the peer-reviewed literature on how to do co-design in practice. This paper addresses this gap by delineating the approach taken in the co-design of a collective leadership intervention to improve healthcare team performance and patient safety culture. Over the course of six workshops healthcare staff, patient representatives and advocates, and health systems researchers collaboratively co-designed the intervention. The inputs to the process, exercises and activities that took place during the workshops and the outputs of the workshops are described. The co-design method, while challenging at times, had many benefits including grounding the intervention in the real-world experiences of healthcare teams. Implications of the method for health systems research are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Systems and Services)
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12 pages, 295 KiB  
Article
Access to Community Living Infrastructure and Its Impact on the Establishment of Community-Based Day Care Centres for Seniors in Rural China
by Man Li 1,2, Renyao Zhong 1, Shanwen Zhu 1,*, Lauren C. Ramsay 2,3, Fen Li 1 and Peter C. Coyte 2,4,*
1 School of Public Administration, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
2 Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Health Science Building, 155 College Street, Suite 425, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada
3 Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
4 Canadian Centre for Health Economics, 155 College Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3M6, Canada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061184 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3981
Abstract
Community-based day care centres play an important role in service delivery for Chinese seniors. Little research has examined how community living infrastructure has influenced the establishment of these day care centres in rural communities. The purposes of this study were: (1) explore regional [...] Read more.
Community-based day care centres play an important role in service delivery for Chinese seniors. Little research has examined how community living infrastructure has influenced the establishment of these day care centres in rural communities. The purposes of this study were: (1) explore regional differences in community living infrastructure; and (2) to examine the impact of such infrastructure on the establishment of day care centres for Chinese seniors in rural communities. The data were derived from “The Fourth Sample Survey on the Living Conditions of Elderly People in Urban and Rural China (2015)”. The establishment of at least one day care centre was the outcome of interest, which was dichotomized at the community level into the establishment of at least one day care centre or the absence of any day care centres. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the impact of various community living infrastructural characteristics on the establishment of day care centres. The results showed that of the 4522 rural communities surveyed in 2015, only 10.1% had established at least one day care centre. Community living infrastructural characteristics that were significantly associated with the establishment of day care centres were the availability of cement/asphalt roads, natural gas, tap drinking water, sewage systems, and centralized garbage disposal. Our findings suggest that the significant association between community-level characteristics, especially community living infrastructure, and the establishment of rural day care centre for seniors may inform policy decision making. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social, Cultural and Economic Context of Health and Social Care)
11 pages, 1574 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Mercury Concentration in Turtles (Podocnemis unifilis) in the Xingu River Basin, Brazil
by Marina Teófilo Pignati 1,*, Juarez Carlos Brito Pezzuti 2, Larissa Costa de Souza 3, Marcelo De Oliveira Lima 3, Wanderlei Antonio Pignati 4 and Rosivaldo De Alcântara Mendes 3
1 Programa de Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Pará e Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi/CZO, Av. Perimetral, n.1, B. Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-750, Brazil
2 Universidade Federal do Pará, Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
3 Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Meio Ambiente, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Rodovia BR 316 km 07, Levilândia, Ananindeua, PA 67010-000, Brazil
4 Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, Cuiabá, MT CEP 78060-900, Brazil
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061185 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3989
Abstract
Many studies on mercury contamination in aquatic biota deal with the effect of consuming metal-contaminated organisms on human health. In this study, we examined the factors that cause mercury contamination in Podocnemis unifilis in the Xingu River Basin of Mato Grosso and Pará [...] Read more.
Many studies on mercury contamination in aquatic biota deal with the effect of consuming metal-contaminated organisms on human health. In this study, we examined the factors that cause mercury contamination in Podocnemis unifilis in the Xingu River Basin of Mato Grosso and Pará States, Brazil. We quantified by atomic absorption spectroscopy with cold vapor the total mercury (THg) content in the liver and muscle samples of 50 Podocnemis unifilis specimens collected from the basin. The liver and muscle samples contained 134.20 ± 119.30 ng g−1 THg and 24.86 ± 26.36 ng g−1 THg, respectively. Each chelonian or meal has, on average, 5.34× more Hg than the highest level established as acceptable. From the results it can be inferred that, given the weekly consumption of chelonians, the riverine and indigenous communities in the Xingu River Basin are at risk of chronic consumption of Hg in amounts beyond the acceptable limit. The potential high risk to the health of this population is evident; however, the risk classification needs to be further studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mercury Exposure and Global Change)
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16 pages, 6348 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Urban Sprawl on Soil Resources in the Changchun–Jilin Economic Zone, China, 2000–2015
by Xiaoyan Li 1,*, Limin Yang 1, Yongxing Ren 1,2, Huiying Li 1,2 and Zongming Wang 2
1 College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
2 Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061186 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4792
Abstract
The Changchun–Jilin Economic Zone (CJEZ) is one of the most rapidly developing areas in Northeast China, as well as one of the famous golden maize belts in the world. This is a case study to assess the impacts of urban sprawl on soil [...] Read more.
The Changchun–Jilin Economic Zone (CJEZ) is one of the most rapidly developing areas in Northeast China, as well as one of the famous golden maize belts in the world. This is a case study to assess the impacts of urban sprawl on soil resources using remote sensing imagery and geographic spatial analysis methods. The common urbanization intensity index (CUII), soil quality index, and soil landscape metrics were calculated to reflect urbanization and the response of soil resource. Results showed that the area of soil sealing changed from 112,460 ha in 2000 to 139,233 ha in 2015, and in the rural region, the area occupied by urbanization nearly kept balance with the area of rural residential expansion. Urban land increased by 26,767 ha at an annual rate of 3.23% from 2000 to 2015. All seven soil types were occupied during the urbanization process, among which black soil ranked the highest (18,560 ha) and accounted for 69.34% of the total occupied area. Soils of Grades I (3927 ha) and II (15,016 ha) were 64.75% of the total occupied soil areas. Urban land expanded in an irregular shape and a disordered way, which led to an increasing large patch index (LPI) and aggregation index (AI), and a decreasing edge density (ED) and Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI) of the soil landscape in the study area during 2000–2015. According to the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model analysis, the R2 between the CUII and soil landscape metrics decreased from the LPI and ED to SHDI and in turn to AI. The local R2 between SHDI, ED, and CUII showed a gradient structure from the inner city to peri-urban areas, in which larger values appeared with strongly intensive urbanization in urban fringes. Soil sealing induced by urbanization has become a significant factor threatening soil, the environment, and food security. How to coordinate regional development and ensure the sustainability of the multiple functions of soil is a problem that needs to be taken into account in the future development of the region. Full article
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9 pages, 297 KiB  
Article
Perception of Physical Fitness and Exercise Self-Efficacy and Its Contribution to the Relationship between Body Dissatisfaction and Physical Fitness in Female Minority Children
by Emily W. Flanagan and Arlette C. Perry *
Department of Kinesiology and Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061187 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5047
Abstract
Body Dissatisfaction (BD) and low physical self-concept and exercise efficacy have been linked to poor physical fitness levels and adverse health outcomes in children. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between BD, physical fitness, exercise self-efficacy, and self-Perception of [...] Read more.
Body Dissatisfaction (BD) and low physical self-concept and exercise efficacy have been linked to poor physical fitness levels and adverse health outcomes in children. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between BD, physical fitness, exercise self-efficacy, and self-Perception of Physical Fitness (PFP) in Latina and Black female children. Twenty-eight Latina and Black children enrolled in an elementary afterschool program, aged 8–12, completed surveys evaluating body dissatisfaction, exercise efficacy, PFP, and measures of physical fitness. Subjects exhibited moderate but significant inverse relationships between BD and PFP in strength (r = −0.459), agility (r = −0.382), aerobic fitness (r = −0.354), and flexibility (r = −0.461) (p < 0.05 for all). There was a significant negative correlation between exercise efficacy and BD (r = −4.2; p < 0.05). Power (r = 0.51) and flexibility (r = 0.42) were the only physical fitness measures significantly and positively related to children’s PFP (p < 0.05). A significant medium inverse relationship was also found between BD and aerobic fitness scores (r = −0.381; p < 0.05). However, after controlling for exercise efficacy or perception of physical fitness, the relationship between BD and aerobic fitness was not significant (p > 0.05). Findings suggest that positive PFP and positive performance in several physical fitness measures are associated with lower levels of BD in minority female children. Furthermore, evidence suggests exercise efficacy and PFP can mediate the relationship body image and aerobic fitness. These findings suggest that PFP, more so than measured physical fitness, was associated with lower levels of BD in minority female children. These results have important implications for programs designed to improve physical fitness and mental health in minority children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity Prevention in Children and Adolescents)
10 pages, 426 KiB  
Article
Use of Facebook by Hospitals in Taiwan: A Nationwide Survey
by Po-Chin Yang 1, Wui-Chiang Lee 2,3,*, Hao-Yen Liu 1, Mei-Ju Shih 4, Tzeng-Ji Chen 1,3, Li-Fang Chou 5 and Shinn-Jang Hwang 1,3
1 Department of Family Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
2 Department of Medical Affairs and Planning, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
3 School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
4 Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
5 Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061188 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 67 | Viewed by 6807
Abstract
Background: Social media advertising has become increasingly influential in recent years. Because Facebook has the most active users worldwide, many hospitals in Taiwan have created official Facebook fan pages. Our study was to present an overview of official Facebook fan pages of [...] Read more.
Background: Social media advertising has become increasingly influential in recent years. Because Facebook has the most active users worldwide, many hospitals in Taiwan have created official Facebook fan pages. Our study was to present an overview of official Facebook fan pages of hospitals in Taiwan. Methods: All 417 hospitals were surveyed about their use of Facebook fan pages in December 2017. The last update time, posts in the past 30 days, number of “Likes”, and other features were analyzed and stratified according to the accreditation statuses of the hospitals. Results: In Taiwan, only 51.1% (n = 213) of the hospitals had an official Facebook fan page. Among these hospitals, 71.8% (n = 153) had updated their pages in the past 30 days, although 89.2% (n = 190) provided online interactions. Academic medical centers tended to have more “Likes” than regional and local community hospitals (on average 5947.4, 2644.8, and 1548.0, respectively). Conclusions: In spite of the popularity of Facebook among the general population, most hospitals in Taiwan do not seem to make good use of this kind of social media. The reasons for the use and nonuse of Facebook on the part of both hospitals and patients deserve further investigation. Full article
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15 pages, 3701 KiB  
Article
A Muscarinic Antagonist Reduces Airway Inflammation and Bronchoconstriction Induced by Ambient Particulate Matter in a Mouse Model of Asthma
by Jun Kurai 1, Masanari Watanabe 1,*, Hiroyuki Sano 2, Kyoko Iwata 1,3, Degejirihu Hantan 1 and Eiji Shimizu 1
1 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan
2 Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Kinki University, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka 589-0014, Japan
3 Mio Fertility Clinic, Reproductive Centre, 2-2-1 Kuzumo-Minami, Yonago, Tottori 683-0008, Japan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061189 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4388
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) can increase airway inflammation and induce bronchoconstriction in asthma. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tiotropium bromide, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist, on airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction induced by ambient PM in a mouse model of asthma. We [...] Read more.
Ambient particulate matter (PM) can increase airway inflammation and induce bronchoconstriction in asthma. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tiotropium bromide, a long-acting muscarinic antagonist, on airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction induced by ambient PM in a mouse model of asthma. We compared the effect of tiotropium bromide to that of fluticasone propionate and formoterol fumarate. BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) via the airways and then administered tiotropium bromide, fluticasone propionate, or formoterol fumarate. Mice were also sensitized to ambient PM via intranasal instillation. Differential leukocyte counts and the concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, IL-13, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC/CXCL1) were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Diacron-reactive oxygen metabolites (dROMs) were measured in the serum. Airway resistance and airway inflammation were evaluated in lung tissue 24 h after the OVA challenge. Ambient PM markedly increased neutrophilic airway inflammation in mice with OVA-induced asthma. Tiotropium bromide improved bronchoconstriction, and reduced neutrophil numbers, decreased the concentrations of IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and KC/CXCL1 in BALF. However, tiotropium bromide did not decrease the levels of dROMs increased by ambient PM. Though eosinophilic airway inflammation was reduced with fluticasone propionate, neutrophilic airway inflammation was unaffected. Bronchoconstriction was improved with formoterol fumarate, but not with fluticasone propionate. In conclusion, tiotropium bromide reduced bronchoconstriction, subsequently leading to reduced neutrophilic airway inflammation induced by ambient PM. Full article
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10 pages, 342 KiB  
Article
Antecedents of Corporate Environmental Commitments: The Role of Customers
by Asghar Afshar Jahanshahi 1,2,* and Alexander Brem 3,4
1 CENTRUM Católica Graduate Business School, Lima 15023, Peru
2 Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima 15023, Peru
3 School of Business and Economics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 90429 Nuremberg, Germany
4 Technology Entrepreneurship and Innovation (TEI), University of Southern Denmark, 6400 Sønderborg, Denmark
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061191 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 4720
Abstract
The management of natural environments has become a fundamental issue for companies in recent years. A firm’s environmental commitment affects all levels of its operation. In this study, we investigated whether having an effective and constant relationship with customers over time (customer capital) [...] Read more.
The management of natural environments has become a fundamental issue for companies in recent years. A firm’s environmental commitment affects all levels of its operation. In this study, we investigated whether having an effective and constant relationship with customers over time (customer capital) makes a difference to firms with a high environmental commitment compared with less environmentally committed firms. We found support for our idea by using original survey data from 149 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Iran (2016–2017). Furthermore, we found that customer capital enhances environmental collaboration with customers which, in turn, has a positive impact on the firm’s environmental commitments. These findings provide empirical evidence for the important role of “getting closer to customers” as a way of enhancing corporate environmental responsibility in developing countries with weak institutional environments. Full article
13 pages, 3059 KiB  
Article
Composition of Metallic Elements and Size Distribution of Fine and Ultrafine Particles in a Steelmaking Factory
by Gabriele Marcias 1,*, Jacopo Fostinelli 2, Simona Catalani 2, Michele Uras 1, Andrea Maurizio Sanna 1, Giuseppe Avataneo 1, Giuseppe De Palma 2, Daniele Fabbri 1, Matteo Paganelli 2, Luigi Isaia Lecca 1, Giorgio Buonanno 3,4,5 and Marcello Campagna 1
1 Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
2 Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, Section of Public Health and Human Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
3 Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, I-03043 Cassino, Italy
4 International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane 4001, Australia
5 Department of Engineering, University of Naples “Parthenope”, 80133 Naples, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061192 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5005
Abstract
Background: The characteristics of aerosol, in particular particle size and chemical composition, can have an impact on human health. Particle size distribution and chemical composition is a necessary parameter in occupational exposure assessment conducted in order to understand possible health effects. The aim [...] Read more.
Background: The characteristics of aerosol, in particular particle size and chemical composition, can have an impact on human health. Particle size distribution and chemical composition is a necessary parameter in occupational exposure assessment conducted in order to understand possible health effects. The aim of this study was to characterize workplace airborne particulate matter in a metallurgical setting by synergistically using two different approaches; Methodology: Analysis of inhalable fraction concentrations through traditional sampling equipment and ultrafine particles (UFP) concentrations and size distribution was conducted by an Electric Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI+™). The determination of metallic elements (ME) in particles was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Results: Inhalable fraction and ME concentrations were below the limits set by Italian legislation and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, 2017). The median of UFP was between 4.00 × 104 and 2.92 × 105 particles/cm3. ME concentrations determined in the particles collected by ELPI show differences in size range distribution; Conclusions: The adopted synergistic approach enabled a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the particles in steelmaking factories. The results could lead to a better knowledge of occupational exposure characterization, in turn affording a better understanding of occupational health issues due to metal fumes exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Studies on Heavy Metals and Health)
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17 pages, 2557 KiB  
Article
Distribution of Shrubland and Grassland Soil Erodibility on the Loess Plateau
by Xiao Zhang 1,2,3, Wenwu Zhao 1,2,*, Lixin Wang 3, Yuanxin Liu 1,4, Qiang Feng 1,5, Xuening Fang 1,6 and Yue Liu 1,2
1 State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2 Institute of Land Surface System and Sustainable Development, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
3 Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
4 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
5 College of Forestry, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
6 Center for Human-Environment System Sustainability, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061193 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5851
Abstract
Soil erosion is one of the most severe problems facing environments and has increased throughout the 20th century. Soil erodibility (K-factor) is one of the important indicators of land degradation, and many models have been used to estimate K values. Although [...] Read more.
Soil erosion is one of the most severe problems facing environments and has increased throughout the 20th century. Soil erodibility (K-factor) is one of the important indicators of land degradation, and many models have been used to estimate K values. Although soil erodibility has been estimated, the comparison of different models and their usage at a regional scale and, in particular, for different land use types, need more research. Four of the most widely distributed land use types were selected to analyze, including introduced and natural grassland, as well as introduced and natural shrubland. Soil particle size, soil organic matter and other relevant soil properties were measured to estimate soil erodibility in the Loess Plateau. The results show that: (1) the erosion productivity impact calculator (EPIC) model and SHIRAZI model are both suitable for the Loess Plateau, while the SHIRAZI model has the advantage of fewer parameters; (2) introduced grassland has better ability to protect both the 0–5 cm soils and 5–20 cm soils, while the differences between introduced and natural shrubland are not obvious at a catchment scale; (3) the K values of introduced grassland, natural grassland, introduced shrubland and natural shrubland in the 0–5 cm layer vary from 0.008 to 0.037, 0.031 to 0.046, 0.012 to 0.041 and 0.008 to 0.045 (t·hm2·h/(MJ·mm·hm2)), while the values vary from 0.009 to 0.039, 0.032 to 0.046, 0.012 to 0.042 and 0.008 to 0.048 (t·hm2·h/(MJ·mm·hm2)) in the 5–20 cm layer. The areas with a mean multiyear precipitation of 370–440 mm are the most important places for vegetation restoration construction management at a regional scale. A comprehensive balance between water conservation and soil conservation is needed and important when selecting the species used to vegetation restoration. This study provides suggestions for ecological restoration and provides a case study for the estimate of soil erodibility in arid and semiarid areas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land management accounting inter-correlations among soil erosion risk, cropping suitability and environmental footprint)
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12 pages, 1455 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Socioeconomic Status in the Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
by Deng-Ho Yang 1,2,3,4, Jing-Yang Huang 5, Jeng-Yuan Chiou 6 and James Cheng-Chung Wei 7,8,9,*
1 Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Armed-Forces General Hospital, Taichung 411, Taiwan
2 Department of Laboratory, Taichung Armed Forces General Hospital, Taichung 411, Taiwan
3 Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 406, Taiwan
4 Division of Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
5 Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 408, Taiwan
6 School of Health Policy and Management, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 408, Taiwan
7 Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 408, Taiwan
8 Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 408, Taiwan
9 Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 408, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061194 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 4734
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease with different etiologies in different areas. Our study focused on the prevalence of RA in Taiwan from 2001 to 2011. This study contained longitudinal enrollment files, claims data, catastrophic illness files, and treatment registries from [...] Read more.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease with different etiologies in different areas. Our study focused on the prevalence of RA in Taiwan from 2001 to 2011. This study contained longitudinal enrollment files, claims data, catastrophic illness files, and treatment registries from Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Research Database. We identified RA patients by ICD-9-CM code 714.0. The demographical variables including age, sex, income and area of registration were evaluated. The multivariate Poisson regression was applied to calculate relative risk for developing RA. In Taiwan, the ratio of female to male was about 5:1. From 2001 to 2011, significant increasing prevalence of RA, from 0.07% to 0.14%, was found in women. The prevalence of RA was increasing 6% per year in both sex groups. The annual incidence rate (per 10,000 person years) ranged from 1.62 to 2.02 (female: 2.30–3.14; male: 0.71–1.17) from 2003 to 2011. City area had lowest incidence rate of RA compared with suburban or rural area. Higher incidence of RA was observed among lower socioeconomic status. The prevalence of RA was rising from 0.07% in 2001 to 0.14% in 2011. Incidence was about 2/10,000 person-years and female to male ratio was 5:1. Lower socioeconomic status and living rural region might be a risk factor for developing RA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)
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11 pages, 450 KiB  
Article
Dietary Protein Intake, Breast Feeding and Growth in Human Milk Fed Preterm Infants
by Emma Tonkin 1, Jacqueline Miller 1,2, Maria Makrides 2,3, Andrew J. McPhee 2,4, Scott A. Morris 5, Robert A. Gibson 2,6 and Carmel T. Collins 2,3,*
1 Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
2 Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
3 Adelaide Medical School, Discipline of Paediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
4 Neonatal Medicine, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
5 Centre for Perinatal Medicine Flinders Medical Centre and School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
6 School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061196 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4725
Abstract
Protein intakes of preterm infants are frequently below recommendations, but few studies report accurate intakes due to the difficulty of analysing human milk clinically. This observational analysis from a randomised trial of infants born <31 weeks’ gestation, investigating two levels of protein fortification, [...] Read more.
Protein intakes of preterm infants are frequently below recommendations, but few studies report accurate intakes due to the difficulty of analysing human milk clinically. This observational analysis from a randomised trial of infants born <31 weeks’ gestation, investigating two levels of protein fortification, reports protein intakes compared with requirements and determines the association of direct breastfeeding on growth. Ninety-two infants (median gestational age 28 weeks, Interquartile range (IQR) 26–29; mean birth weight 1040 g, SD 300 g) were studied. Infants born weighing <1000 g were underfed protein compared with recommendations (median (IQR) intake of 3.0 (2.0–3.7) g/kg/day in week 2 versus recommendation of 4–4.5 g/kg/day), while those born weighing ≥1000 g met recommended protein intakes after the first week of life (median (IQR) intake of 3.7 (3.0–4.0) g/kg/day in week 2 versus recommendation of 3.5–4.5 g/kg/day). A moderate, negative correlation between the mean number of breast feeds and change in rate of weight gain (r = −0.37, p = 0.001) was found. Protein intakes of infants <1000 g did not meet recommendations and all infants were underfed protein and energy in the first week of life. Current protein fortification is inadequate for infants born <1000 g. Exploratory analysis showed faltering rate weight gain associated with increasing number of breast feeds and these results warrant confirmation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in the First 1000 Days)
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16 pages, 344 KiB  
Article
The Social Nature of Perceived Illness Representations of Perinatal Depression in Rural Uganda
by Nandini D. P. Sarkar 1,2,3,*, Azucena Bardaji 3, Koen Peeters Grietens 4, Joske Bunders-Aelen 2, Florence Baingana 5 and Bart Criel 1
1 Health Systems and Equity Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine at Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
2 Athena Institute for Research on Innovation and Communication in Health and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
3 ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic—Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
4 Medical Anthropology Unit, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine at Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
5 School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala PO Box 7072, Uganda
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061197 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4852
Abstract
While the global health community advocates for greater integration of mental health into maternal health agendas, a more robust understanding of perinatal mental health, and its role in providing integrated maternal health care and service delivery, is required. The present study uses the [...] Read more.
While the global health community advocates for greater integration of mental health into maternal health agendas, a more robust understanding of perinatal mental health, and its role in providing integrated maternal health care and service delivery, is required. The present study uses the Illness Representation Model, a theoretical cognitive framework for understanding illness conceptualisations, to qualitatively explore multiple stakeholder perspectives on perinatal depression in rural Uganda. A total of 70 in-depth interviews and 9 focus group discussions were conducted with various local health system stakeholders, followed by an emergent thematic analysis using NVivo 11. Local communities perceived perinatal depression as being both the fault of women, and not. It was perceived as having socio-economic and cultural causal factors, in particular, as being partner-related. In these communities, perinatal depression was thought to be a common occurrence, and its negative consequences for women, infants and the community at large were recognised. Coping and help-seeking behaviours prescribed by the participants were also primarily socio-cultural in nature. Placing the dynamics and mechanisms of these local conceptualisations of perinatal depression alongside existing gaps in social and health care systems highlights both the need of, and the opportunities for, growth and prioritisation of integrated perinatal biomedical, mental, and social health programs in resource-constrained settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and its Social and Cultural Implications)
10 pages, 338 KiB  
Article
Risk Factors and Prevalence of Suicide Attempt in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in the Mexican Population
by Tania Guadalupe Gómez-Peralta 1, Thelma Beatriz González-Castro 2, Ana Fresan 3, Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate 1,*, Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop 4,*, Mario Villar-Soto 5, Yazmín Hernández-Díaz 2, María Lilia López-Narváez 6, Jorge L. Ble-Castillo 4, Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández 7 and José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez 7
1 División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco 86025, Tabasco, Mexico
2 División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez 86200, Tabasco, Mexico
3 Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Ciudad de Mexico 14370, Mexico
4 División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa 86140, Tabasco, Mexico
5 Hospital de Alta Especialidad “Gustavo A. Rovirosa Pérez”, Secretaría de Salud, Villahermosa 86140, Tabasco, Mexico
6 Hospital General de Yajalón “Dr. Manuel Velasco Suarez”, Secretaría de Salud, Yajalón 29930, Chiapas, Mexico
7 Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061198 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4775
Abstract
Background: It has been proposed that the risk of death by suicide is higher in patients with diabetes than in the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the risk factors of suicidal behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim [...] Read more.
Background: It has been proposed that the risk of death by suicide is higher in patients with diabetes than in the general population. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the risk factors of suicidal behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of suicide attempt and determine the risk factors of suicide attempt, in patients with type 2 diabetes in a Mexican population. Methods: Clinic characteristics, anthropometric measurements, biochemical levels, depression, and suicidal behavior were evaluated in 185 Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to find predictive factors of suicide attempt. Results: 11.4% of patients reported previous suicide attempts n = 21). Younger patients (OR: 3.63, 95% CI: 1.29–10.19), having depression (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.13–9.76) and normal BMI (OR: 3.14, 95% CI: 1.11–8.83), were predictive factors of suicide attempt. No other variables in the study showed statistical significance. Conclusions: Our results showed a high prevalence of suicidal behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. We found that younger age, depression and normal BMI could be risk factors of suicide attempt in these patients. Therefore, psychiatric interventions to prevent depression and suicidal behavior in this population are necessary. New studies using larger samples are necessary to replicate and confirm these results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicide Risk and Mental Disorders)
23 pages, 2534 KiB  
Article
Public Awareness of Remanufactured Products in Yangtze River Delta of China: Present Status, Problems and Recommendations
by Jian Cao 1,2, Xihui Chen 1, Xueping Zhang 1, Yanchen Gao 1, Xuemei Zhang 1,*, Yunwen Zhao 1, Xiaoli Yang 1, Jiayang Xu 1, Gengui Zhou 1 and Jerald L. Schnoor 2,3
1 Department of Management Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
2 Center for Global & Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, LA 52242, USA
3 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, LA 52242, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061199 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4885
Abstract
Exponential increase of used and scrapped products has aroused worldwide attention, with various coping strategies regarding environmental protection and resource reutilization being considered and implemented. Among these, remanufacturing, processing used products environmentally and restoring them to like-new conditions, is preferred by nations around [...] Read more.
Exponential increase of used and scrapped products has aroused worldwide attention, with various coping strategies regarding environmental protection and resource reutilization being considered and implemented. Among these, remanufacturing, processing used products environmentally and restoring them to like-new conditions, is preferred by nations around the world. China has been committed to developing and advancing the remanufacturing industry along with its products since 2013, however only a few residents are able to recognize and purchase remanufactured products at the present time. This paper aims to investigate the public awareness of Chinese residents on these emerging products by conducting a questionnaire survey and field research for data collection, and analyzing the results statistically. Results show that most Chinese residents are not familiar with remanufactured products, the superior attributes of such products, or the channels available to purchase them. This could be explained by insufficient publicity and promotion on the part of the government and business enterprises. Factors influencing the purchase intentions of customers are illuminated and potential problems are summarized, in response to which, respective recommendations are provided for both policy makers and firms to popularize remanufactured products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Waste)
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21 pages, 1288 KiB  
Article
Lung Cancer Risk and Low (≤50 μg/L) Drinking Water Arsenic Levels for US Counties (2009–2013)—A Negative Association
by Steven H. Lamm 1,2,3,*, Isabella J. Boroje 1,4, Hamid Ferdosi 1,4 and Jaeil Ahn 5
1 Center for Epidemiology and Environmental Health (CEOH, LLC), Washington, DC 20016, USA
2 Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
3 Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
4 Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
5 Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061200 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5097
Abstract
While epidemiologic studies clearly demonstrate drinking water with high levels of arsenic as a significant risk factor for lung cancer, the evidence at low levels (≤50 μg/L) is uncertain. Therefore, we have conducted an ecological analysis of recent lung cancer incidence for US [...] Read more.
While epidemiologic studies clearly demonstrate drinking water with high levels of arsenic as a significant risk factor for lung cancer, the evidence at low levels (≤50 μg/L) is uncertain. Therefore, we have conducted an ecological analysis of recent lung cancer incidence for US counties with a groundwater supply of <50 μg/L, the historical limit for both the EPA and WHO. Data sources used included USGS for arsenic exposure, NCI for lung cancer outcome, and CDC and US Census Bureau forcovariates. Poisson log-linear models were conducted for male, female, and total populations using for exposure median county arsenic level, maximum arsenic level ≤50 μg/L, and ≥80% population groundwater dependency. Statistically significant negative associations were found in each of the six models in which the exposure was limited to those who had major exposure (≥80% dependency) to low-levels of arsenic (≤50 μg/L). This is the first large ecological study of lung cancer risk from drinking water arsenic levels that specifically examined the dose-response slope for populations whose exposure was below the historical limit of ≤50 μg/L. The models for each of the three populations (total; male; female) demonstrated an association that is both negative and statistically significant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Arsenic Contamination, Bioavailability and Public Health)
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14 pages, 1208 KiB  
Article
Resident Perceptions of Neighborhood Conditions, Food Access, Transportation Usage, and Obesity in a Rapidly Changing Central City
by Rayman Mohamed
Urban Studies and Planning, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061201 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3897
Abstract
There is a lack of research on obesity that uses primary data and fine-grained information on neighborhoods. I use primary data for 367 participants in Detroit to examine neighborhood predictors of obesity. These data were supplemented with public data. I considered multilevel and [...] Read more.
There is a lack of research on obesity that uses primary data and fine-grained information on neighborhoods. I use primary data for 367 participants in Detroit to examine neighborhood predictors of obesity. These data were supplemented with public data. I considered multilevel and spatial modeling, but the data lent itself best to ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions. I find that socioeconomic factors, the built environment, transportation usage, and perceptions of neighborhoods are important predictors of obesity. Importantly, litter is associated with higher levels of obesity. Planners can take measures to reduce litter and collaborate with other policy-makers to encourage less driving, though drawing direct lines of causality is complicated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Physical Activity and Public Health)
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15 pages, 4416 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Clustering Analysis of Malaria Infection in Pakistan
by Muhammad Farooq Umer 1, Shumaila Zofeen 1, Abdul Majeed 2, Wenbiao Hu 3, Xin Qi 1,4,* and Guihua Zhuang 1,*
1 School of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
2 Directorate of Malaria Control Program, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
3 School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
4 Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an 710061, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061202 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 7891
Abstract
Despite tremendous progress, malaria remains a serious public health problem in Pakistan. Very few studies have been done on spatiotemporal evaluation of malaria infection in Pakistan. The study aimed to detect the spatiotemporal pattern of malaria infection at the district level in Pakistan, [...] Read more.
Despite tremendous progress, malaria remains a serious public health problem in Pakistan. Very few studies have been done on spatiotemporal evaluation of malaria infection in Pakistan. The study aimed to detect the spatiotemporal pattern of malaria infection at the district level in Pakistan, and to identify the clusters of high-risk disease areas in the country. Annual data on malaria for two dominant species (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax) and mixed infections from 2011 to 2016 were obtained from the Directorate of Malaria Control Program, Pakistan. Population data were collected from the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. A geographical information system was used to display the spatial distribution of malaria at the district level throughout Pakistan. Purely spatiotemporal clustering analysis was performed to identify the high-risk areas of malaria infection in Pakistan. A total of 1,593,409 positive cases were included in this study over a period of 6 years (2011–2016). The maximum number of P. vivax cases (474,478) were reported in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). The highest burden of P. falciparum (145,445) was in Balochistan, while the highest counts of mixed Plasmodium cases were reported in Sindh (22,421) and Balochistan (22,229), respectively. In Balochistan, incidence of all three types of malaria was very high. Cluster analysis showed that primary clusters of P. vivax malaria were in the same districts in 2014, 2015 and 2016 (total 24 districts, 12 in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), 9 in KPK, 2 in Punjab and 1 in Balochistan); those of P. falciparum malaria were unchanged in 2012 and 2013 (total 18 districts, all in Balochistan), and mixed infections remained the same in 2014 and 2015 (total 7 districts, 6 in Balochistan and 1 in FATA). This study indicated that the transmission cycles of malaria infection vary in different spatiotemporal settings in Pakistan. Efforts in controlling P. vivax malaria in particular need to be enhanced in high-risk areas. Based on these findings, further research is needed to investigate the impact of risk factors on transmission of malaria in Pakistan. Full article
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14 pages, 551 KiB  
Article
Respiratory Condition of Family Farmers Exposed to Pesticides in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
by Rafael J. Buralli 1,*, Helena Ribeiro 1, Thais Mauad 2, Luís F. Amato-Lourenço 2, João M. Salge 3, Fredi A. Diaz-Quijano 4, Renata S. Leão 5, Rejane C. Marques 6, Daniele S. Silva 7 and Jean Remy Davée Guimarães 7
1 Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil
2 Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 455, sala 1155, São Paulo, SP 01246-903, Brazil
3 Pneumologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44-Bloco II, 5 andar, São Paulo, SP 05403000, Brazil
4 Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, SP 01246-904, Brazil
5 Centro de Tecnologia em Nanomateriais—CTNANO, Rua Prof. José Vieira de Mendonça, 1000, Belo Horizonte, MG 31310-260, Brazil
6 Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro—Campus Macaé, Av. Aloísio da Silva Gomes, 50, Macaé, RJ 27930-560, Brazil
7 Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373-Bloco G-CCS, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061203 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7902
Abstract
Pesticide exposure is a growing public health concern. Although Brazil is the world’s largest consumer of pesticides, only a few studies have addressed the health effects among farmers. This study aimed to evaluate whether pesticide exposure is associated with respiratory outcomes among rural [...] Read more.
Pesticide exposure is a growing public health concern. Although Brazil is the world’s largest consumer of pesticides, only a few studies have addressed the health effects among farmers. This study aimed to evaluate whether pesticide exposure is associated with respiratory outcomes among rural workers and relatives in Brazil during the crop and off-seasons. Family farmers (82) were interviewed about occupational history and respiratory symptoms, and cholinesterase tests were conducted in the crop-season. Spirometry was performed during the crop and off-season. Respiratory outcomes were compared between seasons and multiple regressions analysis were conducted to search for associations with exposure indicators. Participants were occupationally and environmentally exposed to multiple pesticides from an early age. During the crop and off-season, respectively, they presented a prevalence of 40% and 30.7% for cough, 30.7% and 24% for nasal allergies, and 24% and 17.3% for chest tightness. Significant associations between spirometry impairments and exposure indicators were found both during the crop and off-season. These findings provide complementary evidence about the association of pesticide exposure with adverse respiratory effects among family farmers in Brazil. This situation requires special attention as it may increase the risk of pulmonary dysfunctions, and the morbidity and mortality burden associated with these diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Pesticides Exposure)
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11 pages, 1359 KiB  
Article
Reloading Pupils’ Batteries: Impact of Green Spaces on Cognition and Wellbeing
by Peter Wallner 1, Michael Kundi 1, Arne Arnberger 2, Renate Eder 2, Brigitte Allex 2, Lisbeth Weitensfelder 1 and Hans-Peter Hutter 1,*
1 Department of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090 Vienna, Austria
2 Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Conservation Planning, Department of Landscape, Spatial and Infrastructure Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82/I, 1190 Vienna, Austria
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061205 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 58 | Viewed by 10589
Abstract
Cognitive functioning and academic performance of pupils depend on regular breaks from classroom work. However, it is unclear which settings during such breaks provide the best environment to restore cognitive performance and promote wellbeing of adolescent pupils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of [...] Read more.
Cognitive functioning and academic performance of pupils depend on regular breaks from classroom work. However, it is unclear which settings during such breaks provide the best environment to restore cognitive performance and promote wellbeing of adolescent pupils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of staying in different urban green spaces during breaks. Sixty-four pupils (16–18 years old) participated in a cross-over experiment. They were placed into one of three settings (small park, larger park, forest) for one hour during a lunch break. Wellbeing was assessed four times (Nitsch scale), and a cognitive test (d2-R Test of Attention) was applied in the classrooms before and after the break. Wellbeing was almost always highest after the stay in the green spaces. However, a sustained effect was only found for the forest. Concentration performance values of the d2-R test were significantly higher after the pupils’ stay in green spaces for all sites. The highest increase of performance was found for the larger park type. In conclusion, this pilot study showed that study breaks in green spaces improved wellbeing and cognitive performance of adolescents. It also found that larger green spaces, either parks or forests, have stronger positive impacts on wellbeing and cognitive performance than small parks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress, Coping, and Resilience in Adolescents)
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8 pages, 638 KiB  
Article
Cross-Sectional Inverse Associations of Obesity and Fat Accumulation Indicators with Testosterone in Non-Diabetic Aging Men
by Iwona Rotter 1,†, Aleksandra Rył 1,†, Katarzyna Grzesiak 2, Aleksandra Szylińska 1,*, Wioletta Pawlukowska 1, Anna Lubkowska 3, Olimpia Sipak-Szmigiel 4, Krzysztof Pabisiak 5 and Maria Laszczyńska 2
1 Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 54, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
2 Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
3 Department of Physical Medicine and Functional Diagnostics, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 54, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
4 Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
5 Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061207 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3936
Abstract
Introduction/Objective: The aim of the study was to show which of the adipose tissue accumulation indicators correlate with testosterone disorders in non-diabetic aging men. Material and methods: 455 non diabetic men, recruited at primary care facilities, aged 50–75 participated in the [...] Read more.
Introduction/Objective: The aim of the study was to show which of the adipose tissue accumulation indicators correlate with testosterone disorders in non-diabetic aging men. Material and methods: 455 non diabetic men, recruited at primary care facilities, aged 50–75 participated in the study. The participants underwent anthropometric measurement and ELISA determination of total testosterone (TT), estradiol (E2), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), sex hormone binding protein (SHBG), and the determination of fasting glucose (FPG), high-density lipids cholesterol (HDL-Ch), and triacylglycerols (TAG) in serum. The following indicators were calculated: body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), lipid accumulation product (LAP), and visceral adiposity index (VAI). Results: Men with testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) differed in each of the assessed obesity indices from those without TDS. All of the studied parameters correlated significantly negatively with TT concentration in blood serum, with VAI being the strongest predictor of TDS. It was shown that the threshold value at which the risk of TDS increased was 28.41 kg/m2 for BMI, 1.58 for VAI, 104 cm for WC, and 37.01 for LAP. Conclusions: Indicators of fat accumulation that take into account biochemical parameters in assessing lipid metabolism are better markers of actual body fat deposition than indicators based solely on anthropometric measurements. Among them, VAI seems the most suitable biomarker of TDS in non-diabetic aging men. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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13 pages, 366 KiB  
Article
Case Study of Resilient Baton Rouge: Applying Depression Collaborative Care and Community Planning to Disaster Recovery
by Robin Keegan 1,*, Leslie T. Grover 1,*, David Patron 2, Olivia K. Sugarman 3, Krystal Griffith 2, Suzy Sonnier 4, Benjamin F. Springgate 3, Lauren Crapanzano Jumonville 5, Sarah Gardner 5, Willie Massey 1, Jeanne Miranda 2, Bowen Chung 2, Kenneth B. Wells 2,*, Stephen Phillippi 3, Ed Trapido 3, Alexa Ramirez 3, Diana Meyers 6, Catherine Haywood 7, Craig Landry 8 and Ashley Wennerstrom 9,*
1 Resilient Baton Rouge, 100 North Street, Suite 900, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA
2 Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA David Geffin School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
3 School of Medicine, Section of Community and Population Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 433 Bolivar St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
4 Executive Director, Baton Rouge Health District
5 Baton Rouge Area Foundation, 100 North Street, Suite 900, Baton Rouge, LA 70802, USA
6 St. Anna’s Episcopal Church, 1313 Esplanade Ave, New Orleans, LA 70116, USA
7 Louisiana Community Health Outreach Network, 1226 N. Broad, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA
8 UCLA Center for Health Services and Society, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
9 Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave. SL-16 New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061208 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6444
Abstract
Background: Addressing behavioral health impacts of major disasters is a priority of increasing national attention, but there are limited examples of implementation strategies to guide new disaster responses. We provide a case study of an effort being applied in response to the 2016 [...] Read more.
Background: Addressing behavioral health impacts of major disasters is a priority of increasing national attention, but there are limited examples of implementation strategies to guide new disaster responses. We provide a case study of an effort being applied in response to the 2016 Great Flood in Baton Rouge. Methods: Resilient Baton Rouge was designed to support recovery after major flooding by building local capacity to implement an expanded model of depression collaborative care for adults, coupled with identifying and responding to local priorities and assets for recovery. For a descriptive, initial evaluation, we coupled analysis of documents and process notes with descriptive surveys of participants in initial training and orientation, including preliminary comparisons among licensed and non-licensed participants to identify training priorities. Results: We expanded local behavioral health service delivery capacity through subgrants to four agencies, provision of training tailored to licensed and non-licensed providers and development of advisory councils and partnerships with grassroots and government agencies. We also undertook initial efforts to enhance national collaboration around post-disaster resilience. Conclusion: Our partnered processes and lessons learned may be applicable to other communities that aim to promote resilience, as well as planning for and responding to post-disaster behavioral health needs. Full article
15 pages, 1979 KiB  
Article
Independent and Joint Contributions of Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Population Vulnerability to Mortality in the Detroit Metropolitan Area
by Amy J. Schulz 1,*, Graciela B. Mentz 1, Natalie Sampson 2, Melanie Ward 1, J. Timothy Dvonch 3, Ricardo De Majo 1, Barbara A. Israel 1, Angela G. Reyes 4 and Donele Wilkins 5
1 Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
2 Department of Health and Human Services, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI 48128, USA
3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
4 Detroit Hispanic Development Corporation, Detroit, MI 48216, USA
5 Green Door Initiative, Detroit, MI 48213, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061209 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5450
Abstract
Fine particulate matter is associated with adverse health outcomes. Exposure to fine particulate matter may disproportionately affect urban communities with larger numbers of vulnerable residents. We used multilevel logistic regression models to estimate the joint effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) [...] Read more.
Fine particulate matter is associated with adverse health outcomes. Exposure to fine particulate matter may disproportionately affect urban communities with larger numbers of vulnerable residents. We used multilevel logistic regression models to estimate the joint effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and population vulnerabilities on cardiopulmonary mortality (CPM). We estimated the health benefits of reductions in PM2.5 across census tracts in the Detroit metropolitan area with varying levels of population vulnerability, using cluster-specific odds ratios scaled to reflect PM2.5-attributable cardiopulmonary risk. PM2.5 and population vulnerability were independently associated with odds of CPM. Odds of CPM and the number of deaths attributable to PM2.5 were greatest in census tracts with both high PM2.5 exposures and population vulnerability. Reducing PM2.5 in census tracts with high PM2.5 would lead to an estimated 18% annual reduction in PM2.5-attributable CPM. Between 78–79% of those reductions in CPM would occur within census tracts with high population vulnerabilities. These health benefits of reductions in PM2.5 occurred at levels below current U.S. reference concentrations. Focusing efforts to reduce PM2.5 in the Detroit metropolitan area in census tracts with currently high levels would also lead to greater benefits for residents of census tracts with high population vulnerabilities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Environmental Health Equity: Great Expectations)
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19 pages, 352 KiB  
Article
Health Professionals Facing Suicidal Patients: What Are Their Clinical Practices?
by Inês Rothes * and Margarida Henriques
Center for Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto 4200-135, Portugal
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061210 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7322
Abstract
Clinical work with suicidal people is a demanding area. Little is known about health professionals’ practices when faced with suicidal patients. The aims of this study were to: (1) describe the practices most likely to be adopted by professionals facing a suicidal patient [...] Read more.
Clinical work with suicidal people is a demanding area. Little is known about health professionals’ practices when faced with suicidal patients. The aims of this study were to: (1) describe the practices most likely to be adopted by professionals facing a suicidal patient and (2) analyze the differences according to professional characteristics (group, specific training on suicide, and experience with suicidal patients). A self-report questionnaire that was developed for this study was filled out by 239 participants. Participants were psychologists, psychiatrists, and general practitioners who work in different contexts: hospitals, public health centres, schools or colleges, and community centres. Principal components analysis, analyses of variance, and t-tests were used. Four components were identified: (1) Comprehensive risk assessment; (2) protocols, psychotherapy and connectedness; (3) multidisciplinary clinical approach; and, (4) family, explaining a total of variance of 44%. Positive associations between suicide-related variables (training and experience) and practices were found. In general, health professionals’ practices are evidence-based, however a relevant percentage of professionals can benefit from training and improve their practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Suicide Research)
15 pages, 317 KiB  
Article
Changes in the Sociodemographic Factors of Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption in Chinese Adolescents from 2004 to 2011
by Li Chen 1,2,3,†, Ruiyi Liu 1,2,3,†, Marina Pozhidaeva 1,2,3, Jinqiu Xie 1,2,3, Wei Cao 1,2,3, Fan Zhang 1,2,3, Cesar Reis 4, Manoj Sharma 5 and Yong Zhao 1,2,3,*
1 School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
2 Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
3 The Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
4 Preventive Medicine Department, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
5 Department of Behavioral and Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39213, USA
† These authors equally contributed to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061211 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4262
Abstract
Finding ways to reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption among adolescents has been a major public health challenge in China. In relation to this issue, the current study evaluated the changes in the sociodemographic factors of tobacco and alcohol consumption among Chinese adolescents who [...] Read more.
Finding ways to reduce tobacco and alcohol consumption among adolescents has been a major public health challenge in China. In relation to this issue, the current study evaluated the changes in the sociodemographic factors of tobacco and alcohol consumption among Chinese adolescents who are 12–18 years old. Trends in sociodemographic factors associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption were investigated based on the 2004–2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey data. Questionnaires that extracted data on tobacco and alcohol consumption (i.e., prior experience of smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages) were distributed. Additional variables (e.g., age, residence, gender, etc.) were used in the analyses. Firth penalized logistic regression was conducted with drinking and smoking status variables as the dependent variables. Male adolescents were more inclined to smoke in 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011 (p < 0.05 for all). Adolescents aged 15–16 years were more inclined to smoke compared with those aged 12–14 years in 2004, 2006, and 2011 (p < 0.05 for all). Among adolescents aged 15–18 years, older ones were more inclined to not smoke in 2004 (odds ratio (OR) = 0.531, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.343–0.821). Adolescents who did not attend school were more inclined to smoke in 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011 (p < 0.05 for all). Adolescents who were drinkers were more inclined to smoke in 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011 (p < 0.05 for all). Male adolescents were more likely to drink in 2004, 2006, and 2009 (p < 0.05 for all). In 2006 and 2009, adolescents aged 15–16 years were more inclined to drink compared with those aged 12–14 years (p < 0.05 for all). Among adolescents aged 15–18 years, older ones were less inclined to drink in 2004 (OR = 0.719, 95% CI 0.527–0.980) and 2006 (OR = 0.716, 95% CI 0.527–0.972). Adolescents who smoked were more likely to drink in 2004, 2006, 2009, and 2011 (p < 0.05 for all). The prevalence of tobacco and alcohol consumption among adolescents has not changed significantly. The current study identified adolescent high-risk groups for tobacco and alcohol consumption. Full article
16 pages, 4693 KiB  
Article
Stability of Major Geogenic Cations in Drinking Water—An Issue of Public Health Importance: A Danish Study, 1980–2017
by Kirstine Wodschow 1,2,*, Birgitte Hansen 2, Jörg Schullehner 2,3 and Annette Kjær Ersbøll 1
1 National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 1455 Copenhagen K, Denmark
2 Department of Groundwater and Quaternary Geological Mapping, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
3 National Centre for Register-based Research, Department of Economics and Business Economics, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University, 8210 Aarhus V, Denmark
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061212 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4874
Abstract
Concentrations and spatial variations of the four cations Na, K, Mg and Ca are known to some extent for groundwater and to a lesser extent for drinking water. Using Denmark as case, the purpose of this study was to analyze the spatial and [...] Read more.
Concentrations and spatial variations of the four cations Na, K, Mg and Ca are known to some extent for groundwater and to a lesser extent for drinking water. Using Denmark as case, the purpose of this study was to analyze the spatial and temporal variations in the major cations in drinking water. The results will contribute to a better exposure estimation in future studies of the association between cations and diseases. Spatial and temporal variations and the association with aquifer types, were analyzed with spatial scan statistics, linear regression and a multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model. About 65,000 water samples of each cation (1980–2017) were included in the study. Results of mean concentrations were 31.4 mg/L, 3.5 mg/L, 12.1 mg/L and 84.5 mg/L for 1980–2017 for Na, K, Mg and Ca, respectively. An expected west-east trend in concentrations were confirmed, mainly explained by variations in aquifer types. The trend in concentration was stable for about 31–45% of the public water supply areas. It is therefore recommended that the exposure estimate in future health related studies not only be based on a single mean value, but that temporal and spatial variations should also be included. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drinking Water Quality and Human Health)
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25 pages, 461 KiB  
Article
Measurement Invariance of the Short Version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ-SV) across Eight Languages
by Olatz Lopez-Fernandez 1,2,*, Daria J. Kuss 1, Halley M. Pontes 1, Mark D. Griffiths 1, Christopher Dawes 1, Lucy V. Justice 1, Niko Männikkö 3, Maria Kääriäinen 4, Hans-Jürgen Rumpf 5, Anja Bischof 5, Ann-Kathrin Gässler 5, Lucia Romo 6, Laurence Kern 7, Yannick Morvan 6, Amélie Rousseau 8, Pierluigi Graziani 9,10, Zsolt Demetrovics 11, Orsolya Király 11, Adriano Schimmenti 12, Alessia Passanisi 12, Bernadeta Lelonek-Kuleta 13, Joanna Chwaszcz 14, Mariano Chóliz 15, Juan José Zacarés 16, Emilia Serra 16, Magali Dufour 17, Lucien Rochat 18, Daniele Zullino 19,20, Sophia Achab 19,20, Nils Inge Landrø 21, Eva Suryani 22, Julia M. Hormes 23, Javier Ponce Terashima 24 and Joël Billieux 2,20,25add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1 International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
2 Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology, Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
3 Department of Social Services and Rehabilitation, Oulu University of Applied Sciences, 90220 Oulu, Finland
4 Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, 90014 Oulu, Finland
5 Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
6 EA 4430 Clinique Psychanalyse Développement (CLIPSYD), Université Paris Nanterre, France; U894 Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, (CPN), Inserm, 92000 Paris, France
7 EA 2931, Centre de Recherches sur le Sport et le Mouvement (CESRM), Université Paris Nanterre, 92000 Nanterre, France
8 Psychology Department, PSITEC EA 4074, Université Lille Nord de France, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
9 LPS EA 849, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France
10 Psychologie, Langues, Lettres et Histoire Département, University of Nîmes, 30000 Nîmes, France
11 Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1064 Budapest, Hungary
12 Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE—Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy
13 Department of Family Science and Social Work, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
14 Department of Psychology, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
15 Department of Basic Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
16 Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
17 Service de Toxicomanie, Faculte de medicine Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Qc, J4K 0A8, Canada
18 Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
19 Department of Psychiatry—Research Unit Addictive Disorders, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
20 Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry—Addiction Division, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
21 Clinical Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway
22 Department Psychiatry and Behavior, School of Medicine and Health Science, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 14440, Indonesia
23 Department of Psychology, University at Albany State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
24 University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center/Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
25 Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab (ACB-lab), Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, 4366 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1213; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061213 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 12180
Abstract
The prevalence of mobile phone use across the world has increased greatly over the past two decades. Problematic Mobile Phone Use (PMPU) has been studied in relation to public health and comprises various behaviours, including dangerous, prohibited, and dependent use. These types of [...] Read more.
The prevalence of mobile phone use across the world has increased greatly over the past two decades. Problematic Mobile Phone Use (PMPU) has been studied in relation to public health and comprises various behaviours, including dangerous, prohibited, and dependent use. These types of problematic mobile phone behaviours are typically assessed with the short version of the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ–SV). However, to date, no study has ever examined the degree to which the PMPU scale assesses the same construct across different languages. The aims of the present study were to (i) determine an optimal factor structure for the PMPUQ–SV among university populations using eight versions of the scale (i.e., French, German, Hungarian, English, Finnish, Italian, Polish, and Spanish); and (ii) simultaneously examine the measurement invariance (MI) of the PMPUQ–SV across all languages. The whole study sample comprised 3038 participants. Descriptive statistics, correlations, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were extracted from the demographic and PMPUQ-SV items. Individual and multigroup confirmatory factor analyses alongside MI analyses were conducted. Results showed a similar pattern of PMPU across the translated scales. A three-factor model of the PMPUQ-SV fitted the data well and presented with good psychometric properties. Six languages were validated independently, and five were compared via measurement invariance for future cross-cultural comparisons. The present paper contributes to the assessment of problematic mobile phone use because it is the first study to provide a cross-cultural psychometric analysis of the PMPUQ-SV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet and Mobile Phone Addiction: Health and Educational Effects)
10 pages, 301 KiB  
Article
Occupational Physical Activity Habits of UK Office Workers: Cross-Sectional Data from the Active Buildings Study
by Lee Smith 1,†, Alexia Sawyer 2,†, Benjamin Gardner 3, Katri Seppala 2, Marcella Ucci 4, Alexi Marmot 5, Pippa Lally 2 and Abi Fisher 2,*
1 The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK
2 Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E 6BT, UK
3 Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
4 UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, Central House, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, UK
5 UCL Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, Gordon House, 29 Gordon Square, London, WC1H OPP, UK
† Joint first authors.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061214 - 9 Jun 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6053
Abstract
Habitual behaviours are learned responses that are triggered automatically by associated environmental cues. The unvarying nature of most workplace settings makes workplace physical activity a prime candidate for a habitual behaviour, yet the role of habit strength in occupational physical activity has not [...] Read more.
Habitual behaviours are learned responses that are triggered automatically by associated environmental cues. The unvarying nature of most workplace settings makes workplace physical activity a prime candidate for a habitual behaviour, yet the role of habit strength in occupational physical activity has not been investigated. Aims of the present study were to: (i) document occupational physical activity habit strength; and (ii) investigate associations between occupational activity habit strength and occupational physical activity levels. A sample of UK office-based workers (n = 116; 53% female, median age 40 years, SD 10.52) was fitted with activPAL accelerometers worn for 24 h on five consecutive days, providing an objective measure of occupational step counts, stepping time, sitting time, standing time and sit-to-stand transitions. A self-report index measured the automaticity of two occupational physical activities (“being active” (e.g., walking to printers and coffee machines) and “stair climbing”). Adjusted linear regression models investigated the association between occupational activity habit strength and objectively-measured occupational step counts, stepping time, sitting time, standing time and sit-to-stand transitions. Eighty-one per cent of the sample reported habits for “being active”, and 62% reported habits for “stair climbing”. In adjusted models, reported habit strength for “being active” were positively associated with average occupational sit-to-stand transitions per hour (B = 0.340, 95% CI: 0.053 to 0.627, p = 0.021). “Stair climbing” habit strength was unexpectedly negatively associated with average hourly stepping time (B = −0.01, 95% CI: −0.01 to −0.00, p = 0.006) and average hourly occupational step count (B = −38.34, 95% CI: −72.81 to −3.88, p = 0.030), which may reflect that people with stronger stair-climbing habits compensate by walking fewer steps overall. Results suggest that stair-climbing and office-based occupational activity can be habitual. Interventions might fruitfully promote habitual workplace activity, although, in light of potential compensation effects, such interventions should perhaps focus on promoting moderate-intensity activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impact of 24-Hour Movement Behaviour and Time Use)
17 pages, 614 KiB  
Article
Association between Serum Vitamin Levels and Depression in U.S. Adults 20 Years or Older Based on National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2006
by Xiaomin Huang 1,2,†, Yun Fan 1,2,†, Xiumei Han 1,2,†, Zhenyao Huang 1,2, Mingming Yu 1,2, Yan Zhang 1,2, Qiaoqiao Xu 1,2, Xiuzhu Li 1,2, Xinru Wang 1,2, Chuncheng Lu 1,2,* and Yankai Xia 1,2,*
1 State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
2 Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211166, China
† The first three authors contributed equally to this study and they should be regarded as joint first authors.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061215 - 9 Jun 2018
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6271
Abstract
Depression is one of the leading causes of disability around the world. Although several studies have been conducted to analyze the association between vitamins and depression, the results have been inconsistent. Based on the database of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) [...] Read more.
Depression is one of the leading causes of disability around the world. Although several studies have been conducted to analyze the association between vitamins and depression, the results have been inconsistent. Based on the database of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2005–2006), a cross-sectional analysis was conducted to uncover the correlations between serum vitamin concentrations and depression in 2791 participants over 20 years of age. Vitamin concentrations in serum were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a standardized liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or radioassay kit method. A nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) was used to assess depression symptoms. The binary logistic regression model was applied to analyze the association between vitamins and depression. In the whole population, negative associations were discovered between folate concentrations (p for trend = 0.02), trans-β-carotene (p for trend = 0.01) and depression, while positive associations were found among vitamin B12 concentrations (p for trend = 0.008), vitamin A concentrations (p for trend = 0.01) and depression. In order to evaluate the influence of gender on the pathogenesis of depression of vitamins exposure, we performed gender-stratified analysis. In females, folate concentrations (p for trend = 0.03) and vitamin B12 concentrations (p for trend = 0.02) were correlated with depression. In males, no significant association was found between depression and serum vitamin concentrations. The correlation of vitamins with depression deserves further investigation in larger and diverse populations, especially in females. Full article
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14 pages, 2802 KiB  
Article
Measuring the Impact of Environment on the Health of Large Cities
by Christine Stauber 1,*, Ellis A. Adams 2,3, Richard Rothenberg 1, Dajun Dai 2, Ruiyan Luo 1, Scott R. Weaver 1, Amit Prasad 4, Megumi Kano 5 and John Heath 1
1 School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
2 Department of Geosciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
3 The Global Studies Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
4 Department of Information, Evidence and Research, World Health Organization, 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
5 The World Health Organization Center for Health Development (The WHO Kobe Center), Kobe 651-0073, Japan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061216 - 9 Jun 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6817
Abstract
The relative significance of indicators and determinants of health is important for local public health workers and planners. Of similar importance is a method for combining and evaluating such markers. We used a recently developed index, the Urban Health Index (UHI), to examine [...] Read more.
The relative significance of indicators and determinants of health is important for local public health workers and planners. Of similar importance is a method for combining and evaluating such markers. We used a recently developed index, the Urban Health Index (UHI), to examine the impact of environmental variables on the overall health of cities. We used the UHI to rank 57 of the world’s largest cities (based on population size) in low- and middle-income countries. We examined nine variables in various combinations that were available from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in these countries. When arranged in ascending order, the distribution of UHIs follows the previously described pattern of gradual linear increase, with departures at each tail. The rank order of cities did not change materially with the omission of variables about women’s health knowledge or childhood vaccinations. Omission of environmental variables (a central water supply piped into homes, improved sanitation, and indoor solid fuel use) altered the rank order considerably. The data suggest that environmental indicators, measures of key household level risk to health, may play a vital role in the overall health of urban communities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Health Indicators for Policy Support)
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13 pages, 1088 KiB  
Article
Effect of Montmorillonite on 4-Nonylphenol Enrichment in Zebrafish
by Kun Qian 1,*,†, Xiaofeng Jiang 2,*,†, Laiyu Sun 1, Guoqing Zhou 1, Haixia Ge 1, Xinqiang Fang 1, Li Xiao 1 and Qiong Wu 1
1 School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
2 College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
† These authors contribute equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1217; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061217 - 10 Jun 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3656
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of montmorillonite on nonylphenol (4-nonylphenol, 4-NP) enrichment in a zebrafish model. The AB strain zebrafish were used as the animal subjects, and three concentration gradients were set for both nonylphenol and montmorillonite, according [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of montmorillonite on nonylphenol (4-nonylphenol, 4-NP) enrichment in a zebrafish model. The AB strain zebrafish were used as the animal subjects, and three concentration gradients were set for both nonylphenol and montmorillonite, according to their actual concentrations in aquaculture water in Huzhou City. A group treated with nonylphenol alone was also set, adding up to 12 experimental groups. Concentrations of nonylphenol enriched in the liver, muscle and gills of zebrafish were detected by solid phase microextraction–high performance liquid chromatography at Days 7, 15 and 30, respectively. Additionally, the relative enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the glutathione S-transferase (GST) were also detected, and the data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of nonylphenol in zebrafish peaked at Day 7 and gradually decreased afterwards for all the experimental groups. The montmorillonite reduces short-term accumulation of nonylphenol in gills, and the high concentration of nonylphenol facilitates its enrichment in liver and muscle, while the low concentration of nonylphenol does not. Meanwhile, the low concentration of nonylphenol in liver exerts an influence on the inductive effect of SOD and GST, while the high concentration of nonylphenol shows the inhibiting effect of SOD and GST. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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7 pages, 285 KiB  
Article
Factors Correlated with Success Rate of Outpatient Smoking Cessation Services in Taiwan
by Wei-Hsin Huang 1,2, Hsin-Yin Hsu 1, Betty Chia-Chen Chang 1 and Fong-Ching Chang 2,*
1 Department of Family Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan
2 Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061218 - 10 Jun 2018
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4086
Abstract
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death. The purpose of this study was to explore the patient’s and physician’s factors that are correlated with smoking cessation success rate. A total of 877 smokers who visited the outpatient smoking cessation services at a [...] Read more.
Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death. The purpose of this study was to explore the patient’s and physician’s factors that are correlated with smoking cessation success rate. A total of 877 smokers who visited the outpatient smoking cessation services at a medical center in Northern Taiwan were recruited for the study. Phone interviews were carried out six months after the initial visit to evaluate the success rate of smoking cessation. The result showed that the abstinence rate at six-month was 37.7%. By the multivariate logistic regression model, the predictive factors of abstinence were smokers who had a lower Fagerström test for cigarette dependence (FTCD), lower exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, or who smoked less than 20 cigarettes per day at the first visit. Smokers who had more than one smoking cessation outpatient visit or seen by physicians who, on average, delivered more than one smoking cessation consultations per week also led to a higher success rate. Therefore, we suggest that physicians should put more efforts and encourage follow-up visits for some smokers by knowing their characteristics at the first visit. Furthermore, physicians with more experience in smoking cessation consultation seemed to be more likely to help patients to quit smoking successfully. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
11 pages, 371 KiB  
Article
Changes in Risk Perception of the Health Effects of Radiation and Mental Health Status: The Fukushima Health Management Survey
by Yuriko Suzuki 1,*, Yoshitake Takebayashi 2, Seiji Yasumura 3, Michio Murakami 2, Mayumi Harigane 4, Hirooki Yabe 5, Tetsuya Ohira 6, Akira Ohtsuru 7, Satomi Nakajima 8 and Masaharu Maeda 8
1 Department of Mental Health Policy, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
2 Department of Health Risk Communication, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
3 Department of Public Health, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
4 Radiation Medical Science Center for the Fukushima Health Management Survey, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
5 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
6 Department of Epidemiology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
7 Department of Radiation Health Management, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
8 Department of Disaster Psychiatry, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061219 - 10 Jun 2018
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 7659
Abstract
After the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, numerous evacuees reported poor mental health status and high-risk perceptions of the health effects of radiation. However, the temporal associations between these variables have not yet been examined. Using data from the Fukushima Health Survey, we [...] Read more.
After the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident, numerous evacuees reported poor mental health status and high-risk perceptions of the health effects of radiation. However, the temporal associations between these variables have not yet been examined. Using data from the Fukushima Health Survey, we examined changes in risk perception of the health effects of radiation over time and assessed the effects of mental health on such changes using logistic regression analysis. Risk perception for delayed effect pertains a brief on health effect in later life (delayed effect), whereas that of genetic effect pertains a brief on health effect of future children and grandchildren (genetic effect). We found that many participants showed consistently high or low-risk perceptions over all three study years (2011–2013) (for delayed effect: 59% and 41% of participants were in the low and high-risk perception groups, respectively; for genetic effect: 47% and 53%, respectively). Stronger traumatic reactions (≥50 on the PTSD Checklist–Specific) significantly affected the odds of being in the high-risk perception group for the delayed and genetic effects, with the associations being strongest soon after the disaster: The adjusted ORs (95%CIs) were 2.05 (1.82–2.31), 1.86 (1.61–2.15), and 1.88 (1.62–2.17) for the delayed effect in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively, and 2.18 (1.92–2.48), 2.05 (1.75–2.40), and 1.82 (1.55–2.15) for the genetic effect. As initial mental health status had the strongest impact on later risk perceptions of radiation, it should be considered in early response and communication efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health Preparedness for and Response to Nuclear Disasters)
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17 pages, 1870 KiB  
Article
Carbon Emissions in China’s Construction Industry: Calculations, Factors and Regions
by Qiang Du 1, Xinran Lu 2, Yi Li 1, Min Wu 2, Libiao Bai 1,* and Ming Yu 2
1 School of Economics and Management, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
2 School of Civil Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710061, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061220 - 10 Jun 2018
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6428
Abstract
The production of construction projects is carbon-intensive and interrelated to multiple other industries that provide related materials and services. Thus, the calculations of carbon emissions are relatively complex, and the consideration of other factors becomes necessary, especially in China, which has a massive [...] Read more.
The production of construction projects is carbon-intensive and interrelated to multiple other industries that provide related materials and services. Thus, the calculations of carbon emissions are relatively complex, and the consideration of other factors becomes necessary, especially in China, which has a massive land area and regions with greatly uneven development. To improve the accuracy of the calculations and illustrate the impacts of the various factors at the provincial level in the construction industry, this study separated carbon emissions into two categories, the direct category and the indirect category. The features of carbon emissions in this industry across 30 provinces in China were analysed, and the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) model was employed to decompose the major factors, including direct energy proportion, unit value energy consumption, value creation effect, indirect carbon intensity, and scale effect of output. It was concluded that carbon emissions increased, whereas carbon intensity decreased dramatically, and indirect emissions accounted for 90% to 95% of the total emissions from the majority of the provinces between 2005 and 2014. The carbon intensities were high in the underdeveloped western and central regions, especially in Shanxi, Inner-Mongolia and Qinghai, whereas they were low in the well-developed eastern and southern regions, represented by Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Guangdong. The value creation effect and indirect carbon intensity had significant negative effects on carbon emissions, whereas the scale effect of output was the primary factor creating emissions. The factors of direct energy proportion and unit value energy consumption had relatively limited, albeit varying, effects. Accordingly, this study reveals that the evolving trends of these factors vary in different provinces; therefore, overall, our research results and insights support government policy and decision maker’s decisions to minimize the carbon emissions in the construction industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practice of Sustainable Built Environment in the Context of Developing Countries)
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12 pages, 657 KiB  
Article
Heavy Metals’ Effect on Susceptibility to Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Implication of Lead, Cadmium, and Antimony
by Min-Jing Lee 1,2, Miao-Chun Chou 1,2, Wen-Jiun Chou 1,2, Chien-Wei Huang 3, Ho-Chang Kuo 2,4, Sheng-Yu Lee 5,6 and Liang-Jen Wang 1,2,*
1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
2 Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
3 Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, and National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
4 Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
5 Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan
6 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061221 - 10 Jun 2018
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 7071
Abstract
Background: Heavy metals are known to be harmful for neurodevelopment and they may correlate to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we aim to explore the relationships between multiple heavy metals (manganese, lead, cadmium, mercury, antimony, and bismuth), neurocognitive function, and ADHD [...] Read more.
Background: Heavy metals are known to be harmful for neurodevelopment and they may correlate to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we aim to explore the relationships between multiple heavy metals (manganese, lead, cadmium, mercury, antimony, and bismuth), neurocognitive function, and ADHD symptoms. Methods: We recruited 29 patients with ADHD inattentive type (ADHD-I), 47 patients with ADHD hyperactivity/impulsivity type (ADHD-H/I), and 46 healthy control children. Urine samples were obtained to measure the levels of the aforementioned heavy metals in each child. Participants’ cognitive function and clinical symptoms were assessed, respectively. Results: We found ADHD-H/I patients demonstrated the highest antimony levels (p = 0.028), and ADHD-I patients demonstrated the highest cadmium levels (p = 0.034). Antimony levels were positively correlated with the severity of ADHD symptoms that were rated by teachers, and cadmium levels were negatively correlated with the Full Scale Intelligence Quotient. Lead levels were negatively correlated with most indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), but positively correlated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Lead, cadmium and antimony were associated with susceptibility to ADHD and symptom severity in school-age children. Eliminating exposure to heavy metals may help to prevent neurodevelopmental disorders in children. Full article
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18 pages, 1929 KiB  
Article
Measuring the Impacts of Water Safety Plans in the Asia-Pacific Region
by Emily Kumpel 1,2,†, Caroline Delaire 2,*,†, Rachel Peletz 3, Joyce Kisiangani 2, Angella Rinehold 4, Jennifer De France 4, David Sutherland 5 and Ranjiv Khush 3
1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
2 The Aquaya Institute, P.O. Box 21862-00505, Nairobi, Kenya
3 The Aquaya Institute, P.O. Box 5502, Santa Cruz, CA 95063, USA
4 World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
5 World Health Organization, Regional Office for South East Asia, New Delhi 110002, India
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061223 - 10 Jun 2018
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8220
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of Water Safety Plans (WSP) implemented in 99 water supply systems across 12 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. An impact assessment methodology including 36 indicators was developed based on a conceptual framework proposed by the Center for Disease [...] Read more.
This study investigated the effectiveness of Water Safety Plans (WSP) implemented in 99 water supply systems across 12 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. An impact assessment methodology including 36 indicators was developed based on a conceptual framework proposed by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and before/after data were collected between November 2014 and June 2016. WSPs were associated with infrastructure improvements at the vast majority (82) of participating sites and to increased financial support at 37 sites. In addition, significant changes were observed in operations and management practices, number of water safety-related meetings, unaccounted-for water, water quality testing activities, and monitoring of consumer satisfaction. However, the study also revealed challenges in the implementation of WSPs, including financial constraints and insufficient capacity. Finally, this study provided an opportunity to test the impact assessment methodology itself, and a series of recommendations are made to improve the approach (indicators, study design, data collection methods) for evaluating WSPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drinking Water Quality and Human Health)
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8 pages, 320 KiB  
Article
Poverty, Weight Status, and Dietary Intake among UK Adolescents
by Robert J. Noonan
Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk L39 4QP, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061224 - 10 Jun 2018
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 9925
Abstract
The aims of this study were to (1) determine whether an income gradient to overweight and obesity exists in UK adolescents, and (2) examine associations between poverty, weight status, and dietary intake among adolescent girls and boys. Data is from wave six of [...] Read more.
The aims of this study were to (1) determine whether an income gradient to overweight and obesity exists in UK adolescents, and (2) examine associations between poverty, weight status, and dietary intake among adolescent girls and boys. Data is from wave six of the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Adolescent height and weight were measured. Body mass index was calculated (kg/m2) and used to classify overweight and obesity. Family income and poverty were determined using equivalised household income. Adjusted logistic and multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted. Ten thousand seven hundred thirty-six adolescents (5425 boys) had complete data. Adolescents in the lowest income group were at greatest risk of overweight and obesity. Adolescents living in poverty were more likely to be overweight and obese, and reported more frequent consumption of sweetened drinks and fast food and less frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables (p < 0.001). The magnitude of poverty differences in weight status and dietary intake were greatest among girls. This study evidences a strong income gradient to overweight and obesity among UK adolescents. The findings of this study encourage researchers and policy makers to be equally mindful of the social determinants of health when advocating adolescent behavioural dietary interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)
11 pages, 2644 KiB  
Article
Effect of Time and Mixing in Thermal Pretreatment on Faecal Indicator Bacteria Inactivation
by Fubin Yin *, Hongmin Dong, Bin Shang and Wanqin Zhang
Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061225 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3273
Abstract
Faecal indicator bacteria of faecal coliform, Salmonella spp., and faecal Streptococcus are present at high levels in faecal sludge and affect human health. Mesophilic anaerobic digestion cannot reduce faecal indicator bacteria to meet the standards for biosolids; therefore, the thermal pretreatment of faecal [...] Read more.
Faecal indicator bacteria of faecal coliform, Salmonella spp., and faecal Streptococcus are present at high levels in faecal sludge and affect human health. Mesophilic anaerobic digestion cannot reduce faecal indicator bacteria to meet the standards for biosolids; therefore, the thermal pretreatment of faecal sludge is essential. The main objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of thermal (70 °C) pretreatment time (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min) and mixing velocity gradient (no mixing, 133, 191, and 238 s−1) on faecal indicator bacteria inactivation and determine the kinetics of the inactivation. The results showed that mixing has a more positive effect on pretreatment; thermal pretreatment with mixing was able to completely inactivate faecal indicator bacteria within 80 min, and inactivation followed first-order kinetics. In addition, under optimal mixing at a velocity gradient 191 s−1, the thermal pretreatment with mixing had a positive effect on the sludge solubilisation. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD, 71,430 mg L−1) and soluble protein (7.96 g L−1) were higher than the values obtained with thermal pretreatment without mixing, which were a SCOD value of 63,600 mg L−1 and soluble protein of 6.78 g L−1. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)
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15 pages, 338 KiB  
Article
The Independent Associations between Walk Score® and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, Waist Circumference, Waist-To-Hip Ratio and Body Mass Index Among Urban Adults
by Gavin R. McCormack 1,*, Anita Blackstaffe 1, Alberto Nettel-Aguirre 1,2, Ilona Csizmadi 1,3, Beverly Sandalack 4, Francisco Alaniz Uribe 4, Afrah Rayes 5, Christine Friedenreich 3,6 and Melissa L. Potestio 1
1 Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
2 Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
3 Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
4 Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
5 Urban Design and Heritage, City of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2P 2M5, Canada
6 Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061226 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4723
Abstract
Background: Environmental and policy factors can influence weight status via facilitating or discouraging physical activity and healthy diet. Despite mixed evidence, some findings suggest that the neighborhood built environment, including “walkability”, is associated with overweight and obesity. Most of these findings have [...] Read more.
Background: Environmental and policy factors can influence weight status via facilitating or discouraging physical activity and healthy diet. Despite mixed evidence, some findings suggest that the neighborhood built environment, including “walkability”, is associated with overweight and obesity. Most of these findings have measured body mass index (BMI), yet other weight status measures including waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip (W-H) ratio are also predictive of health outcomes, independent of BMI. Our study aim was to estimate the associations between walkability, measured using Walk Score®, and each of WC, W-H ratio, and BMI among urban Canadian adults. Methods: In 2014, n = 851 adults recruited from 12 structurally and socioeconomic diverse neighborhoods (Calgary, Alberta, Canada) provided complete data on a physical activity, health and demographic questionnaire and self-reported anthropometric measures (i.e., height and weight, WC and hip circumference). Anthropometric data were used to estimate WC, W-H ratio, and BMI which were categorized into low and high risk in relation to their potential adverse effect on health. WC and BMI were also combined to provide a proxy measure of both overall and abdominal adiposity. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between each weight status outcome and Walk Score®. Results: A one-unit increase in Walk Score® was associated with lower odds of being high-risk based on WC (OR = 0.99; 95%CI 0.97–0.99). Notably, those residing in socioeconomically disadvantage neighborhoods had significantly higher odds of being high risk based on WC, BMI, and WC-BMI combined compared with advantaged neighborhoods. Conclusions: Interventions that promote healthy weight through the design of neighborhoods that support and enhance the effect of physical activity and diet-related interventions could have a significant population health impact. Full article
11 pages, 964 KiB  
Article
Dengue Infection Spectrum in Guangzhou: A Cross-Sectional Seroepidemiology Study among Community Residents between 2013 and 2015
by Jundi Liu 1, Yu Deng 1, Qinlong Jing 2, Xiashi Chen 1, Zhicheng Du 1, Tianzhu Liang 1, Zhicong Yang 2,*, Dingmei Zhang 1,* and Yuantao Hao 1
1 School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
2 Department of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061227 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3876
Abstract
The majority of dengue virus infections are asymptomatic, which could potentially facilitate the transmission of dengue fever and increase the percentage of sever dengue fever manifestations. This cross-sectional study explored the sero-prevalence of dengue virus infection in Guangzhou to clarify the infection spectrum. [...] Read more.
The majority of dengue virus infections are asymptomatic, which could potentially facilitate the transmission of dengue fever and increase the percentage of sever dengue fever manifestations. This cross-sectional study explored the sero-prevalence of dengue virus infection in Guangzhou to clarify the infection spectrum. In total, 2085 serum samples were collected from residents of 34 communities. All samples were selected from a 200,000-sample database holding serum collected from community residents living in Liwan and Yuexiu districts of Guangzhou between September 2013 and August 2015, and 17 to 28 individuals of each age group were chosen per month. Dengue immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Symptomatic infected individuals were identified via follow-up questionnaires. Among 2085 serum samples, anti-dengue IgG and IgM positive rates were 11.80% and 3.98%, respectively. The IgG antibody positive rate increased with age and was higher in poorly educated people than in highly educated people and in married individuals than in single individuals. Approximately 96.71% of dengue virus infections and an estimated 13.68% of the whole population were asymptomatic. Such high asymptomatic-infection rates have an impact on the local spread of dengue fever. Stricter surveillance, such as a network of rapid diagnostic laboratories, screening of residents in the epidemic season, and other integrated control measures are necessary. Full article
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24 pages, 8849 KiB  
Article
Eigenvector Spatial Filtering Regression Modeling of Ground PM2.5 Concentrations Using Remotely Sensed Data
by Jingyi Zhang 1, Bin Li 2, Yumin Chen 1,*, Meijie Chen 1, Tao Fang 1 and Yongfeng Liu 3
1 School of Resource and Environment Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
2 Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, USA
3 Wuhan Geomatics Institute, Wuhan 430022, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061228 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5185
Abstract
This paper proposes a regression model using the Eigenvector Spatial Filtering (ESF) method to estimate ground PM2.5 concentrations. Covariates are derived from remotely sensed data including aerosol optical depth, normal differential vegetation index, surface temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, height of planetary [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a regression model using the Eigenvector Spatial Filtering (ESF) method to estimate ground PM2.5 concentrations. Covariates are derived from remotely sensed data including aerosol optical depth, normal differential vegetation index, surface temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, height of planetary boundary layer and digital elevation model. In addition, cultural variables such as factory densities and road densities are also used in the model. With the Yangtze River Delta region as the study area, we constructed ESF-based Regression (ESFR) models at different time scales, using data for the period between December 2015 and November 2016. We found that the ESFR models effectively filtered spatial autocorrelation in the OLS residuals and resulted in increases in the goodness-of-fit metrics as well as reductions in residual standard errors and cross-validation errors, compared to the classic OLS models. The annual ESFR model explained 70% of the variability in PM2.5 concentrations, 16.7% more than the non-spatial OLS model. With the ESFR models, we performed detail analyses on the spatial and temporal distributions of PM2.5 concentrations in the study area. The model predictions are lower than ground observations but match the general trend. The experiment shows that ESFR provides a promising approach to PM2.5 analysis and prediction. Full article
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11 pages, 2547 KiB  
Communication
Potential Health Risk of Endocrine Disruptors in Construction Sector and Plastics Industry: A New Paradigm in Occupational Health
by Aleksandra Fucic 1, Karen S. Galea 2, Radu Corneliu Duca 3, Mounia El Yamani 4, Nadine Frery 4, Lode Godderis 3,5, Thórhallur Ingi Halldorsson 6,7, Ivo Iavicoli 8, Sophie Ndaw 9, Edna Ribeiro 10,11,12, Susana Viegas 10,12 and Hanns Moshammer 13,*
1 Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
2 Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Centre for Human Exposure Science (CHES), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
3 Centre for Environment and Health, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
4 Santé Publique France, French National Public Health Agency, 94 415 Saint-Maurice, France
5 IDEWE, Knowledge, Information and Research Center, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
6 Unit for Nutrition Research, The National University Hospital of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
7 Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
8 Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
9 Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Vandoeuvre CEDEX, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
10 H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL—Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
11 Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
12 Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisboa, Portugal
13 Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061229 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 10500
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) belong to large and diverse groups of agents that may cause multiple biological effects associated with, for example, hormone imbalance and infertility, chronic diseases such as diabetes, genome damage and cancer. The health risks related with the exposure to EDs [...] Read more.
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) belong to large and diverse groups of agents that may cause multiple biological effects associated with, for example, hormone imbalance and infertility, chronic diseases such as diabetes, genome damage and cancer. The health risks related with the exposure to EDs are typically underestimated, less well characterized, and not regulated to the same extent as, for example, carcinogens. The increased production and utilization of identified or suspected EDs in many different technological processes raises new challenges with respect to occupational exposure settings and associated health risks. Due to the specific profile of health risk, occupational exposure to EDs demands a new paradigm in health risk assessment, redefinition of exposure assessment, new effects biomarkers for occupational health surveillance and definition of limit values. The construction and plastics industries are among the strongest economic sectors, employing millions of workers globally. They also use large quantities of chemicals that are known or suspected EDs. Focusing on these two industries, this short communication discusses: (a) why occupational exposure to EDs needs a more specific approach to occupational health risk assessments, (b) identifies the current knowledge gaps, and (c) identifies and gives a rationale for a future occupational health paradigm, which will include ED biomarkers as a relevant parameter in occupational health risk assessment, surveillance and exposure prevention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Occupational Safety and Health)
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16 pages, 321 KiB  
Article
Agreement between Future Parents on Infant Feeding Intentions and Its Association with Breastfeeding Duration: Results from the Growing Up in New Zealand Cohort Study
by Emma J. Marks 1,2,*, Cameron C. Grant 1,2,3,4, Teresa Gontijo De Castro 1,2, Dinusha K. Bandara 1,5, Clare Wall 2,6 and Susan M. B. Morton 1,2
1 Growing Up in New Zealand, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
2 Centre for Longitudinal Research-He Ara ki Mua, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
3 Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
4 General Paediatrics, Starship Children’s Hospital, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
5 Australian Institute of Family Studies, Melbourne, Victoria 3006, Australia
6 School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061230 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4169
Abstract
Maternal intentions are believed to have the strongest influence on infant feeding. However, what has rarely been studied, are the associations of maternal and partner intentions, and the influence these factors have on infant feeding. Our objective was to describe breastfeeding intentions of [...] Read more.
Maternal intentions are believed to have the strongest influence on infant feeding. However, what has rarely been studied, are the associations of maternal and partner intentions, and the influence these factors have on infant feeding. Our objective was to describe breastfeeding intentions of pregnant women and their partners, agreement about these intentions, and whether this agreement is associated with breastfeeding initiation and duration. This study was completed within the Growing Up in New Zealand study. Agreement between mothers and partners on intended initial infant feeding method was fair (κ = 0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17–0.25) as was intended breastfeeding duration (κ = 0.25, 95% CI 0.22–0.28). Infants whose parents agreed antenatally on breastfeeding only were more likely to have been breastfed for >6 months, after adjustment for maternal (odds ratio (OR) = 6.3, 95% CI 3.9–10.2) and partner demographics (OR = 5.7, 95% CI 3.6–9.2). Likewise, infants whose parents agreed antenatally to breastfeed for >6 months were more likely to have been breastfed for >6 months, after adjustment for maternal (OR = 4.9, 95% CI 3.9–6.2) and partner demographics (OR = 5.0, 95% CI 4.0–6.3). Interventions that promote breastfeeding to both mothers and partners which enable parents to reach agreement about intended feeding methods have the potential to increase both breastfeeding initiation and duration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in the First 1000 Days)
11 pages, 312 KiB  
Article
Prevalence of Smoking among Men in Ethiopia and Kenya: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Shangfeng Tang 1, Ghose Bishwajit 1,2,*, Tegene Regassa Luba 1,3 and Sanni Yaya 2
1 School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
2 Faculty of Social Sciences, School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
3 Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa 8744, Ethiopia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061232 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4419
Abstract
While tobacco use remains the largest single cause of premature death in the industrialized countries, low-and-middle income countries are also experiencing a rising burden of the tobacco epidemic and are making various programmatic efforts to tackle the issue. Evidence-based policy making is critical [...] Read more.
While tobacco use remains the largest single cause of premature death in the industrialized countries, low-and-middle income countries are also experiencing a rising burden of the tobacco epidemic and are making various programmatic efforts to tackle the issue. Evidence-based policy making is critical to the long-term success of tobacco intervention programs and is reliant on regular monitoring of the trends and prevalence rates of tobacco use though population-based surveys, which are sparse for countries in eastern Africa. Therefore, in the present study we aimed to (1) estimate the trends in the prevalence of self-reported smoking status; and (2) explore the sociodemographic factors associated with smoking among adult men in Ethiopia and Kenya. Methods: Subjects were 26,919 adult men aged between 15 and 59 years from Ethiopia and Kenya. Nationally representative cross-sectional data on self-reported smoking and relevant sociodemographic indicators were collected from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in these two countries. Data analysis was performed by descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable methods. Results: In Ethiopia, the prevalence rate of smoking increased from 8.5% in 2005 to 11.7% in 2011. While in Kenya, the rate declined albeit slowly from 22.9% in 2003 to 18.8% in 2008–2009 and 17% in 2014. The prevalence was significantly different in urban and rural areas. In majority of the surveys, prevalence of smoking was highest in the age group of 25–34 years. The prevalence of smoking varied widely across several socioeconomic characteristics. Conclusions: The findings indicate a high rate of smoking among men especially in urban areas, and call for policy actions to address the socioeconomic factors as a part of the policy to strengthen tobacco-control efforts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
11 pages, 348 KiB  
Article
Adherence to European Clinical Practice Guidelines for Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study
by Josep Maria Pepió Vilaubí 1, Domingo Orozco-Beltrán 2,*, Alessandra Queiroga Gonçalves 3,4, Dolors Rodriguez Cumplido 5, Carina Aguilar Martin 3,6, Adriana Lopez-Pineda 2, Vicente F. Gil-Guillen 2, Jose A. Quesada 2 and Concepcion Carratala-Munuera 2
1 Equip d’Atenció Primària Tortosa Oest, Institut Català de la Salut, 43500 Tortosa, Tarragona, Spain
2 Chair of Family Medicine, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
3 Unitat de Suport a la Recerca Terres de l’Ebre, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Atenció Primària (IDIAP) Jordi Gol, 43500 Tortosa, Tarragona, Spain
4 Unitat Docent de Medicina de Família i Comunitària Tortosa-Terres de l’Ebre, Institut Català de la Salut, 43500 Tortosa, Tarragona, Spain
5 Fundació Institut Català de Farmacologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
6 Unitat d’Avaluació, Direcció d’Atenció Primària Terres de l’Ebre, Institut Català de la Salut, 43500 Tortosa, Tarragona, Spain
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061233 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4723
Abstract
To provide a better understanding of the actions taken within health systems and their results, this study aims to assess clinicians’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) regarding recommended treatments in patients with cardiovascular disease in primary care settings, and to determine the [...] Read more.
To provide a better understanding of the actions taken within health systems and their results, this study aims to assess clinicians’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) regarding recommended treatments in patients with cardiovascular disease in primary care settings, and to determine the associated factors. We conducted an ambispective cohort study in 21 primary care centres in 8 Spanish regions. Patients diagnosed with coronary heart disease, stroke and/or peripheral arterial disease were included. Patients who received the treatment recommended in the European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention (CPG’s adherent group) were compared with patients who did not (CPG’s non-adherent group). The outcome variables were cardiovascular hospital admissions, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality during follow-up. Of the 438 participants, 38.6% (n = 169) received the drug therapies recommended in the guidelines. The factors that increased the likelihood of good adherence to CPG’s were being diagnosed with hypertension (p = 0.001), dyslipidaemia (p < 0.001) or diabetes (p = 0.001), and not having a psychiatric disorder (p = 0.005). We found no statistically significant association between good adherence to CPG’s and lower incidence of events (p = 0.853). Clinician adherence to guidelines for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease was low in the primary care setting. Full article
11 pages, 1592 KiB  
Article
Impact of Referral Sources and Waiting Times on the Failure to Quit Smoking: One-Year Follow-Up of an Italian Cohort Admitted to a Smoking Cessation Service
by Lucia Borsari 1,2, Simone Storani 3, Carlotta Malagoli 1, Tommaso Filippini 1, Marco Tamelli 4, Marcella Malavolti 1, Fausto Nicolini 3 and Marco Vinceti 1,5,*
1 Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, CREAGEN—Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
2 Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
3 Local Health Authority of Reggio Emilia-IRCCS, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
4 Promotion Health Researcher, League against Cancer, via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
5 Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061234 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3741
Abstract
In Italy, the National Health Service offers specialized evidence-based support to smokers who would like to quit through smoking cessation (SC) services. We conducted a two-year prospective study, involving all 288 subjects treated for smoking cessation at the SC service of Reggio Emilia, [...] Read more.
In Italy, the National Health Service offers specialized evidence-based support to smokers who would like to quit through smoking cessation (SC) services. We conducted a two-year prospective study, involving all 288 subjects treated for smoking cessation at the SC service of Reggio Emilia, to assess the association of referral sources and waiting times with the risk of treatment failure, by following participants up to one year after the quit date. We performed Cox-regression analysis, including demographic and smoking-related characteristics as confounding variables. The treatment failure rate at 12 months was 59.4% (171/288), including only 12 subjects lost to follow-up. The main mode of entry was self-referral (42.4%), followed by 32.6% from general practice, 17.4% from hospital and 7.6% from other sources. Only 27.8% participants were involved in the SC-program within 60 days of the first contact, as the guidelines suggest. The risk of treatment failure at 12 months showed little association with the type of referral source, while it correlated with waiting times ≥ 60 days (hazard ratio = 1.59; 95% confidence interval 1.10–2.29). This study provides evidence of long-term high quit rates from a SC service, with few subjects lost to follow-up and biochemical verification of almost all abstinent subjects. Timeliness in care provision could further improve the outcome. Full article
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13 pages, 344 KiB  
Article
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Hospital-Treated Self-Harm
by Seonaid Cleare 1,*, Karen Wetherall 1, Andrea Clark 1, Caoimhe Ryan 2, Olivia J. Kirtley 3, Michael Smith 4 and Rory C. O’Connor 1
1 Suicidal Behaviour Research Laboratory, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Gartnavel Royal Hospital, 1055 Great Western Road, Glasgow G12 0XH, UK
2 School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, South St, St Andrews KY16 9JP, UK
3 Center for Contextual Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
4 NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Commonwealth House, 32 Albion Street, Glasgow G1 1LH, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061235 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 10202
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been implicated in a range of negative health outcomes in adulthood, including increased suicide mortality. In this study, we explored the relationship between ACEs and hospital-treated self-harm. Specifically, we investigated whether those who had a history of repeat [...] Read more.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been implicated in a range of negative health outcomes in adulthood, including increased suicide mortality. In this study, we explored the relationship between ACEs and hospital-treated self-harm. Specifically, we investigated whether those who had a history of repeat self-harm reported more ACEs than those who had self-harmed for the first time. Patients (n = 189) admitted to two hospitals in Glasgow (UK) following first-time (n = 41) or repeated (n = 148) self-harm completed psychosocial measures. Univariate analyses revealed that those presenting with repeat self-harm reported higher depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, intent to die, and ACEs, and lower dependent attachment style. However, only ACEs, along with female gender and depressive symptoms, significantly differentiated between the repeat self-harm group and the first-time self-harm group in the multivariate model. Controlling for all other psychosocial variables, participants who reported 4+ ACEs were significantly more likely to be in the repeat self-harm group as compared to those who experienced 0–3 ACEs. This finding highlights the pernicious effect of exposure to multiple ACEs. Further research is urgently required to better understand the mechanisms that explain this relationship. Clinicians should be aware of the extent of the association between ACEs and repeat self-harm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicide Risk and Mental Disorders)
9 pages, 311 KiB  
Article
Factors Associated with Maternal Worry about Her Young Child Exhibiting Choosy Feeding Behaviour
by Pauline M. Emmett 1,*, Nicholas P. Hays 2 and Caroline M. Taylor 1
1 Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
2 Nestlé Product Technology Center—Nutrition, 1814 La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1236; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061236 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6297
Abstract
Choosiness in young children is a normal behaviour that sometimes worries parents. The study aimed to investigate factors that are associated with a mother being worried about her child’s choosy feeding behaviour. Parents of singleton children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents [...] Read more.
Choosiness in young children is a normal behaviour that sometimes worries parents. The study aimed to investigate factors that are associated with a mother being worried about her child’s choosy feeding behaviour. Parents of singleton children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (n = 5710) completed a questionnaire assessing perception of their child’s choosy feeding behaviour at 15 months of age and whether this choosiness worried them. Feeding behaviours and practices throughout the first 15 months were captured. Multinomial logistic regression models with three levels of worry (not at all, a bit and greatly) as the dependent variables tested associations with variables from pregnancy and infancy. Half of the children (56%) were described as choosy at 15 months; of these 27% had mothers who were a bit worried and 5% greatly worried. Mothers showed greater odds of being worried if the child was first born, difficult to feed or refused solids by 6 months of age. Worried mothers had shown greater odds of introducing lumpy foods late (after 9 months). Feeding vegetables regularly by 6 months was associated with lower odds of worry at 15 months. Support and advice to parents at the start of complementary feeding could help to alleviate worry. Parents should be reassured that choosiness is a normal part of child development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)
10 pages, 815 KiB  
Article
Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Recovered from Wastewater Treatment Plants in Eastern Cape South Africa
by Aboi Igwaran 1,2,*, Benson Chuks Iweriebor 1,2 and Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh 1,2
1 SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitory Center, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
2 Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061237 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6784
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are designed to eliminate organic matter and pathogens but most WWTPs discharges antimicrobial resistance pathogens into aquatic milieu. The study aimed to examine the antibiotics resistant patterns and the presence of some resistance genes among E. coli isolates from [...] Read more.
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are designed to eliminate organic matter and pathogens but most WWTPs discharges antimicrobial resistance pathogens into aquatic milieu. The study aimed to examine the antibiotics resistant patterns and the presence of some resistance genes among E. coli isolates from WWTPs effluents. Water were collected from WWTPs final effluents, filtered through nitrocellulose membrane and the filter papers were placed on chromogenic agar plates, incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. Presumptive E. coli isolates (173) were obtained from the culture method. From the presumptive E. coli isolates screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 111 isolates were positive and the positive isolates were further screened for six diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes (EPEC, ETEC, EHEC, DAEC, EIEC, and EAEC) and from the pathotypes screened, nine isolates harboured daaE gene. The phenotypic susceptibility patterns of the 111 isolates to 12 antibiotics were determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique. All the isolates were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin. From the resistance genes screened, 31 isolates harboured mcr-1 gene and nine isolates harboured ermA gene. The study reveals that water samples recovered from the final effluents of WWTPs may likely be one of the major sources of antibiotic-resistant in Escherichia coli. Full article
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20 pages, 695 KiB  
Article
Nearby Nature ‘Buffers’ the Effect of Low Social Connectedness on Adult Subjective Wellbeing over the Last 7 Days
by Benjamin D. S. Cartwright, Mathew P. White * and Theodore J. Clitherow
European Centre for Environment & Human Health (ECEHH), University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Royal Cornwall Hospital Treliske, Truro, Cornwall TR1 3HD, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061238 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 19010
Abstract
Subjective wellbeing (SWB) is positively associated with both social connectedness and contact with natural environments. However, few studies have explored how these two predictors of SWB might interact. The current work hypothesised that high levels of nature exposure might mitigate (or buffer) any [...] Read more.
Subjective wellbeing (SWB) is positively associated with both social connectedness and contact with natural environments. However, few studies have explored how these two predictors of SWB might interact. The current work hypothesised that high levels of nature exposure might mitigate (or buffer) any negative effects of a lack of recent social connectedness on wellbeing, by offering an alternative way for individuals to connect with the world around them. Results are based on data from 359 individuals who responded to an online survey in the UK. Measures of SWB, social connectedness and nature visit frequency all focused on the last seven days, and nearby nature was assessed in terms of the view from home and surrounding area. Regression models predicting SWB used interaction terms to test the buffering hypothesis, and controlled for sociodemographic and personality variables. Supporting predictions, social connectedness, nearby nature, and nature visit frequency were all positively associated with SWB. Partially supporting our buffering hypothesis, nearby nature, but not nature visit frequency, moderated the relationship between social connectedness and SWB. People with poor social connectedness still showed high levels of wellbeing if they reported high levels of nearby nature, and there was a lower likelihood of levels of wellbeing associated with depression among those with poor social connectedness if they had high nearby nature. Results confirmed the importance of nature exposure for wellbeing in itself, and highlighted its potential role in offering socially isolated individuals a way of satisfying the need to feel connected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Environment and Health: The Effect of Socio-Cultural Context on Health Effects of Natural Environments)
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16 pages, 954 KiB  
Article
Kids Safe and Smokefree (KiSS) Multilevel Intervention to Reduce Child Tobacco Smoke Exposure: Long-Term Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
by Stephen J. Lepore 1,*, Bradley N. Collins 1, Donna L. Coffman 2, Jonathan P. Winickoff 3, Uma S. Nair 1,4, Beth Moughan 5, Tyra Bryant-Stephens 6, Daniel Taylor 7, David Fleece 5 and Melissa Godfrey 1
1 Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, College of Public Health, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave, 9th Floor Ritter Annex, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
2 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
3 Massachusetts General Hospital Division of Pediatrics, 125 Nashua St, Suite 860, Boston, MA 02144, USA
4 Health Promotion Sciences Department, 3950 S. Country Club Rd, Suite 300, PO Box: Abrams 300, Tucson, AZ 85714, USA
5 Temple Pediatric Care, Temple University School of Medicine, 3509 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
6 Roberts Pediatric Clinical Research Building, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 26 South St, 9th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
7 Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Front and Erie, Philadelphia, PA 19134, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061239 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6528
Abstract
Background: Pediatricians following clinical practice guidelines for tobacco intervention (“Ask, Advise, and Refer” [AAR]) can motivate parents to reduce child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE). However, brief clinic interventions are unable to provide the more intensive, evidence-based behavioral treatments that facilitate the knowledge, skills, [...] Read more.
Background: Pediatricians following clinical practice guidelines for tobacco intervention (“Ask, Advise, and Refer” [AAR]) can motivate parents to reduce child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE). However, brief clinic interventions are unable to provide the more intensive, evidence-based behavioral treatments that facilitate the knowledge, skills, and confidence that parents need to both reduce child TSE and quit smoking. We hypothesized that a multilevel treatment model integrating pediatric clinic-level AAR with individual-level, telephone counseling would promote greater long-term (12-month) child TSE reduction and parent smoking cessation than clinic-level AAR alone. Methods: Pediatricians were trained to implement AAR with parents during clinic visits and reminded via prompts embedded in electronic health records. Following AAR, parents were randomized to intervention (AAR + counseling) or nutrition education attention control (AAR + control). Child TSE and parent quit status were bioverified. Results: Participants (n = 327) were 83% female, 83% African American, and 79% below the poverty level. Child TSE (urine cotinine) declined significantly in both conditions from baseline to 12 months (p = 0.001), with no between-group differences. The intervention had a statistically significant effect on 12-month bioverified quit status (p = 0.029): those in the intervention group were 2.47 times more likely to quit smoking than those in the control. Child age was negatively associated with 12-month log-cotinine (p = 0.01), whereas nicotine dependence was positively associated with 12-month log-cotinine levels (p = 0.001) and negatively associated with bioverified quit status (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Pediatrician advice alone may be sufficient to increase parent protections of children from TSE. Integrating clinic-level intervention with more intensive individual-level smoking intervention is necessary to promote parent cessation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reducing Exposure to Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke)
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14 pages, 5697 KiB  
Article
Source Identification and Apportionment of Trace Elements in Soils in the Yangtze River Delta, China
by Shuai Shao 1, Bifeng Hu 2,3,4, Zhiyi Fu 1, Jiayu Wang 1, Ge Lou 1, Yue Zhou 1, Bin Jin 5, Yan Li 6,* and Zhou Shi 1
1 Institute of Applied Remote Sensing and Information Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
2 Science du Sol, INRA, 45075 Orléans, France
3 Unité InfoSol, INRA, US 1106, 45075 Orléans, France
4 Sciences de la Terre et de lthe’Univers, Orléans University, 45067 Orleans, France
5 Ningbo Agricultural Food Safety Management Station, Ningbo 315000, China
6 Institute of Land Science and Property, School of Public Affairs, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061240 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6454
Abstract
Trace elements pollution has attracted a lot of attention worldwide. However, it is difficult to identify and apportion the sources of multiple element pollutants over large areas because of the considerable spatial complexity and variability in the distribution of trace elements in soil. [...] Read more.
Trace elements pollution has attracted a lot of attention worldwide. However, it is difficult to identify and apportion the sources of multiple element pollutants over large areas because of the considerable spatial complexity and variability in the distribution of trace elements in soil. In this study, we collected total of 2051 topsoil (0–20 cm) samples, and analyzed the general pollution status of soils from the Yangtze River Delta, Southeast China. We applied principal component analysis (PCA), a finite mixture distribution model (FMDM), and geostatistical tools to identify and quantitatively apportion the sources of seven kinds of trace elements (chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and arsenic (As)) in soil. The PCA results indicated that the trace elements in soil in the study area were mainly from natural, multi-pollutant and industrial sources. The FMDM also fitted three sub log-normal distributions. The results from the two models were quite similar: Cr, As, and Ni were mainly from natural sources caused by parent material weathering; Cd, Cu, and Zu were mainly from mixed sources, with a considerable portion from anthropogenic activities such as traffic pollutants, domestic garbage, and agricultural inputs, and Hg was mainly from industrial wastes and pollutants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remediation and Analysis of Soil, Air, and Water Pollution)
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12 pages, 900 KiB  
Article
Burden of Common Childhood Diseases in Relation to Improved Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) among Nigerian Children
by Zhifei He 1, Ghose Bishwajit 2, Dongsheng Zou 1, Sanni Yaya 2, Zhaohui Cheng 3 and Yan Zhou 1,*
1 School of Politics and Public Administration, Southwest University of Political Science & Law, Chongqing 401120, China
2 School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
3 Health Information Center, Chongqing 401120, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061241 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 45 | Viewed by 8252
Abstract
Having access to improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities constitute a key component of healthy living and quality of life. Prolonged exposure to insanitary living conditions can significantly enhance the burden of infectious diseases among children and affect nutritional status and growth. [...] Read more.
Having access to improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities constitute a key component of healthy living and quality of life. Prolonged exposure to insanitary living conditions can significantly enhance the burden of infectious diseases among children and affect nutritional status and growth. In this study we examined the prevalence of some common infectious diseases/disease symptoms of childhood among under-five children in Nigeria, and the association between the occurrence of these diseases with household’s access to WASH facilities. Types of diseases used as outcome variables included diarrheal, and acute respiratory infections (fever and cough). Access to WASH facilities were defined by WHO classification. The association between diarrhoea, fever and chronic cough with sanitation, and hygiene was analyzed by logistic regression techniques. Results showed that the prevalence of diarrhoea, fever and cough was respectively 10.5% (95% CI = 9.7–2.0), 13.4% (95% CI = 11.9–14.8), and 10.4% (95% CI = 9.2–11.5). In the regression analysis, children in the households that lacked all three types of facilities were found to have respectively 1.32 [AOR = 1.329, 95% CI = 1.046–1.947], 1.24 [AOR = 1.242, 95% CI = 1.050–1.468] and 1.43 [AOR = 1.432, 95% CI = 1.113–2.902] times higher odds of suffering from diarrhea, fever and cough. The study concludes that unimproved WASH conditions is an important contributor to ARIs and diarrheal morbidities among Nigerian children. In light of these findings, it is recommended that programs targeting to reduce childhood morbidity and mortality from common infectious diseases should leverage equitable provision of WASH interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drinking Water Quality and Human Health)
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11 pages, 1095 KiB  
Article
Implementation of Active Workstations in University Libraries—A Comparison of Portable Pedal Exercise Machines and Standing Desks
by Camille Bastien Tardif 1, Maude Cantin 1, Sylvain Sénécal 2, Pierre-Majorique Léger 2, Élise Labonté-Lemoyne 2, Mickael Begon 1,3 and Marie-Eve Mathieu 1,3,*
1 École de kinesiologie et des sciences de l’activité physique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
2 HEC Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 2A7, Canada
3 Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061242 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 7733
Abstract
Sedentary behaviors are an important issue worldwide, as prolonged sitting time has been associated with health problems. Recently, active workstations have been developed as a strategy to counteract sedentary behaviors. The present study examined the rationale and perceptions of university students’ and staff [...] Read more.
Sedentary behaviors are an important issue worldwide, as prolonged sitting time has been associated with health problems. Recently, active workstations have been developed as a strategy to counteract sedentary behaviors. The present study examined the rationale and perceptions of university students’ and staff following their first use of an active workstation in library settings. Ninety-nine volunteers completed a self-administered questionnaire after using a portable pedal exercise machine (PPEM) or a standing desk (SD). Computer tasks were performed on the SD (p = 0.001) and paperwork tasks on a PPEM (p = 0.037) to a larger extent. Men preferred the SD and women chose the PPEM (p = 0.037). The appreciation of the PPEM was revealed to be higher than for the SD, due to its higher scores for effective, useful, functional, convenient, and comfortable dimensions. Younger participants (<25 years of age) found the active workstation more pleasant to use than older participants, and participants who spent between 4 to 8 h per day in a seated position found active workstations were more effective and convenient than participants sitting fewer than 4 h per day. The results of this study are a preliminary step to better understanding the feasibility and acceptability of active workstations on university campuses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Occupational Safety and Health)
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9 pages, 714 KiB  
Article
The Risk of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Facilitating Tumors in Hawaiian Green Sea Turtles (Chelonia mydas)
by Muting Yan 1,2, Huayue Nie 1,2, Wenjing Wang 1,2, Yumei Huang 1,2, Qing X. Li 3 and Jun Wang 1,2,3,*
1 College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
2 Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
3 Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061243 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3677
Abstract
The Hawaiian green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is on the list of threatened species protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1978 in large part due to a severe tumor-forming disease named fibropapillomatosis. Chemical pollution is a prime suspect threatening the [...] Read more.
The Hawaiian green turtle (Chelonia mydas) is on the list of threatened species protected under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1978 in large part due to a severe tumor-forming disease named fibropapillomatosis. Chemical pollution is a prime suspect threatening the survival of C. mydas. In this study, PCBs concentrations were determined in 43 C. mydas plasma samples archived on Tern Island. The total PCBs concentration in male C. mydas (mean 1.10 ng/mL) was two times more than that of females (mean 0.43 ng/mL). The relationship between straight carapace length and PCBs concentration in females has also been studied, which was negatively related. To figure out the possible existence of correlations between PCBs and tumor status, we measured the PCBs concentration in turtles with no tumor, moderate or severe tumor affliction. PCBs concentration of two afflicted groups was much higher than the healthy group, suggesting that PCBs may play a role in fibropapillomatosis in Hawaiian green turtle. Full article
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12 pages, 313 KiB  
Article
Physical Activity-Related Injury and Its Associated Factors among Middle School Students in Southern China
by Weicong Cai 1, Yang Gao 2, Wenda Yang 1, Fuyuan Cheng 1, Dongchun Tang 1 and Liping Li 1,*
1 Injury Preventive Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
2 Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Social Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061244 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5002
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) promotion is beneficial to gain and maintain optimal health, but might increase risks for physical activity-related injury (PARI). This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the incidence rate and identify risk factors of PARI among Chinese middle school students. Selected via [...] Read more.
Physical activity (PA) promotion is beneficial to gain and maintain optimal health, but might increase risks for physical activity-related injury (PARI). This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the incidence rate and identify risk factors of PARI among Chinese middle school students. Selected via the method of cluster random sampling, students graded 7–8 (junior) and 10–11 (senior) from five middle schools (aged from 10 to 18 years old) in Shantou were invited to participate in the survey. Information on socio-demography, PA involvement, sleep duration, individual safety awareness and exercise behavior, and PARI experiences in the past 12 month was collected. Multivariate logistic regression model was performed to estimate the risk factors of PARI. A total of 3082 participants completed the valid questionnaires, with an overall incidence rate of 25.1%. Boys, junior school students, sports team members, and those with lower safety awareness, living with single parent, and without any chronic conditions were at higher risks for PARI. Moreover, exercising on wet floor or with illness frequently would also be more likely to experience injury, especially those with at least 120 min per day. In conclusion, PARI was prevalent among middle school students in southern China. The above data provide insights that were focused and effective actions should be taken to prevent school-aged adolescents from PARI and maximize the benefits of PA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)
13 pages, 346 KiB  
Article
Vitamins A and E during Pregnancy and Allergy Symptoms in an Early Childhood—Lack of Association with Tobacco Smoke Exposure
by Jolanta Gromadzinska 1,*, Kinga Polanska 2, Lucyna Kozlowska 3, Karolina Mikolajewska 1, Iwona Stelmach 4, Joanna Jerzynska 4, Wlodzimierz Stelmach 5, Mariusz Grzesiak 6, Wojciech Hanke 2 and Wojciech Wasowicz 1
1 Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
2 Department of Environmental Epidemiology, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
3 Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Human Nutrition, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
4 Department of Pediatrics and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-329 Lodz, Poland
5 Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
6 Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute change into Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061245 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5380
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between maternal antioxidant levels during pregnancy and development of allergic diseases in their offspring. The aim of the study was to determine plasma vitamins A and E concentration in the 1st trimester of pregnancy, at delivery and [...] Read more.
Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between maternal antioxidant levels during pregnancy and development of allergic diseases in their offspring. The aim of the study was to determine plasma vitamins A and E concentration in the 1st trimester of pregnancy, at delivery and in cord blood and to search for a relationship with allergy in up to 2-year-old children who were prenatally exposed or not exposed to tobacco smoke. The study participants included 252 mother-child pairs from Polish Mother and Child Cohort. Vitamin concentrations were measured using the HPLC-UV method, smoking status—as saliva cotinine level using the HPLC-MS/MS technique. Children’s health status was assessed using a questionnaire and pediatricians/allergists examination. Cord plasma vitamin concentrations were significantly lower than their levels in maternal plasma in the 1sttrimester and at delivery (p < 0.001). Significantly higher concentrations of vitamin E have been shown to occur during the 1st trimester of pregnancy in plasma of the women who have actively/passively smoked cigarettes compared to the non-smokers (p < 0.02). Multivariate analysis with inclusion of a variety of confounding factors have not indicated any statistically significant associations between β-carotene, vitamins A and E and the risk of food allergy, atopic dermatitis and wheezing in their children up to 2 years of age. The interaction between smoking during pregnancy and vitamins levels on the risk of allergy was not statistically significant (p < 0.4). The relationship between plasma concentration of vitamins A and E, and the risk of allergy in their young children has not been demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Child Health 2018)
15 pages, 567 KiB  
Article
Legal Immigration Status is Associated with Depressive Symptoms among Latina Transgender Women in Washington, DC
by Thespina Yamanis 1,*, Mannat Malik 2, Ana María Del Río-González 3, Andrea L. Wirtz 2, Erin Cooney 2, Maren Lujan 1, Ruby Corado 4 and Tonia Poteat 2
1 School of International Service, American University, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016, USA
2 Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
3 Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, 2121 I St NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
4 Casa Ruby, 7530 Georgia Ave NW, Washington, DC 20012, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061246 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7160
Abstract
Latina transgender women (LTW) are disproportionately vulnerable to depression, although the role of immigration/documentation status (legal authority to live/work in the U.S.) in depression has not been explored. LTW in Washington, DC were recruited into a cross-sectional study via convenience sampling. Most were [...] Read more.
Latina transgender women (LTW) are disproportionately vulnerable to depression, although the role of immigration/documentation status (legal authority to live/work in the U.S.) in depression has not been explored. LTW in Washington, DC were recruited into a cross-sectional study via convenience sampling. Most were Spanish-speaking Central American immigrants. Participants completed rapid HIV tests, and a Spanish-language survey assessing recent depressive symptoms (PHQ-2), sociodemographics, and factors from the minority stress framework: structural stressors (documentation status, stable housing), social stressors (discrimination, fear of deportation, violence) and coping resources (social support, resilience). Among immigrant LTW (n = 38), 24 were undocumented. Among the undocumented, the average PHQ-2 score was 2.7, and among the documented, the average PHQ-2 score was 1.4 (p < 0.05). Undocumented LTW were significantly more likely to experience employment discrimination, recent unstable housing, and fear of deportation. Bivariate and multiple linear regressions were performed to assess the relationship between documentation status and other correlates of past two week depressive symptoms. In multivariate analysis, PHQ-2 scores were inversely associated with being documented (p < 0.01), having an income above the federal poverty level, higher friends’ social support, and increased resiliency. Documentation status is an important correlate of depressive symptoms among LTW that should be considered within the context of health interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in LGBT Health Research)
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15 pages, 773 KiB  
Article
Antibiotic Resistance Characterization of Environmental E. coli Isolated from River Mula-Mutha, Pune District, India
by Rutuja Dhawde 1, Ragini Macaden 2, Dhananjaya Saranath 3, Kayzad Nilgiriwala 1, Appasaheb Ghadge 4 and Tannaz Birdi 1,*
1 The Foundation for Medical Research, 84A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai 400 018, India
2 St Johns Research Institute, 100 Feet Rd, John Nagar, Koramangala, Bangalore 560 034, India
3 Cancer Patients Aid Association (CPAA), Sumer Kendra, Mumbai 400 0018, India
4 The Foundation for Research in Community Health, Pune 411007, India
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061247 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 7357
Abstract
In the current study, ceftazidime- and ciprofloxacin-resistant—or dual drug-resistant (DDR)—E. coli were isolated from river Mula-Mutha, which flows through rural Pune district and Pune city. The DDR E. coli were further examined for antibiotic resistance to six additional antibiotics. The study also [...] Read more.
In the current study, ceftazidime- and ciprofloxacin-resistant—or dual drug-resistant (DDR)—E. coli were isolated from river Mula-Mutha, which flows through rural Pune district and Pune city. The DDR E. coli were further examined for antibiotic resistance to six additional antibiotics. The study also included detection of genes responsible for ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin resistance and vectors for horizontal gene transfer. Twenty-eight percent of the identified DDR E. coli were resistant to more than six antibiotics, with 12% being resistant to all eight antibiotics tested. Quinolone resistance was determined through the detection of qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and oqxA genes, whereas cephalosporin resistance was confirmed through detection of TEM, CTX-M-15, CTX-M-27 and SHV genes. Out of 219 DDR E. coli, 8.2% were qnrS positive and 0.4% were qnrB positive. Percentage of isolates positive for the TEM, CTX-M-15 and CTX-M-27 genes were 32%, 46% and 0.9%, respectively. None of the DDR E. coli tested carried the qnrA, SHV and oqxA genes. Percentage of DDR E. coli carrying Class 1 and 2 integrons (mobile genetic elements) were 47% and 8%, respectively. The results showed that antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and integrons were present in the E. coli isolated from the river at points adjoining and downstream of Pune city. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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15 pages, 1451 KiB  
Article
Residential Greenness and Birthweight in the State of Massachusetts, USA
by Kelvin C. Fong 1,*, Itai Kloog 2, Brent A. Coull 3, Petros Koutrakis 1, Francine Laden 1,4,5, Joel D. Schwartz 1,4 and Peter James 6
1 Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
2 Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 653, Israel
3 Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
4 Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
5 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
6 Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061248 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 5916
Abstract
Natural vegetation, or greenness, may benefit maternal health and consequently, fetal growth, by providing opportunities for physical activity and psychological restoration, and decreasing detrimental environmental exposures. We retrieved Massachusetts Birth Registry data from 2001–2013 and investigated the association between residential greenness and birthweight [...] Read more.
Natural vegetation, or greenness, may benefit maternal health and consequently, fetal growth, by providing opportunities for physical activity and psychological restoration, and decreasing detrimental environmental exposures. We retrieved Massachusetts Birth Registry data from 2001–2013 and investigated the association between residential greenness and birthweight in full-term births (≥37 weeks gestation). We calculated average residential greenness during pregnancy using 250 m normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from satellites. We estimated associations between greenness and continuous birthweight, term low birthweight (TLBW: <2500 g), and small for gestational age (SGA: <10th percentile of birthweight stratified by sex and gestational age) adjusted for individual and neighborhood covariates and considered nonlinearity and effect modification. Higher greenness exposure was associated with higher birthweight with stronger associations in the lower than higher range of greenness. Greenness was associated with lower odds of TLBW (OR 0.98; 95% CI 0.97, 0.99 per 0.1 increase in NDVI) and SGA (OR 0.98; 95% 0.97, 0.99) and associations varied by population density (TLBW) and socioeconomic status (TLBW, SGA). Our results suggest that greenness is beneficial to fetal growth exhibited by higher birthweight and lower odds of TLBW and SGA. Unlike prior studies, associations with TLBW and SGA appeared stronger among those with higher socioeconomic status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Environment and Health: The Effect of Socio-Cultural Context on Health Effects of Natural Environments)
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17 pages, 639 KiB  
Article
Charitable Food Systems’ Capacity to Address Food Insecurity: An Australian Capital City Audit
by Christina M. Pollard 1,*, Bruce Mackintosh 2, Cathy Campbell 1, Deborah Kerr 1, Andrea Begley 1, Jonine Jancey 1, Martin Caraher 3, Joel Berg 4 and Sue Booth 5
1 Faculty of Health Science, School of Public Health, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia
2 School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth 6009, Australia
3 Centre for Food Policy, City University of London, Northampton Square, London EC1V 0HB, UK
4 Hunger Free America, 50 Broad Street, Suite 1103, New York 10004, NY, USA
5 College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5000, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061249 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 10119
Abstract
Australian efforts to address food insecurity are delivered by a charitable food system (CFS) which fails to meet demand. The scope and nature of the CFS is unknown. This study audits the organisational capacity of the CFS within the 10.9 square kilometres of [...] Read more.
Australian efforts to address food insecurity are delivered by a charitable food system (CFS) which fails to meet demand. The scope and nature of the CFS is unknown. This study audits the organisational capacity of the CFS within the 10.9 square kilometres of inner-city Perth, Western Australia. A desktop analysis of services and 12 face-to-face interviews with representatives from CFS organisations was conducted. All CFS organisations were not-for–profit and guided by humanitarian or faith-based values. The CFS comprised three indirect services (IS) sourcing, banking and/or distributing food to 15 direct services (DS) providing food to recipients. DS offered 30 different food services at 34 locations feeding over 5670 people/week via 16 models including mobile and seated meals, food parcels, supermarket vouchers, and food pantries. Volunteer to paid staff ratios were 33:1 (DS) and 19:1 (IS). System-wide, food was mainly donated and most funding was philanthropic. Only three organisations received government funds. No organisation had a nutrition policy. The organisational capacity of the CFS was precarious due to unreliable, insufficient and inappropriate financial, human and food resources and structures. System-wide reforms are needed to ensure adequate and appropriate food relief for Australians experiencing food insecurity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing Food and Nutrition Security in Developed Countries)
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19 pages, 352 KiB  
Article
Maternal Serum and Breast Milk Adiponectin: The Association with Infant Adiposity Development
by Marhazlina Mohamad 1,*, See Ling Loy 2, Poh Ying Lim 3, Yu Wang 4, Kah Leng Soo 5 and Hamid Jan Jan Mohamed 5,*
1 School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21300, Malaysia
2 Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
3 Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
4 Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
5 Nutrition and Dietetics Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061250 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5329
Abstract
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in Malaysia. Metabolic changes during pregnancy are critical to the development of infant adiposity, due to imbalanced adipokines production. Hence, we aimed to investigate the association of maternal serum and breast milk [...] Read more.
The prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in Malaysia. Metabolic changes during pregnancy are critical to the development of infant adiposity, due to imbalanced adipokines production. Hence, we aimed to investigate the association of maternal serum and breast milk adipokines with infant adiposity development. The study was conducted from April 2010 until December 2012. A total of 155 healthy pregnant mothers aged 19 to 40 years were recruited during the first and second trimester in Kelantan, Malaysia. Data consisted of maternal sociodemographic details, anthropometry and clinical biochemistry analysis; and the infant’s anthropometry and feeding patterns. Maternal fasting serum and breast milk samples were analysed for adiponectin and leptin levels. Data collection was performed in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, and continued with follow-up visits at birth, two, six, and 12 months postpartum. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed to examine the associations between maternal serum and breast milk adiponectin and leptin and infant adiposity development. MLR models showed that, in the first year, as maternal serum and breast milk adiponectin increased, infant weight, BMI-for-age Z scores and abdominal circumference significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Maternal serum and/or breast milk adiponectin was associated with first-year infant adiposity development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Child Health 2018)
20 pages, 346 KiB  
Article
Cardiovascular Health of Construction Workers in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Joanne Wai-Yee Chung 1,*, Bonny Yee-Man Wong 1, Vincent Chun-Man Yan 1, Louisa Ming-Yan Chung 1, Henry Chi-Fuk So 2 and Albert Chan 3
1 Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hon Kong, China
2 Department of Mathematics and Information Technology, The Education University of Hong Kong, 10 Lo Ping Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
3 Department of Building and Real Estate, Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061251 - 12 Jun 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5145
Abstract
Background: Given a shortage of construction workers, it is important to develop strategies to avoid early retirement caused by cardiovascular diseases in Hong Kong. Objectives: (1) to describe the cardiovascular health of construction workers in Hong Kong, (2) to examine the demographic differences [...] Read more.
Background: Given a shortage of construction workers, it is important to develop strategies to avoid early retirement caused by cardiovascular diseases in Hong Kong. Objectives: (1) to describe the cardiovascular health of construction workers in Hong Kong, (2) to examine the demographic differences in cardiovascular health, and (3) to examine the association between health behaviors and cardiovascular health factors. Methods: 626 registered construction workers were included in the analysis. Blood chemistry, blood pressure, weight, and height were measured. Face-to-face questionnaire interviews for health behaviors were conducted. Results: Approximately two-thirds of the construction workers achieved only three out of the seven “ideal” cardiovascular health metrics. The younger, more educated, and female subjects had better cardiovascular health scores than the older, less educated, and male counterparts. Fish and seafood consumption was associated with (1) ideal weight status and (2) ideal cholesterol level, whereas less soft drink consumption was associated with ideal cholesterol level. Conclusions: The findings highlighted the importance of promoting cardiovascular health in the construction industry. This study provided some insights for future interventions, which should include increasing fish and seafood intake, decreasing soft drink consumption, and enhancing the health literacy amongst older, less educated, and male construction workers. Full article
15 pages, 2659 KiB  
Article
Vertical Distribution of Total Mercury and Mercury Methylation in a Landfill Site in Japan
by Jing Yang 1, Masaki Takaoka 1,2,*, Akira Sano 2, Akito Matsuyama 3 and Ryuji Yanase 4
1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C-kluster, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
2 Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, C-kluster, Kyotodaigakukatsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
3 National Institute for Minamata Disease, 4058-18 Hama, Minamata-City, Kumamoto 8670008, Japan
4 Environmental Protection Center, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 8140180, Japan
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061252 - 13 Jun 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4718
Abstract
Mercury is a neurotoxin, with certain organic forms of the element being particularly harmful to humans. The Minamata Convention was adopted to reduce the intentional use and emission of mercury. Because mercury is an element, it cannot be decomposed. Mercury-containing products and mercury [...] Read more.
Mercury is a neurotoxin, with certain organic forms of the element being particularly harmful to humans. The Minamata Convention was adopted to reduce the intentional use and emission of mercury. Because mercury is an element, it cannot be decomposed. Mercury-containing products and mercury used for various processes will eventually enter the waste stream, and landfill sites will become a mercury sink. While landfill sites can be a source of mercury pollution, the behavior of mercury in solid waste within a landfill site is still not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the depth profile of mercury, the levels of methyl mercury (MeHg), and the factors controlling methylation in an old landfill site that received waste for over 30 years. Three sampling cores were selected, and boring sampling was conducted to a maximum depth of 18 m, which reached the bottom layer of the landfill. Total mercury (THg) and MeHg were measured in the samples to determine the characteristics of mercury at different depths. Bacterial species were identified by 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing, because the methylation process is promoted by a series of genes. It was found that the THg concentration was 19–975 ng/g, with a geometric mean of 298 ng/g, which was slightly less than the 400 ng/g concentration recorded 30 years previously. In some samples, MeHg accounted for up to 15–20% of THg, which is far greater than the general level in soils and sediments, although the source of MeHg was unclear. The genetic data indicated that hgcA was present mostly in the upper and lower layers of the three cores, merA was almost as much as hgcA, while the level of merB was hundreds of times less than those of the other two genes. A significant correlation was found between THg and MeHg, as well as between MeHg and MeHg/THg. In addition, a negative correlation was found between THg and merA. The coexistence of the three genes indicated that both methylation and demethylation processes could occur, but the lack of merB was a barrier for demethylation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Waste)
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20 pages, 1533 KiB  
Article
Reducing Food Poverty and Vulnerability among the Rural Elderly with Chronic Diseases: The Role of the New Rural Pension Scheme in China
by Zhaohua Zhang 1,*, Yuxi Luo 2 and Derrick Robinson 3
1 College of Economics and Management, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
2 School of Economics and Management, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
3 Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, San Diego, CA 92123, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061253 - 13 Jun 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7102
Abstract
Vulnerability to food poverty is the probability of an individual falling below the food poverty line in the near future, which provides a forward-looking welfare analysis. Applying a nationally representative survey dataset, this study investigates the role of the New Rural Pension Scheme [...] Read more.
Vulnerability to food poverty is the probability of an individual falling below the food poverty line in the near future, which provides a forward-looking welfare analysis. Applying a nationally representative survey dataset, this study investigates the role of the New Rural Pension Scheme (NRPS) in reducing food poverty and vulnerability among the rural elderly with chronic diseases. By designing province-specific food poverty lines to account for variations in the elderly’s needs, as well as the prices across provinces using a least-cost linear programming approach, the food poverty incidences among the elderly with chronic diseases are calculated. Applying a three-stage feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) procedure, the vulnerability to food poverty is estimated. Our results show that food poverty incidence and vulnerability of the elderly with chronic diseases in rural China is 41.9% and 35% respectively, which is 8% and 6% higher, respectively, than the elderly that are in good health. To address the potential endogeneity of pension payment, a fuzzy regression discontinuity (RD) regression is employed to investigate the effects of pension income on food poverty and vulnerability for different population groups. We found that pension income decreases the probability of being food poor and the vulnerability to food poverty among the elderly with chronic diseases by 12.9% and 16.8% respectively, while it has no significant effect on the elderly in good health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poverty, Inequality and Public Health in China)
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17 pages, 4724 KiB  
Article
The Urban Gradient in Malaria-Endemic Municipalities in Acre: Revisiting the Role of Locality
by Ana Paula Dal’Asta 1,*, Raquel Martins Lana 2, Silvana Amaral 1, Cláudia Torres Codeço 2 and Antônio Miguel Vieira Monteiro 1
1 Divisão de Processamento de Imagens (DPI), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Av. dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos 12227-010, Brazil
2 Programa de Computação Científica (PROCC), Fiocruz—RJ, Av. Brasil 4365 Residência Oficial, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21041-222, Brazil
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061254 - 13 Jun 2018
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4659
Abstract
Urbanization has altered the distribution of diseases of public health importance along gradients of human occupation. Adopting dichotomous urban/rural categories to explain differences in the risk of exposure, as well as the prevention of diseases is insufficient. In this paper, we present the [...] Read more.
Urbanization has altered the distribution of diseases of public health importance along gradients of human occupation. Adopting dichotomous urban/rural categories to explain differences in the risk of exposure, as well as the prevention of diseases is insufficient. In this paper, we present the potential of representations based on the gradient perspective to characterize the living spaces of municipalities where malaria is endemic in northwest Acre. Inventoried data in 40 localities in the Mâncio Lima and Rodrigues Alves municipalities and information on land use and land cover obtained from the TerraClass Database were used to characterize the urban spatial forms and their social content. Results showed a gradient of intensities: from municipal seats to the most connected localities through the road network to riverine communities. Based on the results, we hope to advance the discussion about the use of normative definitions of “urban” and “rural” for public policies and actions to control and eliminate malaria, considering the position of each locality in its own locally referenced urban gradient. Full article
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12 pages, 457 KiB  
Article
Cost and Affordability of Diets Modelled on Current Eating Patterns and on Dietary Guidelines, for New Zealand Total Population, Māori and Pacific Households
by Sally Mackay 1,*, Tina Buch 2, Stefanie Vandevijvere 1, Rawinia Goodwin 1, Erina Korohina 3, Mafi Funaki-Tahifote 2, Amanda Lee 4 and Boyd Swinburn 1
1 School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
2 The Heart Foundation of New Zealand, Auckland 1051, New Zealand
3 Toi Tangata, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
4 The Australian Prevention Partnership Centre, The Sax Institute, Sydney 1240, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061255 - 13 Jun 2018
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 10173
Abstract
The affordability of diets modelled on the current (less healthy) diet compared to a healthy diet based on Dietary Guidelines was calculated for population groups in New Zealand. Diets using common foods were developed for a household of four for the total population, [...] Read more.
The affordability of diets modelled on the current (less healthy) diet compared to a healthy diet based on Dietary Guidelines was calculated for population groups in New Zealand. Diets using common foods were developed for a household of four for the total population, Māori and Pacific groups. Māori and Pacific nutrition expert panels ensured the diets were appropriate. Each current (less healthy) diet was based on eating patterns identified from national nutrition surveys. Food prices were collected from retail outlets. Only the current diets contained alcohol, takeaways and discretionary foods. The modelled healthy diet was cheaper than the current diet for the total population (3.5% difference) and Pacific households (4.5% difference) and similar in cost for Māori households (0.57% difference). When the diets were equivalent in energy, the healthy diet was more expensive than the current diet for all population groups (by 8.5% to 15.6%). For households on the minimum wage, the diets required 27% to 34% of household income, and if receiving income support, required 41–52% of household income. Expert panels were invaluable in guiding the process for specific populations. Both the modelled healthy and current diets are unaffordable for some households as a considerable portion of income was required to purchase either diet. Policies are required to improve food security by lowering the cost of healthy food or improving household income. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addressing Food and Nutrition Security in Developed Countries)
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16 pages, 754 KiB  
Article
Impact of Indoor Physical Environment on Learning Efficiency in Different Types of Tasks: A 3 × 4 × 3 Full Factorial Design Analysis
by Lilin Xiong 1,2, Xiao Huang 3, Jie Li 4, Peng Mao 5, Xiang Wang 5, Rubing Wang 5 and Meng Tang 1,6,*
1 School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210003, China
2 Department of Environmental Health, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210003, China
3 Department of Hygiene, School of Public Health, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou 423000, China
4 School of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
5 Department of Construction Management, School of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
6 Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061256 - 13 Jun 2018
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7568
Abstract
Indoor physical environments appear to influence learning efficiency nowadays. For improvement in learning efficiency, environmental scenarios need to be designed when occupants engage in different learning tasks. However, how learning efficiency is affected by indoor physical environment based on task types are still [...] Read more.
Indoor physical environments appear to influence learning efficiency nowadays. For improvement in learning efficiency, environmental scenarios need to be designed when occupants engage in different learning tasks. However, how learning efficiency is affected by indoor physical environment based on task types are still not well understood. The present study aims to explore the impacts of three physical environmental factors (i.e., temperature, noise, and illuminance) on learning efficiency according to different types of tasks, including perception, memory, problem-solving, and attention-oriented tasks. A 3 × 4 × 3 full factorial design experiment was employed in a university classroom with 10 subjects recruited. Environmental scenarios were generated based on different levels of temperature (17 °C, 22 °C, and 27 °C), noise (40 dB(A), 50 dB(A), 60 dB(A), and 70 dB(A)) and illuminance (60 lx, 300 lx, and 2200 lx). Accuracy rate (AC), reaction time (RT), and the final performance indicator (PI) were used to quantify learning efficiency. The results showed ambient temperature, noise, and illuminance exerted significant main effect on learning efficiency based on four task types. Significant concurrent effects of the three factors on final learning efficiency was found in all tasks except problem-solving-oriented task. The optimal environmental scenarios for top learning efficiency were further identified under different environmental interactions. The highest learning efficiency came in thermoneutral, relatively quiet, and bright conditions in perception-oriented task. Subjects performed best under warm, relatively quiet, and moderately light exposure when recalling images in the memory-oriented task. Learning efficiency peaked to maxima in thermoneutral, fairly quiet, and moderately light environment in problem-solving process while in cool, fairly quiet and bright environment with regard to attention-oriented task. The study provides guidance for building users to conduct effective environmental intervention with simultaneous controls of ambient temperature, noise, and illuminance. It contributes to creating the most suitable indoor physical environment for improving occupants learning efficiency according to different task types. The findings could further supplement the present indoor environment-related standards or norms with providing empirical reference on environmental interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Practice of Sustainable Built Environment in the Context of Developing Countries)
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16 pages, 3830 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Water Stress on Forest Recovery and Its Interaction with Canopy Height
by Peipei Xu 1,2,3, Tao Zhou 1,2,*, Chuixiang Yi 3, Hui Luo 1,2, Xiang Zhao 4, Wei Fang 3, Shan Gao 1,2 and Xia Liu 1,2
1 State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
2 Key Laboratory of Environmental Change and Natural Disaster of Ministry of Education, Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
3 School of Earth and Environment Science, Queens College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 11367, USA
4 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Jointly Sponsored by Beijing Normal University and Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100875, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061257 - 13 Jun 2018
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4823
Abstract
Global climate change is leading to an increase in the frequency, intensity, and duration of drought events, which can affect the functioning of forest ecosystems. Because human activities such as afforestation and forest attributes such as canopy height may exhibit considerable spatial differences, [...] Read more.
Global climate change is leading to an increase in the frequency, intensity, and duration of drought events, which can affect the functioning of forest ecosystems. Because human activities such as afforestation and forest attributes such as canopy height may exhibit considerable spatial differences, such differences may alter the recovery paths of drought-impacted forests. To accurately assess how climate affects forest recovery, a quantitative evaluation on the effects of forest attributes and their possible interaction with the intensity of water stress is required. Here, forest recovery following extreme drought events was analyzed for Yunnan Province, southwest China. The variation in the recovery of forests with different water availability and canopy heights was quantitatively assessed at the regional scale by using canopy height data based on light detection and ranging (LiDAR) measurements, enhanced vegetation index data, and standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) data. Our results indicated that forest recovery was affected by water availability and canopy height. Based on the enhanced vegetation index measures, shorter trees were more likely to recover than taller ones after drought. Further analyses demonstrated that the effect of canopy height on recovery rates after drought also depends on water availability—the effect of canopy height on recovery diminished as water availability increased after drought. Additional analyses revealed that when the water availability exceeded a threshold (SPEI > 0.85), no significant difference in the recovery was found between short and tall trees (p > 0.05). In the context of global climate change, future climate scenarios of RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 showed more frequent water stress in Yunnan by the end of the 21st century. In summary, our results indicated that canopy height casts an important influence on forest recovery and tall trees have greater vulnerability and risk to dieback and mortality from drought. These results may have broad implications for policies and practices of forest management. Full article
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9 pages, 893 KiB  
Article
Duty of Notification and Aviation Safety—A Study of Fatal Aviation Accidents in the United States in 2015
by Alpo Vuorio 1,2,*, Bruce Budowle 3, Antti Sajantila 2, Tanja Laukkala 4, Ilkka Junttila 5,6, Stein E. Kravik 7 and Robin Griffiths 8
1 Mehiläinen Airport Health Centre, 01530 Vantaa, Finland
2 Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
3 Center for Human Identification, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
4 Mehiläinen Kielotie Health Centre, 01730 Vantaa, Finland
5 Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33100 Tampere, Finland
6 Fimlab Laboratories, 33100 Tampere, Finland
7 NASA’s Ames Research Center, Mountain View, CA 94035, USA
8 Occupational and Aviation Medicine, University of Otago, 6242 Wellington, New Zealand
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061258 - 13 Jun 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6171
Abstract
After the Germanwings accident, the French Safety Investigation Authority (BEA) recommended that the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Community (EC) develop clear rules for the duty of notification process. Aeromedical practitioners (AMEs) face a dilemma when considering the duty of notification and [...] Read more.
After the Germanwings accident, the French Safety Investigation Authority (BEA) recommended that the World Health Organization (WHO) and European Community (EC) develop clear rules for the duty of notification process. Aeromedical practitioners (AMEs) face a dilemma when considering the duty of notification and conflicts between pilot privacy and public and third-party safety. When balancing accountability, knowledge of the duty of notification process, legislation and the clarification of a doctor’s own set of values should be assessed a priori. Relatively little is known of the magnitude of this problem in aviation safety. To address this, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database was searched to identify fatal accidents during 2015 in the United States in which a deceased pilot used a prescribed medication or had a disease that potentially reduced pilot performance and was not reported to the AME. Altogether, 202 finalized accident reports with toxicology were available from (the year) 2015. In 5% (10/202) of these reports, the pilot had either a medication or a disease not reported to an AME which according to the accident investigation was causal to the fatal accident. In addition, the various approaches to duty of notification in aviation in New Zealand, Finland and Norway are discussed. The process of notification of authorities without a pilot’s express permission needs to be carried out by using a guidance protocol that works within legislation and professional responsibilities to address the pilot and the public, as well as the healthcare provider. Professional guidance defining this duty of notification is urgently needed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues in Occupational Safety and Health)
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16 pages, 1539 KiB  
Article
Comparison of a 10-Year Cumulative Age-Standardized Incidence Rate of Lung Cancer among Metropolitan Cities in Korea (During the 2000–2009 Period): Review of Occupational and Environmental Hazards Associated with Lung Cancer
by Joo Hyun Sung 1, Chang Sun Sim 2, Minsu Ock 3, Inbo Oh 4, Kyoung Sook Jeong 5 and Cheolin Yoo 2,*
1 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, 11, Samjeongja-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si 51472, Korea
2 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877, Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea
3 Department of Preventive Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877, Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea
4 Environmental Health Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 877, Bangeojinsunhwando-ro, Dong-gu, Ulsan 44033, Korea
5 Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 22, Gwanpyeong-ro 170 beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si 14066, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061259 - 13 Jun 2018
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3477
Abstract
In Korea, lung cancer is a common cancer, and has the highest mortality rate in both males and females. Approximately 80% of lung cancer is due to smoking, and the remaining cases are known to be due to genetic factors, history of respiratory [...] Read more.
In Korea, lung cancer is a common cancer, and has the highest mortality rate in both males and females. Approximately 80% of lung cancer is due to smoking, and the remaining cases are known to be due to genetic factors, history of respiratory disease, infection, diet, and occupational and environmental factors. Since the occupational and environmental hazards may differ from region to region, the lung cancer risk may differ too. To identify this, we selected seven metropolitan cities, and compared occupational and environmental hazards. Furthermore, we calculated smoking rate adjusted standardized rate ratio (ratio of 10-year cumulative age-standardized incidence rate of lung cancer during the 2000–2009 period at target region versus reference region) to compare the regional lung cancer risk. The result showed that the emissions and concentrations of air pollutant were higher in high-risk regions, and the risk of lung cancer was significantly elevated in such area. In this study, we simultaneously consider the cumulative incidence, age-standardization and smoking rate adjustment. Therefore, we can conclude that the validity of the finding of this study is higher than that of past studies. In conclusion, the occupational and environmental hazards have an effect on lung cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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13 pages, 1047 KiB  
Article
A Novel Environmental Justice Indicator for Managing Local Air Pollution
by Jing Zhao, Laura Gladson and Kevin Cromar *
Marron Institute of Urban Management, New York University, 60 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10011, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061260 - 14 Jun 2018
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5467
Abstract
Environmental justice efforts in the United States seek to provide equal protection from environmental hazards, such as air pollution, to all groups, particularly among traditionally disadvantaged populations. To accomplish this objective, the U.S. EPA has previously required states to use an environmental justice [...] Read more.
Environmental justice efforts in the United States seek to provide equal protection from environmental hazards, such as air pollution, to all groups, particularly among traditionally disadvantaged populations. To accomplish this objective, the U.S. EPA has previously required states to use an environmental justice screening tool as part of air quality planning decision-making. The generally utilized approach to assess potential areas of environmental justice concern relies on static comparisons of environmental and demographic information to identify areas where minority and low income populations experience elevated environmental exposures, but does not include any additional information that may inform the trade-offs that sub-populations of varying socio-demographic groups make when choosing where to reside in cities. In order to address this limitation, job accessibility (measured by a mobility index defining the number of jobs available within a set commuting time) was developed as a novel environmental justice indicator of environmental justice priority areas at the local level. This approach is modeled using real-world data in Allegheny County, PA (USA), and identifies areas with relatively high levels of outdoor air pollution and low access to jobs. While traditional tools tend to flag the poorest neighborhoods for environmental justice concerns, this new method offers a more refined analysis, targeting populations suffering from the highest environmental burden without the associated benefits of urban living. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Health Indicators for Policy Support)
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17 pages, 2528 KiB  
Article
Urban Resources Selection and Allocation for Emergency Shelters: In a Multi-Hazard Environment
by Wei Chen 1, Guofang Zhai 2,*, Chongqiang Ren 3, Yijun Shi 2 and Jianxin Zhang 1
1 School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
2 School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
3 College of Economics, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061261 - 14 Jun 2018
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 5437
Abstract
This study explores how emergency shelters can adapt to a multi-hazard environment by geographic information system (GIS) and takes Guangzhou as a case for analysis. The physical suitability of the overall urban resources was first assessed by aiming to select the suitable resources [...] Read more.
This study explores how emergency shelters can adapt to a multi-hazard environment by geographic information system (GIS) and takes Guangzhou as a case for analysis. The physical suitability of the overall urban resources was first assessed by aiming to select the suitable resources and safe locations for emergency shelters in the context of multiple disasters. Afterward, by analyzing the scale and spatial distribution of affected areas and populations under different types of disaster scenarios, the demand for different kinds of shelters were predicted. Lastly, taking into account the coverage of the affected people, shelters were allocated according to different conditions in the districts. This work will hopefully provide a reference for the construction of emergency shelters and help form emergency operations in order to mitigate the impact of hazards. The issues identified in the study need to be further studied in medium or small-scale cities. Full article
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26 pages, 7118 KiB  
Article
Research on the Relationship between Water Diversion and Water Quality of Xuanwu Lake, China
by Weiwei Song 1,2, Qing Xu 3,*, Xingqian Fu 4, Peng Zhang 2, Yong Pang 2,5,* and Dahao Song 4
1 College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
2 College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
3 School of Hydraulic, Energy and Power Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
4 Kewen College, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China
5 Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061262 - 14 Jun 2018
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4832
Abstract
Water diversion is often used to improve water quality to reach the standard of China in the short term. However, this large amount of water diversion can not only improve the water quality, but also lead to a decline in the water quality [...] Read more.
Water diversion is often used to improve water quality to reach the standard of China in the short term. However, this large amount of water diversion can not only improve the water quality, but also lead to a decline in the water quality (total phosphorus, total nitrogen) of Xuanwu Lake. Through theoretical analysis, the relationship between water quality and water diversion is established. We also found that the multiplication of the pollutant degradation coefficient (K) and the water residence time (T) is a constant (N), K⋅T=N. The water quality changed better at first, with the increase of inflow discharge, and then became worse, and the optimal water quality inflow discharge is 180,000 m3/day. By constructing two-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality models, the optimal diversion water plan is calculated. Through model calculations, it can be seen that reducing the inflow discharge makes the water residence time longer (15.3 days changed to 23.8 days). Thereby, increasing the degradation of pollutants, and thus improving water quality. Compared with other wind directions, the southwest wind makes the water quality of Xuanwu Lake the most uniform. The concentration of water quality first became smaller and then became larger, as the wind speed increased, and eventually became constant. Implementing these results for water quality improvement in small and medium lakes will significantly reduce the cost of water diversion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)
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8 pages, 634 KiB  
Article
Tuberculosis Specific Interferon-Gamma Production in a Current Refugee Cohort in Western Europe
by Alexandra Jablonka 1,2,*,†, Christian Dopfer 3,†, Christine Happle 3,4, Georgios Sogkas 1, Diana Ernst 1, Faranaz Atschekzei 1, Stefanie Hirsch 1, Annabelle Schäll 5, Adan Jirmo 3,4, Philipp Solbach 2,6, Reinhold Ernst Schmidt 1,2, Georg M. N. Behrens 1,2 and Martin Wetzke 2,3
1 Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
2 German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 30625 Hannover, Germany
3 Department of Pediatrics, Neonatology and Allergology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
4 German Center for Lung Research, Partner Site Hannover BREATH, 30625 Hannover, Germany
5 Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
6 Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061263 - 14 Jun 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4544
Abstract
Background: In 2015, a high number of refugees with largely unknown health statuses immigrated to Western Europe. To improve caretaking strategies, we assessed the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in a refugee cohort. Methods: Interferon-Gamma release assays (IGRA, Quantiferon) were performed in [...] Read more.
Background: In 2015, a high number of refugees with largely unknown health statuses immigrated to Western Europe. To improve caretaking strategies, we assessed the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in a refugee cohort. Methods: Interferon-Gamma release assays (IGRA, Quantiferon) were performed in n = 232 inhabitants of four German refugee centers in the summer of 2015. Results: Most refugees were young, male adults. Overall, IGRA testing was positive in 17.9% (95% CI = 13.2–23.5%) of subjects. Positivity rates increased with age (0% <18 years versus 46.2% >50 years). Age was the only factor significantly associated with a positive IGRA in multiple regression analysis including gender, C reactive protein, hemoglobin, leukocyte, and thrombocyte count and lymphocyte, monocyte, neutrophil, basophil, and eosinophil fraction. For one year change in age, the odds are expected to be 1.06 times larger, holding all other variables constant (p = 0.015). Conclusion: Observed LTBI frequencies are lower than previously reported in similar refugee cohorts. However, as elderly people are at higher risk for developing active tuberculosis, the observed high rate of LTBI in senior refugees emphasizes the need for new policies on the detection and treatment regimens in this group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refugee, Migrant and Ethnic Minority Health)
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13 pages, 789 KiB  
Article
Influence of Health Behaviors and Occupational Stress on Prediabetic State among Male Office Workers
by Hosihn Ryu, Jihyeon Moon * and Jiyeon Jung
College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061264 - 14 Jun 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4198
Abstract
This study examined the influence of health behaviors and occupational stress on the prediabetic state of male office workers, and identified related risks and influencing factors. The study used a cross-sectional design and performed an integrative analysis on data from regular health checkups, [...] Read more.
This study examined the influence of health behaviors and occupational stress on the prediabetic state of male office workers, and identified related risks and influencing factors. The study used a cross-sectional design and performed an integrative analysis on data from regular health checkups, health questionnaires, and a health behavior-related survey of employees of a company, using Spearman’s correlation coefficients and multiple logistic regression analysis. The results showed significant relationships of prediabetic state with health behaviors and occupational stress. Among health behaviors, a diet without vegetables and fruits (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.74, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.93–7.66) was associated with a high risk of prediabetic state. In the subscales on occupational stress, organizational system in the 4th quartile (OR = 4.83, 95% CI = 2.40–9.70) was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of prediabetic state. To identify influencing factors of prediabetic state, the multiple logistic regression was performed using regression models. The results showed that dietary habits (β = 1.20, p = 0.002), total occupational stress score (β = 1.33, p = 0.024), and organizational system (β = 1.13, p = 0.009) were significant influencing factors. The present findings indicate that active interventions are needed at workplace for the systematic and comprehensive management of health behaviors and occupational stress that influence prediabetic state of office workers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Occupational Safety and Health)
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13 pages, 1412 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Wearable Trackers’ Ability to Estimate Sleep
by Jung-Min Lee 1,*, Wonwoo Byun 2, Alyssa Keill 3, Danae Dinkel 3 and Yaewon Seo 4
1 College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University, Yougin 449-701, Korea
2 College of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake, UT 84112, USA
3 School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
4 College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061265 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 10683
Abstract
Tracking physical activity and sleep patterns using wearable trackers has become a current trend. However, little information exists about the comparability of wearable trackers measuring sleep. This study examined the comparability of wearable trackers for estimating sleep measurement with a sleep diary (SD) [...] Read more.
Tracking physical activity and sleep patterns using wearable trackers has become a current trend. However, little information exists about the comparability of wearable trackers measuring sleep. This study examined the comparability of wearable trackers for estimating sleep measurement with a sleep diary (SD) for three full nights. A convenience sample of 78 adults were recruited in this research with a mean age of 27.6 ± 11.0 years. Comparisons between wearable trackers and sleep outcomes were analyzed using the mean absolute percentage errors, Pearson correlations, Bland–Altman Plots, and equivalent testing. Trackers that showed the greatest equivalence with the SD for total sleep time were the Jawbone UP3 and Fitbit Charge Heart Rate (effect size = 0.09 and 0.23, respectively). The greatest equivalence with the SD for time in bed was seen with the SenseWear Armband, Garmin Vivosmart, and Jawbone UP3 (effect size = 0.09, 0.16, and 0.07, respectively). Some of the wearable trackers resulted in closer approximations to self-reported sleep outcomes than a previously sleep research-grade device, these trackers offer a lower-cost alternative to tracking sleep in healthy populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep Health)
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12 pages, 500 KiB  
Article
Traditional Chinese Medical Care and Incidence of Stroke in Elderly Patients Treated with Antidiabetic Medications
by Yun-Wen Chiao 1,†, Yu-Jen Chen 2,†, Yu-Hsien Kuo 3 and Chung-Yen Lu 4,5,*
1 Department of Chinese Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi 62247, Taiwan
2 Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Zhongxing Branch, Taipei 10341, Taiwan
3 Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
4 Department of Sport and Health Management, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan
5 Department of Chinese Medicine, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 50008, Taiwan
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061267 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4506
Abstract
Objectives: Experimental research has shown that herbal and traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) may serve as complements to Western medicine treatments in the control of blood glucose and cardiovascular complications, but population-based studies are limited. We investigated the association between TCM use and subsequent [...] Read more.
Objectives: Experimental research has shown that herbal and traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) may serve as complements to Western medicine treatments in the control of blood glucose and cardiovascular complications, but population-based studies are limited. We investigated the association between TCM use and subsequent risk of stroke in older patients with diabetes. Study design: The database used in this cohort study contained longitudinal medical claims for one million subjects randomly selected among beneficiaries of a universal health care program in Taiwan. We identified a cohort of patients with diabetes aged 65 years and older who initiated anti-diabetic medications from 2000 to 2012. Patients who had at least two TCM outpatient visits after their initiation of anti-diabetic medications were considered TCM users. Main outcome measures: The incidence of stroke was measured until 2013. Cox regression models with TCM use as a time-dependent variable were used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) comparing TCM use with no use. Results: Over the 13-year period, 17,015 patients were identified; 4912 (28.9%) of them were TCM users. The incidence of stroke during the follow-up (per 1000 person-years) was 22.8 in TCM users and 25.7 in non-users. TCM users had an adjusted HR of 0.93 for the incidence of ischemic stroke (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83, 1.04) and of 0.89 for developing hemorrhagic stroke (95% CI 0.66, 1.19), compared with non-users. Conclusions: In this study, in older patients receiving Western medicine treatments for diabetes, TCM use was not associated with an increased risk of developing ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Full article
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11 pages, 1517 KiB  
Article
Moving towards a Comprehensive Approach for Health Literacy Interventions: The Development of a Health Literacy Intervention Model
by Bas Geboers *, Sijmen A. Reijneveld, Jaap A. R. Koot and Andrea F. De Winter
Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, FA10, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061268 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 60 | Viewed by 15503
Abstract
Low health literacy (HL) is associated with many negative health outcomes, and is a major challenge in public health and healthcare. Interventions to improve outcomes associated with HL are needed. In this paper, we aim to develop a comprehensive HL intervention model. We [...] Read more.
Low health literacy (HL) is associated with many negative health outcomes, and is a major challenge in public health and healthcare. Interventions to improve outcomes associated with HL are needed. In this paper, we aim to develop a comprehensive HL intervention model. We used a multimethod approach, consisting of (1) a literature review of articles listed in MEDLINE, presenting HL intervention models, (2) online consultation of international HL experts, and (3) two consensus meetings with members (n = 36 and 27) of a consortium studying HL among older adults (50+) in Europe. In our literature review, we identified twenty-two HL models, only a few of which focused explicitly on interventions. Sixty-eight health literacy experts took part in the online survey. The results from all three methods came together in a comprehensive HL intervention model. This model conceptualized interventions as potentially targeting five factors affecting HL outcomes: (1) individuals’ personal characteristics, (2) individuals’ social context, (3) communication between individuals and health professionals, (4) health professionals’ HL capacities, and (5) health systems. Our model is the first comprehensive HL model focused specifically on interventions. The model can support the further development of HL interventions to improve the health outcomes of people with low HL. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Literacy in Context—Settings, Media, and Populations)
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14 pages, 4264 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Phosphogypsum Addition on Phosphorus Release in Biochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge
by Yelizaveta Chernysh 1, Magdalena Balintova 2,*, Leonid Plyatsuk 1, Marian Holub 3 and Stefan Demcak 2
1 Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Technical Systems and Energy Efficient Technologies, Sumy State University, 2, Rymskogo-Korsakova st., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
2 Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Vysokoskolska 4, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
3 Laboratory of Excellent Research, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenskeho 10/A, 04200 Kosice, Slovakia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061269 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5073
Abstract
The paper is focused on the research of biochemical treatment of sewage sludge and phosphogypsum under sulphate-reducing conditions with a phosphorus release process. The theoretical foundations of the work were based on the biochemical formalization using the principles of autocatalysis of natural systems. [...] Read more.
The paper is focused on the research of biochemical treatment of sewage sludge and phosphogypsum under sulphate-reducing conditions with a phosphorus release process. The theoretical foundations of the work were based on the biochemical formalization using the principles of autocatalysis of natural systems. During the experimental research for the control of physicochemical parameters of the process spectroquantic, X-ray fluorescence analysis and other techniques were used. A schematic model of the dephosphatation process under anaerobic stabilization of sewage sludge and phosphogypsum was developed. The increase of phosphogypsum dosage had a close correlation with the release of phosphate ions. At the stimulating action of the phosphogypsum additive, a 2.5–5.0-fold increase in soluble phosphate concentration was observed. The rational dose of phosphogypsum was determined. Along with an increase the ratio of COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)/phosphogypsum to 0.1, an increase in the phosphate ions in solution was observed. A further increase in the ratio of COD/phosphogypsum did not affect the concentration of phosphate ions in solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)
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12 pages, 10993 KiB  
Article
Areas with High Hazard Potential for Autochthonous Transmission of Aedes albopictus-Associated Arboviruses in Germany
by Stephanie Margarete Thomas 1,*,†, Nils Benjamin Tjaden 1,†, Christina Frank 2, Anja Jaeschke 1, Lukas Zipfel 1, Christiane Wagner-Wiening 3, Mirko Faber 2, Carl Beierkuhnlein 1 and Klaus Stark 2
1 Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
2 Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
3 Baden-Württemberg Health Authority, 70565 Stuttgart, Germany
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061270 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7482
Abstract
The intensity and extent of transmission of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus have increased markedly over the last decades. Autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya by Aedes albopictus has been recorded in Southern Europe where the invasive mosquito was already [...] Read more.
The intensity and extent of transmission of arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus have increased markedly over the last decades. Autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya by Aedes albopictus has been recorded in Southern Europe where the invasive mosquito was already established and viraemic travelers had imported the virus. Ae. albopictus populations are spreading northward into Germany. Here, we model the current and future climatically suitable regions for Ae. albopictus establishment in Germany, using climate data of spatially high resolution. To highlight areas where vectors and viraemic travellers are most likely to come into contact, reported dengue and chikungunya incidences are integrated at the county level. German cities with the highest likelihood of autochthonous transmission of Aedes albopictus-borne arboviruses are currently located in the western parts of the country: Freiburg im Breisgau, Speyer, and Karlsruhe, affecting about 0.5 million people. In addition, 8.8 million people live in regions considered to show elevated hazard potential assuming further spread of the mosquito: Baden-Württemberg (Upper Rhine, Lake Constance regions), southern parts of Hesse, and North Rhine-Westphalia (Lower Rhine). Overall, a more targeted and thus cost-efficient implementation of vector control measures and health surveillance will be supported by the detailed maps provided here. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Climate Change)
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16 pages, 1845 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Road Construction on Subjective Well-Being in Communities in Madre de Dios, Peru
by Amy R. Riley-Powell 1, Gwenyth O. Lee 1,2, Nehal S. Naik 3, Kelly E. Jensen 1,4, Christina O’Neal 1,4, Gabriela Salmón-Mulanovich 5,6,7, Stella M. Hartinger 6,8,9, Daniel G. Bausch 1,5 and Valerie A. Paz-Soldan 1,6,*
1 Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
2 School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
3 School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1201 E Marshall St, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
4 Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
5 U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Callao 2, Peru
6 School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Ave Honorio Delgado 430, San Martín de Porres, Lima 31, Peru
7 Biomedical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, San Miguel, Lima 32, Peru
8 Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
9 Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061271 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 7839
Abstract
The interoceanic highway (IOH) in Madre de Dios, Peru has driven dramatic change in the Peruvian Amazon basin. We conducted a mixed methods study to examine the impact of these changes on the subjective well-being (SWB) of four communities on the IOH. Themes [...] Read more.
The interoceanic highway (IOH) in Madre de Dios, Peru has driven dramatic change in the Peruvian Amazon basin. We conducted a mixed methods study to examine the impact of these changes on the subjective well-being (SWB) of four communities on the IOH. Themes that emerged qualitatively included changing health threats, environmental degradation, and the impact of increased migration. To achieve a higher level of SWB, respondents emphasized the need for higher incomes, opportunities to learn new skills, and a better education for their children. Potential threats to SWB included marital problems and poorer health. Quantitative analyses suggested that social support and a sense of security impacted reported SWB scores based on life satisfaction, and the impact of income on life satisfaction was mediated by food security. Although long-term residents felt that specific determinants of SWB had both increased (food variety, transport and access to work) and decreased (access to natural resources and hunting), the majority reported that their lives had improved overall. Health had been affected by the IOH in both negative ways (increased dengue and road accidents) and positive ways (improved access to health services). Our results suggest that the rapidly-changing communities near the IOH link well-being to health, income, community, and the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)
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14 pages, 314 KiB  
Article
Taking One’s Own Life in Hospital? Patients and Health Care Professionals Vis-à-Vis the Tension between Assisted Suicide and Suicide Prevention in Switzerland
by Stella Reiter-Theil 1,*, Charlotte Wetterauer 1 and Irena Anna Frei 2
1 Department Clinical Ethics, Psychiatric Hospitals of the University Basel (UPK), University Hospital Basel (USB), University Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
2 Department Nursing and Allied Health Professions, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061272 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6695
Abstract
In Switzerland, the practice of lay right-to-die societies (RTDS) organizing assisted suicide (AS) is tolerated by the state. Patient counseling and accompaniment into the dying process is overtaken by RTDS lay members, while the role of physicians may be restricted to prescribing the [...] Read more.
In Switzerland, the practice of lay right-to-die societies (RTDS) organizing assisted suicide (AS) is tolerated by the state. Patient counseling and accompaniment into the dying process is overtaken by RTDS lay members, while the role of physicians may be restricted to prescribing the mortal dose after a more or less rigorous exploration of the patient’s decisional capacity. However, Swiss health care facilities and professionals are committed to providing suicide prevention. Despite the liberal attitude in society, the legitimacy of organized AS is ethically questioned. How can health professionals be supported in their moral uncertainty when confronted with patient wishes for suicide? As an approach towards reaching this objective, two ethics policies were developed at the Basel University Hospital to offer orientation in addressing twofold and divergent duties: handling requests for AS and caring for patients with suicidal thoughts or after a suicide attempt. According to the Swiss tradition of “consultation” (“Vernehmlassung”), controversial views were acknowledged in the interdisciplinary policy development processes. Both institutional policies mirror the clash of values and suggest consistent ways to meet the challenges: respect and tolerance regarding a patient’s wish for AS on the one hand, and the determination to offer help and prevent harm by practicing suicide prevention on the other. Given the legal framework lacking specific norms for the practice of RTDS, orientation is sought in ethical guidelines. The comparison between the previous and newly revised guideline of the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences reveals, in regard to AS, a shift from the medical criterion, end of life is near, to a patient rights focus, i.e., decisional capacity, consistent with the law. Future experience will show whether and how this change will be integrated into clinical practice. In this process, institutional ethics policies may—in addition to the law, national guidelines, or medical standards—be helpful in addressing conflicting duties at the bedside. The article offers an interdisciplinary theoretical reflection with practical illustration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Suicide Risk and Mental Disorders)
12 pages, 709 KiB  
Article
Observing Maternal Restriction of Food with 3–5-Year-Old Children: Relationships with Temperament and Later Body Mass Index (BMI)
by Claire V. Farrow 1,*, Emma Haycraft 2 and Jacqueline M. Blissett 1
1 Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
2 School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1273; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061273 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6117
Abstract
Overt parental restriction of food has previously been associated with child weight; however, most research has relied on self-reported feeding behaviour, or observations which give little opportunity to observe restriction of food. Using a novel lab-based observational technique to increase the opportunity to [...] Read more.
Overt parental restriction of food has previously been associated with child weight; however, most research has relied on self-reported feeding behaviour, or observations which give little opportunity to observe restriction of food. Using a novel lab-based observational technique to increase the opportunity to observe maternal feeding restriction, we explored the relationships between maternal restriction, child responses to restriction and child temperament with child body mass index (BMI) Z-scores over time. Sixty-two mother child dyads were recruited to the study when their children were aged 3–5 years and were followed up 2 years later (N = 39 dyads). Families were observed during a feeding interaction in the laboratory where cookies were offered with the main meal to increase the opportunity for maternal restriction of food. Feeding observations were coded and child temperament and BMI were measured. Controlling for current child BMI Z-scores, greater maternal verbal and physical restriction of food at 3–5 years was related to higher child BMI Z-scores at 5–7 years. More emotional children were less likely to experience restriction and less likely to accept attempts to restrict their food intake. Further research should consider children’s reactions to parental feeding behaviours in greater depth and explore how feeding practices interact with child temperament in the prediction of changes in child weight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating and Exercise in Children and Adolescents)
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18 pages, 1625 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Consequences of Aggression and Violence towards Nursing and Care Staff in Germany—A Survey
by Anja Schablon 1,*, Dana Wendeler 2, Agnessa Kozak 1, Albert Nienhaus 1,2 and Susanne Steinke 1
1 Competence Centre for Epidemiology and Health Services Research for Healthcare Professionals (CVcare), University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), 20246 Hamburg, Germany
2 Department for Occupational Medicine, Hazardous Substances and Public Health Accident Insurance and Prevention in the Health and Welfare Services (BGW), 22089 Hamburg, Germany
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061274 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 117 | Viewed by 17339
Abstract
Acts of aggression by patients or clients are a part of the average working day for many Health care employees. The objective of the survey was to study the frequency and nature of violence and the handling of aggressive behavior by facility management. [...] Read more.
Acts of aggression by patients or clients are a part of the average working day for many Health care employees. The objective of the survey was to study the frequency and nature of violence and the handling of aggressive behavior by facility management. The cross-sectional study was conducted in 2017, 81 different healthcare facilities and 1984 employees participated. The questionnaire encompassed socio-demographic details, the frequency of physical violence and verbal abuse, consequences of violence and the stress of employees. In the previous twelve months, 94.1% of the employees in the survey had experienced verbal abuse and 69.8% had experienced physical aggression. Acts of aggression were most commonly encountered in hospitals and residential facilities for the disabled. One third of the employees felt under high levels of stress as a result of the incidents. If the workplace prepares effectively, however, this reduces the perceived stress odds ratio (OR) 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.8). Violence and aggression are very common. Healthcare facilities are increasingly dealing with this topic. Awareness raising is likely to lead to higher incident reporting rates. Good preparation and an open approach to the topic in the facilities have a positive effect on the feeling of stress and work ability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Occupational Safety and Health)
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12 pages, 599 KiB  
Article
Screen Time, Physical Activity and Self-Esteem in Children: The Ulm Birth Cohort Study
by Stefanie Braig 1,*, Jon Genuneit 1, Viola Walter 2, Stephanie Brandt 3, Martin Wabitsch 3, Lutz Goldbeck 4,†, Hermann Brenner 2,5,6 and Dietrich Rothenbacher 1,2
1 Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University; Helmholtzstraße 22, 89081 Ulm, Germany
2 Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
3 Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University, Eythstraße 24, 89075 Ulm, Germany
4 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Steinhövelstraße 5, 89075 Ulm, Germany
5 Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
6 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
† Lutz Goldbeck passed away on Oct 30th 2017. He will be warmly remembered and dearly missed by all of us.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061275 - 16 Jun 2018
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 12169
Abstract
Screen time is a central activity of children’s daily life and jeopardizes mental health. However, results appear inconclusive and are often based on small cross-sectional studies. We aimed to investigate the temporal sequence of the association between screen time and self-esteem taking into [...] Read more.
Screen time is a central activity of children’s daily life and jeopardizes mental health. However, results appear inconclusive and are often based on small cross-sectional studies. We aimed to investigate the temporal sequence of the association between screen time and self-esteem taking into account further indirect effects through family or friendship relationship. In our population-based birth cohort study (baseline November 2000–November 2001, Ulm, Germany), these relationships were explored in n = 519 11- and 13-year-old children and their parents who both provided information on children’s screen time: time spent watching television or videos (TV), time spent on computers, video game consoles, mobile devices, or cell phones; so called “other screen time”, and children’s self-esteem (KINDL-R). Time watching TV (self-reported) at age 11 was negatively associated with girls’ self-esteem at the same age but positively with an increase of self-esteem between age 11 and 13. However, the latter association was restricted to low to moderate TV viewers. In boys, a higher increase of other screen time between age 11 and age 13 was associated with lower self-reported self-esteem at age 13. Additionally, friendship relationship mediated the association between watching TV and self-esteem in girls. For parental reports similar associations were observed. These findings indicate that time sequence and potential mediators need further investigation in cohort studies with multiple assessments of screen time and self-esteem. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sedentary Behaviour and Health)
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20 pages, 5234 KiB  
Article
Influence of Ammonium Ions, Organic Load and Flow Rate on the UV/Chlorine AOP Applied to Effluent of a Wastewater Treatment Plant at Pilot Scale
by Eduard Rott *, Bertram Kuch, Claudia Lange, Philipp Richter and Ralf Minke
Institute for Sanitary Engineering, Water Quality and Solid Waste Management, University of Stuttgart, Bandtäle 2, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061276 - 16 Jun 2018
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5254
Abstract
This work investigates the influence of ammonium ions and the organic load (chemical oxygen demand (COD)) on the UV/chlorine AOP regarding the maintenance of free available chlorine (FAC) and elimination of 16 emerging contaminants (ECs) from wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTE) at pilot [...] Read more.
This work investigates the influence of ammonium ions and the organic load (chemical oxygen demand (COD)) on the UV/chlorine AOP regarding the maintenance of free available chlorine (FAC) and elimination of 16 emerging contaminants (ECs) from wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTE) at pilot scale (UV chamber at 0.4 kW). COD inhibited the FAC maintenance in the UV chamber influent at a ratio of 0.16 mg FAC per mg COD (kHOCl–COD = 182 M−1s−1). An increase in ammonium ion concentration led to a stoichiometric decrease of the FAC concentration in the UV chamber influent. Especially in cold seasons due to insufficient nitrification, the ammonium ion concentration in WWTE can become so high that it becomes impossible to achieve sufficiently high FAC concentrations in the UV chamber influent. For all ECs, the elimination effect by the UV/combined Cl2 AOP (UV/CC) was not significantly higher than that by sole UV treatment. Accordingly, the UV/chlorine AOP is very sensitive and loses its effectiveness drastically as soon as there is no FAC but only CC in the UV chamber influent. Therefore, within the electrical energy consumption range tested (0.13–1 kWh/m3), a stable EC elimination performance of the UV/chlorine AOP cannot be maintained throughout the year. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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13 pages, 2888 KiB  
Article
Lateral Sinus Floor Elevation Performed with Trapezoidal and Modified Triangular Flap Designs: A Randomized Pilot Study of Post-Operative Pain Using Thermal Infrared Imaging
by Antonio Scarano 1,*, Felice Lorusso 2, Merla Arcangelo 3, Camillo D’Arcangelo 1, Renato Celletti 1 and Pablo Santos De Oliveira 4
1 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences and CeSi-Met, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
2 Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
3 Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, ‘G. D’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
4 Department of Oral Implantology, Dental Research Division, College Ingà, UNINGÁ, 29312 Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Espirito Santo, Brazil
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061277 - 16 Jun 2018
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 5913
Abstract
Purpose: Post-operative pain and swelling are frequently observed after sinus lift procedures. The aim of the present study was the clinical evaluation of swelling and pain of two different sinus flap lift techniques using a visual analogue scale (VAS), verbal rating scale (VRS), [...] Read more.
Purpose: Post-operative pain and swelling are frequently observed after sinus lift procedures. The aim of the present study was the clinical evaluation of swelling and pain of two different sinus flap lift techniques using a visual analogue scale (VAS), verbal rating scale (VRS), and infrared thermal imaging (i.e., thermography). Materials Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 15 patients (30 sinuses in total) randomly allocated into two groups. For the sinuses of Group I a trapezoidal flap was used, while for Group II a modified triangular flap without anterior release was utilized. Postoperative pain was scored by means of a 100-mm VAS ranging from 0 (no pain) to 100 (worst pain imaginable), and was recorded at 2, 4, 6 and 14 days after surgery. Swelling was recorded by a verbal rating scale (VRS) and was classified into four categories: a score of 1 referred the absence of swelling, patients with intra-oral swelling in the surgical zone scored 2, any extra-oral swelling in the surgical zone scored 3, and intense swelling exhibited by extra-oral swelling extending beyond the surgical zone scored 4. The facial temperature was recorded before and after sinus augmentation, and at 2, 4, 6, and 14 days post-surgery to check the course of healing. Results: In Group I pain intensity was recorded at 2 days after surgery with a mean score of 38.67 ± 6.4 mm. Swelling was greater at 2 and 4 days, and was absent at day 6. The facial temperature difference before and after the procedure was 4.737 °C ± 0.37. In Group II the pain score were lower than in Group I (p < 0.05). The score for swelling was 2 on the first and second days, and was reduced on day 4. After the second day the difference in temperature was significantly reduced as compared to the day of surgery (0.77 °C); at 2 and 4 days no difference was registered. Conclusions: The results of this clinical study show the significant effectiveness of the modified triangular flap in the sinus lift procedure for reducing pain and swelling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Dentistry: The Evolution of Dental Care)
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16 pages, 12178 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Assessment of PM2.5-Related Economic Losses from Health Impacts during 2014–2016 in China
by Yang Yang 1,†, Liwen Luo 1,†, Chao Song 1,2,3,*, Hao Yin 2,4 and Jintao Yang 1
1 School of Geoscience and Technology, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
2 State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
3 Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
4 Department of Planning, Danish Centre for Environmental Assessment, Aalborg University, Rendsburggade 14, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark
† These authors contributed equally to this paper.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061278 - 16 Jun 2018
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6080
Abstract
Background: Particulate air pollution, especially PM2.5, is highly correlated with various adverse health impacts and, ultimately, economic losses for society, however, few studies have undertaken a spatiotemporal assessment of PM2.5-related economic losses from health impacts covering all of [...] Read more.
Background: Particulate air pollution, especially PM2.5, is highly correlated with various adverse health impacts and, ultimately, economic losses for society, however, few studies have undertaken a spatiotemporal assessment of PM2.5-related economic losses from health impacts covering all of the main cities in China. Methods: PM2.5 concentration data were retrieved for 190 Chinese cities for the period 2014–2016. We used a log-linear exposure–response model and monetary valuation methods, such as value of a statistical life (VSL), amended human capital (AHC), and cost of illness to evaluate PM2.5-related economic losses from health impacts at the city level. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation was used to analyze uncertainty. Results: The average economic loss was 0.3% (AHC) to 1% (VSL) of the total gross domestic product (GDP) of 190 Chinese cities from 2014 to 2016. Overall, China experienced a downward trend in total economic losses over the three-year period, but the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei, Shandong Peninsula, Yangtze River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing regions experienced greater annual economic losses. Conclusions: Exploration of spatiotemporal variations in PM2.5-related economic losses from long-term health impacts could provide new information for policymakers regarding priority areas for PM2.5 pollution prevention and control in China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Economic Evaluation of Environmental Policies and Interventions)
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12 pages, 3397 KiB  
Article
Short-Term Effects of Tourmaline on Nitrogen Removals and Microbial Communities in a Sequencing Batch Reactor at Low Temperatures
by Yahong Han 1, Shan Qiu 1,2,*, Hongyun Zeng 3, Fang Ma 1,2, Jue Wang 1, Yilun Qiu 1 and Xuedi An 1
1 School of Environment Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, the Yellow River Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
2 State Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment Harbin Institute of Technology, No. 73, the Yellow River Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150090, China
3 Heilongjiang Provincial Environmental Science Research Institute, Harbin 150056, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061280 - 17 Jun 2018
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4458
Abstract
Tourmaline is a ring borosilicate with unique pyro-electricity and piezoelectricity values. Non-gem tourmaline is usually used as an environmental material. The short-term effects of ultrafine tourmaline particles on nitrogen removal performs microbial population dynamics. Key functional species in a sequencing batch reactor were [...] Read more.
Tourmaline is a ring borosilicate with unique pyro-electricity and piezoelectricity values. Non-gem tourmaline is usually used as an environmental material. The short-term effects of ultrafine tourmaline particles on nitrogen removal performs microbial population dynamics. Key functional species in a sequencing batch reactor were investigated at 9 ± 1 °C. The investigation results showed that 1 g·L−1 ultrafine tourmaline particles could resist the effect of temperature shock on the metabolism of NH4+-N and were beneficial to the restoration of the metabolism capacity of NH4+-N. 1 g·L−1 ultrafine tourmaline particles, which increased the oxidation rate of NH4+-N in the aerobic phase, the formation rate of NO3−-N in the aerobic phase, and the denitrification rate in the hypoxia phase at low temperatures. However, the community richness or diversities were not changed after short-term exposure to 1 g·L−1 ultrafine tourmaline particles at low temperatures and 1 g·L−1 ultrafine tourmaline particles could not change the relative abundances of functional microbes except nitrite oxidizing bacteria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Science and Engineering)
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16 pages, 753 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Variations in Water-Quality, Antibiotic Residues, Resistant Bacteria and Antibiotic Resistance Genes of Escherichia coli Isolates from Water and Sediments of the Kshipra River in Central India
by Vishal Diwan 1,2,3,*,†, Nada Hanna 2,†, Manju Purohit 2,4,†, Salesh Chandran 5,‡, Emilia Riggi 6,7, Vivek Parashar 1, Ashok J. Tamhankar 2,8,§ and Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg 2,§
1 Department of Public Health and Environment, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India
2 Department of Public Health Sciences, Global Health, Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Medicines Focusing Antibiotics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
3 International Centre for Health Research, Ujjain Charitable Trust Hospital and Research Centre, Ujjain 456001, India
4 Department of Pathology, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India
5 HLL Biotech Ltd., Integrated Vaccines Complex, Melaripakkam (Post), Thirukalukundram Taluk, Chengalpattu 603001, India
6 Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
7 Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy
8 Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Environmental Medicine, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India
† Shared first authorship.
‡ Author was employed with Department of Microbiology, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Ujjain 456006, India at the time of study.
§ Shared last authorship.
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061281 - 17 Jun 2018
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 8879
Abstract
Objectives: To characterize the seasonal variation, over one year, in water-quality, antibiotic residue levels, antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from water and sediment of the Kshipra River in Central India. Methods: Water and sediment samples were collected from [...] Read more.
Objectives: To characterize the seasonal variation, over one year, in water-quality, antibiotic residue levels, antibiotic resistance genes and antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from water and sediment of the Kshipra River in Central India. Methods: Water and sediment samples were collected from seven selected points from the Kshipra River in the Indian city of Ujjain in the summer, rainy season, autumn and winter seasons in 2014. Water quality parameters (physical, chemical and microbiological) were analyzed using standard methods. High-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine the concentrations of antibiotic residues. In river water and sediment samples, antibiotic resistance and multidrug resistance patterns of isolated E. coli to 17 antibiotics were tested and genes coding for resistance and phylogenetic groups were detected using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher tests were applied to determine seasonal variation. Results: In river water, seasonal variation was significantly associated with various water quality parameters, presence of sulfamethoxazole residues, bacteria resistant to ampicillin, cefepime, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, tigecycline, multidrug resistance and CTX-M-1 gene. The majority of the Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates from river water and sediment in all different seasons belonged to phylogenetic group A or B1. Conclusions: Antibiotic pollution, resistance and resistance genes in the Kshipra River showed significant seasonal variation. Guidelines and regulatory standards are needed to control environmental dissemination of these “pollutants” in this holy river. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
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15 pages, 1248 KiB  
Article
A US/Mexico Study of Joint Associations of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior on Anthropometric Indicators, Migration Status, Country of Birth and Country of Residence
by Katia Gallegos-Carrillo 1,2,*, Britni R. Belcher 2, Genevieve F. Dunton 2, Jonathan M. Samet 3 and Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati 2
1 Epidemiology and Health Services Research Unit, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62000, México
2 Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA
3 Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061283 - 17 Jun 2018
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5735
Abstract
Background: This study examined the influence of migration status, nativity and country of residence on joint associations of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in anthropometric indicators of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans living in the US and in Mexico. Methods: We examined data [...] Read more.
Background: This study examined the influence of migration status, nativity and country of residence on joint associations of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) in anthropometric indicators of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans living in the US and in Mexico. Methods: We examined data from two large national surveys, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from the US (NHANES, 2011–2012) and Mexico (ENSANUT, 2012). Using self-reported minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity and SB, we calculated four categories for analyses. Anthropometric measures consisted of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). We used data of migration status, nativity and country of residence. Linear regression models examined how joint categories of PA and SB were associated with BMI and WC according to migration status, nativity and country of residence, controlling for health risk behaviors. Results: Analyses showed that even among those in the category with the lowest risk behavior, “physically active and low sedentary”, there were differences in BMI and WC by migration status, nativity and country of residence. Within this lower risk category, Mexican immigrants living in the US had the greatest association with high BMI, while US-born Mexican-Americans living in the US had the highest WC values when compared with the group of Mexicans living in Mexico. Conclusions: Joint categories of PA and SB were associated with BMI and WC by migration status, nativity and country of residence among populations with Mexican ethnicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sedentary Behaviour and Health)
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23 pages, 3270 KiB  
Article
Antimicrobial Resistance in Food Animals and the Environment in Nigeria: A Review
by Nurudeen Olalekan Oloso 1,*, Shamsudeen Fagbo 2, Musa Garbati 3, Steve O. Olonitola 4, Emmanuel Jolaoluwa Awosanya 5, Mabel Kamweli Aworh 6, Helen Adamu 7, Ismail Ayoade Odetokun 8 and Folorunso Oludayo Fasina 1,9,*
1 Department of Production Animal Studies (Epidemiology section), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort Campus 0110, University of Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
2 Public Health Agency, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, 11176, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Unit, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069, Maiduguri 600230, Borno State, Nigeria
4 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria
5 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan 200284, Nigeria
6 Veterinary Drugs/Animal Welfare Branch, Quality Assurance and Standards Division, Department of Veterinary & Pests Control Services, Federal Min. of Agric. & Rural Dev. F.C.D.A, Area 11, Garki, Abuja 900001, Nigeria
7 Center for Clinical Care and Clinical Research, Plot 784, By Glimor Engineering, Off Life camp, Gwarimpa Express Way, Jabi, Abuja 240102, Nigeria
8 Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240272, Kwara State, Nigeria
9 Emergency Centre for Transboundary Diseases (ECTAD-FAO), Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nation, Dar es Salaam 0701072, Tanzania
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061284 - 17 Jun 2018
Cited by 69 | Viewed by 14268
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global health threat, which has elicited a high-level political declaration at the United Nations General Assembly, 2016. In response, member countries agreed to pay greater attention to the surveillance and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship. The Nigeria [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a global health threat, which has elicited a high-level political declaration at the United Nations General Assembly, 2016. In response, member countries agreed to pay greater attention to the surveillance and implementation of antimicrobial stewardship. The Nigeria Centre for Disease Control called for a review of AMR in Nigeria using a “One Health approach”. As anecdotal evidence suggests that food animal health and production rely heavily on antimicrobials, it becomes imperative to understand AMR trends in food animals and the environment. We reviewed previous studies to curate data and evaluate the contributions of food animals and the environment (2000–2016) to the AMR burden in Nigeria using a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flowchart focused on three areas: Antimicrobial resistance, residues, and antiseptics studies. Only one of the 48 antimicrobial studies did not report multidrug resistance. At least 18 bacterial spp. were found to be resistant to various locally available antimicrobials. All 16 residue studies reported high levels of drug residues either in the form of prevalence or concentration above the recommended international limit. Fourteen different “resistotypes” were found in some commonly used antiseptics. High levels of residues and AMR were found in food animals destined for the human food chain. High levels of residues and antimicrobials discharged into environments sustain the AMR pool. These had evolved into potential public health challenges that need attention. These findings constitute public health threats for Nigeria’s teeming population and require attention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobials and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment)
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11 pages, 1381 KiB  
Article
Association between Access to Public Open Spaces and Physical Activity in a Mediterranean Population at High Cardiovascular Risk
by Antoni Colom 1,2, Miguel Fiol 1,2, Maurici Ruiz 3, Montserrat Compa 4, Marga Morey 1,2, Manuel Moñino 1,2 and Dora Romaguera 1,2,*
1 Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Illes Balears (IdISBa), University Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca 07120, Spain
2 CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
3 Servicio de SIG y Teledetección, Vicerectorat d’Innovació i Transferència, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca 07120, Spain
4 Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares, 07015 Palma, Spain
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061285 - 17 Jun 2018
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5164
Abstract
Background: Regular physical activity is an important preventive factor of cardiovascular disease. Proximity and density of public open spaces are important modifying factors on the practice of physical activity. This article explores the cross-sectional relationship between access to public open spaces (POS) [...] Read more.
Background: Regular physical activity is an important preventive factor of cardiovascular disease. Proximity and density of public open spaces are important modifying factors on the practice of physical activity. This article explores the cross-sectional relationship between access to public open spaces (POS) and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in elderly participants at high cardiovascular risk from PREDIMED-Baleares. Method: 428 elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk, participating in the PREDIMED trial, from Palma de Mallorca (Spain) were assessed using Geographic Information Systems, and access to POS was determined. The quantity and intensity of LTPA was calculated using the Minnesota Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. In order investigate the association between access to POS and LTPA, generalized linear regression models were used. Results: Better access to POS was not consistently associated with total LTPA. Only distance to the nearest park showed a borderline significant positive associated with total LTPA and moderate-vigorous LTPA but was not associated with light LTPA. Conclusions: Although living near POS was not associated to total LTPA, higher levels of moderate-vigorous LTPA were associated to distances to the nearest park. Future work should be conducted on a larger sample size, integrating a longitudinal design, and greater heterogeneity in POS access and introducing objective measures of physical activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity and Urban Environments)
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8 pages, 1026 KiB  
Article
Susceptibility to Alcohol Hangovers: The Association with Self-Reported Immune Status
by Aurora J. A. E. Van de Loo 1,2, Marlou Mackus 1, Marith Van Schrojenstein Lantman 1, Aletta D. Kraneveld 1,2, Karel A. Brookhuis 3, Johan Garssen 1,4, Andrew Scholey 5 and Joris C. Verster 1,2,5,*
1 Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
2 Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
3 Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Groningen University, 9712TS Groningen, The Netherlands
4 Nutricia Research, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
5 Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061286 - 18 Jun 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5968
Abstract
Increasing evidence points at a role for the immune system in the genesis of the alcohol hangover. This study investigated the association between self-reported immune function and experiencing hangovers. Dutch students aged 18 to 30 years old were invited to complete an online [...] Read more.
Increasing evidence points at a role for the immune system in the genesis of the alcohol hangover. This study investigated the association between self-reported immune function and experiencing hangovers. Dutch students aged 18 to 30 years old were invited to complete an online survey. Eighteen items on immune-related complaints were completed to assess self-reported immune function. Alcohol consumption in the past month (with respect to usual consumption and the occasion of heaviest drinking) was also recorded. Subjects with an estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) of 0.18% or higher on their heaviest drinking occasion in the prior month were included in the analyses. Self-reported immune function was compared between drinkers with a hangover and those who claimed to be hangover resistant. In total, of 481 subjects (79.2% women) with a mean (SD) age of 21.1 (1.9) years old were included in the analysis. Of these, 83.3% (n = 400) reported having hangovers and 16.8% (n = 81) claimed to be hangover resistant. Drinkers with hangovers had significantly higher self-reported overall immune function scores when compared to hangover-resistant drinkers (mean ± SD = 10.5 ± 3.6 versus 13.1 ± 4.9, p = 0.0001), indicating a poorer immune status. In conclusion, experiencing alcohol hangovers is associated with significantly poorer self-reported immune function. Full article
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12 pages, 326 KiB  
Article
Differences in the Perception of Social Support Among Rural Area Seniors—A Cross-Sectional Survey of Polish Population
by Paweł Chruściel 1,*, Teresa Kulik 2, Klaudia Jakubowska 1 and Dorota Nalepa 3
1 Department of Basic Nursing and Medical Teaching, Chair of Development in Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
2 Chair of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
3 Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, State Higher Vocational School Memorial of Prof. Stanisław Tarnowski in Tarnobrzeg, 39-400 Tarnobrzeg, Poland
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061288 - 19 Jun 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4817
Abstract
Introduction and objective: Social support constitutes an important determinant of an elderly person’s health and of functioning in his or her living environment. It depends on available support networks and the type of help received. Measurement of social support should encompass both [...] Read more.
Introduction and objective: Social support constitutes an important determinant of an elderly person’s health and of functioning in his or her living environment. It depends on available support networks and the type of help received. Measurement of social support should encompass both its structure and the functions it fulfills, which enables detailed assessment of the phenomenon. The aim of the study was to compare the perception of social support among rural area seniors provided with institutional care with those living in a home setting. Material and method: Using the diagnostic survey method and the technique of the distribution of a direct questionnaire, 364 respondents from rural areas were examined: those living in an institutional environment (n = 190) and those living in their home (natural) environment (n = 174). The respondents were selected on the basis of a combined sampling method: proportionate, stratified, and systematic. Variables were measured with the following questionnaires: Courage Social Network Index (CSNI) and Social Support Scale (SSS). Results: The living environment has been proved to differentiate average values of support both in the structural and functional dimensions in a statistically significant way (p < 0.001). An untypical phenomenon was higher average values pertaining to emotional bonds, frequency of direct contacts, and help received in the group of respondents living in an institutional environment. Conclusions: The living environment and demographic variables affect the perception of social support among elderly people. Full-time institutional care of a senior citizen leads to the deterioration of social support; therefore, keeping an elderly person in a home environment should be one of the primary goals of the senior policy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Networks and Health)
15 pages, 1106 KiB  
Article
Understanding Intersectionality and Resiliency among Transgender Adolescents: Exploring Pathways among Peer Victimization, School Belonging, and Drug Use
by Tyler Hatchel 1,* and Robert Marx 2
1 Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 36208, USA
2 Department of Human & Organizational Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061289 - 19 Jun 2018
Cited by 81 | Viewed by 10292
Abstract
Transgender youth experience elevated levels of victimization and may therefore report greater drug use than their cisgender peers, yet little is known about protective factors like school belonging that may mediate this relationship. Further, scant research has explored the experiences of youth at [...] Read more.
Transgender youth experience elevated levels of victimization and may therefore report greater drug use than their cisgender peers, yet little is known about protective factors like school belonging that may mediate this relationship. Further, scant research has explored the experiences of youth at the intersection of transgender identity and youth of color status or low socioeconomic status, especially with respect to these multiple minority statuses’ associations with peer victimization, drug use, and school belonging. Using data from the California Healthy Kids Survey, the current study employs structural equation modeling to explore the relationships among school belonging, peer victimization, and drug use for transgender youth. Findings indicate that school belonging does mediate the pathway between peer victimization and drug use for transgender youth and that although youth of color experience greater victimization, they do not engage in greater drug use than their white transgender peers. Based on these results, those concerned with the healthy futures of transgender youth should advocate for more open and affirming school climates that engender a sense of belonging and treat transgender youth with dignity and fairness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breakthroughs in LGBT Health Research)
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15 pages, 2392 KiB  
Article
Red-Light-Running Crashes’ Classification, Comparison, and Risk Analysis Based on General Estimates System (GES) Crash Database
by Yuting Zhang 1, Xuedong Yan 1,*, Xiaomeng Li 2, Jiawei Wu 3 and Vinayak V. Dixit 4
1 MOE Key Laboratory for Urban Transportation Complex Systems Theory and Technology, School of Traffic and Transportation, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2 Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety-Queensland (CARRS-Q), Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia
3 Center for Advanced Transportation System Simulation, Department of Civil Environment Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32801, USA
4 Research Centre for Integrated Transport Innovation (rCITI), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061290 - 19 Jun 2018
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5060
Abstract
Red-light running (RLR) has been identified as one of the prominent contributing factors involved in signalized intersection crashes. In order to reduce RLR crashes, primarily, a better understanding of RLR behavior and crashes is needed. In this study, three RLR crash types were [...] Read more.
Red-light running (RLR) has been identified as one of the prominent contributing factors involved in signalized intersection crashes. In order to reduce RLR crashes, primarily, a better understanding of RLR behavior and crashes is needed. In this study, three RLR crash types were extracted from the general estimates system (GES), including go-straight (GS) RLR vehicle colliding with go-straight non-RLR vehicle, go-straight RLR vehicle colliding with left-turn (LT) non-RLR vehicle, and left-turn RLR vehicle colliding with go-straight non-RLR vehicle. Then, crash features within each crash type scenario were compared, and risk analyses of GS RLR and LT RLR were also conducted. The results indicated that for the GS RLR driver, the speed limit displayed the highest effects on the percentages of GS RLR collision scenarios. For the LT RLR driver, the number of lanes displayed the highest effects on the percentages of LT RLR collision scenarios. Additionally, the drivers who were older than 50 years, distracted, and had a limited view were more likely to be involved in LT RLR accidents. Furthermore, the speeding drivers were more likely to be involved in GS RLR accidents. These findings could give a comprehensive understanding of RLR crash features and propensities for each RLR crash type. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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16 pages, 2189 KiB  
Article
Knowledge Discovery from Posts in Online Health Communities Using Unified Medical Language System
by Donghua Chen 1, Runtong Zhang 1,*, Kecheng Liu 2 and Lei Hou 2
1 Department of Information Management, School of Economics and Management, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
2 Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UD, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061291 - 19 Jun 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5861
Abstract
Patient-reported posts in Online Health Communities (OHCs) contain various valuable information that can help establish knowledge-based online support for online patients. However, utilizing these reports to improve online patient services in the absence of appropriate medical and healthcare expert knowledge is difficult. Thus, [...] Read more.
Patient-reported posts in Online Health Communities (OHCs) contain various valuable information that can help establish knowledge-based online support for online patients. However, utilizing these reports to improve online patient services in the absence of appropriate medical and healthcare expert knowledge is difficult. Thus, we propose a comprehensive knowledge discovery method that is based on the Unified Medical Language System for the analysis of narrative posts in OHCs. First, we propose a domain-knowledge support framework for OHCs to provide a basis for post analysis. Second, we develop a Knowledge-Involved Topic Modeling (KI-TM) method to extract and expand explicit knowledge within the text. We propose four metrics, namely, explicit knowledge rate, latent knowledge rate, knowledge correlation rate, and perplexity, for the evaluation of the KI-TM method. Our experimental results indicate that our proposed method outperforms existing methods in terms of providing knowledge support. Our method enhances knowledge support for online patients and can help develop intelligent OHCs in the future. Full article
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16 pages, 420 KiB  
Article
Deriving A Drinking Water Guideline for A Non-Carcinogenic Contaminant: The Case of Manganese
by Mathieu Valcke 1,2, Marie-Hélène Bourgault 1, Sami Haddad 2, Michèle Bouchard 2, Denis Gauvin 1 and Patrick Levallois 1,3,*
1 Direction de la Santé Environnementale et de la Toxicologie, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, 945 Avenue Wolfe, Québec, QC G1V 5B3, Canada
2 Department of Environmental and Occupational health, École de Santé Publique, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
3 Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculté de Médecine, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine Local 00241, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061293 - 20 Jun 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6320
Abstract
Manganese is a natural contaminant of water sources. It is an essential oligo-element, which may exert toxicity at high doses, particularly via inhalation. Its toxicity by the oral route is less known, but epidemiological and experimental studies tend to support its neurodevelopmental toxicity [...] Read more.
Manganese is a natural contaminant of water sources. It is an essential oligo-element, which may exert toxicity at high doses, particularly via inhalation. Its toxicity by the oral route is less known, but epidemiological and experimental studies tend to support its neurodevelopmental toxicity in infants and children. This paper describes the method used by a middle-size public health institution to derive a Drinking Water Guideline (DWG) for manganese. After reviewing the work done by major public health institutions, authors confirmed the use of experimental data to derive a point-of-departure (POD) of 25 mg of manganese/kg/day, based on neurodevelopmental effects on pup rats. Then, a total uncertainty factor of 450 was applied to calculate a Toxicological Reference Value (TRV) of 55 µg/kg/day. The final DWG proposed for manganese is 60 µg/L and is based on a relative source contribution (RSC) of water of 20% and an infant drinking scenario of 182 mL/kg of body weight (BW) of water (95th percentile of the ingestion rate distribution for 0–6 months). Despite its limitations, e.g., starting with the work done by other agencies, such an approach demonstrates in a transparent way the rationale and challenging choices made by regulators when deriving a DWG. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drinking Water Quality and Human Health)
18 pages, 2730 KiB  
Article
Estimates of the Lung Cancer Cases Attributable to Radon in Municipalities of Two Apulia Provinces (Italy) and Assessment of Main Exposure Determinants
by Giovanni Maria Ferri *, Graziana Intranuovo, Domenica Cavone, Vincenzo Corrado, Francesco Birtolo, Paolo Tricase, Raffaele Fuso, Valeria Vilardi, Marilena Sumerano, Nicola L’abbate and Luigi Vimercati
Unit of Occupational Medicine, Regional University Hospital “Policlinico-Giovanni XXIII”, Section “B. Ramazzini”, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, Piazza G, Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061294 - 20 Jun 2018
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5751
Abstract
Indoor radon exposure is responsible for increased incidence of lung cancer in communities. Building construction characteristics, materials, and environmental determinants are associated with increased radon concentration at specific sites. In this study, routine data related to radon measurements available from the Apulia (Italy) [...] Read more.
Indoor radon exposure is responsible for increased incidence of lung cancer in communities. Building construction characteristics, materials, and environmental determinants are associated with increased radon concentration at specific sites. In this study, routine data related to radon measurements available from the Apulia (Italy) Regional Environmental Protection Agency (ARPA) were combined with building and ground characteristics data. An algorithm was created based on the experience of miners and it was able to produce estimates of lung cancer cases attributable to radon in different municipalities with the combined data. In the province of Lecce, the sites with a higher risk of lung cancer are Campi Salentina and Minervino, with 1.18 WLM (working level months) and 1.38 WLM, respectively, corresponding to lung cancer incidence rates of 3.34 and 3.89 per 10 × 103 inhabitants. The sites in the province of Bari with higher risks of lung cancer are Gravina di Puglia and Locorotondo, measuring 1.89 WLM and 1.22 WLM, respectively, which correspond to an incidence rate of lung cancer of 5.36 and 3.44 per 10 × 103 inhabitants. The main determinants of radon exposure are whether the buildings were built between 1999 and 2001, were one-room buildings with porous masonry, and were built on soil consisting of pelvis, clayey sand, gravel and conglomerates, calcarenites, and permeable lithotypes. Full article
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research, Other

14 pages, 295 KiB  
Review
The Place of Social Recovery in Mental Health and Related Services
by Shulamit Ramon
Department of Nursing (Children, Learning Disability and Mental Health) and Social Work, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire AL10 9AB, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061052 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 8191
Abstract
This article looks at the place of social recovery in mental health and social care services, alongside personal recovery. Despite its conceptual and practice centrality to the new meaning of recovery, social recovery has remained a relatively neglected dimension. This article attempts to [...] Read more.
This article looks at the place of social recovery in mental health and social care services, alongside personal recovery. Despite its conceptual and practice centrality to the new meaning of recovery, social recovery has remained a relatively neglected dimension. This article attempts to provide an updated critical commentary based on findings from fifty nine studies, including a variety of research methodologies and methods. Definitions of social recovery within the new meaning of recovery are looked at. This is followed by outlining the development and significance of this dimension as reflected in the key areas of shared decision making, co-production and active citizenship, re-entering employment after experiencing mental ill health, being in employment, poverty and coping with poverty, the economic and the scientific cases for social recovery. The article highlights the connections between service users’ experiencing mental health and social care systems, and the implications of ideologies and policies reflecting positions on social recovery. The complexity of social recovery is indicated in each of these areas; the related conceptual and methodological frameworks developed to research this dimension, and key achievements and barriers concerning everyday practice application of social recovery. The summary indicates potential future development perspectives of this dimension. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Social Care and Social Interventions)
14 pages, 1115 KiB  
Review
Asthma among World Trade Center First Responders: A Qualitative Synthesis and Bias Assessment
by Hyun Kim 1,*, Navneet Kaur Baidwan 1, David Kriebel 2, Manuel Cifuentes 3 and Sherry Baron 4
1 Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
2 Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
3 Department of Public Health, Regis College, Weston, MA 02493, USA
4 Barry Commoner Center for Health & the Environment, Queens College, New York, NY 11367, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061053 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4718
Abstract
The World Trade Center (WTC) disaster exposed the responders to several hazards. Three cohorts i.e., the Fire Department of New York (FDNY), the General Responder Cohort (GRC), and the WTC Health Registry (WTCHR) surveyed the exposed responder population. We searched Pubmed and Web [...] Read more.
The World Trade Center (WTC) disaster exposed the responders to several hazards. Three cohorts i.e., the Fire Department of New York (FDNY), the General Responder Cohort (GRC), and the WTC Health Registry (WTCHR) surveyed the exposed responder population. We searched Pubmed and Web of Science for literature on a well-published association between the WTC exposures and asthma, focusing on new-onset self-reported physician-diagnosed asthma. The resulting five articles were qualitatively assessed for potential biases. These papers were independently reviewed by the co-authors, and conclusions were derived after discussions. While, the cohorts had well-defined eligibility criteria, they lacked information about the entire exposed population. We conclude that selection and surveillance biases may have occurred in the GRC and WTCHR cohorts, but were likely to have been minimal in the FDNY cohort. Health care benefits available to responders may have increased the reporting of both exposure and outcome in the former, and decreased outcome reporting in the FDNY cohort. Irrespective of the biases, the studies showed similar findings, confirming the association between WTC exposure and self-reported physician-diagnosed asthma among responders. This suggests that health data gathered under great duress and for purposes other than epidemiology can yield sound conclusions. Potential biases can, however, be minimized by having validated survey instruments and worker registries in place before events occur. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Occupational Safety and Health)
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12 pages, 355 KiB  
Review
Alcoholism: A Multi-Systemic Cellular Insult to Organs
by Ucee Dguzeh 1,†, Natasha C. Haddad 2,†, Kathia T. S. Smith 2,†, John O. Johnson 2, Angelia A. Doye 3, Judith K. Gwathmey 3,4 and Georges E. Haddad 2,*
1 Department of Physiology, New Jersey Medical School Rutgers, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street, NW, #2309, Washington, DC 20059, USA
3 Gwathmey Inc., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
4 School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
† These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061083 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 11667
Abstract
Alcohol abuse can affect more than the heart and the liver. Many observers often do not appreciate the complex and differing aspects of alcohol’s effects in pathophysiologies that have been reported in multiple organs. Chronic alcohol abuse is known to be associated with [...] Read more.
Alcohol abuse can affect more than the heart and the liver. Many observers often do not appreciate the complex and differing aspects of alcohol’s effects in pathophysiologies that have been reported in multiple organs. Chronic alcohol abuse is known to be associated with pathophysiological changes that often result in life-threatening clinical outcomes, e.g., breast and colon cancer, pancreatic disease, cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes, osteoporosis, arthritis, kidney disease, immune system dysfunction, hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, and can be as far-reaching as to cause central nervous system disorders. In this review article, we will discuss the various organs impacted by alcohol abuse. The lack of clear guidelines on the amount and frequency of alcohol intake, complicated by personal demographics, make extrapolations to real-life practices at best difficult for public health policy-makers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of Research Centers at Minority Institutions (RCMI) Translational Science 2017 Conference)
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14 pages, 858 KiB  
Review
Racial Disparities and Preventive Measures to Renal Cell Carcinoma
by Jennifer N. Sims 1, Clement G. Yedjou 2,3,*, Daniel Abugri 4, Marinelle Payton 1, Timothy Turner 2, Lucio Miele 5 and Paul B. Tchounwou 3,*
1 Department of Behavioral and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jackson State University, 350 W. Woodrow Wilson Dr., P.O. Box 17038, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
2 Department of Biology, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA
3 Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA
4 Department of Chemistry and Department of Biology, Laboratory of Ethno-Medicine, Parasitology and Drug Discovery, College of Arts and Science, Tuskegee University, 1200 Old Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
5 Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University, Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, 533 Bolivar St., Room 657, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061089 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 8783
Abstract
Kidney cancer ranks among the top 10 cancers in the United States. Although it affects both male and female populations, it is more common in males. The prevalence rate of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which represents about 85% of kidney cancers, has been [...] Read more.
Kidney cancer ranks among the top 10 cancers in the United States. Although it affects both male and female populations, it is more common in males. The prevalence rate of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which represents about 85% of kidney cancers, has been increasing gradually in many developed countries. Family history has been considered as one of the most relevant risk factors for kidney cancer, although most forms of an inherited predisposition for RCC only account for less than four percent. Lifestyle and other factors such as occupational exposure, high blood pressure, poor diet, and heavy cigarette smoking are highly associated with its incidence and mortality rates. In the United States, White populations have the lowest prevalence of RCC compared to other ethnic groups, while Black Americans suffer disproportionally from the adverse effects of RCC. Hence, this review article aims at identifying the major risk factors associated with RCC and highlighting the new therapeutic approaches for its control/prevention. To achieve this specific aim, articles in peer-reviewed journals with a primary focus on risk factors related to kidney cancer and on strategies to reduce RCC were identified. The review was systematically conducted by searching the databases of MEDLINE, PUBMED Central, and Google Scholar libraries for original articles. From the search, we found that the incidence and mortality rates of RCC are strongly associated with four main risk factors, including family history (genetics), lifestyle (poor diet, cigarette smoking, excess alcohol drinking), environment (community where people live), and occupation (place where people work). In addition, unequal access to improvement in RCC cancer treatment, limited access to screening and diagnosis, and limited access to kidney transplant significantly contribute to the difference observed in survival rate between African Americans and Caucasians. There is also scientific evidence suggesting that some physicians contribute to racial disparities when performing kidney transplant among minority populations. New therapeutic measures should be taken to prevent or reduce RCC, especially among African Americans, the most vulnerable population group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Proceedings of Research Centers at Minority Institutions (RCMI) Translational Science 2017 Conference)
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15 pages, 1317 KiB  
Review
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Allostatic Load: A Scoping Review
by Ana Isabel Ribeiro 1,2,*, Joana Amaro 1, Cosima Lisi 1 and Silvia Fraga 1,2
1 EPIUnit–Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, 4050-600 Porto, Portugal
2 Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061092 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 99 | Viewed by 7320
Abstract
Residing in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods may pose substantial physiological stress, which can then lead to higher allostatic load (AL), a marker of biological wear and tear that precedes disease. The aim of the present study was to map the current evidence about the [...] Read more.
Residing in socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods may pose substantial physiological stress, which can then lead to higher allostatic load (AL), a marker of biological wear and tear that precedes disease. The aim of the present study was to map the current evidence about the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and AL. A scoping review approach was chosen to provide an overview of the type, quantity, and extent of research available. The review was conducted using three bibliographic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) and a standardized protocol. Fourteen studies were identified. Studies were predominantly from the USA, cross-sectional, focused on adults, and involved different races and ethnic groups. A wide range of measures of AL were identified: the mode of the number of biomarkers per study was eight but with large variability (range: 6–24). Most studies (n = 12) reported a significant association between neighborhood deprivation and AL. Behaviors and environmental stressors seem to mediate this relationship and associations appear more pronounced among Blacks, men, and individuals with poor social support. Such conclusions have important public health implications as they enforce the idea that neighborhood environment should be improved to prevent physiological dysregulation and consequent chronic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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14 pages, 318 KiB  
Review
Obstacles and Future Prospects: Considerations on Health Promotion Activities for Older Workers in Europe
by Nicola Magnavita
Institute of Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061096 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 6385
Abstract
The ageing of workers is one of the most important issues for occupational health and safety in Europe. The ageing of the active population means that health promotion is a necessity rather than a mere option. This review considers barriers and perspectives for [...] Read more.
The ageing of workers is one of the most important issues for occupational health and safety in Europe. The ageing of the active population means that health promotion is a necessity rather than a mere option. This review considers barriers and perspectives for workplace health promotion for older workers. Lack of awareness on the part of management and inflexibility in the occupational health and safety system appear to be major barriers. To overcome these, it will be necessary to disseminate knowledge regarding the effectiveness of health promotion actions for older workers, encourage greater involvement on the part of social partners, recover resources by replacing medical consumerism and bureaucratic practices, adopt an integrated approach combining the prevention of occupational risks and the promotion of healthy lifestyles, and recognize subsidiarity and the ability of working communities to regulate themselves. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Health Promotion 2018)
39 pages, 466 KiB  
Review
Contact Allergy: A Review of Current Problems from a Clinical Perspective
by Wolfgang Uter 1,*, Thomas Werfel 2, Ian R. White 3 and Jeanne D. Johansen 4
1 Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
2 Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
3 St John’s Institute of Dermatology, Guy’s Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
4 Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1108; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061108 - 29 May 2018
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 15290
Abstract
Contact allergy is common, affecting 27% of the general population in Europe. Original publications, including case reports, published since 2016 (inclusive) were identified with the aim of collating a full review of current problems in the field. To this end, a literature search [...] Read more.
Contact allergy is common, affecting 27% of the general population in Europe. Original publications, including case reports, published since 2016 (inclusive) were identified with the aim of collating a full review of current problems in the field. To this end, a literature search employing methods of systematic reviewing was performed in the Medline® and Web of Science™ databases on 28 January 2018, using the search terms (“contact sensitization” or “contact allergy”). Of 446 non-duplicate publications identified by above search, 147 were excluded based on scrutiny of title, abstract and key words. Of the remaining 299 examined in full text, 291 were deemed appropriate for inclusion, and main findings were summarised in topic sections. In conclusion, diverse sources of exposures to chemicals of widely-differing types and structures, continue to induce sensitisation in man and may result in allergic contact dermatitis. Many of the chemicals are “evergreen” but others are “newcomers”. Vigilance and proper investigation (patch testing) are required to detect and inform of the presence of these haptens to which our populations remain exposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Epidemiology of Allergy)
16 pages, 1975 KiB  
Review
Key Dimensions for the Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases in Institutional Settings: A Scoping Review to Guide the Development of a Tool to Strengthen Preparedness at Migrant Holding Centres in the EU/EEA
by Flavia Riccardo 1,2,*, Jonathan E. Suk 3, Laura Espinosa 3,4, Antonino Bella 2, Cristina Giambi 2, Martina Del Manso 2, Christian Napoli 2,5, Maria Grazia Dente 2, Gloria Nacca 2 and Silvia Declich 2
1 European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Solna 169 73, Sweden
2 Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome 00161, Italy
3 European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Solna 169 73, Sweden
4 UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
5 Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Traslational Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Rome 00185, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061120 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 8587
Abstract
Migrant centres, as other institutions hosting closed or semi-open communities, may face specific challenges in preventing and controlling communicable disease transmission, particularly during times of large sudden influx. However, there is dearth of evidence on how to prioritise investments in aspects such as [...] Read more.
Migrant centres, as other institutions hosting closed or semi-open communities, may face specific challenges in preventing and controlling communicable disease transmission, particularly during times of large sudden influx. However, there is dearth of evidence on how to prioritise investments in aspects such as human resources, medicines and vaccines, sanitation and disinfection, and physical infrastructures to prevent/control communicable disease outbreaks. We analysed frequent drivers of communicable disease transmission/issues for outbreak management in institutions hosting closed or semi-open communities, including migrant centres, and reviewed existing assessment tools to guide the development of a European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) checklist tool to strengthen preparedness against communicable disease outbreaks in migrant centres. Among articles/reports focusing specifically on migrant centres, outbreaks through multiple types of disease transmission were described as possible/occurred. Human resources and physical infrastructure were the dimensions most frequently identified as crucial for preventing and mitigating outbreaks. This review also recognised a lack of common agreed standards to guide and assess preparedness activities in migrant centres, thereby underscoring the need for a capacity-oriented ECDC preparedness checklist tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refugee, Migrant and Ethnic Minority Health)
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22 pages, 1944 KiB  
Review
Patterns of Harmful Alcohol Consumption among Truck Drivers: Implications for Occupational Health and Work Safety from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Nicola Luigi Bragazzi 1,*, Guglielmo Dini 1,2, Alessandra Toletone 3, Alborz Rahmani 1, Alfredo Montecucco 1, Emanuela Massa 1, Alessia Manca 1, Ottavia Guglielmi 4, Sergio Garbarino 4, Nicoletta Debarbieri 1,2 and Paolo Durando 1,2,*
1 Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Occupational Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa 16132, Italy
2 Occupational Medicine Unit, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genoa, Italy
3 Occupational Medical Service, Local Health Unit 1, Liguria Regional Healthcare System, 18038 Imperia, Italy
4 Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061121 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 7685
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is one of the main causes of productivity losses arising from absenteeism, presenteeism, and workplace injuries. Among occupational categories most affected by the use of this substance, truck drivers are subject to risk factors and risky behaviors that can have a [...] Read more.
Alcohol consumption is one of the main causes of productivity losses arising from absenteeism, presenteeism, and workplace injuries. Among occupational categories most affected by the use of this substance, truck drivers are subject to risk factors and risky behaviors that can have a serious impact on their health, their work, and the general road safety. The use of alcohol during truck-driving activities is, indeed, an important risk factor for traffic accidents. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims at synthesizing the literature regarding harmful alcohol consumption patterns among truck drivers in a rigorous way. A ‘binge drinking’ prevalence of 19.0%, 95% confidence interval or CI (13.1, 26.9) was present. An ‘everyday drinking’ pattern rate of 9.4%, 95% CI (7.0, 12.4) was found, while the rate of alcohol misuse according to the “Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test” (AUDIT)—“Cut down-Annoyed-Guilty-Eye opener questionnaire” (CAGE) instruments was computed to be of 22.7%, 95% CI (14.8, 33.0). No evidence of publication bias could be found. However, there is the need to improve the quality of published research, utilizing standardized reliable instruments. The knowledge of these epidemiological data can be useful for decision makers in order to develop, design, and implement ad hoc adequate policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Health Promotion 2018)
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12 pages, 986 KiB  
Review
A Systematic Review of Attention Biases in Opioid, Cannabis, Stimulant Use Disorders
by Melvyn Zhang 1,2,*, Jiangbo Ying 3, Tracey Wing 3, Guo Song 1, Daniel S. S. Fung 4 and Helen Smith 2
1 National Addiction Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore
2 Family Medicine & Primary Care, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore 308232, Singapore
3 National Psychiatry Residency Program, National Healthcare Group, Singapore 539747, Singapore
4 Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747, Singapore
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061138 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6115
Abstract
Background: Opiates, cannabis, and amphetamines are highly abused, and use of these substances are prevalent disorders. Psychological interventions are crucial given that they help individuals maintain abstinence following a lapse or relapse into substance use. Advances in experimental psychology have suggested that [...] Read more.
Background: Opiates, cannabis, and amphetamines are highly abused, and use of these substances are prevalent disorders. Psychological interventions are crucial given that they help individuals maintain abstinence following a lapse or relapse into substance use. Advances in experimental psychology have suggested that automatic attention biases might be responsible for relapse. Prior reviews have provided evidence for the presence of these biases in addictive disorders and the effectiveness of bias modification. However, the prior studies are limited, as they failed to include trials involving participants with these prevalent addictive disorders or have failed to adopt a systematic approach in evidence synthesis. Objectives: The primary aim of this current systematic review is to synthesise the current evidence for attention biases amongst opioid use, cannabis use, and stimulant use disorders. The secondary aim is to determine the efficacy of attention bias modification interventions and other addictions related outcomes. Methods: A search was conducted from November 2017 to January 2018 on PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Science Direct, Cochrane Central, and Scopus. The selection process of the articles was in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. A qualitative synthesis was undertaken. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results: Six randomised trials were identified. The evidence synthesized from these trials have provided strong evidence that attentional biases are present in opioid and stimulant use disorders. Evidence synthesis for other secondary outcome measures could not be performed given the heterogeneity in the measures reported and the limited number of trials. The risk of bias assessment for the included trials revealed a high risk of selection and attrition bias. Conclusions: This review demonstrates the potential need for interventions targeting attention biases in opiate and cocaine use disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)
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11 pages, 310 KiB  
Review
The Arts as a Medium for Care and Self-Care in Dementia: Arguments and Evidence
by Justine Schneider
School of Sociology & Social Policy and Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG9 2HA, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061151 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 12833
Abstract
The growing prevalence of dementia, combined with an absence of effective pharmacological treatments, highlights the potential of psychosocial interventions to alleviate the effects of dementia and enhance quality of life. With reference to a manifesto from the researcher network Interdem, this paper shows [...] Read more.
The growing prevalence of dementia, combined with an absence of effective pharmacological treatments, highlights the potential of psychosocial interventions to alleviate the effects of dementia and enhance quality of life. With reference to a manifesto from the researcher network Interdem, this paper shows how arts activities correspond to its definition of psycho-social care. It presents key dimensions that help to define different arts activities in this context, and illustrates the arts with reference to three major approaches that can be viewed online; visual art, music and dance. It goes on to discuss the features of each of these arts activities, and to present relevant evidence from systematic reviews on the arts in dementia in general. Developing the analysis into a template for differentiating arts interventions in dementia, the paper goes on to discuss implications for future research and for the uptake of the arts by people with dementia as a means to self-care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Social Care and Social Interventions)
19 pages, 1053 KiB  
Review
Perceptions and Reasons Regarding E-Cigarette Use among Users and Non-Users: A Narrative Literature Review
by Kim A. G. J. Romijnders 1,2,*, Liesbeth Van Osch 2, Hein De Vries 2 and Reinskje Talhout 1
1 Center for Health Protection (GZB), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
2 Department of Health Promotion, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061190 - 6 Jun 2018
Cited by 141 | Viewed by 14013
Abstract
This paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the attractiveness of e-cigarettes for several different groups. For this purpose, perceptions of and reasons for e-cigarette use were systematically reviewed as reported by e-cigarette users, cigarette smokers, dual users, and non-users, among both [...] Read more.
This paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the attractiveness of e-cigarettes for several different groups. For this purpose, perceptions of and reasons for e-cigarette use were systematically reviewed as reported by e-cigarette users, cigarette smokers, dual users, and non-users, among both adults and youth. MEDLINE® and Scopus were used to search for relevant articles, and references of included studies were also investigated. Two reviewers screened all titles and abstracts independently, blinded to authors and journal titles (Cohen’s Kappa = 0.83), resulting in 72 eligible articles. Risk perceptions, perceived benefits, and reasons for e-cigarette use were categorized in themes and sub-themes. Risk perceptions included harmfulness in general, and specific health risks. Perceived benefits included improved taste and smell, and safety for bystanders. Reasons for use included (health) benefits, curiosity, smoking cessation, and friends using e-cigarettes. The findings highlight that there is a variety of perceptions and reasons mentioned by adult and youth e-cigarette users, cigarette smokers, dual users, and non-users. As such, this overview provides valuable information for scientists, public health professionals, behavior change experts, and regulators to improve future research, risk communication, and possibilities to effectively regulate e-cigarettes. Full article
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18 pages, 538 KiB  
Review
A Critical Review of the Use of Virtual Reality in Construction Engineering Education and Training
by Peng Wang 1,2, Peng Wu 3,*, Jun Wang 2, Hung-Lin Chi 4 and Xiangyu Wang 2,5
1 School of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
2 Australasian Joint Research Centre for Building Information Modelling, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
3 School of Design and the Built Environment, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
4 Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
5 Department of Housing and Interior Design, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061204 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 629 | Viewed by 46614
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) has been rapidly recognized and implemented in construction engineering education and training (CEET) in recent years due to its benefits of providing an engaging and immersive environment. The objective of this review is to critically collect and analyze the VR [...] Read more.
Virtual Reality (VR) has been rapidly recognized and implemented in construction engineering education and training (CEET) in recent years due to its benefits of providing an engaging and immersive environment. The objective of this review is to critically collect and analyze the VR applications in CEET, aiming at all VR-related journal papers published from 1997 to 2017. The review follows a three-stage analysis on VR technologies, applications and future directions through a systematic analysis. It is found that the VR technologies adopted for CEET evolve over time, from desktop-based VR, immersive VR, 3D game-based VR, to Building Information Modelling (BIM)-enabled VR. A sibling technology, Augmented Reality (AR), for CEET adoptions has also emerged in recent years. These technologies have been applied in architecture and design visualization, construction health and safety training, equipment and operational task training, as well as structural analysis. Future research directions, including the integration of VR with emerging education paradigms and visualization technologies, have also been provided. The findings are useful for both researchers and educators to usefully integrate VR in their education and training programs to improve the training performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Safety, Health, and Wellbeing in Construction)
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24 pages, 890 KiB  
Review
A Comparison of the Health Effects of Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution from Five Emission Sources
by Neil J. Hime 1,2,*, Guy B. Marks 1,3,4 and Christine T. Cowie 1,3,4
1 Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, 431 Glebe Point Road, Glebe, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
2 The Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
3 South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
4 Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, 1 Campbell Street, Liverpool, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061206 - 8 Jun 2018
Cited by 173 | Viewed by 13771
Abstract
This article briefly reviews evidence of health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution from five common outdoor emission sources: traffic, coal-fired power stations, diesel exhaust, domestic wood combustion heaters, and crustal dust. The principal purpose of this review is [...] Read more.
This article briefly reviews evidence of health effects associated with exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution from five common outdoor emission sources: traffic, coal-fired power stations, diesel exhaust, domestic wood combustion heaters, and crustal dust. The principal purpose of this review is to compare the evidence of health effects associated with these different sources with a view to answering the question: Is exposure to PM from some emission sources associated with worse health outcomes than exposure to PM from other sources? Answering this question will help inform development of air pollution regulations and environmental policy that maximises health benefits. Understanding the health effects of exposure to components of PM and source-specific PM are active fields of investigation. However, the different methods that have been used in epidemiological studies, along with the differences in populations, emission sources, and ambient air pollution mixtures between studies, make the comparison of results between studies problematic. While there is some evidence that PM from traffic and coal-fired power station emissions may elicit greater health effects compared to PM from other sources, overall the evidence to date does not indicate a clear ‘hierarchy’ of harmfulness for PM from different emission sources. Further investigations of the health effects of source-specific PM with more advanced approaches to exposure modeling, measurement, and statistics, are required before changing the current public health protection approach of minimising exposure to total PM mass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality and Health)
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16 pages, 855 KiB  
Review
The Effects of Temperament on Depression According to the Schema Model: A Scoping Review
by Charmaine Ruling Lim 1,*, Joanna Barlas 1 and Roger Chun Man Ho 2
1 Department of Psychology, James Cook University Singapore, 149 Sims Drive, Singapore 387380, Singapore
2 Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Hospital, Level 9, NUHS Tower Block, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228, Singapore
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1231; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061231 - 11 Jun 2018
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 7489
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have shown that not every depressed patient responds to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and some of those who do relapse upon termination. Due to its dual focus on the past and present, Schema Model (SM) represents a promising alternative model [...] Read more.
Background: Recent studies have shown that not every depressed patient responds to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and some of those who do relapse upon termination. Due to its dual focus on the past and present, Schema Model (SM) represents a promising alternative model to understand depression. However, studies examining SM often operationalize the same construct differently, resulting in inconsistent evidence of change. There is no known review clarifying (1) how best to assess schema constructs; and (2) the relevant pathways to depression, without which, the empirical basis for SM cannot be examined. Methods: A scoping review was conducted in accordance to PRISMA guidelines to map evidence of the relationship between constructs of SM and depression, and measures used to assess the constructs. 2463 articles were identified with 49 primary research studies included. This paper is a subset of the scoping review and focuses on the five studies examining effects of temperament on depression. Results: Two models were used to operationalize temperament: The Five Factor Model (FFM) and the Psychobiological Model of Personality (PBM). The variables of neuroticism and harm avoidance were positively associated with depressive symptoms while self-directedness and cooperativeness were negative associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusion: The FFM is more suited to operationalize temperament in studies of SM and depression due to its theoretical compatibility with SM, established psychometric properties of its measures, and widespread use among studies of SM. Out of the five factors in the FFM, only neuroticism exerts direct and indirect effects on depression. These findings are limited by homogeneous sampling, hence future research studies should consider extending it to adult clinical samples. Nevertheless, this review represents a first step in the systematic examination of the empirical basis of SM and a contribution to treatment innovation and practice for depression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adult Psychiatry)
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17 pages, 617 KiB  
Review
Vibrio Species in Wastewater Final Effluents and Receiving Watershed in South Africa: Implications for Public Health
by Allisen N. Okeyo 1,2,3,*, Nolonwabo Nontongana 1,2,3, Taiwo O. Fadare 1,2,3 and Anthony I. Okoh 1,2,3
1 SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
2 Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
3 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Eastern Cape, Alice 5700, South Africa
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061266 - 15 Jun 2018
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5638
Abstract
Wastewater treatment facilities in South Africa are obliged to make provision for wastewater effluent quality management, with the aim of securing the integrity of the surrounding watersheds and environments. The Department of Water Affairs has documented regulatory parameters that have, over the years, [...] Read more.
Wastewater treatment facilities in South Africa are obliged to make provision for wastewater effluent quality management, with the aim of securing the integrity of the surrounding watersheds and environments. The Department of Water Affairs has documented regulatory parameters that have, over the years, served as a guideline for quality monitoring/management purposes. However, these guidelines have not been regularly updated and this may have contributed to some of the water quality anomalies. Studies have shown that promoting the monitoring of the current routinely monitored parameters (both microbial and physicochemical) may not be sufficient. Organisms causing illnesses or even outbreaks, such as Vibrio pathogens with their characteristic environmental resilience, are not included in the guidelines. In South Africa, studies that have been conducted on the occurrence of Vibrio pathogens in domestic and wastewater effluent have made it apparent that these pathogens should also be monitored. The importance of effective wastewater management as one of the key aspects towards protecting surrounding environments and receiving watersheds, as well as protecting public health, is highlighted in this review. Emphasis on the significance of the Vibrio pathogen in wastewater is a particular focus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Municipal Wastewater Treatment)
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31 pages, 1404 KiB  
Review
The Role of Communities in Mental Health Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Review of Components and Competencies
by Brandon A. Kohrt 1,*, Laura Asher 2,†, Anvita Bhardwaj 1,†, Mina Fazel 3,†, Mark J. D. Jordans 4,5,†, Byamah B. Mutamba 6,7,†, Abhijit Nadkarni 4,8,†, Gloria A. Pedersen 1,†, Daisy R. Singla 9,† and Vikram Patel 8,10,11
1 Division of Global Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
2 Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
3 Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Lane, OX1 2JD, UK
4 Center for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
5 War Child, Research and Development, 1098 LE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
6 Butabika National Mental Hospital, 2 Kirombe-Butabika Road, P.O. Box 7017 Kampala, Uganda
7 YouBelong, P.O. Box 36510 Kampala, Uganda
8 Sangath, Socorro, Porvorim, Goa 403501, India
9 Department of Psychiatry, Sinai Health System & University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
10 Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
11 Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
† All authors contributed equally and are presented in alphabetical order.
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061279 - 16 Jun 2018
Cited by 214 | Viewed by 42207
Abstract
Community-based mental health services are emphasized in the World Health Organization’s Mental Health Action Plan, the World Bank’s Disease Control Priorities, and the Action Plan of the World Psychiatric Association. There is increasing evidence for effectiveness of mental health interventions delivered [...] Read more.
Community-based mental health services are emphasized in the World Health Organization’s Mental Health Action Plan, the World Bank’s Disease Control Priorities, and the Action Plan of the World Psychiatric Association. There is increasing evidence for effectiveness of mental health interventions delivered by non-specialists in community platforms in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). However, the role of community components has yet to be summarized. Our objective was to map community interventions in LMIC, identify competencies for community-based providers, and highlight research gaps. Using a review-of-reviews strategy, we identified 23 reviews for the narrative synthesis. Motivations to employ community components included greater accessibility and acceptability compared to healthcare facilities, greater clinical effectiveness through ongoing contact and use of trusted local providers, family involvement, and economic benefits. Locations included homes, schools, and refugee camps, as well as technology-aided delivery. Activities included awareness raising, psychoeducation, skills training, rehabilitation, and psychological treatments. There was substantial variation in the degree to which community components were integrated with primary care services. Addressing gaps in current practice will require assuring collaboration with service users, utilizing implementation science methods, creating tools to facilitate community services and evaluate competencies of providers, and developing standardized reporting for community-based programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Social Care and Social Interventions)
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18 pages, 2773 KiB  
Review
Farming for Life Quality and Sustainability: A Literature Review of Green Care Research Trends in Europe
by Marina García-Llorente 1,*, Radha Rubio-Olivar 2 and Inés Gutierrez-Briceño 2
1 Department of Applied Research and Agricultural Extension, Madrid Institute for Rural, Agricultural and Food Research and Development (IMIDRA), Finca Experimental ‘‘El Encín’’Ctra N-II, Km 38, Madrid 28800, Spain
2 Social-Ecological Systems Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Edificio de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, Madrid 28049, Spain
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061282 - 17 Jun 2018
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 11805
Abstract
Green care is an innovative approach that combines simultaneously caring for people and caring for land through three elements that have not been previously connected: (1) multifunctional agriculture and recognition of the plurality of agricultural system values; (2) social services and health care; [...] Read more.
Green care is an innovative approach that combines simultaneously caring for people and caring for land through three elements that have not been previously connected: (1) multifunctional agriculture and recognition of the plurality of agricultural system values; (2) social services and health care; and (3) the possibility of strengthening the farming sector and local communities. The current research provides a comprehensive overview of green care in Europe as a scientific discipline through a literature review (n = 98 studies). According to our results, the Netherlands, the UK, Norway and Sweden followed by Italy have led the scientific studies published in English. Green care research comprises a wide range of perspectives and frameworks (social farming, care farming, nature-based solutions, etc.) with differences in their specificities. Green care studies have mainly focused on measuring the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Studies that evaluate its relevance in socio-economic and environmental terms are still limited. According to our results, the most common users studied were people suffering from psychological and mental ill health, while the most common activities were horticulture, animal husbandry and gardening. Finally, we discuss the potential of green care to reconnect people with nature and to diversify the farming sector providing new public services associated with the relational values society obtains from the contact with agricultural systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Environment, Green Operations and Sustainability)
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11 pages, 1117 KiB  
Review
Trends and Knowledge Gaps in the Study of Nature-Based Participation by Latinos in the United States
by Pooja S. Tandon 1,2,*, Lauren M. Kuehne 3 and Julian D. Olden 3,4
1 Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
3 School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
4 Center for Creative Conservation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061287 - 19 Jun 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6082
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports health and well-being benefits associated with nature experiences, while also highlighting race- and class-based inequalities in access and exposure. We synthesized the literature on nature contact by Latinos in the United States to assess the state of knowledge and strategically [...] Read more.
Mounting evidence supports health and well-being benefits associated with nature experiences, while also highlighting race- and class-based inequalities in access and exposure. We synthesized the literature on nature contact by Latinos in the United States to assess the state of knowledge and strategically identify research needs to improve outcomes and reduce health disparities for this rapidly growing ethnic group. Our systematic review revealed 108 articles with a notable increase in number of papers over the past 3 decades. We noted that the body of research is focused on certain demographic targets (adults in urban areas) with a relative dearth of knowledge for others (children, seniors, and rural areas). Our analysis also revealed strong compartmentalizing of studies into research “clusters” based on nonoverlapping topics and types of outcomes that are measured. Although one-third of studies explored health outcomes, these studies rarely examined other outcomes or research topics. Moreover, less than 7% of studies reported on interventions. Given the potential for nature contact to enhance health and well-being, there is substantial need for multidisciplinary research that explores interactions between social, cultural, and economic factors, and how those ultimately relate to nature contact and outcomes for Latinos in the United States. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Environment and Health: The Effect of Socio-Cultural Context on Health Effects of Natural Environments)
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15 pages, 1445 KiB  
Review
Effects of Mind–Body Movements on Balance Function in Stroke Survivors: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
by Liye Zou 1,2,*, Albert Yeung 3, Chunxiao Li 4, Shin-Yi Chiou 5, Nan Zeng 6, Huey-Ming Tzeng 7, Lin Wang 1,*, Zhanbing Ren 8, Taquesha Dean 3 and Garrett Anthony Thomas 3
1 Department of Physical Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
2 Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
3 Depression Clinical and Research Program, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
4 Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
5 School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
6 School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
7 College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
8 Department of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061292 - 20 Jun 2018
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 8268
Abstract
Objective: We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression to determine if mind–body movements (MBM) could be effective in rehabilitating balance function among stroke survivors. Methods: A literature search was conducted using major Chinese and English electronic databases from an [...] Read more.
Objective: We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression to determine if mind–body movements (MBM) could be effective in rehabilitating balance function among stroke survivors. Methods: A literature search was conducted using major Chinese and English electronic databases from an inception until January 2018. Randomized controlled studies were included in our meta-analysis. Data was independently extracted by two review authors using a pre-developed table and confirmed by a third party to reach a consensus. Pooled effect size (Hedge’s g) was computed while the random-effect model was set. Results: The meta-analytic results showed a significant benefit of the MBM intervention on increased balance function compared to the control groups (Hedge’s g = 1.59, CI 0.98 to 2.19, p < 0.001, I2 = 94.95%). Additionally, the meta-regression indicated that the total number of sessions (β = 0.00142, 95% CI 0.0039 to 0.0244, p = 0.0067) and dose of weekly training (β = 0.00776, 95% CI 0.00579 to 0.00972, p = 0.00) had significantly positive effects on balance function. Conclusions: The study encouraging findings indicate the rehabilitative effect of a MBM intervention for balance function in stroke survivors. However, there were significant limitations in the design among several of the included trials. Additional studies with more robust methodologies are needed to provide a more definitive conclusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Sport Activity on Health Promotion)
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8 pages, 1212 KiB  
Opinion
Governance on the Drug Supply Chain via Gcoin Blockchain
by Jen-Hung Tseng 1,*, Yen-Chih Liao 2, Bin Chong 3 and Shih-wei Liao 2,*
1 Division of Risk Management, Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, No.161-2, Kunyang St, Nangang District, Taipei City 11561, Taiwan
2 Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei 10617, Taiwan
3 College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061055 - 23 May 2018
Cited by 289 | Viewed by 18865
Abstract
As a trust machine, blockchain was recently introduced to the public to provide an immutable, consensus based and transparent system in the Fintech field. However, there are ongoing efforts to apply blockchain to other fields where trust and value are essential. In this [...] Read more.
As a trust machine, blockchain was recently introduced to the public to provide an immutable, consensus based and transparent system in the Fintech field. However, there are ongoing efforts to apply blockchain to other fields where trust and value are essential. In this paper, we suggest Gcoin blockchain as the base of the data flow of drugs to create transparent drug transaction data. Additionally, the regulation model of the drug supply chain could be altered from the inspection and examination only model to the surveillance net model, and every unit that is involved in the drug supply chain would be able to participate simultaneously to prevent counterfeit drugs and to protect public health, including patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Economics)
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6 pages, 599 KiB  
Commentary
Time to Rethink Refugee and Migrant Health in Europe: Moving from Emergency Response to Integrated and Individualized Health Care Provision for Migrants and Refugees
by Karl Puchner, Evika Karamagioli *, Anastasia Pikouli, Costas Tsiamis, Athanasios Kalogeropoulos, Eleni Kakalou, Elena Pavlidou and Emmanouil Pikoulis
International Medicine—Health Crisis Management, Medical School, NKUA, Dilou1 & M. Asias, 11527 Athens, Greece
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061100 - 28 May 2018
Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8291
Abstract
In the last three years, the European Union (EU) is being confronted with the most significant influx of migrants and refugees since World War II. Although the dimensions of this influx—taking the global scale into account—might be regarded as modest, the institutional response [...] Read more.
In the last three years, the European Union (EU) is being confronted with the most significant influx of migrants and refugees since World War II. Although the dimensions of this influx—taking the global scale into account—might be regarded as modest, the institutional response to that phenomenon so far has been suboptimal, including the health sector. While inherent challenges of refugee and migrant (R&M) health are well established, it seems that the EU health response oversees, to a large extend, these aspects. A whole range of emergency-driven health measures have been implemented throughout Europe, yet they are failing to address adequately the changing health needs and specific vulnerabilities of the target population. With the gradual containment of the migratory and refugee waves, three years after the outbreak of the so-called ‘refugee crisis’, we are, more than ever, in need of a sustainable and comprehensive health approach that is aimed at the integration of all of migrants and refugees—that is, both the new and old population groups that are already residing in Europe—in the respective national health systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Refugee, Migrant and Ethnic Minority Health)
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16 pages, 5494 KiB  
Commentary
Time and Place as Modifiers of Personal UV Exposure
by Brian L. Diffey
Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061112 - 30 May 2018
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 7040
Abstract
It is a common belief that, if we want to limit our sun exposure during outdoor recreational activities and holidays in order to avoid sunburn or reduce our risk of skin cancer, we need to reach for the bottle of sunscreen or cover [...] Read more.
It is a common belief that, if we want to limit our sun exposure during outdoor recreational activities and holidays in order to avoid sunburn or reduce our risk of skin cancer, we need to reach for the bottle of sunscreen or cover up with clothing. As important as these measures are, there is another way to enjoy our time outdoors and still benefit from the experience. In this article, we consider the impact of time, place, and behaviour outdoors on our exposure to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Some of the simple actions we can take in controlling our UV exposure include being aware of the position of the sun in the sky, understanding how we can use the UV index to guide our outdoor exposure, and the importance of reducing our sun exposure around the middle of the day. Finally we review our preferred holiday activities and destinations, and the influence of outdoor leisure pursuits. By planning where and when we spend our leisure time in the sun, we can maximise our enjoyment whilst limiting our UV exposure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue UV Radiation and Health)
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21 pages, 636 KiB  
Protocol
Trial to Encourage Adoption and Maintenance of a Mediterranean Diet (TEAM-MED): Protocol for a Randomised Feasibility Trial of a Peer Support Intervention for Dietary Behaviour Change in Adults at High Cardiovascular Disease Risk
by Claire T. McEvoy 1,*, Sarah E. Moore 1, Katherine M. Appleton 2, Margaret E. Cupples 1,3, Christina M. Erwin 1, Steven J. Hunter 4, Frank Kee 1,3, David McCance 4, Christopher C. Patterson 1,3, Ian S. Young 1,3, Michelle C. McKinley 1,3 and Jayne V. Woodside 1,3
1 Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK
2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Bournemouth BH12 5BB, UK
3 UK Clinical Research Collaboration, Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BJ, UK
4 Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 6BA, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061130 - 31 May 2018
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4953
Abstract
Adoption of a Mediterranean diet (MD) reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, interventions to achieve dietary behaviour change are typically resource intensive. Peer support offers a potentially low-cost approach to encourage dietary change. The primary objective of this randomised controlled trial is to [...] Read more.
Adoption of a Mediterranean diet (MD) reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, interventions to achieve dietary behaviour change are typically resource intensive. Peer support offers a potentially low-cost approach to encourage dietary change. The primary objective of this randomised controlled trial is to explore the feasibility of peer support versus a previously tested dietetic-led intervention to encourage MD behaviour change, and to test recruitment strategies, retention and attrition in order to inform the design of a definitive trial. A total of 75 overweight adults at high CVD risk who do not follow a MD (Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS ≤ 3)) will be randomly assigned to either: a minimal intervention (written materials), a proven intervention (dietetic support, written materials and key MD foods), or a peer support intervention (group-based community programme delivered by lay peers) for 12 months. The primary end-point is change in MDS from baseline to 6 months (adoption of MD). Secondary end-points include: change in MDS from 6 to 12 months (maintenance of MD), effects on nutritional biomarkers and CVD risk factors, fidelity of implementation, acceptability and feasibility of the peer support intervention. This study will generate important data regarding the feasibility of peer support for ease of adoption of MD in an ‘at risk’ Northern European population. Data will be used to direct a larger scale trial, where the clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of peer support will be tested. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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2 pages, 225 KiB  
Addendum
Addendum: Geier, D.A.; et al. A Cross-Sectional Study of the Association between Infant Hepatitis B Vaccine Exposure in Boys and the Risk of Adverse Effects as Measured by Receipt of Special Education Services. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 123
by David A. Geier 1,2, Janet K. Kern 1,2,3,*, Kristin G. Homme 4 and Mark R. Geier 1
1 Institute of Chronic Illnesses, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA
2 CoMeD, Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA
3 CONEM US Autism Research Group, Allen, TX 75013, USA
4 International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology, Champions Gate, FL 33896, USA
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061141 - 1 Jun 2018
Viewed by 3347
Abstract
The authors would like to update the “Conflicts of Interest” section of their previous paper [1] as follows:[...] Full article
11 pages, 269 KiB  
Discussion
The Impact of Austerity on Mental Health Service Provision: A UK Perspective
by Ian Cummins
School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061145 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 110 | Viewed by 25671
Abstract
This is a discussion paper which examines the impact of austerity policies on the provision of mental health services in the United Kingdom. Austerity is a shorthand for a series of policies introduced by the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition government in the [...] Read more.
This is a discussion paper which examines the impact of austerity policies on the provision of mental health services in the United Kingdom. Austerity is a shorthand for a series of policies introduced by the Conservative and Liberal Democrat Coalition government in the UK from 2010 onwards. In response to the fiscal crisis following the bail out of the banks in 2008, it was argued that significant reductions in public spending were required. The background to these policies is examined before a consideration of their impact on mental health services. These policies had a disproportionate impact on people living in poverty. People with health problems including mental problems are overrepresented in this group. At the same time, welfare and community services are under increasing financial pressures having to respond to increased demand within a context of reduced budgets. There is increasing recognition of the role that social factors and adverse childhood experiences have in the development and trajectory of mental health problems. Mental health social workers, alongside other professionals, seek to explain mental distress by the use of some variant of a biopsychosocial model. The extent of mental health problems as a one of their measures of the impact of inequality. More unequal societies create greater levels of distress. There is a social gradient in the extent of mental health problems—the impact of severe mental illness means that many individuals are unable to work or, if they can return to work, they find it difficult to gain employment because of discrimination. The paper concludes that austerity and associated policies have combined to increase the overall burden of mental distress and marginalisation within the UK. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Social Care and Social Interventions)
11 pages, 670 KiB  
Commentary
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and Opportunist Waterborne Infections–Are There Too Many Gaps to Fill?
by Richard Bentham * and Harriet Whiley
College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061150 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5579
Abstract
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a relatively new approach in identifying health risks associated with the ubiquitous presence of pathogens and opportunists in the human environment. The methodology builds on experimental and meta-analytical data to identify measurable factors that contribute to, and [...] Read more.
Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is a relatively new approach in identifying health risks associated with the ubiquitous presence of pathogens and opportunists in the human environment. The methodology builds on experimental and meta-analytical data to identify measurable factors that contribute to, and can quantify, the likely extent of disease given a particular exposure. Early modelling was particularly focused on food-borne disease, and subsequently water-borne disease, with the emphasis focused on ingestion and its role in enteric disease. More recently, there has been a focus on translating these principles to opportunist waterborne infections (OWI) with primary focus on Legionella spp. Whereas dose and susceptibility are well documented via the ingestion route of exposure there is considerably less certainty regarding both factors when understanding Legionella spp. and other OWI. Many OWI can arise through numerous routes of transmission with greatly differing disease presentations. Routes of Legionella spp. infection do not include ingestion, but rather aspiration and inhalation of contaminated water are the routes of exposure. The susceptible population for OWI is a vulnerable sub-set of the population unlike those associated with enteric disease pathogens. These variabilities in dose, exposure and susceptibility call in to question whether QMRA can be a useful tool in managing risks associated with OWI. Consideration of Legionella spp. as a well-documented subject of research calls into question whether QMRA of OWI is likely to be a useful tool in developing risk management strategies. Full article
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13 pages, 479 KiB  
Protocol
Prescribing Physical Activity in Parks to Improve Health and Wellbeing: Protocol of the Park Prescription Randomized Controlled Trial
by Falk Müller-Riemenschneider 1,2,*, Nick Petrunoff 1, Angelia Sia 3, Anbumalar Ramiah 4, Alwyn Ng 1, Jane Han 4, Michael Wong 4, Tai Bee Choo 1 and Léonie Uijtdewilligen 1
1 Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Block MD1, 12 Science Drive 2, #10-01, Singapore 117549, Singapore
2 Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charite University Medical Centre Berlin, Luisenstrasse 57, 10117 Berlin, Germany
3 Centre for Urban Greenery & Ecology, National Parks Board Singapore, 1E Cluny Rd., Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore 259569, Singapore
4 Health for Life Centre, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Alexandra Health Pte Ltd. 90 Yishun Central, Singapore 768828, Singapore
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061154 - 1 Jun 2018
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6228
Abstract
Previous studies in primary care settings showed that brief advice prescribing physical activity for inactive patients could be an effective way to promote physical activity. Park prescription interventions confer health benefits associated with exposure to nature and increased physical activity by recommending park [...] Read more.
Previous studies in primary care settings showed that brief advice prescribing physical activity for inactive patients could be an effective way to promote physical activity. Park prescription interventions confer health benefits associated with exposure to nature and increased physical activity by recommending park use specifically to increase physical activity in parks. The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of a park prescription intervention for increasing time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) assessed by accelerometry. Middle-aged Singaporeans who were insufficiently active and who met health screening criteria were recruited via existing community health screening programs and allocated to one of two groups. Intervention participants received a prescription of physical activity in parks, an information pack, access to a weekly group exercise program in parks and telephone counselling (n = 80). Control participants received physical activity materials (n = 80). The primary outcome (mean difference between both groups in time spent in MVPA minutes per week measured by accelerometer) will be assessed at six months. Secondary outcomes include self-reported health behaviors, self-reported mental wellbeing and objectively-measured physical health. This is the first randomized controlled trial investigating the effectiveness of a park prescription intervention for increasing health-enhancing MVPA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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13 pages, 321 KiB  
Perspective
Mental Health Related Stigma as a ‘Wicked Problem’: The Need to Address Stigma and Consider the Consequences
by Claire Henderson 1,* and Petra C. Gronholm 1,2
1 Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
2 Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1158; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061158 - 2 Jun 2018
Cited by 47 | Viewed by 16358
Abstract
Recent reviews on the evidence base for mental health related stigma reduction show that under certain conditions interpersonal contact is effective in promoting more positive attitudes, reduced desire for social distance, and increased stigma related knowledge (knowledge which disconfirms beliefs based on stereotypes). [...] Read more.
Recent reviews on the evidence base for mental health related stigma reduction show that under certain conditions interpersonal contact is effective in promoting more positive attitudes, reduced desire for social distance, and increased stigma related knowledge (knowledge which disconfirms beliefs based on stereotypes). Short-term interventions may have effects that are attenuated over time; longer term programmes may support sustained improvements, but research following up long-term interventions is scarce. However, the effectiveness of these interventions should not obscure the nature of stigma as a social problem. In this article we describe stigma as a ‘wicked problem’ to highlight some implications for intervening against stigma and evaluating these efforts. These include the risks of unintended consequences and the need to continually reformulate the concept of stigma, to ensure that tackling stigma at the structural, interpersonal, and intrapersonal levels become part of the core business of stakeholder organisations. We compare the main targets of anti-stigma programmes with what is known about the sources of stigma and discrimination and their impacts to identify targets for future intervention. In some cases, interventions have been directed at the interpersonal level when structural level intervention is also needed; in others, systematic reviews have not so far identified any interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Social Care and Social Interventions)
8 pages, 371 KiB  
Case Report
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Hypereosinophilia in a Child: Case Report and Literature Review
by Valentina Ferruzzi 1, Elisa Santi 1, Grazia Gurdo 2, Francesco Arcioni 2, Maurizio Caniglia 2 and Susanna Esposito 1,*
1 Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Piazza Menghini 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
2 Pediatric Oncohematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera, Piazza Menghini 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061169 - 4 Jun 2018
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5809
Abstract
Background: Hypereosinophilia in children can be primary or secondary. Numerous malignant diseases can cause hypereosinophilia, but it is seldom caused by acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the event of protracted hypereosinophilia, it is extremely important to make a correct differential diagnosis. Case [...] Read more.
Background: Hypereosinophilia in children can be primary or secondary. Numerous malignant diseases can cause hypereosinophilia, but it is seldom caused by acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the event of protracted hypereosinophilia, it is extremely important to make a correct differential diagnosis. Case presentation: We present the case of an 11-year-old boy of Moroccan origin with ALL with hypereosinophilic onset (eosinophils in peripheral blood, 10,000/µL) in the absence of other signs of neoplastic disease, and compare this case with 61 similar cases in the literature. Following hospital admission, the patient initially presented with headache-caused nocturnal awakenings, evening fever, and cough, and he also lost approximately 7 kg in weight in a month not associated with sweating or itching. We first performed bone marrow aspiration, which showed an increase in eosinophils without cellular morphological abnormalities, and bone marrow immunophenotyping showed that 4.5% of cells had a phenotype compatible with lymphoid blasts. A lumbar puncture was negative. Given the poor marrow involvement, it was necessary to repeat a new bone marrow aspiration two days later, which showed an increase in blasts to 14%. A concomitant bone marrow biopsy showed an infiltration of blasts typical of B-cell ALL equal to 20–30% with associated hypereosinophilia. Cytogenetic analysis showed an hyperdiploid karyotype: 53–55, XY, +X, add(1)(q21q25), +4, +9, +10, +14, +2, +1, +21/46, XY. Conclusions: ALL is one of the possible causes of persistent hypereosinophilia. In patients with ALL and hypereosinophilia, peripheral hypereosinophilia can precede the appearance of blasts. Due to the negative prognosis and the increased risk of complications in these patients, bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are recommended if common causes of secondary hypereosinophilia are excluded. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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6 pages, 1865 KiB  
Brief Report
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia among Inpatients via the Emergency Department: A Propensity-Score Matched Analysis
by Jin-young Min 1, Hye-Jin Kim 2, Chungsik Yoon 1,3, Kiyoung Lee 1,3, Myoungsouk Yeo 4 and Kyoung-bok Min 2,*
1 Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
2 Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea
3 Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School of Public Health, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
4 Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061178 - 5 Jun 2018
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4416
Abstract
Background: Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is an inflammatory condition of the lung that develops at least 48–72 h after admission. HAP is contracted by both intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients, but no studies have examined the risk of HAP in patients admitted [...] Read more.
Background: Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is an inflammatory condition of the lung that develops at least 48–72 h after admission. HAP is contracted by both intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients, but no studies have examined the risk of HAP in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED). This study investigated the risk of developing HAP in ED patients and compared the occurrence of HAP 3–10 days after the first day of hospitalization in patients hospitalized via ED with those hospitalized via outpatient clinics. Methods: We analyzed the 2010 National Inpatient Sample data collected by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in South Korea. After propensity score matching for age, sex, residential area, hospital, and diseases, 153,130 inpatients (76,565 admitted via ED and 76,565 admitted via outpatient clinics) were included in the analysis. The diagnosis of pneumonia was based on the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (Pneumonia, all (J12–J18); Pneumonia, bacterial (J13–J15); Pneumonia, non-bacterial (J12, J16, J17); and Pneumonia, unspecified (J18)). Results: The percentage of newly diagnosed cases of pneumonia in inpatients admitted via ED was significantly higher than that in inpatients admitted via outpatient clinics. After propensity score matching for baseline characteristics, the likelihood of developing pneumonia (excluding the category of ‘Pneumonia, non-bacterial’) in inpatients hospitalized via ED was significantly increased by 1.33–1.97-fold. The cumulative incidence of pneumonia was also significantly higher in patients admitted via ED than in those hospitalized via outpatient clinics. Conclusions: ED visits may be an important risk factor for the development of HAP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Issues in Occupational Safety and Health)
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7 pages, 867 KiB  
Case Report
Spondylodiscitis in Paediatric Patients: The Importance of Early Diagnosis and Prolonged Therapy
by Sonia Bianchini 1, Andrea Esposito 2, Nicola Principi 3 and Susanna Esposito 1,*
1 Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
2 Radiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
3 Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15(6), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061195 - 7 Jun 2018
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5674
Abstract
Background: Spondylodiscitis (SD), the concurrent infection of a vertebral disc and the adjacent vertebral bodies, is a very severe disease that can lead to death or cause spinal deformities, segmental instabilities, and chronic pain, which significantly reduces the quality of life for affected [...] Read more.
Background: Spondylodiscitis (SD), the concurrent infection of a vertebral disc and the adjacent vertebral bodies, is a very severe disease that can lead to death or cause spinal deformities, segmental instabilities, and chronic pain, which significantly reduces the quality of life for affected patients. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential in order to reduce the risk of negative outcomes. The two cases of SD that are described in this paper might be useful for informing paediatric approaches to children with SD. Case presentation: The cases that are reported here are about two children of approximately 2 and 3 years of age, in whom SD involving the L4–L5 and L3–L4 interspaces, had a subacute or chronic course. The clinical manifestations were mild, fever was absent, and the lumbar pain lasted for a long time and was the predominant symptom. Moreover, laboratory tests were in the normal range or only slightly abnormal, as were the standard radiographs of the lumbar spine. In both of the cases, SD confirmation was obtained through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI was also used to evaluate the response to therapy. In both of our patients, tuberculosis was excluded based on tuberculin skin testing and the Quantiferon TBgold tests being negative. This finding led to the prescription of a broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, including a drug that was potentially effective against Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). The strict monitoring of the spinal damage with MRI avoided the need for aspirations or biopsies; invasive procedures that are ethically acceptable in pediatric age only in a few selected cases, when the empirical antibiotic is associated with a worsening of spinal damage; or the vertebral osteomyelitis lesion mimics a tumoral lesion. Conclusions: Although rare, SD represents an important disease in children. In toddlers and preschool children, it can have a subacute or chronic course, in which only back pain, irritability, and walking difficulties are the signs and symptoms of the disease. MRI remains the best method for confirming the diagnosis and for evaluating therapy efficacy. Antibiotics are the drugs of choice. Although the duration has not been established, antibiotics should be administered for several weeks. Full article
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