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Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition

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A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Plant Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 August 2025) | Viewed by 7126

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Prof. Dr. De-Guo Han

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Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Development and Utilization of Small Fruits in Cold Regions, College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Interests: transcription factors in abiotic stress (cold, drought, salt, etc.) and response of fruit
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Dr. Xingguo Li

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College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Interests: plant abiotic stress; secondary metabolism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plants are frequently exposed to variable environmental stresses, such as drought, salt, heat, cold, and nutrient deficiency, which adversely affect plant growth, development, and productivity. In the long process of evolution, plants have evolved complex self-regulation mechanisms to adapt to abiotic stress, such as drought and salt stresses, in which transcription factors play an irreplaceable role. Also, plant hormones act as signalling compounds that regulate crucial aspects of growth, development, and environmental stress responses. They activate a multitude of signalling cascades to elicit a plant’s adaptive responses.

This Special Issue will provide a platform for molecular research on plant abiotic stress, with a special focus on plant stress resistance mechanisms. We believe that this Special Issue will enable further research on plants and lead to the improvement of plants’ tolerance to abiotic stresses in the future. We request submissions of original papers and reviews based on results from molecular viewpoints.

Prof. Dr. De-Guo Han
Dr. Xingguo Li
Guest Editors

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Keywords

abiotic stress
cold
drought
salt
heat
nutrient deficiency
secondary metabolism
stress resistance
plant

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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20 pages, 5816 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Key Regulators of Plant Height Variation and Stress Tolerance of the RcMYB Family in Ricinus communis

by Song Yu, Hanhui Wang, Xueying Jin and Jixiang Lin

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10318; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110318 - 23 Oct 2025

Viewed by 61

Abstract

Ricinus communis is a significant economic crop, where plant height and stress tolerance are critical factors influencing both yield and quality. The variation in plant height is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, with environmental stresses such as salt, drought, and cold notably affecting plant growth phenotypes. In this study, we utilized transcriptome data from two varieties, DL01 and Hale, which differ in plant height, to systematically identify the RcMYB transcription factor family and screen 12 key RcMYBs associated with height variation. We also analyzed the expression patterns of these genes under various stress conditions, including salt, drought, cold, and heat. Notably, these 12 height/stress-related RcMYB genes such as RcMYB45 and RcMYB27 showed notable expression changes in response to different stress treatments, suggesting their pivotal roles in regulating both plant height and stress tolerance. Through protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, we further discovered that these RcMYBs could interact with several regulatory factors. This study highlights the roles of RcMYB regulators in controlling plant height and stress adaptation in R. communis, providing potential target genes for molecular breeding and offering valuable insights into improving growth performance and stress tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 3022 KB

Open AccessArticle

ARGOS Genes in Cauliflower: Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Validation of BobARL2 Under Abiotic Stresses

by Mengmeng Duan, Guixiang Wang, Mei Zong, Shuo Han, Ning Guo and Fan Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9810; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199810 - 9 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 396

Abstract

The Auxin-Regulated Gene Involved in Organ Size (ARGOS) proteins have crucial regulatory effects on organ size and responses to environmental stresses. Despite their importance, Brassica oleracea ARGOS gene members and their functions in response to abiotic stresses have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we identified 40 ARGOS genes via a genome wide analysis of cauliflower and two other B. oleracea morphotypes as well as Brassica rapa, Brassica nigra, and Raphanus sativus. Expression pattern analyses indicated that these genes are responsive to multiple abiotic stresses, including salinity, heat, cold, and diverse hormones. Notably, the expression of an ARGOS-like gene (BobARL2) was upregulated in cauliflower treated with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). Moreover, the overexpression of BobARL2 decreased ethylene sensitivity, resulting in less inhibition of root elongation compared to the wild-type. Additionally, the overexpression lines exhibited enhanced salt tolerance. A yeast two-hybrid assay and luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assay confirmed that BobARL2 can interact with Reversion-to-ethylene sensitivity Like4 (BobRTL4), which negatively regulates ethylene signal transduction. These findings advance our understanding of the evolution and functional roles of ARGOS genes in cauliflower and other Brassicaceae species, particularly in relation to abiotic stress responses, while also offering valuable insights relevant to the genetic improvement and breeding of novel varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 7570 KB

Open AccessArticle

Foliar Nano-Selenium Modulates Metabolic and Antioxidant Responses in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.): Integration of Pot and Field Evidence

by Haiyan Cheng, Huan Yu, Qinyong Dong, Chunran Zhou, Tingjie Huang, Xun Fang and Canping Pan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 9013; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26189013 - 16 Sep 2025

Viewed by 471

Abstract

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), as a globally crucial high-quality forage crop, frequently suffers from yield reduction and quality deterioration due to environmental stressors such as drought and salt. Nano-selenium (NSe) offers a viable solution to mitigate this challenge. However, the multi-level regulatory mechanisms of NSe in alfalfa remain unclear. Foliar NSe modulates nitrogen metabolism, antioxidant defense, and rhizosphere microbial community collaboration to enhance alfalfa yield and quality. Pot experiments demonstrated that foliar NSe (1–20 mg/L) enhanced seedling growth, elevated nutrient biosynthesis (soluble protein, amino acids), and boosted antioxidant capacity via activation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Metabolomics in field trials revealed shoot-root metabolic partitioning: shoots were upregulated in α-linolenic acid metabolism (jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate), while roots enriched amino acid biosynthesis (proline, arginine), achieving a synergistic enhancement between aboveground and belowground processes. Microbial community analysis indicated Actinobacteria enrichment and elevated soil urease activity in NSe-treated groups. These findings demonstrate that NSe coordinates carbon-nitrogen metabolism with antioxidant pathway activation to synergistically enhance alfalfa growth performance and nutritional quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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25 pages, 1984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Folcisteine Safeguards Maize Against Copper–Cadmium Stress by Boosting the Activity of Photosynthesis-Related Enzymes and Antioxidant Defense Systems, Mediating Ascorbate–Glutathione Pathways and Hormonal Regulation

by Ling Dong, Meng Zhao, Jingwen Wei, Yiping Fu, Zihan Xu, Lihua Xie, Wanrong Gu and Yu Zhou

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 8938; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26188938 - 13 Sep 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 381

Abstract

With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, soil heavy metal pollution has become increasingly severe. Copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) often co-occur in soils, exerting combined stress on crops. As a major food and feed crop, maize was studied under CuCd stress to assess the mitigating effects of exogenous Folcisteine (NATCA). Two varieties with contrasting tolerance (Jiuyuan 15 and Longfuyu 6) were subjected to composite stress (80 mg·L⁻¹ CuSO₄ + 100 mg·L⁻¹ CdCl₂), with or without 20 mg·L⁻¹ NATCA. The impacts on photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, the ascorbate–glutathione cycle, and endogenous hormones were investigated. The results showed that CuCd stress reduced the activities of RUBPCase and PEPCase, inhibiting CO₂ fixation, while NATCA application enhanced their activities and improved photosynthetic efficiency. Stress also induced ROS accumulation (elevated O₂·⁻ and H₂O₂) and elevated electrolyte leakage, whereas NATCA reduced oxidative damage and stabilized membrane integrity. Additionally, NATCA boosted both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in the ascorbate–glutathione cycle, improving ROS scavenging. Stress disrupted endogenous hormone balance, decreasing IAA, GA, and ZR, and increasing ABA. NATCA application restored hormone levels toward balance, promoting growth and enhancing tolerance to CuCd stress. These findings demonstrate NATCA’s role in improving maize resilience under heavy metal stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 3862 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Wheat Pollen Ole E I Proteins Reveals Potential Roles in Fertility and Stress Adaptation

by Jinghong Zuo, Yanfeng Jia, Weiwei Wang, Chunman Guo, Zhaofeng Fang, Yujuan Zhang, Jinzhou Fu, Sijia Zhao, Changping Zhao, Dezhou Wang, Guohang Yang and Yimiao Tang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7707; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167707 - 9 Aug 2025

Viewed by 615

Abstract

Abiotic stresses increasingly threaten wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity by impairing pollen development and fertilization, yet the molecular regulators that coordinate reproductive success with environmental resilience remain underexplored. Here, we present a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the Pollen Olea europaea I (POEI) protein family in common wheat. A total of 104 TaPOEI genes were identified and classified into six phylogenetic clades, each sharing conserved exon–intron structures and key protein motifs. Promoter analysis revealed abundant cis-elements associated with phytohormone signaling and abiotic stress responses. Notably, TaPOEI 16-A was preferentially expressed in anthers, showing high expression during early anther development and responding to both high- and low-temperature stresses. Pairwise comparison between thermosensitive genic male-sterile wheat lines and fertile lines suggests a potential role for TaPOEI 16-A in regulating male fertility in response to temperature fluctuations. Our comprehensive analysis establishes a foundation for future functional studies of the TaPOEI family and provides insights into wheat fertility and stress resilience enhancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 3038 KB

Open AccessArticle

Glycerol Biosynthesis Pathways from Starch Endow Dunaliella salina with the Adaptability to Osmotic and Oxidative Effects Caused by Salinity

by Huiying Yao, Yi Xu, Huahao Yang, Yihan Guo, Pengrui Jiao, Dongyou Xiang, Hui Xu and Yi Cao

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 7019; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26147019 - 21 Jul 2025

Viewed by 956

Abstract

Dunaliella salina, a unicellular and eukaryotic alga, has been found to be one of the most salt-tolerant eukaryotes with a wide range of practical applications. To elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of D. salina in response to salinity stress, we performed transcriptome sequencing on samples under different stress conditions. A total of 82,333 unigenes were generated, 4720, 1111 and 2611 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under high salt stress, oxidative stress and hypertonic stress, respectively. Our analysis revealed that D. salina responds to salinity stress through a complex network of molecular mechanisms. Under high salt stress, starch degradation is regulated by AMY (α-amylase) and PYG (glycogen phosphorylase) with alternative expression patterns. This process is hypothesized to be initially constrained by low ATP levels due to impaired photosynthesis. The clustering analysis of DEGs indicated that starch and sucrose metabolism, as well as glycerol metabolism, are specifically reprogrammed under high salt stress. Glycerol metabolism, particularly involving GPDHs, plays a crucial role in maintaining osmotic balance under salinity stress. Key glycerol metabolism genes were up-regulated under salinity conditions, indicating the importance of this pathway in osmotic regulation. The G3P shuttle, involving mitochondrial GPDHs (c25199_g1 and c23777_g1), contributes to redox imbalance management under high salt, oxidative and hypertonic stresses. Notably, c23777_g1 is involved in the G3P shuttle under high salt, oxidative and hypertonic stresses, while c25199_g1 is specifically induced by hypertonic stress. The R2R3-MYB gene (c23845_g1) may respond to different effects of salinity stress by regulating the transcription of ROS-related genes. Our study provides a detailed understanding of the molecular responses of D. salina to salinity stress. We reveal the critical roles of starch and sucrose metabolism, glycerol metabolism and transcription factors in the D. salina adaptation to salinity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 20460 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of AtNCED3 on the Cuticle of Rice Leaves During the Nutritional Growth Period

by Yang Zhang, Yuwei Jia, Hui Chen, Min Wang, Xiaoli Li, Lanfang Jiang, Jianyu Hao, Xiaofei Ma and Hutai Ji

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(14), 6690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26146690 - 12 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 604

Abstract

The plant cuticle, a protective barrier against external stresses, and abscisic acid (ABA), a key phytohormone, are crucial for plant growth and stress responses. Heterologous expression of AtNCED3 in plants has been widely studied. In this research, by comparing the japonica rice cultivar Zhonghua 10 and its AtNCED3 over-expressing lines during the vegetative growth stage through multiple methods, we found that AtNCED3 over-expression increased leaf ABA content, enhanced epidermal wax and cutin accumulation, modified wax crystal density, and thickened the cuticle. These changes reduced leaf epidermal permeability and the transpiration rate, thus enhancing drought tolerance. This study helps understand the role of endogenous ABA in rice cuticle synthesis and its mechanism in plant drought tolerance, offering potential for genetic improvement of drought resistance in crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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24 pages, 11135 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of SlGeBP Gene Family in Response to Hormone and Abiotic Stresses in Solanum lycopersicum L.

by Haohao Cao, Danfeng Wang, Xiaoli Li, Yi Zhang, Deding Su, Wang Lu, Kedong Xu and Zhengguo Li

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(13), 6008; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26136008 - 23 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 614

Abstract

The GLABROUS1 enhancer-binding protein (GeBP) gene family, a plant-specific class of transcriptional regulators, is involved in multiple biological processes, including the formation of trichomes, plant growth, and environmental adaptation. However, the functional characterization of SlGeBP genes in tomato remains poor, particularly regarding their roles in regulating developmental processes and stress response mechanisms. In this study, 11 SlGeBP family members were identified from the tomato genome and 97 GeBP proteins from six species were classified into three groups. A wide range of elements linked to phytohormone, stress, and plant development were presented on the promoter sequences. Gene expression profile analysis revealed a comprehensive expression during the vegetative and immature fruit development stages. Analysis of the expression level under nine hormones and seven stresses can help us to understand the responsiveness of SlGeBP genes associated with hormone induction and stress tolerance. Subcellular localization analysis exhibited that SlGeBP1 and SlGeBP5 were localized in the nucleus, and the yeast two-hybrid assay confirmed that SlGeBP1 could interact with SlGeBP5. This study will help us to understand the potential function of the SlGeBP family and may establish a basis for further research on phytohormone signaling and stress resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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20 pages, 4894 KB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of a Malus baccata (L.) Borkh WRKY Factor Gene MbWRKY33 Increased High Salinity Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

by Xinhui Wang, Ming Gao, Yihan Kong, Qian Yu, Lu Yao, Xingguo Li, Wenhui Li, Wanda Liu, Ruining Hou, Lihua Zhang and Deguo Han

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(12), 5833; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26125833 - 18 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 575

Abstract

The WRKY transcription factor family is a significant family of plant transcription factors (TFs). Plant growth and development are often influenced by abiotic factors, such as salinity and low temperature. Numerous studies have demonstrated that WRKY TFs primarily influence plant responses to adversity. However, there are few studies on the role of WRKY genes in the stress responses of Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. We cloned the MbWRKY33 gene from Malus baccata for this research, and its roles in salt stress tolerance were analyzed. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that MbWRKY33 and PbWRKY33 have the highest homology. Subcellular localization revealed that MbWRKY33 was located within the nucleus. An analysis of tissue-specific expression showed that MbWRKY33 had relatively high expression levels in young leaves and roots. Moreover, Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing MbWRKY33 exhibited stronger resistance to salt stress compared with the wild type (WT) and the unloaded line empty vector (UL). Under the treatment of 200 mM NaCl, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants exhibited significantly higher activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) than the control. In contrast, the WT and the UL lines had elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, MbWRKY33 elevates transgenic plant resistance to salt stress by regulating the expression levels of AtNHX1, AtSOS1, AtSOS3, AtNCED3, AtSnRK2, and AtRD29a. Results indicated that MbWRKY33 in Malus might be linked to high-salinity stress responses, laying a foundation for understanding WRKY TFs’ reaction to such stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 2515 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ferric-Chelate Reductase FRO3 Is Involved in Iron Homeostasis in Table Grape and Enhanced Plant Tolerance to Iron-Deficient Conditions

by Jianping Wang, Chenxiao Wang, Yutong Cui, Matthew Shi, Meiling Tang and Zhizhong Song

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(11), 5172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26115172 - 28 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 678

Abstract

In plants, ferric-chelate reductase (FRO) plays a critical role in mediating extracellular iron (Fe) reduction, a process essential for cellular Fe homeostasis and abiotic stress tolerance. However, the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of FRO proteins in fruit crops remain poorly characterized. Here, six VvFRO genes were identified in the table grape cultivar ‘Yanhong’. Transcriptional analysis revealed that root expression of these genes was mainly induced under Fe deficiency, Fe depletion, NaCl stress, and PEG-induced drought stress, respectively, but remained unchanged by low temperature (4 °C) or heat treatment (45 °C). Among them, VvFRO3 exhibited the highest constitutive expression, predominantly in leaves, and was significantly up-regulated under Fe deficiency, Fe depletion, or NaCl treatment. Functional complementation assays demonstrated that heterologous overexpression of VvFRO3 in the Arabidopsis thaliana fro2 knockout mutant rescued its growth retardation phenotype, particularly under Fe-deficient conditions. This study advances our understanding of Fe uptake, transport, and homeostasis mechanisms in perennial fruit crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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Review

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27 pages, 311 KB

Open AccessReview

Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing Maize Plant Height

by Zixu Ma, Chunxia Liang, Haoyue Wang, Jieshan Liu, Xiangyan Zhou and Wenqi Zhou

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8530; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178530 - 2 Sep 2025

Viewed by 806

Abstract

This paper examines various aspects of maize plant height. Firstly, it emphasizes that maize is a significant food and forage crop with considerable research significance, and that its plant height is influenced by multiple factors, including biotic elements such as genes and plant hormones, as well as abiotic factors such as soil, water, and climate. Secondly, the paper explores the complex relationship between maize plant height and yield, noting that moderate plant height can improve photosynthetic efficiency, reduce lodging risk, and enhance yield, although it may also affect kernel quality. Additionally, the paper reviews the application of modern biotechnological methods in maize plant height research, such as genome-wide linkage analysis, gene editing, transgenic technology, and epigenetic studies, which aid in elucidating the genetic mechanisms underlying plant height. Finally, it outlines future research directions for improving maize plant height and yield, highlighting key challenges that require urgent attention, such as the advancement of gene editing techniques, the integration of multiple biotechnologies, and strategies to address climate change, with the ultimate goal of achieving precision breeding for high-yielding, stress-resistant, and broadly adaptable maize varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress: 3rd Edition)

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