MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

15 pages, 7306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Sediment on the Occurrence of Cladophora sp. (Cladophoraceae) in Aquaculture Ponds

by Yuanyuan Zhang, Kaifang Liu, Jun Lv, Xinliang Peng, Yongtao Tang, Liangjie Zhao, Yongxu Cheng and Qigen Liu

Biology 2024, 13(9), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13090739 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

To explore the impact of sedimentary nitrogen and phosphorus on Cladophora occurrence, we conducted a microecosystem experiment simulating different nitrogen and phosphorus content as well as nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios in the sediment. Subsequently, to further explore the specific mechanism of influence that epiphytic algae [...] Read more.

To explore the impact of sedimentary nitrogen and phosphorus on Cladophora occurrence, we conducted a microecosystem experiment simulating different nitrogen and phosphorus content as well as nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios in the sediment. Subsequently, to further explore the specific mechanism of influence that epiphytic algae have on Cladophora, we designed various microsystem culture experiments. These results revealed that an N/P ratio of 40:1 was relatively unfavorable for Cladophora growth. Additionally, there was an extremely significant negative correlation between the benthic cyanobacteria coverage on the sediment surface and the wet weight of Cladophora (p < 0.01), indicating that benthic cyanobacteria could inhibit the growth of Cladophora. Total nitrogen levels in the water column showed a significant positive correlation with phytoplankton biomass (p < 0.05), while benthic cyanobacteria coverage exhibited an extremely significant positive correlation with phytoplankton biomass through phosphorus absorption and nitrogen release (p < 0.01). Metabolite analysis of benthic cyanobacteria identified annotations for 313 metabolites; among them cis,cis-muconic acid (32.48‰), erucamide (9.52‰), phosphoric acid (6.97‰), fenpropidin (6.53‰), and propionic acid (5.16‰) accounted for proportions exceeding 5‰. However, none of these metabolites have been recognized as allelochemicals or toxins at present. This study provides novel insights into controlling Cladophora occurrence by considering sediment nutrients, including nitrogen and phosphorus, along with allelochemicals. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 6715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COL6A6 Peptide Vaccine Alleviates Atherosclerosis through Inducing Immune Response and Regulating Lipid Metabolism in Apoe^−/− Mice

by Dongmei Tang, Yan Liu, Rui Duan, Run Lin, Zhonghao Li, Xianyan Liu, Jingrong Huang and Ming Zhao

Cells 2024, 13(18), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13181589 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by lipid imbalances and chronic inflammation within blood vessels, with limited preventive and treatment options currently available. In this study, a vaccine prepared with COL6A6 peptide (named the Pep_A6 vaccine) was administered to immunize Apoe^−/− mice, [...] Read more.

Atherosclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by lipid imbalances and chronic inflammation within blood vessels, with limited preventive and treatment options currently available. In this study, a vaccine prepared with COL6A6 peptide (named the Pep_A6 vaccine) was administered to immunize Apoe^−/− mice, and the immune mechanism of the Pep_A6 vaccine against atherosclerosis was first investigated. The results of arterial oil red O staining demonstrated that the Pep_A6 vaccine significantly reduced the atherosclerotic plaque area in Apoe^−/− mice fed with a high-fat diet for 20 weeks. A flow cytometry analysis revealed that the Pep_A6 vaccine inhibited Th1 cell differentiation and increased the proportion of Treg cells. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in Ly6C^low monocytes observed in the vaccinated group. The ELISA results showed that the Pep_A6 vaccine induced a significant expression of Pep_A6-specific antibody IgG and IgG1 in mouse serum. Additionally, we found that the Pep_A6 vaccine significantly decreased serum LDL-C content and regulated the expression of genes related to liver lipid metabolism. Together, our findings suggest that the Pep_A6 vaccine alleviates atherosclerosis by inducing a positive immune response and regulating lipid metabolism, providing new insights into potential prevention strategies for atherosclerosis as an innovative vaccine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Cardiovascular Disease: From Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Erosion Effectiveness of Selected Crops in Sustainable Mountain Agriculture in a Warming Climate

by Joanna Puła, Kazimierz Klima, Angelika Kliszcz and Andrzej Lepiarczyk

Sustainability 2024, 16(18), 8212; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188212 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Mountain ecosystems are among the most difficult areas for plant cultivation due to water erosion occurring on the slopes. Growing plants in these areas may lead to a weakening of ecosystem functions and in degradation of these areas and threatens sustainability. In this [...] Read more.

Mountain ecosystems are among the most difficult areas for plant cultivation due to water erosion occurring on the slopes. Growing plants in these areas may lead to a weakening of ecosystem functions and in degradation of these areas and threatens sustainability. In this experiment, the anti-erosion effectiveness of maize, oat and spring vetch were assessed through the measuring of LAI and sheet wash from a slope where cultivation had occurred. Averaged values from the six years field experiment (2017–2022) reveal that maize achieved maximum soil protection between the 115th and 128th day of vegetation (14 days), when the LAI value equals to 3.8–4.0. The corresponding values for oats were 63–81 days of vegetation (19 days; LAI 2.4–2.7). The longest period of maximum soil protection was achieved from the cultivation of spring vetch compared to maize and oats (between the 49th and 82nd day of its vegetation, i.e., 34 days), when the LAI value was in the range of 2.2–3.0. Soil cover at their maximum development is conservative compared to mountain ecosystems, and in the case of the studied plants, the protection time varied. These relationships were quantified by simple regression equations. Additionally, taking into account the compiled climate data, the average air temperature in the years of research (2017–2022) was higher than the multi-year average (1961–2000) by 2.15 °C, which may confirm the fact that the climate is warming in the region of Southern Poland. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 13091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EfficientUNetViT: Efficient Breast Tumor Segmentation Utilizing UNet Architecture and Pretrained Vision Transformer

by Shokofeh Anari, Gabriel Gomes de Oliveira, Ramin Ranjbarzadeh, Angela Maria Alves, Gabriel Caumo Vaz and Malika Bendechache

Bioengineering 2024, 11(9), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11090945 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study introduces a sophisticated neural network structure for segmenting breast tumors. It achieves this by combining a pretrained Vision Transformer (ViT) model with a UNet framework. The UNet architecture, commonly employed for biomedical image segmentation, is further enhanced with depthwise separable convolutional [...] Read more.

This study introduces a sophisticated neural network structure for segmenting breast tumors. It achieves this by combining a pretrained Vision Transformer (ViT) model with a UNet framework. The UNet architecture, commonly employed for biomedical image segmentation, is further enhanced with depthwise separable convolutional blocks to decrease computational complexity and parameter count, resulting in better efficiency and less overfitting. The ViT, renowned for its robust feature extraction capabilities utilizing self-attention processes, efficiently captures the overall context within images, surpassing the performance of conventional convolutional networks. By using a pretrained ViT as the encoder in our UNet model, we take advantage of its extensive feature representations acquired from extensive datasets, resulting in a major enhancement in the model’s ability to generalize and train efficiently. The suggested model has exceptional performance in segmenting breast cancers from medical images, highlighting the advantages of integrating transformer-based encoders with efficient UNet topologies. This hybrid methodology emphasizes the capabilities of transformers in the field of medical image processing and establishes a new standard for accuracy and efficiency in activities related to tumor segmentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Large Language Models in Medical and Biomedical Data Processing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 3998 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Special Survival Strategy of First-Instar Scorpions Revealed by Synchronous Molting Behavior from Social Facilitation of Maternal Care and Reciprocal Aggregation

by Yiyuan Guo, Songryong Li, Sijia Lu, Xinrong Wang, Zhijian Cao and Yingliang Wu

Insects 2024, 15(9), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15090726 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Ecdysis is a well-known developmental feature among arthropods. Because the aggregate and synchronous molting of first-instar scorpions is markedly different from the common independent molting behavior of older scorpions and most arthropods, knowledge on the biological benefits of the unusual behavior of first-instar [...] Read more.

Ecdysis is a well-known developmental feature among arthropods. Because the aggregate and synchronous molting of first-instar scorpions is markedly different from the common independent molting behavior of older scorpions and most arthropods, knowledge on the biological benefits of the unusual behavior of first-instar scorpions remain limited. Before the molting of newborn scorpions, their mothers exhibited a remarkable ability to efficiently locate the fallen offspring and help them climb onto their back, which was supported by strong maternal behavior because they climbed more swiftly than the 7-day postpartum scorpions. Most newborn scorpions molted and survived on the mother’s back, with a survival rate of approximately 100%, and most newborn scorpions survived via aggregate molting behavior on sand in the absence of mothers (89.83% ± 1.91%). The important role of the mother scorpion was further highlighted in mothers with one to five first-instar scorpions. While all first-instar scorpions individually or reciprocally molted and survived on the mother’s back, only 52.00% ± 7.14% to 79.20% ± 4.24% of newborn scorpions isolated from the mother could individually or reciprocally molt and survive on the sand, and the aggregated states of first-instar scorpions strengthened as their numbers on sand increased before molting. These results highlight collaborative molting as an evolutionary driving force for newborn scorpions. Taken together, both maternal care and collaborative aggregate molting behavior enhanced the survival of first-instar scorpions before and after molting, and these benefits for first-instar scorpions play essential and evolutionary roles in scorpion survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Other Arthropods and General Topics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Iron (II) Oxalate Dihydrate Coming from Pickling Processes through Thermal Conversion

by Emiliano Salucci, Antonio D’Angelo, Antonio Fabozzi, Osvalda Senneca, Francesco Bellucci, Rosa Francesca, Henrik Grénman, Henrik Saxen, Martino Di Serio and Vincenzo Russo

Materials 2024, 17(18), 4630; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184630 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

The valorization of industrial byproducts is an emerging practice that aims to transform waste materials generated during production processes into valuable resources. In this work, a preliminary study was carried out on the thermal conversion of an industrial solid byproduct resulting from the [...] Read more.

The valorization of industrial byproducts is an emerging practice that aims to transform waste materials generated during production processes into valuable resources. In this work, a preliminary study was carried out on the thermal conversion of an industrial solid byproduct resulting from the pickling of metal surfaces, mainly containing iron (II) oxalate. In a fixed-bed reactor, the thermal conversion was investigated as a function of the operating temperature and overall time. The starting material and the products obtained after heat treatment were characterized in detail, using numerous qualitative and semi-quantitative techniques. The aim of this research was to determine the optimal operating conditions for the transformation of the industrial byproduct into a high-quality product. By varying the operating conditions, it was found that complete conversion of iron (II) oxalate to magnetite was achieved at high temperatures (i.e., 773 K and 873 K) after one hour of treatment. The resulting product had a low degree of crystallization, which increased slightly with an increasing reaction time at a temperature of 873 K, reaching a maximum of about 11%. The magnetite obtained can be used in the future as a starting material for chemical looping processes as a chemical/energy carrier for the production of hydrogen. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flame Retardancy and Thermal Stability of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Filled with Walnut Shells and Mineral Fillers

by Sylwia Makowska, Karolina Miedzińska, Agnė Kairytė, Jurga Šeputytė-Jucikė and Krzysztof Strzelec

Materials 2024, 17(18), 4629; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184629 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Recently, the influence of the concept of environmental sustainability has increased, which includes environmentally friendly measures related to reducing the consumption of petrochemical fuels and converting post-production feedstocks into raw materials for the synthesis of polymeric materials, the addition of which would improve [...] Read more.

Recently, the influence of the concept of environmental sustainability has increased, which includes environmentally friendly measures related to reducing the consumption of petrochemical fuels and converting post-production feedstocks into raw materials for the synthesis of polymeric materials, the addition of which would improve the performance of the final product. In this regard, the development of bio-based polyurethane foams can be carried out by, among other things, modifying polyurethane foams with vegetable or waste fillers. This paper investigates the possibility of using walnut shells (WS) and the mineral fillers vermiculite (V) and perlite (P) as a flame retardant to increase fire safety and thermal stability at higher temperatures. The effects of the fillers in amounts of 10 wt.% on selected properties of the polyurethane composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity and processing times), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, and hardness), insulating properties (thermal conductivity), and flame retardant properties (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, and peak heat release) were investigated. It has been shown that polyurethane foams containing fillers have better performance properties compared to unmodified polyurethane foams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bio-Polymer and Polymer Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1501 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Minimum Space When Transporting Pigs: Where Is the “Good” Law?

by Terry L. Whiting

Animals 2024, 14(18), 2732; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182732 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

This paper focuses on the problem of numeracy when writing regulations, specifically how to describe a threshold for crowding of pigs during transport, considering transported pigs range in body mass from 5 to 500 kg. When scientific findings provide the basis for regulation [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the problem of numeracy when writing regulations, specifically how to describe a threshold for crowding of pigs during transport, considering transported pigs range in body mass from 5 to 500 kg. When scientific findings provide the basis for regulation in the public interest, those findings must be communicated in a consistent way to regulators and policymaking bodies. Numeracy is the ability to understand, reason with, and apply appropriate numerical concepts to real-world questions. Scientific understanding is almost always based on rational understanding of numerical information, numeracy. The threshold of administrative offenses is often a numerical description. Commercial livestock transporters have an interest in loading livestock compartments to the maximum to achieve the largest payload allowed by axle weight laws, as is the case in all bulk commodity transport. Maximizing payload minimizes costs and environmental hazards of fuel exhaust and can benefit the public with lower pork prices, but has a serious animal welfare risk. Livestock production academics, veterinarians, and animal welfare activists have been working for decades to determine the level of livestock crowding in transport containers that would be appropriate for regulatory enforcement. The scientific discourse has been plagued by a lack of numerical standardization when describing results of trials and forming recommendations. Exceeding specific numerical thresholds is the core to implementing enforcement actions. This paper examines the communication and other barriers that have prevented emergence of a consensus on this question and provides a direction toward resolution. Further confirmation of effects of crowding livestock in transit is needed. This paper suggests that articulating an enforceable standard in pig transport is possible. In inspection for compliance, discovering the LP₅₀ (lethal pressure—50) for slaughter-weight pigs is an initial global benchmark goal. The LP₅₀ is the loading floor pressure in a commercial transport compartment, under field conditions, that would result in the death of at least one pig in the group 50% of the time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Everlasting Battle against Animal Cruelty: Are We Making Progress?)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4639 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association for Morphological and Agronomic Traits in Phaseolus vulgaris L. Accessions

by Stephanie Mariel Alves, Giselly Figueiredo Lacanallo, Maria Celeste Gonçalves-Vidigal, Mariana Vaz Bisneta, Andressa Gonçalves Vidigal Rosenberg and Pedro Soares Vidigal Filho

Plants 2024, 13(18), 2638; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13182638 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Exploring genetic resources through genomic analyses has emerged as a powerful strategy to develop common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars that are both productive and well-adapted to various environments. This study aimed to identify genomic regions linked to morpho-agronomic traits in Mesoamerican [...] Read more.

Exploring genetic resources through genomic analyses has emerged as a powerful strategy to develop common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars that are both productive and well-adapted to various environments. This study aimed to identify genomic regions linked to morpho-agronomic traits in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean accessions and to elucidate the proteins potentially involved in these traits. We evaluated 109 common bean accessions over three agricultural years, focusing on traits including the grain yield (YDSD), 100-seed weight (SW), number of seeds per pod (SDPD), number of pods per plant (PDPL), first pod insertion height (FPIH), plant height (PLHT), days to flowering (DF), and days to maturity (DPM). Using multilocus methods such as mrMLM, FASTmrMLM, FASTmrEMMA, ISIS EM-BLASSO, and pLARmEB, we identified 36 significant SNPs across all chromosomes (Pv01 to Pv11). Validating these SNPs and candidate genes in segregating populations is crucial for developing more productive common bean cultivars through marker-assisted selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genome-Wide Association Study Accelerates Deciphering of Crop Complex Agronomic Traits)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 2516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Ergothioneine and Glutathione Limit Postharvest Senescence of Arugula

by Dhanya Sivakumar and Gale Bozzo

Antioxidants 2024, 13(9), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13091140 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Arugula is susceptible to postharvest deterioration. We tested the impact of exogenous antioxidant (i.e., ergothioneine and glutathione) dip solutions on arugula quality during storage at 4 °C or 10 °C for up to 17 days relative to a non-antioxidant treatment. Leaves from each [...] Read more.

Arugula is susceptible to postharvest deterioration. We tested the impact of exogenous antioxidant (i.e., ergothioneine and glutathione) dip solutions on arugula quality during storage at 4 °C or 10 °C for up to 17 days relative to a non-antioxidant treatment. Leaves from each dip treatment and storage temperature were assessed for visual quality and endogenous antioxidant metabolite profiles. Overall, leaf discolouration, wilting, and decay were more rapid at 10 °C than at 4 °C. Both antioxidant treatments limited leaf discolouration at 4 °C. Exogenous ergothioneine reduced wilting at 4 °C, whereas exogenous glutathione limited the incidence of leaf decay. At 10 °C, glutathione reduced the incidence of discolouration and decay, whereas both antioxidant dip treatments limited the decline in leaf yellowing. Ergothioneine was solely detected in ergothioneine-treated leaves; a decrease occurred within the first two days of storage but was unchanged thereafter. Although both antioxidant treatments did not affect endogenous glutathione concentrations at either storage temperature, glutathione disulfide was stable within the glutathione-treated leaves, whereas it increased in the other treatments. Ascorbate degradation was delayed in ergothioneine-treated leaves at 4 °C relative to all other treatments, whereas both antioxidant treatments little affected ascorbate metabolism in leaves stored at 10 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Extraction and Industrial Applications of Antioxidants)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 6451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microgravity Effect on Pancreatic Islets

by Lukas Zeger, Povilas Barasa, Yilin Han, Josefin Hellgren, Itedale Namro Redwan, Myrthe E. Reiche, Gunnar Florin, Gustaf Christoffersson and Elena N. Kozlova

Cells 2024, 13(18), 1588; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13181588 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

We previously demonstrated that boundary cap neural crest stem cells (BCs) induce the proliferation of beta-cells in vitro, increase survival of pancreatic islets (PIs) in vivo after transplantation, and themselves strongly increase their proliferation capacity after exposure to space conditions. Therefore, we asked [...] Read more.

We previously demonstrated that boundary cap neural crest stem cells (BCs) induce the proliferation of beta-cells in vitro, increase survival of pancreatic islets (PIs) in vivo after transplantation, and themselves strongly increase their proliferation capacity after exposure to space conditions. Therefore, we asked if space conditions can induce the proliferation of beta-cells when PIs are alone or together with BCs in free-floating or 3D-printed form. During the MASER 15 sounding rocket experiment, half of the cells were exposed to 6 min of microgravity (µg), whereas another group of cells were kept in 1 g conditions in a centrifuge onboard. The proliferation marker EdU was added to the cells just before the rocket reached µg conditions. The morphological assessment revealed that PIs successfully survived and strongly proliferated, particularly in the free-floating condition, though the fusion of PIs hampered statistical analysis. Proliferation of beta-cells was displayed in 3D-printed islets two weeks after µg exposure, suggesting that the effects of µg may be delayed. Thus, PIs in 3D-printed scaffolds did not fuse, and this preparation is more suitable than free-floating specimens for morphological analysis in µg studies. PIs maintained their increased proliferation capacity for weeks after µg exposure, an effect that may not appear directly, but can emerge after a delay. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 9276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Survey of Confidence and Knowledge in Managing Patellofemoral Pain among Physical Therapists in Saudi Arabia

by Marwan M. A. Aljohani, Abdulaziz Awali, Raghad Khalid Aljohani, Moiyad Saleh Aljehani and Yasir S. Alshehri

Healthcare 2024, 12(18), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181891 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: This study assessed the beliefs and knowledge of physical therapists in Saudi Arabia regarding the management of patellofemoral pain (PFP) and their alignment with current Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, involving 111 licensed physical therapists actively treating [...] Read more.

Background: This study assessed the beliefs and knowledge of physical therapists in Saudi Arabia regarding the management of patellofemoral pain (PFP) and their alignment with current Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs). Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted, involving 111 licensed physical therapists actively treating PFP patients. The survey included questions about PFP risk factors, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment, using a Likert scale to measure confidence and knowledge. Results: Readers have significantly greater confidence in the knowledge of managing patients with PFP following current CPGs (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed between groups in the other items (p > 0.01). However, over 70% of respondents, irrespective of guideline familiarity, held beliefs about risk factors, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment that were inconsistent with CPGs. Conclusions: These discrepancies highlight a significant knowledge gap that may affect patient care quality. Enhancing education and dissemination efforts regarding CPGs is essential to improve adherence to evidence-based practices among physical therapists in Saudi Arabia. To change practitioners’ preferences, attitudes, and beliefs, more targeted programs and interventions for knowledge dissemination and implementation should be provided. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 205 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Think Vibrio, Think Rare: Non-O1-Non-O139- Vibrio cholerae Bacteremia in Advanced Lung Cancer—A Case Report

by Andrea Marino, Bruno Cacopardo, Laura Villa, Adriana D’Emilio, Salvatore Piro and Giuseppe Nunnari

Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2024, 9(9), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed9090224 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium, is widely known as the cause of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease. While only certain strains are capable of causing cholera, non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae strains (NOVC) can lead to non-pathogenic colonization or mild illnesses such as gastroenteritis. [...] Read more.

Vibrio cholerae, a Gram-negative bacterium, is widely known as the cause of cholera, an acute diarrheal disease. While only certain strains are capable of causing cholera, non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae strains (NOVC) can lead to non-pathogenic colonization or mild illnesses such as gastroenteritis. In immunocompromised patients, however, NOVC can cause severe infections, including rare cases of bacteremia, especially in those with underlying conditions like liver disease, hematologic disorders, and malignancies. This case report presents a rare instance of NOVC bacteremia in a 71-year-old patient with advanced lung cancer, illustrating the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and treatment interventions required. The patient presented with fever, asthenia, and confusion, and was found to have bacteremia caused by NOVC, confirmed through blood cultures and molecular analysis. Treatment with intravenous ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin led to a rapid clinical improvement and resolution of the infection. This case, along with an overview of similar incidents, underscores the importance of considering NOVC in differential diagnoses for immunocompromised patients presenting with fever, and highlights the necessity of timely diagnosis and targeted antimicrobial therapy to achieve favorable outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Foodborne Zoonotic Bacterial Infections)

9 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Infection and Calculated Globulin Level among Patients with Thymic Epithelial Tumor

by Joyce Cui and Tawee Tanvetyanon

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5600; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185600 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are uncommon malignancies uniquely associated with autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Previous studies among patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases have shown that a low calculated globulin (CG) level, obtained by subtracting albumin from total protein level, is associated with [...] Read more.

Background: Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are uncommon malignancies uniquely associated with autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. Previous studies among patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases have shown that a low calculated globulin (CG) level, obtained by subtracting albumin from total protein level, is associated with infection risk. We investigated this association among patients with TET. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study was performed based on electronic medical records of patients with TET treated during 2002–2024 at a tertiary care institution. For each patient, their lowest CG level and the date of occurrence were identified. The incidence of serious infection requiring hospitalization during 6 months before and 6 months after the index date was recorded. Multivariable Poisson regression models were constructed. Results: Among 101 TET patients, 96 patients (95%) had the information available to derive at least one CG level. The median lowest CG level was 2.65 g/dL (range 1.0–4.2). There were 33 serious infection episodes. Pneumonia was the most prevalent type of infection in 52% of episodes. In a multivariable analysis, a CG level below 2.0 was independently associated with the prevalence of infection with a prevalence ratio of 6.18 (95% CI: 3.12–12.23, p < 0.001). Furthermore, thymectomy was significantly associated with infection. Conclusions: Among patients with TET, a low CG level was associated with an increased prevalence of serious infections. Our limited experiences suggest that it is feasible to derive the CG level for most patients during routine clinical care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 2273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Survey of Outdoor Radon and Thoron Levels in Bulgaria Using an Innovative DVD-Based Method

by Dobromir Pressyanov and Dimitar Dimitrov

Atmosphere 2024, 15(9), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15091141 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

This study presents the results of a pilot survey utilizing an innovative DVD-based method to measure outdoor radon and thoron levels. Twenty-six discriminative radon/thoron detectors were deployed across four different territorial zones in Bulgaria. Positioned 1 m above the ground, these detectors were [...] Read more.

This study presents the results of a pilot survey utilizing an innovative DVD-based method to measure outdoor radon and thoron levels. Twenty-six discriminative radon/thoron detectors were deployed across four different territorial zones in Bulgaria. Positioned 1 m above the ground, these detectors were left in place for several months. Notably, the dataset reveals significant variability in measurements, even over short distances, with thoron exhibiting greater variability than radon. Radon levels ranged from 7 ± 1 to 34 ± 3 Bq m⁻³ (average: 21 Bq m⁻³), while thoron levels ranged from 13 ± 5 to 307 ± 54 Bq m⁻³ (average: 170 Bq m⁻³). A weak but statistically significant correlation (correlation coefficient: 0.559) was observed between radon and thoron levels, which improved significantly when averaged across the four zones. These findings underscore the importance of measuring both radon and thoron in outdoor surveys. High thoron levels can significantly bias radon measurements, particularly when radon concentrations are substantially lower than those of thoron. If further studies confirm the good correlation between area averages, the observed correlation between area-average values could be used to correct average radon levels in large areas (e.g., radon priority areas) for thoron interference when thoron data are missing from the analyzed radon dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Radon Concentration Monitoring and Measurements (2nd Edition))

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 442 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Portal Vein Thrombosis in COVID-19: An Underdiagnosed Disease?

by Ismael El Hajra, Elba Llop, Santiago Blanco, Christie Perelló, Carlos Fernández-Carrillo and José Luis Calleja

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5599; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185599 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background: Multiple studies have linked COVID-19 to a higher incidence of thromboembolic disorders. However, the association of COVID-19 with other potentially life-threatening complications, such as splanchnic vein thrombosis, is less well understood. This study aims to assess the prevalence, patient characteristics, clinical presentation, [...] Read more.

Background: Multiple studies have linked COVID-19 to a higher incidence of thromboembolic disorders. However, the association of COVID-19 with other potentially life-threatening complications, such as splanchnic vein thrombosis, is less well understood. This study aims to assess the prevalence, patient characteristics, clinical presentation, and outcomes of patients with portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and COVID-19. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. From all positive patients for a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) swab test from March 2020 to June 2020, we included those who were older than 18 years, had received abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) in the 6 months following the positive RT-PCR swab, and had no previously known splanchnic vein thrombosis. Results: A total of 60 patients with abdominal CT were selected from all those positive for SARS-CoV-2 (n = 2987). The prevalence of PVT was 3/60 (5%). The mean age was 66.1 ± 16.5 years and 51.7% were male. In two of the three patients, there was no underlying pathology as a risk factor for PVT and one of them presented cirrhosis. The number of days from the start of COVID-19 symptoms until the PVT diagnosis were 21, 12, and 10 days. Anticoagulation treatment achieved recanalization in 100% of cases. During a mean follow-up of 803 days, none of the patients experienced long-term complications. Conclusions: Portal vein thrombosis is uncommon, and its incidence may be higher in COVID-19 patients. A greater understanding of the features of this disease in the context of COVID-19 could aid towards its diagnosis and allow for early detection and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1187 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Relationship between proAKAP4 Level and Longevity of Sexed Sperm Quality after Thawing

by İlktan Bastan, Fırat Korkmaz, Derya Şahin, Seher Şimşek and Ufuk Kaya

Vet. Sci. 2024, 11(9), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11090444 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

ProAKAP4 is a sperm structural protein that regulates motility through the PKA-dependent cAMP signaling pathway, which is synthesized as an X chromosome-linked member of the gene family. This study aims to determine the optimal level of proAKAP4 for evaluating sexed semen through investigating [...] Read more.

ProAKAP4 is a sperm structural protein that regulates motility through the PKA-dependent cAMP signaling pathway, which is synthesized as an X chromosome-linked member of the gene family. This study aims to determine the optimal level of proAKAP4 for evaluating sexed semen through investigating its relationship with the longevity of sperm quality in sexed Holstein bull sperm. A total of 30 sexed sperm samples (bearing X chromosomes) from 30 distinct Holstein bulls (n = 30) were analyzed. The frozen bull sperm samples were assessed for their proAKAP4 levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, plasma membrane and acrosome integrity (PMAI), and spermatozoa movement parameters at hours 0 and 3 after thawing. The proAKAP4 levels in the sexed sperm samples ranged from 16.35 to 72.10 ng/10 M spz, with an average of 37.18 ± 15.1 ng/10 M spz. A strong positive correlation was observed between proAKAP4 levels and total motility, progressive motility, PMAI, high mitochondrial membrane potential, VAP, and VCL values after 3 h of incubation, when compared to post-thaw analyses. The results also reveal that spermatozoa with proAKAP4 levels of ≥40 ng/10 M spz exhibit higher quality. In conclusion, the level of proAKAP4 in sexed sperm aligns with previous studies and shows potential as a biomarker for assessing the longevity of sexed sperm quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sperm Biotechnology in Animals Reproduction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3016 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Interference on ZIKV and CHIKV Cycles in Mosquitoes and Mammalian Cells

by Tiago Souza Salles, Erica Santos Martins-Duarte, Marcelo Damião Ferreira de Meneses, Monica Ferreira Moreira, Davis Fernandes Ferreira, Renata Campos Azevedo, Wanderley De Souza and Lucio Ayres Caldas

Pathogens 2024, 13(9), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090814 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Temperature is a determining factor for the viral cycle. In this study, we investigate the effect of different temperatures on the cycles of two important arboviruses—Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV)—in Vero (mammalian) and C6/36 (mosquito) cells. We compare genome quantification to infectivity at [...] Read more.

Temperature is a determining factor for the viral cycle. In this study, we investigate the effect of different temperatures on the cycles of two important arboviruses—Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV)—in Vero (mammalian) and C6/36 (mosquito) cells. We compare genome quantification to infectivity at 28 °C and 37 °C in both cell types. Virus–cell interaction was also examined by transmission electron microscopy, allowing the observation of phenomena such as virus-surfing and giant forms for CHIKV, as well as the the scarcity of ZIKV in C6/36 cells compared to its cycle in mammalian cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Arboviruses: Epidemiology, Vector Dynamics, and Pathogenesis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 3177 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review of In Situ Hybridization (ISH) Stain Images Using Computational Techniques

by Zaka Ur Rehman, Mohammad Faizal Ahmad Fauzi, Wan Siti Halimatul Munirah Wan Ahmad, Fazly Salleh Abas, Phaik Leng Cheah, Seow Fan Chiew and Lai-Meng Looi

Diagnostics 2024, 14(18), 2089; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14182089 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Recent advancements in medical imaging have greatly enhanced the application of computational techniques in digital pathology, particularly for the classification of breast cancer using in situ hybridization (ISH) imaging. HER2 amplification, a key prognostic marker in 20–25% of breast cancers, can be assessed [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in medical imaging have greatly enhanced the application of computational techniques in digital pathology, particularly for the classification of breast cancer using in situ hybridization (ISH) imaging. HER2 amplification, a key prognostic marker in 20–25% of breast cancers, can be assessed through alterations in gene copy number or protein expression. However, challenges persist due to the heterogeneity of nuclear regions and complexities in cancer biomarker detection. This review examines semi-automated and fully automated computational methods for analyzing ISH images with a focus on HER2 gene amplification. Literature from 1997 to 2023 is analyzed, emphasizing silver-enhanced in situ hybridization (SISH) and its integration with image processing and machine learning techniques. Both conventional machine learning approaches and recent advances in deep learning are compared. The review reveals that automated ISH analysis in combination with bright-field microscopy provides a cost-effective and scalable solution for routine pathology. The integration of deep learning techniques shows promise in improving accuracy over conventional methods, although there are limitations related to data variability and computational demands. Automated ISH analysis can reduce manual labor and increase diagnostic accuracy. Future research should focus on refining these computational methods, particularly in handling the complex nature of HER2 status evaluation, and integrate best practices to further enhance clinical adoption of these techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Machine Learning for Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Biomedical Imaging—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 8494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Radiotherapy Sensitivity in Prostate Cancer with Lentinan-Functionalized Selenium Nanoparticles: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Potential

by Yani Zou, Helin Xu, Xiu Wu, Xuesong Liu and Jianfu Zhao

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(9), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16091230 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, its limited tumor sensitivity and severe side effects restrict its clinical utility. Lentinan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (LET-SeNPs) have shown promise in enhancing radiotherapy sensitivity and exhibiting antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated [...] Read more.

Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. However, its limited tumor sensitivity and severe side effects restrict its clinical utility. Lentinan-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (LET-SeNPs) have shown promise in enhancing radiotherapy sensitivity and exhibiting antitumor activity. In this study, we investigated the radiotherapy sensitization mechanism of LET-SeNPs in PCa. Our results demonstrate that the combination of LET-SeNPs and X-ray therapy (4 Gy) significantly inhibited the growth and colony formation of PCa cells by inducing apoptosis, surpassing the effects of individual treatments. This combined approach modulated DNA damage through the p53, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), and AKT pathways. Furthermore, LET-SeNPs increased PC3 cell sensitivity to X-ray-induced apoptosis by downregulating TrxR (Thioredoxin reductase) expression and inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, thereby activating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathways. Additionally, LET-SeNPs regulated PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase) to prevent DNA damage repair. In vivo studies confirmed that the combination treatment inhibited PCa growth by synergistically activating the p53 pathway to induce cell apoptosis. These findings highlight LET-SeNPs’ potential as a radiotherapy sensitizer and suggest that combining LET-SeNPs with X-ray therapy could be a promising strategy for clinical application, leveraging selenium-modified nanoparticles’ antitumor effects. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1504 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Two Models of Telerehabilitation in Improving Recovery from Subacute Upper Limb Disability after Stroke: Robotic vs. Non-Robotic

by Arianna Pavan, Alessio Fasano, Stefania Lattanzi, Laura Cortellini, Valeria Cipollini, Sabina Insalaco, Maria Cristina Mauro, Marco Germanotta and Irene Giovanna Aprile

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(9), 941; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14090941 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Finding innovative digital solutions is fundamental to ensure prompt and continuous care for patients with chronic neurological disorders, whose demand for rehabilitation also in home-based settings is steadily increasing. The aim is to verify the safety and the effectiveness of two telerehabilitation [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Finding innovative digital solutions is fundamental to ensure prompt and continuous care for patients with chronic neurological disorders, whose demand for rehabilitation also in home-based settings is steadily increasing. The aim is to verify the safety and the effectiveness of two telerehabilitation (TR) models in improving recovery from subacute upper limb (UL) disability after stroke, with and without a robotic device. Methods: One hundred nineteen subjects with subacute post-stroke UL disability were assessed for eligibility. Of them, 30 patients were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to either the Robotic Group (RG), undergoing a 20-session TR program, using a robotic device, or the Non-Robotic Group (NRG), undergoing a 20-session TR program without robotics. Clinical evaluations were measured at baseline (T0) and post-intervention (T1, 5 weeks after baseline), and included assessments of quality of life, motor skills, and clinical/functional status. The primary outcome measure was the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, evaluating the change in perceived disability. Results: Statistical analysis shows that patients of both groups improved significantly over time in all domains analyzed (mean decrease from baseline in the WHODAS 2.0 of 6.09 ± 2.62% for the NRG, and of 0.76 ± 2.21% for the RG), with a greater improvement of patients in the NRG in motor (Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity—motor function, Box and Block Test) and cognitive skills (Trail Making Test-A). Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of TR programs to transform stroke rehabilitation by enhancing accessibility and patient-centered care, promoting autonomy, improving adherence, and leading to better outcomes and quality of life for stroke survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Collection Series: Neurorehabilitation Insights in 2024)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3 pages, 4122 KiB

Open AccessInteresting Images

Atraumatic Hepatic Laceration with Hemoperitoneum

by Gaetano Maria Russo, Evangelia Zoi, Imma D’Iglio and Maria Luisa Mangoni di Santo Stefano

Diagnostics 2024, 14(18), 2088; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14182088 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Introduction: A rare case of atraumatic liver laceration associated with hemoperitoneum is presented in a patient with amyloidosis who came to the hospital for abdominal pain. Case Presentation: The imaging findings reveal significant hepatomegaly with finely heterogeneous hepatic density and subcapsular hypo-dense streaks [...] Read more.

Introduction: A rare case of atraumatic liver laceration associated with hemoperitoneum is presented in a patient with amyloidosis who came to the hospital for abdominal pain. Case Presentation: The imaging findings reveal significant hepatomegaly with finely heterogeneous hepatic density and subcapsular hypo-dense streaks in segments VI and VII, likely representing lesions. Post-contrast enhancement shows a punctiform contrast medium extravasation within the subhepatic fluid collection, visible from the arterial phase and intensifying in subsequent study phases. Discussion: These imaging findings suggest an atraumatic hepatic laceration, a diagnosis confirmed by the presence of hemoperitoneum distributed bilaterally under the diaphragm, in the paracolic gutters, along the mesentery root, and predominantly in the peri-hepatic region. Conclusion: The detailed imaging analysis provided critical insights into the diagnosis and management of this rare clinical presentation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Management of Liver Diseases—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Impact of ESKAPE Pathogens on Bacteremia: A Three-Year Surveillance Study at a Major Hospital in Southern Italy

by Mariagrazia De Prisco, Roberta Manente, Biagio Santella, Enrica Serretiello, Federica Dell’Annunziata, Emanuela Santoro, Francesca F. Bernardi, Chiara D’Amore, Alessandro Perrella, Pasquale Pagliano, Giovanni Boccia, Gianluigi Franci and Veronica Folliero

Antibiotics 2024, 13(9), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13090901 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pose a serious public health threat as they are resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by ESKAPE bacteria [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pose a serious public health threat as they are resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by ESKAPE bacteria have high mortality rates due to the limited availability of effective antimicrobials. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and susceptibility of ESKAPE pathogens causing BSIs over three years in a large tertiary hospital in Salerno. Methods: Conducted at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of San Giovanni di Dio e ‘‘Ruggi D’Aragona’’ Hospital from January 2020 to December 2022, blood culture samples from different departments were incubated in the BD BACTEC™ system for 5 days. Species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS, and antimicrobial resistance patterns were determined by the VITEK2 system. Results: Out of 3197 species isolated from positive blood cultures, 38.7% were ESKAPE bacteria. Of these, 59.9% were found in blood culture samples taken from men, and the most affected age group was those aged >60 years. (70.6%). Staphylococcus aureus was the main BSI pathogen (26.3%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.8%). Significant resistance rates were found, including 35% of Staphylococcus aureus being resistant to oxacillin and over 90% of Acinetobacter baumannii being resistant to carbapenems. Conclusions: These results highlight the urgent need for antimicrobial stewardship programs to prevent incurable infections. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3548 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Organic Fertilizer Application on Microbial Community Regulation and Pollutant Accumulation in Typical Red Soil in South China

by Qinghong Sun, Qiao Zhang, Zhijie Huang, Chang Wei, Yongtao Li and Huijuan Xu

Agronomy 2024, 14(9), 2150; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14092150 (registering DOI) - 21 Sep 2024

Abstract

Returning livestock manure to the cropland as organic fertilizer is a sustainable and environmentally friendly treatment method, but its application also alters the soil microenvironment. However, the impact of soil microbial community disturbance and pollutant accumulation from different types of organic fertilizers remains [...] Read more.

Returning livestock manure to the cropland as organic fertilizer is a sustainable and environmentally friendly treatment method, but its application also alters the soil microenvironment. However, the impact of soil microbial community disturbance and pollutant accumulation from different types of organic fertilizers remains largely unknown in South China. To fill this gap, we investigated the effects of organic fertilizers, including chicken manure, pig manure and vermicompost on the soil bacterial and fungal communities and environmental risks. The results show that applying organic fertilizer effectively increases the soil nutrient content. High-throughput sequencing of bacteria and fungi showed that the application of different organic fertilizers had differential effects on microbial community structure, with the highest number of microbe-specific OTUs in the vermicomposting treatment. Additionally, this study found no risk of heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr and Cd) contamination from short-term organic fertilizer application, but there was a risk of antibiotic (ENR and CHL) contamination. Functional microorganisms regulating heavy metals and antibiotics were identified by RDA analysis. This study facilitates the screening of types of organic fertilizers that can be safely returned to the field as well as developing strategies to regulate functional microbes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI