MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

28 pages, 3081 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Abnormal Increase in Switching Frequency in Multi-Sources Line Commutated Converter and Suppression Method

by Xintong Mao, Xianmeng Zhang, Jian Ling, Honglin Yan, Rui Jing, Zhihan Liu and Chuyang Wang

Energies 2026, 19(4), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/en19040870 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Distinct from the traditional Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) which focuses on fundamental frequency operation, the Static Var and Filter (SVF) within the Multi-Source Line-Commutated Converter (SLCC) system is tasked with the core function of high-frequency harmonic filtering. This paper reveals a unique engineering [...] Read more.

Distinct from the traditional Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) which focuses on fundamental frequency operation, the Static Var and Filter (SVF) within the Multi-Source Line-Commutated Converter (SLCC) system is tasked with the core function of high-frequency harmonic filtering. This paper reveals a unique engineering reliability issue stemming from this functional difference: to satisfy the Nyquist sampling theorem for precise tracking and elimination of high-frequency harmonics, the update frequency of the capacitor voltage balancing algorithm in the SLCC-SVF system is forced to increase significantly. Mathematical modeling and quantitative analysis demonstrate that this strong coupling between harmonic tracking demands and the voltage sorting strategy directly drives an abnormal surge in the average switching frequency (reaching over five times that of the fundamental condition), severely threatening device safety. To address this, an optimized adaptive hybrid modulation strategy is proposed. The system operates under Nearest Level Modulation (NLM) in normal conditions and automatically transitions to Carrier Phase-Shifted PWM (CPS-PWM)—leveraging its closed-loop balancing capability—when switching frequency or junction temperature exceeds safety thresholds. Furthermore, a non-integer frequency ratio optimization theory for low-modulation indices is constructed specifically for SVF conditions to prevent low-frequency oscillations. PLECS simulation results validate the theoretical analysis, showing that the proposed strategy effectively reduces the average switching frequency by approximately 20% under complex harmonic conditions, significantly enhancing thermal stability and operational reliability while guaranteeing filtering performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reliability of Power Electronics Devices and Converter Systems: 2nd Edition)

22 pages, 4962 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antenna-Pattern Radiometric Correction for Mini-RF S-Band SAR Imagery in Lunar Polar Regions

by Zeyu Li, Fei Zhao, Tingyu Meng, Lizhi Liu, Zihan Xu and Pingping Lu

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041681 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Systematic radiometric anomalies, manifesting as non-physical range-direction oscillations, significantly compromise the quality of Miniature Radio Frequency (Mini-RF) S-band SAR imagery and its scientific application in the lunar south polar region. In this study, we analyzed 1262 scenes from the Mini-RF archive in south [...] Read more.

Systematic radiometric anomalies, manifesting as non-physical range-direction oscillations, significantly compromise the quality of Miniature Radio Frequency (Mini-RF) S-band SAR imagery and its scientific application in the lunar south polar region. In this study, we analyzed 1262 scenes from the Mini-RF archive in south polar regions. By employing a statistical screening method based on fitting the relationship of backscattering signal and off-nadir angle, 377 scenes (29.9%) were identified as radiometrically anomalous scenes with systematic errors. To correct these errors, a physics-based radiometric correction framework has been proposed by reconstructing the effective antenna gain pattern (AGP) of Mini-RF. Referenced relationship between the backscattering signal and the local incidence angle was established using normal scenes. For each anomalous scene, a simulation-driven gradient descent optimization approach is developed to estimate the offset of the AGP. Subsequently, the derived offset is applied to realign the AGP of the anomalous scene, effectively compensating for the systematic range-direction oscillations and restoring the true backscatter intensity. Using the proposed method, systematic errors in anomalous scenes have been eliminated effectively, reducing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) relative to the reference radiometric curve from 2.11 to 1.21 and decreasing the image entropy from 2.83 to 2.29. By eliminating systematic banding artifacts, the proposed method has significantly improved the radiometric fidelity of Mini-RF data. Furthermore, a temporal periodicity was found in the gain offsets, suggesting dynamic instrument distortion driven by variations in the orbital thermal environment. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 305 KB

Open AccessArticle

Meaning as Uncertain and Unsayable: Negotiations of a Poetics of Faithful Incredulity

by B. Keith Putt

Religions 2026, 17(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17020203 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

In her excellent volume Open Socrates: The Case for a Philosophical Life, Agnes Callard juxtaposes Socrates’s conclusion that the meaningfulness of life is a function of consistent critical inquiry into existence with Leo Tolstoy’s contrary insistence that existential meaning ensues from living [...] Read more.

In her excellent volume Open Socrates: The Case for a Philosophical Life, Agnes Callard juxtaposes Socrates’s conclusion that the meaningfulness of life is a function of consistent critical inquiry into existence with Leo Tolstoy’s contrary insistence that existential meaning ensues from living life without constant interruptions of self-reflection. These two perspectives functionally identify the tension between whether individuals may linguistically express opinions on truth and meaning or must negotiate in some manner with an inescapable silence regarding how best to comprehend and communicate discrete interpretations of the significance and veracity of lived experience. This present article investigates that tension and how it depends on the poetic and apophatic characteristics of language to both Say and Unsay how meaning and truth may be conceived. Salient positions from Ludwig Wittgenstein and William Franke provide introductory material to set the context for a closer examination of the complementary hermeneutics of the French philosopher Paul Ricoeur and the American poet Wallace Stevens. Both thinkers concur that properly analyzing meaning and truth requires a reliance on the creative imagination with its privileging of poetic language and its dependence on the humility of an incredulous faith in approximating an operative asymptotic approach to existential meaning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seeking Truth and Meaning: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Religion and Philosophy)

13 pages, 851 KB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolic and Immune Vulnerability in Critically Ill Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

by Mădălina Diana Daina (Fehér), Codrin Dan Nicolae Ilea, Cosmin Mihai Vesa, Alina Cristiana Venter, Adriana Vladu, Timea Claudia Ghitea, László Fehér and Cristian Marius Daina

Medicina 2026, 62(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina62020341 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is frequently encountered in critically ill patients and is associated with increased short-term mortality. However, the biological and clinical determinants of mortality within the diabetic intensive care unit (ICU) population remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is frequently encountered in critically ill patients and is associated with increased short-term mortality. However, the biological and clinical determinants of mortality within the diabetic intensive care unit (ICU) population remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to evaluate laboratory parameters at ICU admission and key early ICU course variables, including acute complications and organ support interventions, associated with short-term ICU mortality in critically ill patients with diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study including adult patients with diabetes mellitus admitted to a tertiary care ICU between January and December 2024. Demographic data, laboratory parameters at ICU admission, acute complications, and ICU interventions were collected. Patients were stratified according to ICU outcome (survivors vs. non-survivors). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of ICU mortality. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC/ROC), Hosmer–Lemeshow test, and Brier score. Results: A total of 443 critically ill patients with diabetes mellitus were included, of whom 239 (54.0%) died during ICU hospitalization. Non-survivors exhibited higher admission blood glucose, lactate levels, and serum creatinine, as well as lower lymphocyte counts compared to survivors. Acute complications, including sepsis, acute kidney injury, and acute respiratory failure, were significantly more frequent among non-survivors. In multivariate analysis, admission lactate levels (OR = 1.02 per mg/dL increase), mechanical ventilation (OR = 47.30), and hemodialysis (OR = 3.38) remained independently associated with ICU mortality. The predictive model demonstrated good discrimination (AUC = 0.87) and adequate calibration. Conclusions: Critically ill patients with diabetes mellitus who do not survive ICU hospitalization present with early metabolic stress, immune dysregulation, and organ dysfunction. Admission lactate levels and the need for advanced organ support are key predictors of short-term mortality, supporting their role in risk stratification within the diabetic ICU population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Intensive Care/ Anesthesiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 7667 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Fermented Rice Bran Meal on Growth Performance and Amino Acid Metabolism in Finishing Pigs

by Wenzhuo Deng, Xiao’e Xiang, Ziru Li, Sindaye Daniel, Jinghong Liao, Xinhua Cao, Zhiyuan Sui, Hui Zeng and Suqin Hang

Animals 2026, 16(4), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040527 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Due to the lack of corn and soybean meal in animal feeding, rice bran meal (RBM) has been proposed as a beneficial substitute for these feedstocks’ ingredients. Its fermentation by using diverse microbes has been adopted as a beneficial technique. In this study, [...] Read more.

Due to the lack of corn and soybean meal in animal feeding, rice bran meal (RBM) has been proposed as a beneficial substitute for these feedstocks’ ingredients. Its fermentation by using diverse microbes has been adopted as a beneficial technique. In this study, 18 five-month-old finishing pigs (castrated Duroc × Landrace × Large White) were assigned to three dietary groups with six replicates in each group, designated as the control (CON), unfermented RBM (RBM), and fermented RBM (FRBM) groups. RBM was fermented with a mixture of Lactobacillus johnsonii L63 and hydrolytic enzymes at 37 °C and pH 4.8 for 60 h. The results indicated that incorporating 30% fermented or unfermented rice bran meal into the diets of finishing pigs had no significant effect on growth performance. Regarding serum biochemical parameters, most indicators, including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and triglycerides, showed no significant alterations. However, in both the unfermented and fermented rice bran meal groups, the concentrations of serum total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, and blood urea nitrogen were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas serum nitric oxide levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The FRBM group improved intestinal morphology and the digestibility of nutrients (crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, and gross energy) by altering the mTORC1 pathway and upregulating the relative expression of amino acid and peptide transporter genes in the jejunum. However, the dry matter digestibility decreased compared to the CON group. The RBM group reduced nutrient digestibility, along with alterations in hepatic gene expression related to amino acid metabolism and transport. Therefore, fermented rice bran meal may offer a potential substitute feed ingredient for use in swine diets when conventional ingredients like corn and soybean meal are in short supply. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 889 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Unclonable Function Based Privacy-Preserving Authentication Scheme for Autonomous Vehicles Using Hardware Acceleration

by Rabeea Fatima, Ujunwa Madububambachu, Ahmed Sherif, Muhammad Hataba, Nick Rahimi and Kasem Khalil

Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041088 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

With the rise of smart cities, technology has enabled more efficient urban management. A key part of this is the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs), which connects vehicles to smart city systems to improve transportation safety and efficiency. This integrated system enables wireless connection [...] Read more.

With the rise of smart cities, technology has enabled more efficient urban management. A key part of this is the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs), which connects vehicles to smart city systems to improve transportation safety and efficiency. This integrated system enables wireless connection between vehicles, allowing for the sharing of essential traffic information. However, with all this connectivity, there are growing concerns about IoV security and privacy. This paper presents a new privacy-preserving authentication scheme for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in the IoV field using physical unclonable functions (PUFs). This scheme employs a bilinear pairing-based encryption technique that supports search over encrypted data. The primary aim of this scheme is to authenticate AVs inside the IoV architecture. A novel PUF design generates random keys for our authentication technique, hence boosting security. This dual-layer security strategy safeguards against a range of cyber threats, including identity fraud, man-in-the-middle attacks, and unauthorized access to personal user data. The PUF design will guarantee the true randomness of the AVs’ users’ secret keys. To handle the large amount of data involved, we use hardware acceleration with different Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). Our examination of privacy and security demonstrates the achievement of the defined design goals. The proposed authentication framework was fully implemented and validated on FPGA platforms to demonstrate its hardware feasibility and efficiency. The integrated heterogeneous PUF achieves an average reliability exceeding

98.5 %

across a wide temperature range, while maintaining near-ideal randomness with an average Hamming weight of

49.7 %

over multiple challenge sets. Furthermore, the uniqueness metric approaches

49.9 %

, confirming strong inter-device distinguishability among different PUF instances. The complete authentication architecture was synthesized on Nexys-100T, Zynq-104, and Kintex-116 devices, where the design utilizes less than

80 %

of slice Look-Up Tables (LUTs), under

27 %

of on-chip memory resources, and below

16 %

of DSP blocks, demonstrating low hardware overhead. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Privacy and Security in Sensor Networks)

15 pages, 1309 KB

Open AccessArticle

Emergence of Polymyxin Resistance Driven by a PhoQ Mutation in KPC-2-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

by Huijuan Song, Cui Jian, Lu Gong, Ziyong Sun, Zhongju Chen and Yue Wang

Antibiotics 2026, 15(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics15020183 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: The emergence of polymyxin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) presents a critical challenge to clinical management. This study aimed to delineate the molecular mechanisms driving the acquisition of polymyxin resistance in CRKP. Methods: We analyzed polymyxin-susceptible and polymyxin-resistant CRKP isolates obtained [...] Read more.

Background: The emergence of polymyxin-resistant, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) presents a critical challenge to clinical management. This study aimed to delineate the molecular mechanisms driving the acquisition of polymyxin resistance in CRKP. Methods: We analyzed polymyxin-susceptible and polymyxin-resistant CRKP isolates obtained from a single patient. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations. Whole genome sequencing was employed to identify variations in two-component systems and to screen for mcr genes, which were involved in polymyxin resistance. Differential gene expression was assessed using RNA sequencing and validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis was utilized to confirm the causal role of specific mutations in conferring the resistant phenotype. Results: An L96P mutation in the PhoQ protein was found in the polymyxin-resistant CRKP isolate. Compared with the PhoQ wild-type, this mutation significantly upregulated expression of phoP/Q, pmrD, and arnBCADTEF operon-related genes. A corresponding L96P mutant was subsequently constructed in the polymyxin-susceptible ATCC 13883 strain via site-directed mutagenesis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing confirmed that the PhoQ L96P mutation elevates the minimal inhibitory concentrations of colistin and polymyxin B to 64 mg/L and >32 mg/L, respectively, from a baseline of 0.5 mg/L. Conclusions: The PhoQ L96P mutation is a pivotal driver of polymyxin resistance in CRKP, primarily mediated through the upregulation of the arnBCADTEF operon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanism and Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance)

12 pages, 3295 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor Based on Porous PDMS/Candle Soot Foam

by Jiaqi Sun, Yanyan Dong, Qi Li and Chenxia Li

Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041086 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Flexible wearable pressure sensors still face the challenges of complex structure and high manufacturing costs. In this article, we present a simple method for preparing a highly sensitive, flexible wearable pressure sensor based on candle soot and porous PDMS foam. Meanwhile, to enhance [...] Read more.

Flexible wearable pressure sensors still face the challenges of complex structure and high manufacturing costs. In this article, we present a simple method for preparing a highly sensitive, flexible wearable pressure sensor based on candle soot and porous PDMS foam. Meanwhile, to enhance the sensor’s robustness and practicality, a fully enclosed packaging design based on PDMS film was developed. The resulting sensor demonstrates excellent sensitivity, attributed to its porous structure, rough surface, and the unique properties of candle soot. Furthermore, the developed sensor can accurately detect movements in various parts of the human body and measure the force applied during finger pressing. This innovative porous PDMS/candle soot pressure sensor shows great potential for applications in wearable electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Wearables)

20 pages, 9965 KB

Open AccessReview

Application of Nanomaterials in the Deacidification of Paper-Based Cultural Heritage

by Chun Kong, Jinxiu Song, Yu Tong, Tao Chen and Sheng Chen

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(4), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16040221 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Acidity is a primary factor leading to the deterioration of paper-based cultural heritage, and deacidification treatment is a crucial preventive conservation measure for extending their lifespan. Traditional deacidification techniques, such as the particle suspension method and vapor phase method, have limitations in terms [...] Read more.

Acidity is a primary factor leading to the deterioration of paper-based cultural heritage, and deacidification treatment is a crucial preventive conservation measure for extending their lifespan. Traditional deacidification techniques, such as the particle suspension method and vapor phase method, have limitations in terms of penetration uniformity, treatment efficacy, or safety. Nanoscale alkaline materials, represented by nano-calcium hydroxide and nano-magnesium hydroxide, offer an innovative solution with the potential to achieve more uniform, efficient, and long-lasting paper deacidification, owing to their high specific surface area, enhanced reactivity, and superior penetration capacity derived from the nanoscale dimension. It is important to note that the realized uniformity and depth of treatment are contingent upon substrate properties (e.g., fiber density, porosity) and application parameters. This paper provides a systematic review of the main types of nanomaterials applied in the deacidification of paper artifacts—including their synthesis and dispersion stabilization methods—application techniques (such as immersion and spraying) and performance evaluation systems (including pH value, alkaline reserve, and mechanical properties). Through comparative analysis and case studies, the advantages and current challenges of nano-deacidification technology are elaborated. Finally, future directions for nano-deacidification technology are discussed, particularly focusing on material optimization, standardized evaluation, and prospects for scalable application tailored to the practical needs of cultural heritage conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials and Technologies for Sustainable Development)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1686 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Relationship Between Substance Use and Suicide Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Random-Effects Proportions Meta-Analysis

by Estefano D. Cadena Barberis, Ha Ram Oh, Luis David Vélez Ordóñez, Valeria Salomé Calvopiña, Jose A. Rodas and Jose E. Leon-Rojas

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(4), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15041328 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted social structures, healthcare access, and psychological well-being, potentially intensifying substance use and suicidal behavior. Although both phenomena have been independently studied, their co-occurrence during the pandemic has not been systematically synthesized. To evaluate the prevalence and patterns [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted social structures, healthcare access, and psychological well-being, potentially intensifying substance use and suicidal behavior. Although both phenomena have been independently studied, their co-occurrence during the pandemic has not been systematically synthesized. To evaluate the prevalence and patterns of suicidal behavior among individuals with substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic through a systematic review and random-effects proportions meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCO Host was conducted from 11 March 2020 to 15 October 2022 for studies published between March 2020 and October 2022. Eligible studies included observational designs reporting substance use and suicidal behavior in adults during the pandemic. Risk of bias was assessed using National Institutes of Health tools. Proportional meta-analyses were performed using a random-effects model with Freeman–Tukey double arcsine transformation. Heterogeneity was quantified using the I² statistic. Results: Twenty studies comprising 70,684 individuals were included. Substance use during the pandemic was reported in 24.6 percent of participants, while 30.7 percent exhibited suicidal behavior. A total of 16.1 percent presented with both substance use and suicidal behavior. The pooled prevalence of any suicidal behavior among individuals with substance use was 33.8 percent (95 percent CI, 22.8 to 45.7), with substantial heterogeneity. Alcohol showed a pooled prevalence of 36.2 percent, cannabis 48.1 percent, and tobacco 11.5 percent. Suicidal ideation was the most frequent outcome, with a pooled prevalence of 36.8 percent among substance users. Most studies reported an increased association between substance use and suicidal behavior compared with pre-pandemic periods. Conclusions: Substance use and suicidal behavior frequently co-occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly suicidal ideation and alcohol use. These findings highlight the need for integrated mental health and substance use interventions during public health crises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Substance and Behavioral Addictions: Prevention and Diagnosis)

22 pages, 2447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Word-Level Motion Learning for Contactless QWERTY Typing with a Single Camera

by Sung-Sic Yoo and Heung-Shik Lee

Sensors 2026, 26(4), 1087; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26041087 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Contactless text entry is increasingly important in immersive and constrained computing environments, yet most vision-based approaches rely on character-level recognition or key localization, which are fragile under monocular sensing. This study investigates the feasibility of recognizing natural QWERTY typing motions directly at the [...] Read more.

Contactless text entry is increasingly important in immersive and constrained computing environments, yet most vision-based approaches rely on character-level recognition or key localization, which are fragile under monocular sensing. This study investigates the feasibility of recognizing natural QWERTY typing motions directly at the word level using only a single RGB camera, under a fixed single-user and single-camera configuration. We propose a word-level contactless typing framework that models each word as a distinctive spatiotemporal finger motion pattern derived from hand joint trajectories. Typing motions are temporally segmented, and direction-aware finger displacements are accumulated to construct compact motion representations that are relatively insensitive to absolute hand position and typing duration within the evaluated setup. Each word is represented by multiple motion prototypes that are incrementally updated through online learning with a trial-delayed adaptation protocol. Experiments with vocabularies of up to 200 words show that the proposed approach progressively learns and recalls word-level motion patterns through repeated interaction, achieving stable recognition performance within the tested configuration at realistic typing speeds. Additional evaluations demonstrate that learned motion representations can transfer from physical keyboards to flat-surface typing within the same experimental setting, even when tactile feedback and visual layout cues are reduced. These results support the feasibility of reframing contactless typing as a word-level motion recall problem, and suggest its potential role as a complementary component to character-centric camera-based input methods under constrained monocular sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI Sensors and Transducers)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 2316 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Epidemiology of Fungi Identified in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Asthmatic Horses in the US

by Kathleen Ivester, Laurent Couetil, Devender Arora, Rebecca Wilkes and Jyothi Thimmapuram

Animals 2026, 16(4), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani16040526 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Fungal exposure is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma in horses, but the importance of specific fungi is unknown. Geographic variation in equine asthmatic endotypes is suspected and might be related to different fungal exposures due to different climatological and geographical conditions. [...] Read more.

Fungal exposure is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma in horses, but the importance of specific fungi is unknown. Geographic variation in equine asthmatic endotypes is suspected and might be related to different fungal exposures due to different climatological and geographical conditions. This study had two objectives: evaluate the effect of the ecoregion upon BALF inflammatory cells and fungal community composition in horses with asthma and evaluate the effect of BALF fungal community composition upon the likelihood of neutrophilic, mastocytic and eosinophilic inflammation in these horses. Differential cytology counts were obtained from 916 BALF samples submitted from horses with poor performance and/or clinical signs of respiratory disease from five ecoregions. The effect of the ecoregion upon BALF inflammatory cell proportions was modeled using generalized linear models. Seventy banked BALF samples were subjected to sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions of fungal DNA. Diversity analysis was performed in QIIME, including alpha diversity metrics and the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity metric. After taxonomy was assigned, differential abundances between ecoregions and inflammatory phenotypes were estimated by generalized linear models in DESeq2. BALF neutrophil (p < 0.0001) and eosinophil (p < 0.0001) proportions varied by ecoregion, while mast cell proportions did not (p = 0.18). Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Epicoccum spp. were found to differ in abundance between regions. These geographical variations in fungal exposure might be responsible for differences in BALF neutrophil and eosinophil proportions between ecoregions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unveiling Equine Exercise Physiology for Peak Performance and Optimal Health)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 3816 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Objective Inventory Routing Framework for Rural Freight Logistics

by Soheila Saeidi, Evangelos Kaisar and Mahnaz Babapour

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041717 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Rural freight mobility and logistics face persistent challenges, including inadequate road infrastructure, high transportation costs, safety risks, tolls at link access points, and dispersed demand. Traditional inventory routing models often fail to address these complexities, especially in rural contexts where alternative routing options [...] Read more.

Rural freight mobility and logistics face persistent challenges, including inadequate road infrastructure, high transportation costs, safety risks, tolls at link access points, and dispersed demand. Traditional inventory routing models often fail to address these complexities, especially in rural contexts where alternative routing options and integrated in-haul/back-haul operations are essential for improving efficiency and reducing empty miles. This study proposes a bi-objective mathematical model for the inventory routing problem in rural logistics, incorporating multiple routing attributes (transportation costs, risks, link-access tolls, and distances) and inventory dynamics (integrated in-haul and back-haul visits). The model aims to minimize total logistics costs and accident risk while balancing operational expenses and safety considerations. Risk estimation is derived from crash data along rural road links connecting distribution nodes. A real-world case study involving Walmart distribution centers in Macclenny, Baker County, Florida, and several rural Supercenters is conducted to validate the model. A modified Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) is developed and compared with CPLEX for solution efficiency across small and large-scale problem instances. Results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms classical methods, improves routing decisions in rural logistics systems, and achieves cost savings of up to 17% for the evaluated objectives, emphasizing the importance of using multi-attribute, multi-route network structures in rural logistics optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modulated Solar Irradiation: Impact on Drying Behavior and Quality Attributes of Chile de Agua (Capsicum annuum L.) Peppers Harvested at Different Maturity Stages

by Diana Paola García-Moreira, Ivan Moreno, Neith Pacheco, Emanuel Herrera-Pool and Erick César López-Vidaña

Processes 2026, 14(4), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr14040582 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Drying chili peppers is a crucial technique for their preservation, as it extends shelf life while minimizing the degradation of high-value bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the impact of modulated solar irradiation on the drying kinetics and quality retention of “Chile de Agua” [...] Read more.

Drying chili peppers is a crucial technique for their preservation, as it extends shelf life while minimizing the degradation of high-value bioactive compounds. This study evaluated the impact of modulated solar irradiation on the drying kinetics and quality retention of “Chile de Agua” (Capsicum annuum L.) peppers across three maturity stages (unripe, ripe, and overripe). Two cylindrical solar dryers were employed: a conventional solar dryer (CSD) and a novel Solar Dryer with Dynamic Irradiance Control (SDIC) utilizing Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal (PDLC) technology. Drying behavior was analyzed through moisture ratio and drying rate, while quality attributes were assessed via color parameters, capsaicinoid content, and flavonoid profiling using UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS. Results demonstrated that the maturity stage significantly influences drying kinetics; unripe fruits exhibited the fastest dehydration rate, reducing drying time by approximately 14% compared to overripe fruits. Regarding quality, the CSD better preserved color (ΔE of 15.29 for ripe chilies). At the same time, the SDIC system significantly favored the retention of bioactive compounds, maintaining higher concentrations of total capsaicinoids (up to 1700 µg/g DW) and flavonoids such as luteolin (15.9 mg/100 g DW) and quercitrin (11.5 mg/100 g DW), especially in ripe fruits. The findings suggest that optimal processing requires selecting the drying method based on the targeted final use: CSD for color preservation in unripe chilies, or SDIC for maximizing bioactive retention in ripe fruits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Processes in Agri-Food Technology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1657 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Regeneration of Dredged Sediments: Desalination and Amendment for the Preparation of Greening Soil

by Xin Zhang, Yue Ma, Hengyu Liang, Kelan Liu, Junqing Mu, Dongxue Cui, Hongying Liu and Yan Ma

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041716 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The rapid expansion of coastal dredging projects has resulted in the accumulation of large volumes of dredged sediments, creating significant environmental and land-use challenges. Conventional disposal methods, such as landfilling and marine dumping, not only waste valuable resources but also pose risks, including [...] Read more.

The rapid expansion of coastal dredging projects has resulted in the accumulation of large volumes of dredged sediments, creating significant environmental and land-use challenges. Conventional disposal methods, such as landfilling and marine dumping, not only waste valuable resources but also pose risks, including heavy metal contamination and excessive salinity. In this study, dredged sediment from the former sedimentation area of Huanghua Port was systematically examined for its potential reuse as greening soil through a three-stage approach: desalination, amendment with additives, and composting. Water-washing experiments were conducted to optimize desalination parameters, with a focus on the effects of solid-to-liquid ratios and washing solution concentrations on electrical conductivity reduction. Biochar, fly ash, and wood vinegar were then applied as amendments to evaluate their impacts on soil properties, including pH, organic matter, electrical conductivity, and cation exchange capacity. In addition, co-composting experiments with dredged sediment and crop straw were designed to investigate composting dynamics and changes in physicochemical characteristics under different mixing ratios. The results showed that two washes with a 0.3% NaCl solution effectively reduced electrical conductivity to acceptable levels. Subsequent amendment and composting treatments markedly enhanced soil fertility and ecological suitability. In particular, the combination of 1000-fold diluted wood vinegar and straw-to-sediment composting at a 1:3 weight ratio enabled the amended sediment to meet the Chinese standards for Planting Soil Green. Overall, this study establishes a scientific basis and practical strategy for the sustainable recycling of dredged sediments, supporting their application in urban greening and ecological restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pollution Prevention, Mitigation and Sustainability)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 14912 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the Medicago ruthenica FTIP Gene Family and Expression Profiling Under Salt Stresses

by Yonglei Tian, Lin Zhu, Maowei Guo, Zhiyong Li, Zinian Wu, Hongyan Li, Xingyue Li and Xiaolong Wang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041633 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

FT-interacting proteins (FTIPs) function in signal transduction and metabolite transport, which are important to plant growth, development, and reproduction. Their bioinformatic characteristics and functions in Medicago ruthenica, a forage crop used for ecological restoration, remain unknown. We identified 19 MrFTIPs from the M. [...] Read more.

FT-interacting proteins (FTIPs) function in signal transduction and metabolite transport, which are important to plant growth, development, and reproduction. Their bioinformatic characteristics and functions in Medicago ruthenica, a forage crop used for ecological restoration, remain unknown. We identified 19 MrFTIPs from the M. ruthenica genome, and they were unevenly distributed across seven chromosomes. Most of them are alkaline, labile and hydrophilic, with a structure comprising irregular coils, α-helices and extended chains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed five evolutionary clades with MrFTIPs. In total, two pairs of segmental duplication events were found, indicating a major pattern for MrFTIP expansion. Overall, 16, 11, and 22 gene pairs were identified from M. truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Glycine max, respectively. The promoter regions of MrFTIPs were enriched with abiotic stress responses and light or hormone signaling. Tissue-specific analysis revealed that 7 MrFTIPs were highly expressed in leaves, 9 MrFTIPs were highly expressed in petals, and 6 MrFTIPs were highly expressed in stigma and anthers. MrFTIP17 continues to be upregulated among tissues under salt stress, and MrFTIP8 continues to be upregulated among tissues under salt–alkali stress. Collectively, our study systematically characterized the genomic features, evolutionary patterns and cis-regulatory characteristics of the MrFTIP gene family in M. ruthenica, and identified MrFTIP8 and MrFTIP17 as candidate genes associated with salt stress responses in this species, thus providing insights into and potential targets for the molecular and conventional breeding of M. ruthenica. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Leguminomics: From Genomic Blueprints to Sustainable Agriculture)

15 pages, 4368 KB

Open AccessArticle

Defensin-like Protein Homologues Participate in Antiviral Resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana

by Jiaxin Xu, Haijuan Wang, Zhuo Meng, Yongli Wang, Dongrui Zhang, Chongyi Jia, Juan Liu, Xu Yan, Baolong Zhang, Zhaoran Wu, Hongyou Zhou, Baozhu Dong and Mingmin Zhao

Life 2026, 16(2), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020286 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Plant defensin-like proteins, as the core effector molecules of innate immunity, play an important role in resistance against fungi and bacteria. However, their function in plant antiviral resistance remains unclear. Here, NbDLP, a defensin-like protein from Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana), is [...] Read more.

Plant defensin-like proteins, as the core effector molecules of innate immunity, play an important role in resistance against fungi and bacteria. However, their function in plant antiviral resistance remains unclear. Here, NbDLP, a defensin-like protein from Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana), is identified through transcriptome analysis. NbDLP is upregulated upon viral infection of Tobacco Vein Mottling Virus (TVMV). Then, we cloned NbDLP into plant expression vector by gateway recombination to obtain pEAQ-NbDLP. We found that the transient expression of NbDLP in N. benthamiana could significantly inhibit TVMV, TuMV and TMV infection. Further, silencing NbDLP contributed to TuMV and TMV infection. In conclusion, the results indicate that NbDLP participates in the plant antiviral resistance against plant viral infection and might be used for defining antiviral strategies in application points. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

25 pages, 4228 KB

Open AccessArticle

LLM-Enhanced Control of a Mobile Robotic Platform for Smart Industry

by Mihai-Daniel Pavel, Grigore Stamatescu, Marek Chodnicki and Catalin Gheorghe Amza

Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(4), 1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16041680 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The emergence of highly complex generative AI and large language models represents both a significant challenge and an opportunity for multiple engineering domains. Under the Industry 4.0 paradigm, various connected automation and industrial engineering applications can leverage the inference and generative design capabilities [...] Read more.

The emergence of highly complex generative AI and large language models represents both a significant challenge and an opportunity for multiple engineering domains. Under the Industry 4.0 paradigm, various connected automation and industrial engineering applications can leverage the inference and generative design capabilities of these models to improve control algorithms and systems. In particular, widespread deployment of mobile robotic platforms in modern industry, enhanced with LLM capabilities, can provide a substantial increase in the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of such solutions. In this study, we investigate the suitability of current-generation LLM systems for industrial mobile robot control. We present a systematic, end-to-end methodology for benchmarking four GenAI/LLMs, SmolLM2, Llama 3.2, Gemma3, and Gemma3-qat, for a typical mobile robot platform configuration. The approach is two-staged, based on both assessing the specific domain knowledge of the models in an industrial context and their integration with a robotic simulation environment based on ROS2. Reported results focus on quantitative assessment of multiple metrics (quality, coverage, speed, and reliability) and their integration in aggregated scoring mechanisms, which can help developers select and adapt the best model for a particular application, together with custom software implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Autonomous Systems in Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Industry: Innovations and Challenges, 2nd Edition)

3 pages, 157 KB

Open AccessData Descriptor

Normative Physical Fitness Profiles and Sex Differences in University Students of Sport Sciences: An Open Dataset of Anthropometrics, Flexibility, Strength, and Jump Performance

by Julio Martín-Ruiz and Laura Ruiz-Sanchis

Data 2026, 11(2), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/data11020034 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

This Data Descriptor provides an open, anonymized dataset describing anthropometric and physical fitness outcomes in undergraduate students enrolled in a Physical Activity and Sport Sciences degree program. The dataset included 156 participants (28 females and 128 males) and reported sex, age, body mass, [...] Read more.

This Data Descriptor provides an open, anonymized dataset describing anthropometric and physical fitness outcomes in undergraduate students enrolled in a Physical Activity and Sport Sciences degree program. The dataset included 156 participants (28 females and 128 males) and reported sex, age, body mass, stature, and body mass index, alongside standardized field-based tests covering flexibility, muscular endurance, strength, and jump performance. Hip flexibility was assessed using the Thomas test on both sides. Trunk extensor endurance was measured using the Biering–Sørensen test, and upper-body strength–endurance was assessed using a dead-hang test. Upper limb strength was recorded as elbow flexion strength. Lower limb power was evaluated using vertical jump tests, including Abalakov, squat jump, and countermovement jump, and a derived indicator (IE) was provided to facilitate comparisons across jump modalities. The data are distributed as a machine-readable CSV file accompanied by a detailed data dictionary describing the variables, units, and missingness. The dataset is intended to support the reproducible reporting of normative fitness profiles in sports science students, facilitate teaching and benchmarking in exercise science contexts, and enable secondary analyses exploring associations between anthropometry and physical performance. For reproducible inferential comparisons, users may apply Welch’s two-sample t-test for sex-based differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Big Data and Data-Driven Research in Sports)

15 pages, 3323 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Carbon Content in the Microstructural Evolution and Electrochemical Corrosion Performance of Steel Blades Processed by Clay-Coated Quenching: A Comparative Study

by Wei Wu, Lijuan Diao, Huairu Ma, Wenming Tian and Lizhong Wu

Crystals 2026, 16(2), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16020123 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Coating a sword’s surface with clay before quenching in water not only produces distinctive patterns but also modifies its hardness and corrosion resistance. This study investigated two steel swords with differing carbon contents (L01 containing 0.69% C and L02 containing 0.98% C) subjected [...] Read more.

Coating a sword’s surface with clay before quenching in water not only produces distinctive patterns but also modifies its hardness and corrosion resistance. This study investigated two steel swords with differing carbon contents (L01 containing 0.69% C and L02 containing 0.98% C) subjected to the clay-coated quenching process to assess its impact on the blades’ microstructure, hardness, and corrosion characteristics. Samples from each sword underwent analysis through metallography, microhardness tests, electrochemical tests, and scanning electron microscopy. The investigation revealed that L02 comprising martensite, pearlite, retained austenite and carbides, exhibited a greater diversity of microconstituents than L01 containing martensite and pearlite. In addition, the hardness range of L02 (425~1050 HV) showed a broader hardness spectrum than that of L01 (HV 550~846), further illustrating that L02 possessed a higher degree of microstructural gradation and better balance of hardness and toughness. However, the electrochemical tests showed that each test area of L01 exhibited consistently lower corrosion rates than their counterparts on L02. The i_corr values for L01 ranged from 5.12 to 8.29 μA·cm⁻², while L02 had i_corr values between 21.17 and 25.23 μA·cm⁻². Importantly, the calculated R_p values across the different zones of L01 (ranging from 2338 to 4129 Ω·cm²) exceeded those of the corresponding zones of L02 (ranging from 502 to 816 Ω·cm²). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data revealed that the R_ct values for L01 (ranging from 2016 to 2837 Ω·cm²) were also greater than the corresponding values for L02 (range: 424~571 Ω·cm²). The data indicated that L02 exhibited inferior corrosion resistance compared to L01, attributable to its higher carbon content. This increased carbon content facilitated the development of a more heterogeneous and diversified microstructure during clay quenching, resulting in a greater electrochemical potential difference and subsequently accelerating corrosion. These insights delineate a distinct microstructure–corrosion relationship in gradient steel blades processed by clay-coated quenching and offer practical guidance for selecting carbon content to enhance both mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in traditionally crafted blades. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Phenomena in Metals)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 13563 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification of the SWEET Gene Family and Functional Analysis of LpSWEET13 in Perennial Ryegrass Under Drought Stress

by Yuxi Miu, Shuyin Pan, Yingying Mao, Miao Chen, Yumiao Xie, Lu Zhang and Shuhan Yu

Plants 2026, 15(4), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15040526 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

SWEETs (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) represent a distinct category of proteins responsible for mediating intracellular sugar transport. These transporters are involved in sugar allocation processes, contribute to plant growth and development, and mediate adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite [...] Read more.

SWEETs (Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters) represent a distinct category of proteins responsible for mediating intracellular sugar transport. These transporters are involved in sugar allocation processes, contribute to plant growth and development, and mediate adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Despite extensive research on SWEET genes in many plant species, their functions in perennial ryegrass have not been clearly characterized. In this study, genome-wide bioinformatic analyses were conducted to identify SWEET family members in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne; LpSWEETs) and to explore their potential involvement in drought stress responses. Twenty-three LpSWEET genes were identified based on whole-genome sequence data, and phylogenetic inference indicated that these genes clustered into four clades. Comprehensive analyses of gene organization, conserved motifs, cis-regulatory elements, and protein features demonstrated strong evolutionary conservation across LpSWEET members, while quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that LpSWEET13 exhibited drought-responsive expression, and subcellular localization analysis showed that LpSWEET13 was localized in the plasma membrane. Under drought stress, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing LpSWEET13 presented a substantially higher survival rate than their corresponding wild-type controls. In addition, ectopic expression of LpSWEET13 increased expression levels of AtP5CS1, AtRD22, AtRD29A, and AtRD29B expression. These findings offer insights into the cladistic characteristics of the LpSWEET family and establish a useful framework for subsequent functional studies of LpSWEET genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants—Second Edition)

16 pages, 1857 KB

Open AccessReview

Macular Telangiectasia Type 2: The Role of Optical Coherence Tomography and Management Options

by David-Ionuț Beuran, Ioana Ruxandra Boca, Cătălin Cornăcel, Călin Petru Tătaru, Cătălina Ioana Tătaru, Maria-Emilia Cerghedean-Florea and Cosmin Adrian Teodoru

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(4), 1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15041327 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel type 2) is a rare, progressive retinal disease that can lead to central vision loss. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic assessment of this condition. This narrative [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 (MacTel type 2) is a rare, progressive retinal disease that can lead to central vision loss. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis, monitoring, and prognostic assessment of this condition. This narrative review aims to summarize the clinical features, OCT findings, and current management strategies for MacTel type 2. Methods: A literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar was performed for articles published from October 1993 to September 2025 using keywords related to MacTel type 2, OCT, clinical features, and treatment. All relevant clinical studies, including observational studies, clinical trials, and case series, were considered. The literature was screened independently by two authors, and a total of 69 articles were included. Results: Characteristic OCT findings include foveal cavitation, hyperreflective middle retinal layers, inner and outer retinal cavities, ellipsoid zone disruption, and retinal pigment clumps. Central macular thickness is consistently reduced, and structural biomarkers identified on OCT correlate with visual acuity decline. Treatment strategies vary by disease stage: non-proliferative MacTel type 2 currently has no universally effective therapy, although neuroprotective interventions such as ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) show promising results. Proliferative MacTel type 2 is primarily managed with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy (anti-VEGF), demonstrating functional and anatomical improvements. Conclusions: OCT provides essential structural evaluation for monitoring MacTel type 2, while treatment approaches remain stage-dependent. Emerging therapies, including CNTF implants and novel anti-VEGF agents, hold potential for improving outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases: Current Status and Prospect)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1024 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Conceptual AI-Based Framework for Clash Triage in Building Information Modeling (BIM): Towards Automated Prioritization in Complex Construction Projects

by Andrzej Szymon Borkowski and Alicja Kubrat

Buildings 2026, 16(4), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16040690 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Effective clash management is critical to the success of complex construction projects, yet BIM coordinators face severe information overload when modern detection tools generate thousands or even millions of collision reports, making interdisciplinary coordination increasingly difficult. This article presents a conceptual framework for [...] Read more.

Effective clash management is critical to the success of complex construction projects, yet BIM coordinators face severe information overload when modern detection tools generate thousands or even millions of collision reports, making interdisciplinary coordination increasingly difficult. This article presents a conceptual framework for using AI for collision triage in a Building Information Modeling (BIM) environment. Previous approaches have focused mainly on collision detection itself and simple, rule-based prioritization, rarely exploiting the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods for post-processing of results, which constitutes the main innovation of this work. The proposed framework describes a modular system in which collision detection results and data from BIM models, schedules (4D), and cost estimates (5D) are processed by a set of AI components, offering adaptive, data-driven decision support unlike static rule-based methods. These include: a classifier that filters out irrelevant collisions (noise), algorithms that group recurring collisions into single design problems, a model that assesses the significance of collisions by determining a composite ‘AI Triage Score’ indicator, and a module that assigns responsibility to the appropriate trades and process participants. The framework leverages supervised machine learning methods (gradient boosting algorithms, selected for their effectiveness with tabular data) for noise filtering, density-based clustering (HDBSCAN, chosen for its ability to detect clusters of varying densities without predefined cluster count) for clash aggregation, and multi-criteria scoring models for priority assessment. The article also discusses a potential way to integrate the framework into the existing BIM workflow and possible scenarios for its validation based on case studies and expert evaluation. The proposed conceptual framework represents a step towards moving from manual, intuitive collision triage to a data- and AI-based approach, which can contribute to increased coordination efficiency, reduced risk of errors, and better use of design resources. As a conceptual study, the framework provides a foundation for future empirical validation and its limitations include dependency on historical training data availability and the need for calibration to project-specific contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)

16 pages, 3932 KB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Exposure to a 50 Hz Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (ELF-EMF) Leads to ROS-Mediated DNA Damage in Gynecological and Urological Cancer Cells In Vitro

by Gabriela Betlej, Ewelina Bator, Aleksandra Kwiatkowska, Maria Romerowicz-Misielak, Anna Koziorowska, Marek Koziorowski and Iwona Rzeszutek

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1630; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041630 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

The effect of sinusoidal Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMFs) on gynecological (HeLa, ES-2) and urological (DU-145) cancer cells was investigated. ELF-EMFs with a frequency of 50 Hz and a magnetic flux density of 1.3 mT were applied for 15 and 30 min. The [...] Read more.

The effect of sinusoidal Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMFs) on gynecological (HeLa, ES-2) and urological (DU-145) cancer cells was investigated. ELF-EMFs with a frequency of 50 Hz and a magnetic flux density of 1.3 mT were applied for 15 and 30 min. The experiment was conceptualized to investigate the in vitro short-term effects of ELF-EMFs on cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, the levels of genes and proteins involved in DNA damage response, and epigenetic modifications. Here, we found that ELF-EMFs treatment leads to an elevation in the ROS levels that contribute to distinct scenarios in the studied cancer cells. The most prominent changes in the studied factors were found in ES-2 and DU-145 cells exposed to 30 min of ELF-EMFs. ES-2 cells exhibited upregulation of XRCC5 gene expression and elevated levels of several proteins: TNF-α, RAD51, APE1, XRCC1, and NSUN2. Diminished levels of BCL-2, HSP90, RAD51, and TNF-α, as well as overexpression of VIM and METTL3, were observed in DU-145 cells. In summary, we postulate that short-term exposure to 50 Hz ELF-EMFs may be a promising treatment strategy for gynecological and urological cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

20 pages, 6030 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Simulation of Fault Rupture Propagation: A Symmetric Comparison of Normal and Reverse Faulting

by Chang Wang, Xiaojun Li, Mianshui Rong, Kuangyi Chen and Jixin Wang

Symmetry 2026, 18(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym18020308 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Conventional assessments of fault rupture propagation in overlying soil layers often rely on static or quasi-static analysis, neglecting the dynamic nature of fault displacement and inertial effects. This study develops a comprehensive simulation method for the entire process from rupture initiation to propagation [...] Read more.

Conventional assessments of fault rupture propagation in overlying soil layers often rely on static or quasi-static analysis, neglecting the dynamic nature of fault displacement and inertial effects. This study develops a comprehensive simulation method for the entire process from rupture initiation to propagation under dynamic fault displacement. The method integrates a nonlinear elastic constitutive model based on the Hardin backbone curve with a non-uniform input technique for seismic waves on both sides of the fault using viscoelastic artificial boundaries. To demonstrate the distinct capabilities of this dynamic method, we conduct a comparative study on normal and reverse faulting driven by fault displacement time histories of identical magnitude but opposite sense. The simulations reveal that: (1) the fault displacement required for rupture initiation and propagation remains consistent between dynamic and quasi-static analyses; (2) crucially, the proposed method captures the transient dynamic response of fault rupture in the overlying soil. The study confirms that the proposed dynamic simulation framework is essential for resolving transient peak responses, oscillatory behavior, and deformation features associated with different faulting mechanisms, providing a more realistic tool for seismic risk assessment compared to conventional static approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Revision Surgery After Complications of Silicone Chin Implants

by Rafał Pokrowiecki

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(4), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15041326 (registering DOI) - 7 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Silicone chin implants have been widely used is plastic and esthetic surgery of the face being considered as safe and efficient way for chin augmentation. However, complications such as bone resorption, displacement or ectopic bone formation may occur. Methods: The objective of [...] Read more.

Background: Silicone chin implants have been widely used is plastic and esthetic surgery of the face being considered as safe and efficient way for chin augmentation. However, complications such as bone resorption, displacement or ectopic bone formation may occur. Methods: The objective of this study was to evaluate complications associated with silicone chin implants and revision surgery protocols. Results: Among 98 patients who received silicone chin implants, 24 (11 males, 13 females) exhibited complications. The most commonly diagnosed issues were displacement (n = 3), bone resorption (n = 9), both conditions (n = 3), and patient dissatisfaction (n = 7). All patients were qualified for revision surgery, which included silicone implant removal followed by sliding genioplasty (n = 7), orthognathic surgery (n = 4), custom-made chin implant placement (n = 7), and repositioning and fixation (n = 1). After revision surgery, no complications occurred. Conclusions: Observations from this revision cohort suggest that careful patient selection and consideration of orthognathic or customized implant-based approaches may reduce the risk of dissatisfaction and revision surgery in patients with dentofacial deformities, or those seeking gender confirmation surgeries, compared to stock silicone implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Maxillofacial Surgery—Historical and Future Perspectives and Controversies)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI