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12 pages, 1515 KiB  
Article
Expression of Heat Shock Protein 90 Genes Induced by High Temperature Mediated Sensitivity of Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to Insecticides
by Xue Han, Yulong Jia, Changchun Dai, Xiaoyun Wang, Jian Liu and Zhenqi Tian
Insects 2025, 16(8), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects16080772 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major pest of soybean fields. While high-temperature stress induced by global warming can initially suppress aphid populations, these pests may eventually adapt, leading to more severe infestations and crop damage. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), [...] Read more.
Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a major pest of soybean fields. While high-temperature stress induced by global warming can initially suppress aphid populations, these pests may eventually adapt, leading to more severe infestations and crop damage. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), which are upregulated in response to heat stress to protect aphid development, also confer tolerance to other abiotic stressors, including insecticides. To investigate the role of HSPs in insecticide resistance in A. glycines, we analyzed the expression profiles of three AgHsp90 genes (AgHsp75, AgHsp83, and AgGrp94) following exposure to high temperatures and insecticides. Functional validation was performed using RNA interference (RNAi) to silence AgHsp90 genes. Our results demonstrated that AgHsp90 genes were significantly upregulated under both heat and insecticide stress conditions. Furthermore, after feeding on dsRNA of AgHsp90 genes, mortality rates of A. glycines significantly increased when exposed to imidacloprid and lambda-cyhalothrin. This study provides evidence that AgHsp90 genes play a crucial role in mediating thermal tolerance and insecticide resistance in A. glycines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue RNAi in Insect Physiology)
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28 pages, 14491 KiB  
Article
Catalytically Active Oxidized PtOx Species on SnO2 Supports Synthesized via Anion Exchange Reaction for 4-Nitrophenol Reduction
by Izabela Ðurasović, Robert Peter, Goran Dražić, Fabio Faraguna, Rafael Anelić, Marijan Marciuš, Tanja Jurkin, Vlasta Mohaček Grošev, Maria Gracheva, Zoltán Klencsár, Mile Ivanda, Goran Štefanić and Marijan Gotić
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(15), 1159; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15151159 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
An anion exchange-assisted technique was used for the synthesis of platinum-decorated SnO2 supports, providing nanocatalysts with enhanced activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). In this study, a series of SnO2 supports, namely SnA (synthesized almost at room [...] Read more.
An anion exchange-assisted technique was used for the synthesis of platinum-decorated SnO2 supports, providing nanocatalysts with enhanced activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP). In this study, a series of SnO2 supports, namely SnA (synthesized almost at room temperature), SnB (hydrothermally treated at 180 °C), and SnC (annealed at 600 °C), are systematically investigated, all loaded with 1 mol% Pt from H2PtCl6 under identical mild conditions. The chloride ions from the SnCl4 precursors were efficiently removed via a strong-base anion exchange reaction, resulting in highly dispersed, crystalline ~5 nm cassiterite SnO2 particles. All Pt/SnO2 composites displayed mesoporous structures with type IVa isotherms and H2-type hysteresis, with SP1a (Pt on SnA) exhibiting the largest surface area (122.6 m2/g) and the smallest pores (~3.5 nm). STEM-HAADF imaging revealed well-dispersed PtOx domains (~0.85 nm), while XPS confirmed the dominant Pt4+ and Pt2+ species, with ~25% Pt0 likely resulting from photoreduction and/or interactions with Sn–OH surface groups. Raman spectroscopy revealed three new bands (260–360 cm−1) that were clearly visible in the sample with 10 mol% Pt and were due to the vibrational modes of the PtOx species and Pt-Cl bonds introduced due the addition and hydrolysis of H2PtCl6 precursor. TGA/DSC analysis revealed the highest mass loss for SP1a (~7.3%), confirming the strong hydration of the PtOx domains. Despite the predominance of oxidized PtOx species, SP1a exhibited the highest catalytic activity (kapp = 1.27 × 10−2 s−1) and retained 84.5% activity for the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP after 10 cycles. This chloride-free low-temperature synthesis route offers a promising and generalizable strategy for the preparation of noble metal-based nanocatalysts on oxide supports with high catalytic activity and reusability. Full article
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12 pages, 2409 KiB  
Review
Tumors of the Parapharyngeal Space Presenting with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Case Report and Literature Review
by Luca Cerri, Francesco Giombi, Michele Cerasuolo, Gian Marco Pace, Anna Losurdo, Giuseppe Lunardi, Francesco Grecchi, Elena Volpini and Luca Malvezzi
J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(8), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15080331 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is caused by anatomical and non-anatomical factors which lead to upper airway (UA) obstruction during sleep. Intrinsic UA collapse is the most frequent determinant of OSA. In the era of personalized medicine, adopting a tailored diagnostic [...] Read more.
Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is caused by anatomical and non-anatomical factors which lead to upper airway (UA) obstruction during sleep. Intrinsic UA collapse is the most frequent determinant of OSA. In the era of personalized medicine, adopting a tailored diagnostic approach is essential to rule out secondary causes of UA collapse, particularly those stemming from extrinsic anatomical factors. Although being rarely considered in the differential diagnosis, space-occupying lesions of deep cervical spaces such as the parapharyngeal space (PPS) may be responsible for airway obstruction and lead to OSAS. Objective: This study aimed to present an atypical case of OSAS caused by extrinsic PPS compression, outlining the relevance of modern personalized medicine in the diagnostic and therapeutic protocols, and to enhance understanding through a comprehensive literature review. Methods: A 60-year-old female presented with sleep-disordered complaints and was diagnosed with severe OSAS after polysomnography. At physical examination, a swelling of the right posterior oropharyngeal mucosa was noticed. Imaging confirmed the suspicion of a PPS tumor, and transcervical resection was planned. Case presentation was adherent to the CARE checklist. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using the most reliable scientific databases. Results: Surgery was uneventful, and the patient made a full recovery. The histopathology report was consistent with the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. Postoperative outcomes showed marked improvement in polysomnographic parameters and symptom burden. Conclusions: Parapharyngeal space tumors are a rare, often overlooked cause of OSA. This case highlights the role of a personalized head and neck assessment in OSA patients, particularly in identifying structural causes and offering definitive surgical management when indicated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Personalized Therapy and Drug Delivery)
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19 pages, 1537 KiB  
Review
Milk Fatty Acids as Potential Biomarkers of Enteric Methane Emissions in Dairy Cattle: A Review
by Emily C. Youngmark and Jana Kraft
Animals 2025, 15(15), 2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15152212 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Measuring methane (CH4) emissions from dairy systems is crucial for advancing sustainable agricultural practices aimed at mitigating climate change. However, current CH4 measurement techniques are primarily designed for controlled research settings and are not readily scalable to diverse production environments. [...] Read more.
Measuring methane (CH4) emissions from dairy systems is crucial for advancing sustainable agricultural practices aimed at mitigating climate change. However, current CH4 measurement techniques are primarily designed for controlled research settings and are not readily scalable to diverse production environments. Thus, there is a need to develop accessible, production-level methods for estimating CH4 emissions. This review examines the relationship between enteric CH4 emissions and milk fatty acid (FA) composition, highlights key FA groups with potential as biomarkers for indirect CH4 estimation, and outlines critical factors of predictive model development. Several milk FAs exhibit strong and consistent correlations to CH4 emissions, supporting their utility as predictive biomarkers. Saturated and branched-chain FAs are generally positively associated with CH4 emissions, while unsaturated FAs, including linolenic acid, conjugated linoleic acids, and odd-chain FAs, are typically negatively associated. Variability in the strength and direction of correlations across studies is often attributable to differences in diet or lactation stage. Similarly, differences in experimental design, data processing, and model development contribute to much of the variation observed in predictive equations across studies. Future research should aim to (1) identify milk FAs that consistently correlate with CH4 emissions regardless of diet, (2) develop robust and standardized prediction models, and (3) prioritize the external validation of prediction models across herds and production systems. Full article
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9 pages, 340 KiB  
Communication
Sciatic Integrity Is Necessary for Fast and Efficient Scrapie Infection After Footpad Injection
by Franco Cardone, Flavia Porreca, Marco Sbriccoli, Anna Poleggi, Anna Ladogana, Mei Lu, Maurizio Pocchiari and Luigi Di Giamberardino
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7273; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157273 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
The agents of prion diseases have the capacity to efficiently infect susceptible hosts by peripheral routes and to project to clinical target areas of the central nervous system (CNS) via peripheral nerves. Understanding the process of prion spread from the site of infection [...] Read more.
The agents of prion diseases have the capacity to efficiently infect susceptible hosts by peripheral routes and to project to clinical target areas of the central nervous system (CNS) via peripheral nerves. Understanding the process of prion spread from the site of infection to the CNS may allow us to identify novel therapeutic strategies. To investigate the mechanism involved in the intranerval transit of 263K scrapie prions in golden Syrian hamsters (GSHs), we transected the sciatic nerve at increasing times post-footpad injection and recorded the incubation periods as estimates of the efficiency of infection. We calculated that intranerval transit of this strain of scrapie is at least 10 times faster than previously reported and may reach 50 mm/day, similar to other neurotropic viruses. By in vivo exposure/injection of sciatic nerves to 263K infectivity, we have also shown that prion entry likely occurs via nerve terminals rather than by direct contact with the sciatic nerve. Application of this experimental approach in other forms of prion diseases could allow verification of the timing of neuroinvasion, a relevant parameter for the definition of therapeutic interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Neurobiology)
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18 pages, 417 KiB  
Article
The Role of Service Quality in Enhancing Technological Innovation, Satisfaction, and Loyalty Among University Students in Northern Cyprus
by Birgül Gürbüzer and Ahmet Münir Acuner
Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6832; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156832 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
In the increasingly competitive landscape of higher education, student satisfaction and loyalty are recognized as essential components for institutional sustainability and long-term success. This study aims to examine the interrelationships between service quality, technological innovation, student satisfaction, and student loyalty within higher education [...] Read more.
In the increasingly competitive landscape of higher education, student satisfaction and loyalty are recognized as essential components for institutional sustainability and long-term success. This study aims to examine the interrelationships between service quality, technological innovation, student satisfaction, and student loyalty within higher education institutions in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC). Grounded in relationship marketing theory and the expectancy–disconfirmation paradigm, the research develops and tests a structural model that investigates the impact of perceived service quality on technological innovation, student satisfaction, and loyalty. The data were collected from 448 undergraduate students studying in the faculties of education at five leading private universities in TRNC, selected based on their international academic rankings. The analysis, conducted using structural equation modelling (SEM), reveals that service quality significantly and directly influences technological innovation, student satisfaction, and student loyalty. Additionally, technological innovation has a positive but comparatively weaker effect on student loyalty. Among the variables, student satisfaction emerges as the strongest determinant of loyalty, serving as a key mediator in the relationship between service quality and loyalty. This research contributes to the higher education literature by extending the traditional service quality–loyalty framework with the inclusion of technological innovation. The findings offer practical insights for university administrators, emphasizing the importance of delivering high-quality educational services combined with continuous digital innovation to enhance the student experience and foster long-term student commitment. Full article
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16 pages, 2870 KiB  
Article
Development and Characterization of Modified Biomass Carbon Microsphere Plugging Agent for Drilling Fluid Reservoir Protection
by Miao Dong
Processes 2025, 13(8), 2389; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082389 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Using common corn stalks as raw materials, a functional dense-structured carbon microsphere with good elastic deformation and certain rigid support was modified from biomass through a step-by-step hydrothermal method. The composition, thermal stability, fluid-loss reduction performance, and reservoir protection performance of the modified [...] Read more.
Using common corn stalks as raw materials, a functional dense-structured carbon microsphere with good elastic deformation and certain rigid support was modified from biomass through a step-by-step hydrothermal method. The composition, thermal stability, fluid-loss reduction performance, and reservoir protection performance of the modified carbon microspheres were studied. Research indicates that after hydrothermal treatment, under the multi-level structural action of a small amount of proteins in corn stalks, the naturally occurring cellulose, polysaccharide organic compounds, and part of the ash in the stalks are adsorbed and encapsulated within the long-chain network structure formed by proteins and cellulose. By attaching silicate nanoparticles with certain rigidity from the ash to the relatively stable chair-type structure in cellulose, functional dense-structured carbon microspheres were ultimately prepared. These carbon microspheres could still effectively reduce fluid loss at 200 °C. The permeability recovery value of the cores treated with modified biomass carbon microspheres during flowback reached as high as 88%, which was much higher than that of the biomass itself. With the dense network-like chain structure supplemented by small-molecule aldehydes and silicate ash, the subsequent invasion of drilling fluid was successfully prevented, and a good sealing effect was maintained even under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Moreover, since this functional dense-structured carbon microsphere achieved sealing through a physical mechanism, it did not cause damage to the formation, showing a promising application prospect. Full article
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12 pages, 432 KiB  
Review
Adventitious Root Formation in Cuttings: Insights from Arabidopsis and Prospects for Woody Plants
by Peipei Liu, Shili Zhang, Xinying Wang, Yuxuan Du, Qizhouhong He, Yingying Zhang, Lisha Shen, Hongfei Hu, Guifang Zhang and Xiaojuan Li
Biomolecules 2025, 15(8), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15081089 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Cutting propagation is a commonly employed technology for vegetative reproduction in agricultural, forestry, and horticultural practice. The success of cutting propagation depends on adventitious root (AR) formation—a process whereby roots regenerate from stem cuttings or leaf cuttings. In this review, we summarize the [...] Read more.
Cutting propagation is a commonly employed technology for vegetative reproduction in agricultural, forestry, and horticultural practice. The success of cutting propagation depends on adventitious root (AR) formation—a process whereby roots regenerate from stem cuttings or leaf cuttings. In this review, we summarize the distinct stages of cutting-induced AR formation and highlight the pivotal roles of plant hormones and age in this process. Jasmonic acid (JA) acts as a master trigger for promoting AR formation, while auxin serves as the core regulator, driving AR formation. Furthermore, plant age is a crucial factor determining the regenerative competence of cuttings. Notably, age and JA collaboratively modulate auxin synthesis in cutting-induced AR formation. Overall, this review not only elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying AR formation but also provides valuable insights for improving efficiency of cutting propagation in various plant species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biological Factors)
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4 pages, 933 KiB  
Editorial
Critical Suicide Studies: Decolonial and Participatory Creative Approaches
by Caroline Lenette
Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(8), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14080464 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
I have always loved the expression ‘Call for Papers’ and its elegant acronym CfP [...] Full article
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20 pages, 407 KiB  
Article
Metabotype Risk Clustering Based on Metabolic Disease Biomarkers and Its Association with Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: Findings from the 2016–2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)
by Jimi Kim
Diseases 2025, 13(8), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases13080239 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition involving central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose metabolism, significantly increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Objectives: Given the clinical heterogeneity of MetS, this study aimed to identify distinct metabolic phenotypes, [...] Read more.
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifactorial condition involving central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and impaired glucose metabolism, significantly increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Objectives: Given the clinical heterogeneity of MetS, this study aimed to identify distinct metabolic phenotypes, referred to as metabotypes, using validated biomarkers and to examine their association with MetS. Materials and Methods: A total of 1245 Korean adults aged 19–79 years were selected from the 2016–2023 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Metabotype risk clusters were derived using k-means clustering based on five biomarkers: body mass index (BMI), uric acid, fasting blood glucose (FBG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDLc). Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess associations with MetS. Results: Three distinct metabotype risk clusters (low, intermediate, and high risk) were identified. The high-risk cluster exhibited significantly worse metabolic profiles, including elevated BMI, FBG, HbA1c, triglyceride, and reduced HDLc. The prevalence of MetS increased progressively across metabotype risk clusters (OR: 5.46, 95% CI: 2.89–10.30, p < 0.001). In sex-stratified analyses, the high-risk cluster was strongly associated with MetS in both men (OR: 9.22, 95% CI: 3.49–24.36, p < 0.001) and women (OR: 3.70, 95% CI: 1.56–8.75, p = 0.003), with notable sex-specific differences in lipid profiles, particularly in HDLc. Conclusion: These findings support the utility of metabotyping using routine biomarkers as a tool for early identification of high-risk individuals and the development of personalized prevention strategies in clinical and public health settings. Full article
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14 pages, 2268 KiB  
Article
CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells Promote Central Memory CD8+ T Cell Formation via an IL-15-pSTAT5-Eomes Axis in a Pathogen-Exposed Environment
by Yingyu Qin, Yilin Qian, Jingli Zhang and Shengqiu Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157272 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
The generation of memory CD8+ T cells is essential for establishing protective T cell immunity against pathogens and cancers. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying memory CD8+ T cell formation remain incompletely understood. Reliance on specific pathogen-free (SPF) models, characterized [...] Read more.
The generation of memory CD8+ T cells is essential for establishing protective T cell immunity against pathogens and cancers. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying memory CD8+ T cell formation remain incompletely understood. Reliance on specific pathogen-free (SPF) models, characterized by restricted microbial exposure, may limit our understanding of physiologically relevant immune memory development. This study reveals that CD1d-restricted NKT cells regulate central memory T cell (TCM) generation exclusively in a microbe-rich (“dirty”) environment. Under non-SPF housing, CD1d+/ and Ja18+/ mice exhibited enhanced TCM formation compared to NKT-deficient controls (CD1d//Ja18/), demonstrating that microbial experience is required for NKT-mediated TCM regulation. Mechanistically, CD1d-restricted NKT cells increased IL-15Rα expression on CD4+ T cells in CD1d+/ mice, potentiating IL-15 trans-presentation and thereby activating the IL-15/pSTAT5/Eomes axis critical for TCM maintenance. Functional validation through adoptive transfer of CFSE-labeled OT-1 memory cells revealed an NKT cell-dependent survival advantage in CD1d+/ hosts. This provides direct evidence that microbiota-experienced niches shape immune memory. Collectively, these findings establish CD1d-restricted NKT cells as physiological regulators of TCM generation and suggest their potential utility as vaccine adjuvants to enhance protective immunity. Full article
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24 pages, 3590 KiB  
Article
Mesocricetus auratus (Golden Syrian Hamster) Experimental Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Reveals That Lung Injury Is Associated with Phenotypic Differences Between SARS-CoV-2 Variants
by Daniela del Rosario Flores Rodrigues, Alexandre dos Santos da Silva, Arthur Daniel Rocha Alves, Bárbara Araujo Rossi, Richard de Almeida Lima, Sarah Beatriz Salvador Castro Faria, Oswaldo Gonçalves Cruz, Rodrigo Muller, Julio Scharfstein, Amanda Roberta Revoredo Vicentino, Aline da Rocha Matos, João Paulo Rodrigues dos Santos, Pedro Paulo Abreu Manso, Milla Bezerra Paiva, Debora Ferreira Barreto-Vieira, Gabriela Cardoso Caldas, Marcelo Pelajo Machado and Marcelo Alves Pinto
Viruses 2025, 17(8), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081048 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Despite the current level of public immunity to SARS-CoV-2, the early inflammatory events associated with respiratory distress in COVID-19 patients are not fully elucidated. Syrian golden hamsters, facultative hibernators, recapitulate the phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-induced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—induced severe acute [...] Read more.
Despite the current level of public immunity to SARS-CoV-2, the early inflammatory events associated with respiratory distress in COVID-19 patients are not fully elucidated. Syrian golden hamsters, facultative hibernators, recapitulate the phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-induced severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—induced severe acute lung injury seen in patients. In this study, we describe the predominance of the innate immune response in hamsters inoculated with four different SARS-CoV-2 variants, underscoring phenotypic differences among them. Severe inflammatory lung injury was chronologically associated with acute and significant weight loss, mainly in animals inoculated with A.2 and Delta variants. Omicron-infected animals had lower overall histopathology scores compared to other variants. We highlight the central role of endothelial injury and activation in the pathogenesis of experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters, characterised by the presence of proliferative type I and type II pneumocytes with abundant surfactant expression, thereby maintaining hyperinflated alveolar fields. Additionally, there was evidence of intrapulmonary lymphatic vessel proliferation, which was accompanied by a lack of detectable microthrombosis in the lung parenchyma. However, white microthrombi were observed in lymphatic vessels. Our findings suggest that the physiological compensatory mechanisms that maintain respiratory homeostasis in Golden Syrian hamsters prevent severe respiratory distress and death after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Concepts in SARS-CoV-2 Biology and Pathology, 3rd Edition)
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14 pages, 2700 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Spatial Distribution Patterns of the Sand Crab Ovalipes punctatus (De Haan 1833) in the Southern Yellow and East China Seas and Predictions from Various Climate Scenarios
by Min Xu, Jianzhong Ling, Haisu Zheng, Xiaojing Song, Zunlei Liu and Huiyu Li
Biology 2025, 14(8), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14080947 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
In the past two decades, little information has been updated to understand the resource status of the crab species Ovalipes punctatus in the East China Sea Region. In this study, we conducted surveys in 2018 and 2019 to identify the seasonal spatial distribution [...] Read more.
In the past two decades, little information has been updated to understand the resource status of the crab species Ovalipes punctatus in the East China Sea Region. In this study, we conducted surveys in 2018 and 2019 to identify the seasonal spatial distribution patterns of the economically important sand crab Ovalipes punctatus (De Haan 1833) in the southern Yellow and East China Seas. In the study area, the largest biomass of crabs was observed in the fishing grounds of Dasha and the Yangtze River mouth, and the second largest biomass was detected in the Jiangwai-Zhouwai area. Seasonally, the total biomass order in these areas was summer > autumn & winter > spring, and the mean average individual weight order was spring & summer > winter > autumn. These findings provided maps of the seasonal spatial distribution pattern of the species across seasons, which were then used in climate-change scenario models. Model predictions suggested that O. punctatus might migrate northward and offshore under climate warming conditions, and that the climate scenario SSP585-2100 might be the most negative case, respectively, for the habitat area of gain% minus loss%. These data can be used to develop robust and systematic regional fisheries resource management policies that consider adaptation measures to address the impact of environmental and climate change along China’s coasts and other areas in the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Global Fisheries Resources, Fisheries, and Carbon-Sink Fisheries)
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24 pages, 1530 KiB  
Article
A Lightweight Robust Training Method for Defending Model Poisoning Attacks in Federated Learning Assisted UAV Networks
by Lucheng Chen, Weiwei Zhai, Xiangfeng Bu, Ming Sun and Chenglin Zhu
Drones 2025, 9(8), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9080528 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into next-generation wireless networks greatly enhances the flexibility and efficiency of communication and distributed computation for ground mobile devices. Federated learning (FL) provides a privacy-preserving paradigm for device collaboration but remains highly vulnerable to poisoning attacks [...] Read more.
The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into next-generation wireless networks greatly enhances the flexibility and efficiency of communication and distributed computation for ground mobile devices. Federated learning (FL) provides a privacy-preserving paradigm for device collaboration but remains highly vulnerable to poisoning attacks and is further challenged by the resource constraints and heterogeneous data common to UAV-assisted systems. Existing robust aggregation and anomaly detection methods often degrade in efficiency and reliability under these realistic adversarial and non-IID settings. To bridge these gaps, we propose FedULite, a lightweight and robust federated learning framework specifically designed for UAV-assisted environments. FedULite features unsupervised local representation learning optimized for unlabeled, non-IID data. Moreover, FedULite leverages a robust, adaptive server-side aggregation strategy that uses cosine similarity-based update filtering and dimension-wise adaptive learning rates to neutralize sophisticated data and model poisoning attacks. Extensive experiments across diverse datasets and adversarial scenarios demonstrate that FedULite reduces the attack success rate (ASR) from over 90% in undefended scenarios to below 5%, while maintaining the main task accuracy loss within 2%. Moreover, it introduces negligible computational overhead compared to standard FedAvg, with approximately 7% additional training time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue IoT-Enabled UAV Networks for Secure Communication)
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14 pages, 406 KiB  
Article
Psychometric Properties of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey—Parents (HFS-P) in the Portuguese Context
by Vasco Costa, Susana R. Patton, Sónia do Vale, Lurdes Sampaio, Catarina Limbert and Tânia Brandão
Diabetology 2025, 6(8), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6080071 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels drop significantly below the normal range leading to unpleasant symptoms and a greater risk of acute complications. Fear of hypoglycemia (FH) is a conditioned psychological response to hypoglycemia frequently experienced by people with type 1 diabetes [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels drop significantly below the normal range leading to unpleasant symptoms and a greater risk of acute complications. Fear of hypoglycemia (FH) is a conditioned psychological response to hypoglycemia frequently experienced by people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and their loved ones. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a Portuguese translation of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey—Parents (HFS-P) for the parents of youths with T1D. Methods: The sample consisted of 102 parents (M = 44.58 years old; SD = 5.01; mothers = 92.2%) of youths with T1D (8 to 17 years of age; M = 12.67; SD = 2.58). Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and convergent validity were performed to examine the factor structure and the construct validity of the HFS-P. Results: CFA supports a refined two-factor 18-item version of the HFS-P. The results indicate good psychometric properties (χ2 [129] = 220.47.; p ≤ 0.001; χ2/DF = 1.71; RMSEA = 0.08; SRMR = 0.07; CFI = 0.93; TLI = 0.91; GFI = 0.93) along with good to excellent internal consistency coefficients (behavior subscale: α = 0.81, total: α = 0.93, and worry: α = 0.94). Conclusions: Our Portuguese version of the HFS-P appears reliable for assessing FH in parents of youths with T1D, and is ready for use in clinical research and to evaluate psychological interventions targeting parental FH in the Portuguese context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Diabetology 2025)
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15 pages, 1200 KiB  
Article
Effects of Levetiracetam Treatment on Hematological and Immune Systems in Children: A Single-Center Experience
by Yasemin Özkale, Pınar Kiper Mısırlıoğlu, İlknur Kozanoğlu and İlknur Erol
Children 2025, 12(8), 988; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12080988 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Objective: The interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system suggest that immune mechanisms may be effective in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. Although studies on the natural immune response and epilepsy are continuing, it is not yet [...] Read more.
Objective: The interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and the immune system suggest that immune mechanisms may be effective in the pathogenesis of epilepsy and epileptic seizures. Although studies on the natural immune response and epilepsy are continuing, it is not yet clear whether the interaction of the current immune system is due to epilepsy itself or antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), since epileptic patients also use AEDs There are a limited number of studies that have reported an increased incidence of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in patients during levetiracetam (LEV) treatment. Therefore, we aimed to report our experience regarding the effect of LEV monotherapy on the complete blood count (CBC), immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, and lymphocyte subgroups in the interictal period in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Methods: This study enrolled 31 children who presented with epilepsy and underwent LEV monotherapy for at least one year (patient group) and 43 healthy children (control group). The CBC parameters (hemoglobin (hb), lymphocytes, leukocytes, neutrophils, and platelets), Ig levels (IgA, IgM, IgG, and IgE), and lymphocyte subsets (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 ratio, CD19, CD56, NKT cells, and Treg cells) were measured and compared between the two groups. The patients were also investigated regarding the frequency and types of infections that they experienced in the first month and first year of the study, and these data were compared between the patient group and the control group. In addition, the same parameters and the frequency of infection were compared among the patient subgroups (focal and generalized seizures). Results: The results of the present study indicate that there were no significant differences in the CBC parameters, lymphocyte subsets, or Ig levels between the patient group and the control group. The comparison among the patient subgroups was similar; however, the CD4/CD8 ratio was lower in the patient subgroup with focal seizures. In addition, there were no significant differences in the frequency or type of infections experienced one month and one year of the study between the patient group and the control group, and likewise for the patient subgroups (focal and generalized seizures). Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that LEV monotherapy did not increase the incidence of infection, and there were no significant effects on the CBC or on the humoral or cellular immune system in epileptic children. These findings also suggest that the CD4/CD8 ratio among lymphocyte subgroups is lower in patients with focal seizures. However, the epilepsy subgroups had a relatively small sample size; therefore, further prospective studies involving a larger patient population are needed to establish the association between LEV monotherapy and lymphocyte subgroups in patients with epilepsy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Allergy and Immunology)
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16 pages, 1424 KiB  
Article
1H-qNMR as a Tool for the Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Abietane-Type Diterpenes in Lamiaceae Species Cultivated in Greece
by Panagiotis Kallimanis, Prokopios Magiatis, Thalia Tsiaka, Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis, Angeliki Panagiotopoulou and Ioanna Chinou
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8361; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158361 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
This study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the content of carnosic acid (CA), 12-O-methyl-carnosic acid (12MCA), carnosol (CS), rosmanol (RO) and 7-O-methyl-epi-rosmanol (7MER) in 61 Lamiaceae plants growing in Greece, using 1H-qNMR spectroscopy as a [...] Read more.
This study aimed to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the content of carnosic acid (CA), 12-O-methyl-carnosic acid (12MCA), carnosol (CS), rosmanol (RO) and 7-O-methyl-epi-rosmanol (7MER) in 61 Lamiaceae plants growing in Greece, using 1H-qNMR spectroscopy as a simple, rapid and direct method without sample deterioration. For this purpose, methanol extracts from 18 genera (e.g., Salvia, Mentha, Melissa, Ocimum) were analyzed using isolated and fully characterized metabolites, previously identified by our group, as standards. At least one of the target compounds was detected in 22 species, predominantly belonging to the genus Salvia. Notably, 7MER and RO were not detected in any extract. CA, CS and 12MCA were exclusively found in Salvia species, with S. somalensis, S. officinalis and S. fruticosa emerging as the richest sources of these diterpenes. Among them, S. somalensis showed the highest concentration of CA (>30 mg/g), while 12MCA was most abundant in S. microphylla. These results highlight Salvia as the most promising genus for the accumulation of bioactive abietane-type diterpenes. The implementation of 1H-qNMR for such chemical profiling provides a reliable approach toward the phytochemical standardization of plant extracts, supporting their further use in nutraceutical or pharmaceutical formulations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Chemical and Molecular Sciences)
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11 pages, 270 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Contemporary Grazing Cattle and Bison Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Southern Great Plains
by Maria De Bernardi, Carlee M. Salisbury, Haley E. Larson, Matthew R. Beck and Logan R. Thompson
Ruminants 2025, 5(3), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5030034 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
The objective of this analysis was to compare the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from contemporary grazing cattle production with bison grazing, both modern and historical. The data sets used in this analysis were derived from existing research and conservation properties located outside of [...] Read more.
The objective of this analysis was to compare the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from contemporary grazing cattle production with bison grazing, both modern and historical. The data sets used in this analysis were derived from existing research and conservation properties located outside of Manhattan, KS (USA), which are home to stocker cattle, cow–calf production (CCS), and grazing bison. For stocker cattle, 10 years of animal production data (2007–2016) from season-long stocking (SLS, grazing 156 d) and intensive early stocking systems (IES; 76 grazing d and 2× stocking density) were used for GHG calculations. Enteric CH4, manure CH4, and direct nitrous oxide emissions were estimated using the IPCC tier 2 methodology. Historic bison (HGB) enteric CH4 estimates were calculated using a stocking density of 0.15 ha/animal and assuming that only 13% of grassland was used by bison each year. Within contemporary systems, IES had the lowest emissions (463.3 kg CO2-eq./ha/yr), while SLS, CCS, and MGB had the highest estimates (494.7, 493.9, and 595.9 kg CO2-eq./ha/yr, respectively). HGB had the lowest estimated annual emissions at 295.7 kg CO2-eq./ha/yr. These results imply that the historic grazing baseline of this grassland system is lower but similar to that of contemporary grazing cattle in the Great Plains region. Full article
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19 pages, 2828 KiB  
Review
Microbial Proteins: A Green Approach Towards Zero Hunger
by Ayesha Muazzam, Abdul Samad, AMM Nurul Alam, Young-Hwa Hwang and Seon-Tea Joo
Foods 2025, 14(15), 2636; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152636 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
The global population is increasing rapidly and, according to the United Nations (UN), it is expected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050. The demand for food is also increasing with a growing population. Food shortages, land scarcity, resource depletion, and climate change are [...] Read more.
The global population is increasing rapidly and, according to the United Nations (UN), it is expected to reach 9.8 billion by 2050. The demand for food is also increasing with a growing population. Food shortages, land scarcity, resource depletion, and climate change are significant issues raised due to an increasing population. Meat is a vital source of high-quality protein in the human diet, and addressing the sustainability of meat production is essential to ensuring long-term food security. To cover the meat demand of a growing population, meat scientists are working on several meat alternatives. Bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae have been identified as sources of microbial proteins that are both effective and sustainable, making them suitable for use in the development of meat analogs. Unlike livestock farming, microbial proteins produce less environmental pollution, need less space and water, and contain all the necessary dietary components. This review examines the status and future of microbial proteins in regard to consolidating and stabilizing the global food system. This review explores the production methods, nutritional benefits, environmental impact, regulatory landscape, and consumer perception of microbial protein-based meat analogs. Additionally, this review highlights the importance of microbial proteins by elaborating on the connection between microbial protein-based meat analogs and multiple UN Sustainable Development Goals. Full article
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11 pages, 279 KiB  
Article
Cloudy with a Chance of Apostles: Cloud Travel in Acts of Andrew and Matthias
by Acacia Chan
Religions 2025, 16(8), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16080976 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Clouds appear as a cross-culturally useful literary device in Greco-Roman, Jewish, and Christian sources. This paper argues that the cloud travel in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew and Matthias functions in three ways: as a transformative callback to Jesus’s ascension and coming return, [...] Read more.
Clouds appear as a cross-culturally useful literary device in Greco-Roman, Jewish, and Christian sources. This paper argues that the cloud travel in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew and Matthias functions in three ways: as a transformative callback to Jesus’s ascension and coming return, as a demonstration of Andrew’s power over natural elements, and as a secure form of transportation away from the difficulties of other travel methods. The author of the text combines the divine protection found in clouds in Greco-Roman literature with the theophanies found in the Septuagint and the New Testament to create this cloud-travel motif that later reappears in the apocryphal sequel Acts of Peter and Andrew. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Travel and Religion in the Ancient Mediterranean)
15 pages, 447 KiB  
Article
Effects of a 12-Week Exercise Intervention on Primitive Reflex Retention and Social Development in Children with ASD and ADHD
by Norikazu Hirose, Yuki Tashiro and Tomoya Takasaki
Children 2025, 12(8), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12080987 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Objective: Retained primitive reflexes are associated with delayed motor and behavioral development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined the effects of a 12-week structured exercise intervention on reflex integration, motor coordination, and socio-behavioral outcomes in [...] Read more.
Objective: Retained primitive reflexes are associated with delayed motor and behavioral development in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study examined the effects of a 12-week structured exercise intervention on reflex integration, motor coordination, and socio-behavioral outcomes in these populations. Method: Fifteen children with ASD (13 boys, 2 girls) and twelve with ADHD (8 boys, 4 girls), aged 6–12 years, participated in rhythmic, balance, and coordination-based exercises. Primitive reflexes, including the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR), were assessed using standardized protocols, and fine motor coordination was evaluated using the Finger and Thumb Opposition Test (FOT). Behavioral outcomes were measured using the Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2) for the ASD group and the Conners 3 for the ADHD group. Results: The ASD group showed significant reductions in left-standing ATNR retention scores (p = 0.012) and improvements in right-hand FOT scores (p = 0.023). In the ADHD group, significant improvements were also observed in right-hand FOT scores (p = 0.007). Furthermore, Conners 3 Total and Global Index scores significantly decreased in the ADHD group (p = 0.016 and 0.020, respectively). Reflex retention patterns appeared broader and more bilateral in ASD than in ADHD, suggesting distinct motor developmental profiles. Conclusions: Short-term rhythmic, balance, and whole-body coordination exercise interventions may support behavioral and motor development in children with ASD and ADHD. Tailored programs emphasizing reflex integration hold promise for clinical and educational applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exercise Interventions on Children)
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17 pages, 515 KiB  
Review
The Epidemiology of Syphilis Worldwide in the Last Decade
by Francois Rosset, Valentina Celoria, Sergio Delmonte, Luca Mastorino, Nadia Sciamarrelli, Sara Boskovic, Simone Ribero and Pietro Quaglino
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(15), 5308; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14155308 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Syphilis, a re-emerging global public health issue, has shown increasing incidence over the past decade, particularly among key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), people living with HIV, and pregnant women. This narrative review aimed to synthesize global [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Syphilis, a re-emerging global public health issue, has shown increasing incidence over the past decade, particularly among key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), people living with HIV, and pregnant women. This narrative review aimed to synthesize global epidemiological trends of syphilis from 2015 to 2025, with a focus on surveillance gaps, regional disparities, and structural determinants. Methods: A broad narrative approach was used to collect and analyze epidemiological data from 2015 to 2025. The literature was retrieved from databases (PubMed, Scopus) and official reports from the WHO, CDC, and ECDC. Included materials span observational studies, surveillance reports, and modeling data relevant to global trends and public health responses. Results: Globally, syphilis incidence has increased, with notable surges in North America, Europe, and Asia. MSM remain disproportionately affected, while congenital syphilis is resurging even in high-income countries. Low- and middle-income countries report persistent burdens, especially among women of reproductive age, often exacerbated by limited screening and surveillance infrastructure. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted syphilis-related services and further exacerbated underreporting, hindering timely detection and response efforts. Surveillance systems vary widely in their completeness and quality, which significantly hinders global data comparability and coordinated public health responses. Conclusions: Despite its curability, syphilis continues to spread due to fragmented prevention strategies, inequities in access to care, and insufficient surveillance. Strengthening diagnostic access, integrating prevention efforts into broader health systems, and addressing social determinants are essential. Improved surveillance, equitable access, and innovation—including diagnostics and potential vaccine research—are critical to controlling the global syphilis epidemic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology & Public Health)
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20 pages, 2370 KiB  
Review
Clusterin Regulates the Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Circuit Impairment in Alzheimer’s Disease
by Yihang Yu, Chunjian Wang, Binbin Wang, Xuelin Wang, Qain Zhao, Yan Yan and Xiaoyun Liu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157271 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a multifaceted pathogenesis, which remains elusive, seriously affecting the quality of life of elderly patients and placing a heavy burden on affected individuals, their families, and society. As third-party synapses in brain networks, astrocytes play [...] Read more.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a multifaceted pathogenesis, which remains elusive, seriously affecting the quality of life of elderly patients and placing a heavy burden on affected individuals, their families, and society. As third-party synapses in brain networks, astrocytes play an important role in maintaining the normal function of neural networks, which contribute to the abnormal function of networks in AD. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that clusterin, a protein expressed by astrocytes, can participate in the progression of AD. Clusterin plays a significant role in many pathological processes of AD, such as lipid metabolism, AD pathological features, the imbalance in neural circuit excitatory inhibition, and neuroinflammation. Therefore, delving deeper into the association between clusterin and AD will help us to understand the mechanisms of disease better and provide a theoretical basis for early diagnosis and the development of treatment strategies for AD. Full article
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12 pages, 220 KiB  
Article
Machine Intelligence, Artificial General Intelligence, Super-Intelligence, and Human Dignity
by Ted F. Peters
Religions 2025, 16(8), 975; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16080975 (registering DOI) - 28 Jul 2025
Abstract
Our temptation to personify machine intelligence is not unexpected. As a child we named our dolls and took our Teddy Bear to bed with us. Today we ask death bots to comfort us with post-mortem conversation. All the while we know this to [...] Read more.
Our temptation to personify machine intelligence is not unexpected. As a child we named our dolls and took our Teddy Bear to bed with us. Today we ask death bots to comfort us with post-mortem conversation. All the while we know this to be pretend. Yet we must ask: if Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) or even Artificial Super-Intelligence (ASI) become available, will our game of pretend continue? Or will intelligent robots actually become selves deserving of dignity that hitherto could be ascribed only to human persons? If government-imposed guardrails shut the door on development of AGI and ASI in order to preserve human safety and even dignity, we might never learn whether AGI or ASI could develop selfhood, personhood, virtue, or religious sensibilities. As we approach the future, can we live without knowing whether AGI or ASI would be capable of developing selfhood and commanding dignity? Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Religion and/of the Future)
19 pages, 3634 KiB  
Article
A High-Efficiency GaN-on-Si Power Amplifier Using a Rapid Dual-Objective Optimization Method for 5G FR2 Applications
by Lin Peng, Zuxin Ye, Yawen Zhang, Chenxuan Zhang, Yuda Fu, Jian Qin and Yuan Liang
Electronics 2025, 14(15), 2996; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14152996 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2025
Abstract
A broadband, efficient monolithic microwave integrated circuit power amplifier (MMIC PA) in OMMIC’s 0.1 μm GaN-on-Si technology for 5G millimeter-wave communication is presented. This study concentrates on the output matching design, which has an important influence on the PA’s performance. A compact one-order [...] Read more.
A broadband, efficient monolithic microwave integrated circuit power amplifier (MMIC PA) in OMMIC’s 0.1 μm GaN-on-Si technology for 5G millimeter-wave communication is presented. This study concentrates on the output matching design, which has an important influence on the PA’s performance. A compact one-order synthesized transformer network (STN) is adopted to match the 50 Ω load to the extracted large-signal output model of the transistor. A dual-objective strategy is developed for parameter optimization, incorporating the impedance transformation trajectory inside the predefined optimal impedance domain (OID) that satisfies the required specifications, with approximation to selected optimal load impedances. By introducing a custom adjustment factor β into the error function, coupled with an automated iterative tuning process based on S-parameter simulations, desired broadband matching results can be rapidly achieved. The proposed two-stage PA occupies a small chip area of only 1.23 mm2 and demonstrates good frequency consistency over the 24–31 GHz band. Continuous-wave characterization shows a flat small-signal gain of 19.7 ± 0.5 dB; both the output power (Pout) and the power-added efficiency (PAE) at the 4 dB compression point remain smooth, ranging from 32.3 to 32.7 dBm and 35.5% to 37.8%, respectively. The peak PAE reaches up to nearly 40% at the center frequency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced RF/Microwave Circuits and System for New Applications)
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21 pages, 2260 KiB  
Article
Comparative Micro-CT Analysis of Internal Adaptation and Closed Porosity of Conventional Layered and Thermoviscous Bulk-Fill Resin Composites Using Total-Etch or Universal Adhesives
by Dóra Jordáki, Virág Veress, Tamás Kiss, József Szalma, Márk Fráter and Edina Lempel
Polymers 2025, 17(15), 2049; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152049 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2025
Abstract
Reliable adaptation in Class II resin-based composite (RBC) restorations with margins on cementum remains challenging. This study compared the internal adaptation (IA) and closed porosity (CP) of three restorative strategies for such cavities, using either total-etch or self-etch adhesive approaches. Standardized box-only cavities [...] Read more.
Reliable adaptation in Class II resin-based composite (RBC) restorations with margins on cementum remains challenging. This study compared the internal adaptation (IA) and closed porosity (CP) of three restorative strategies for such cavities, using either total-etch or self-etch adhesive approaches. Standardized box-only cavities were prepared on both proximal surfaces of 30 extracted molars, applying self-etch on mesial and total-etch on distal cavities. Group 1 used a layered microhybrid RBC; Group 2 used a flowable RBC base beneath a layered microhybrid RBC; and Group 3 used a thermoviscous RBC in a 4 mm bulk increment. Micro-computed tomography was employed to assess IA and CP. ANOVA, Tukey post hoc, and univariate analyses were used to evaluate group differences and the effects of adhesive/restorative strategies. Group 2 demonstrated the best adaptation (0.10%), whereas Group 3 exhibited the highest internal gap ratio (0.63%) and the lowest CP (p = 0.006). Total-etch adhesive significantly improved IA compared to self-etch (p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the impact of material selection and adhesive technique on the quality of restorations in cementum-located Class II cavities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Materials for Dental Applications III)
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