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19 pages, 532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Local Governments’ Innovation Competition Drive High-Quality Manufacturing Development? Empirical Evidence from China

by Xiaojie Yuan and Huiling Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6235; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146235 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study aims to reveal the influence mechanism of innovation competition on the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry in Chinese local governments. Additionally, the study provides a theoretical basis for understanding how governments’ investment in science and technology breaks through key technological [...] Read more.

This study aims to reveal the influence mechanism of innovation competition on the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry in Chinese local governments. Additionally, the study provides a theoretical basis for understanding how governments’ investment in science and technology breaks through key technological bottlenecks, enhances the innovation ability of enterprises, and promotes the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry. Based on balanced panel data of 269 prefecture-level and above cities in China from 2008 to 2021, the entropy value method is used to construct a comprehensive evaluation index of manufacturing development quality, and a two-way fixed-effect panel model is employed for the empirical analysis. The findings reveal that (1) for every 1% increase in local government investment in science and technology, the manufacturing high-quality development index will increase by 0.261%, indicating that local governments’ innovation competition significantly promotes the quality of manufacturing development; (2) enterprise innovation capacity plays a mediating role between government competition and manufacturing quality improvement; (3) the combined mechanism of innovation drive and promotion tournament results in a significant spatial strategic interaction of local governments’ innovation competition and a positive spillover effect on neighboring regions. Therefore, this study suggests that local governments implement different science and technology innovation investment strategies to optimize the allocation of innovation resources according to the regional manufacturing technology level. Full article

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27 pages, 14404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatiality of the Vernacular Courtyard House in the Arabian Gulf Region

by Asmaa Saleh AL-Mohannadi and Raffaello Furlan

Heritage 2025, 8(7), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070268 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

In the vernacular architectural history of the Arabian Gulf region (the Gulf), the courtyard house is a common domestic typology. Islamic and sociological precepts regulate the design and the function of vernacular courtyard dwellings, resulting in homogeneity and harmony in the entire urban [...] Read more.

In the vernacular architectural history of the Arabian Gulf region (the Gulf), the courtyard house is a common domestic typology. Islamic and sociological precepts regulate the design and the function of vernacular courtyard dwellings, resulting in homogeneity and harmony in the entire urban fabric of historic settlements. In this research endeavor, the aim is to investigate the degree to which the shaping of the spatial form in a sample of vernacular courtyard houses in the Gulf inscribes socio-cultural factors. It sheds light on visibility graph analysis, human behavior, and the system of activities in the domestic space. As a hypothesis, visibility and connectivity analysis could prove the existence of common spatial patterns among courtyards in the vernacular courtyard houses of the Gulf, attributing it to the similar socio-cultural context, the climatic effect, and the architectural and construction knowledge of the region. This study utilizes a collection of courtyard houses from the Gulf as a pilot study to investigate the emerging patterns in the spatial analysis and room layout, or in the distribution of activities or functions in the domestic space. It, therefore, offers a visual analysis (VGA) of six regional courtyard houses from each Gulf country that were built during the period 1850–1950. This study anticipates an affirmation of a direct inscription of socio-cultural factors in the spatial form of the courtyard house in the Gulf. Conclusively, a sustainable, organic linkage between architecture and society exists where the three criteria of housing spatial form, socio-cultural factors, and system of activities interact. Full article

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10 pages, 1391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associative Learning Emulation in HZO-Based Ferroelectric Memristor Devices

by Euncho Seo, Maria Rasheed and Sungjun Kim

Materials 2025, 18(14), 3210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143210 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Neuromorphic computing inspired by biological synapses requires memory devices capable of mimicking short-term memory (STM) and associative learning. In this study, we investigate a 15 nm-thick Hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO)-based ferroelectric memristor device, which exhibits robust STM characteristics and successfully replicates Pavlov’s dog [...] Read more.

Neuromorphic computing inspired by biological synapses requires memory devices capable of mimicking short-term memory (STM) and associative learning. In this study, we investigate a 15 nm-thick Hafnium zirconium oxide (HZO)-based ferroelectric memristor device, which exhibits robust STM characteristics and successfully replicates Pavlov’s dog experiment. The optimized 15 nm HZO layer demonstrates enhanced ferroelectric properties, including a stable orthorhombic phase and a reliable short-term synaptic response. Furthermore, through a series of conditional learning experiments, the device effectively reproduces associative learning by forming and extinguishing conditioned responses, closely resembling biological neural plasticity. The number of training repetitions significantly affects the retention of learned responses, indicating a transition from STM-like behavior to longer-lasting memory effects. These findings highlight the potential of the optimized ferroelectric device in neuromorphic applications, particularly for implementing real-time learning and memory in artificial intelligence systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Materials)

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15 pages, 1240 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Metrological Approach to Developing Quality Testing Standards for Emerging Advanced Materials

by Akira Ono

Metrology 2025, 5(3), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/metrology5030042 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The rapid advancement of materials science is driving the development of emerging advanced materials, such as nanomaterials, composites, biomaterials, and high-performance metals. These materials possess unique properties and offer significant potential for innovative applications across industries. Standardization plays a crucial role in ensuring [...] Read more.

The rapid advancement of materials science is driving the development of emerging advanced materials, such as nanomaterials, composites, biomaterials, and high-performance metals. These materials possess unique properties and offer significant potential for innovative applications across industries. Standardization plays a crucial role in ensuring the reliability, consistency, and comparability of material quality assessments. Although typical material specification standards, which rigidly define allowable characteristic ranges, are well-suited for established materials like steel, they may not be directly applicable to emerging advanced materials due to their novelty and evolving nature. To address this challenge, a distinct approach is required—flexible yet robust testing standards for assessing material quality. This paper introduces scenario-based methodologies, a structured approach to developing such standards, with a particular focus on metrological aspects of measurement methods and procedures. Additionally, self-assessment processes aimed at verifying measurement reliability are integrated into the methodology. These methodologies involve defining target materials and their applications, identifying critical material characteristics, specifying appropriate measurement methods and procedures, and promoting adaptable yet reliable guidelines. To maintain relevance with metrological advancements and evolving market demands, these quality testing standards should undergo periodic review and updates. This approach enhances industrial confidence and facilitates market integration. Full article

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18 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Meaning of Sexual Harassment in the Eye of the Beholder: 25 Years After the Enactment of Israel’s Prevention of Sexual Harassment Law

by Sima Zach, Rona Cohen and Michal Arnon

Societies 2025, 15(7), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15070190 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study examines perceptions of sexual harassment in sports 25 years after the enactment of Israel’s prevention of sexual harassment law, building upon a 1999 study by Feigin and Negbi. Utilizing feminist and power relations theories, this research investigates how perceptions have evolved [...] Read more.

This study examines perceptions of sexual harassment in sports 25 years after the enactment of Israel’s prevention of sexual harassment law, building upon a 1999 study by Feigin and Negbi. Utilizing feminist and power relations theories, this research investigates how perceptions have evolved across genders, competitive levels, and coaching statuses. A total of 361 participants, including non-competitive, competitive, and Olympic athletes, completed a questionnaire assessing perceptions of potentially harassing behaviors. The results reveal significant shifts in awareness, particularly among female athletes, across all four factors of sexual harassment examined. The most substantial change was observed in the “Between concern and interest” factor, indicating increased sensitivity to ambiguous behaviors. Olympic athletes and coaches demonstrated heightened awareness compared to non-competitive athletes. Gender disparities persisted, with female participants consistently showing higher sensitivity to potentially harassing behaviors. These findings underscore the need for tailored educational programs, policy revisions, and increased representation of diverse perspectives in sports leadership. Full article

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24 pages, 16019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Localization of Hydrogen Peroxide in Dormant Buds of Resistant and Susceptible Chestnut Cultivars: Changes During Gall Developmental Stages Induced by the Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus)

by Başak Müftüoğlu and Cevriye Mert

Plants 2025, 14(14), 2089; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14142089 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW) (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu), native to China, is an invasive pest that causes significant economic losses in Castanea species. While some cultivars show full resistance by inhibiting insect development in buds, the underlying defense mechanisms remain unclear. In [...] Read more.

Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW) (Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu), native to China, is an invasive pest that causes significant economic losses in Castanea species. While some cultivars show full resistance by inhibiting insect development in buds, the underlying defense mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the accumulation and distribution of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were investigated in dormant buds of chestnut cultivars that are resistant and susceptible to D. kuriphilus by using the 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining method. Buds were examined under a stereomicroscope during key stages of pest development, including oviposition, transition from egg to larva, gall induction, and gall development. Baseline levels of H₂O₂ were detected in all buds; however, these levels varied among cultivars, with resistant cultivars exhibiting lower basal levels. The degree of H₂O₂ accumulation was found to vary depending on plant–insect interaction, physiological processes, and cultivar-specific traits. Histochemical staining revealed that brown spots indicative of H₂O₂ accumulation were concentrated in the vascular bundles of leaf primordia and in the apical regions. In resistant hybrid cultivars, the defense response was activated at an earlier stage, while in resistant Castanea sativa Mill. cultivars, the response was delayed but more robust. Although consistently high levels of H₂O₂ were observed throughout the pest interaction in susceptible cultivars, gall development was not inhibited. During the onset of physiological bud break, increased H₂O₂ accumulation was observed across all cultivars. This increase was associated with endodormancy in susceptible cultivars and with both defense mechanisms and endodormancy processes in resistant cultivars. These findings highlight the significant role of H₂O₂ in plant defense responses, while also supporting its function as a multifunctional signaling molecule involved in gall development and the regulation of physiological processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microscopy Techniques in Plant Studies—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 3260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance of Hybrid Strengthening System for Reinforced Concrete Member Using CFRP Composites Inside and over Transverse Groove Technique

by Ahmed H. Al-Abdwais and Adil K. Al-Tamimi

Fibers 2025, 13(7), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/fib13070093 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The use of a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) for structural strengthening has been widely adopted in recent decades. Early studies focused on externally bonded (EB) techniques, but premature delamination of CFRP from concrete surfaces often limited their efficiency. To address this, alternative methods, such [...] Read more.

The use of a carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) for structural strengthening has been widely adopted in recent decades. Early studies focused on externally bonded (EB) techniques, but premature delamination of CFRP from concrete surfaces often limited their efficiency. To address this, alternative methods, such as Externally Bonded Reinforcement Over Grooves (EBROG) and Externally Bonded Reinforcement Inside Grooves (EBRIG), were developed to enhance the bond strength and delay delamination. While most research has examined longitudinal groove layouts, this study investigates a hybrid system combining a CFRP fabric bonded inside transverse grooves (EBRITG) with externally bonded layers over the grooves (EBROTG). The system leverages the grooves’ surface area to anchor the CFRP and improve the bonding strength. Seven RC beams were tested in two stages: five beams with varied strengthening methods (EBROG, EBRIG, and hybrid) in the first stage and two beams with a hybrid system and concrete cover anchorage in the second stage. Results demonstrated significant flexural capacity improvement—57% and 72.5% increase with two and three CFRP layers, respectively—compared to the EBROG method, confirming the hybrid system’s superior bonding efficiency. Full article

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29 pages, 2210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bi-Level Collaborative Optimization for Medical Consumable Order Splitting and Reorganization Considering Multi-Dimensional and Multi-Scale Characteristics

by Peng Jiang, Shunsheng Guo and Xu Luo

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7627; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147627 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Medical consumable orders are characterized by diverse product types, small batch sizes, frequent orders, and high customization requirements, often leading to inefficient workshop scheduling and difficulties in meeting multiple production constraints. To address these challenges, this study proposes a bi-level optimization model for [...] Read more.

Medical consumable orders are characterized by diverse product types, small batch sizes, frequent orders, and high customization requirements, often leading to inefficient workshop scheduling and difficulties in meeting multiple production constraints. To address these challenges, this study proposes a bi-level optimization model for order splitting and reorganization considering multi-dimensional and multi-scale characteristics. The multi-dimensional characteristics encompass materials, processes, equipment, and work efficiency, while the multi-scale aspects involve finished products, components, assemblies, and parts. At the upper level, the model optimizes order task splitting by refining splitting strategies and preprocessing constraints to generate high-quality input for the reorganization phase. The lower level optimizes sub-task prioritization, batch sizes, and resource scheduling to develop a production plan that balances cost and efficiency. Subsequently, to solve this bi-level optimization problem, a hybrid bi-objective optimization algorithm is designed, integrating a collaborative iterative strategy to enhance solution efficiency and quality. Finally, a case study and comparative experiments validate the practicality and effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fuzzy Control Systems and Decision-Making)

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9 pages, 825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tamarixetin: A Promising Bioflavonoid Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury

by Mehmet Ali Telafarlı, Ejder Saylav Bora, Firdes Topal and Oytun Erbaş

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(7), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47070524 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory responses cause acute liver failure in most cases of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. Tamarixetin (Trx), an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid, has not yet been studied in models of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Trx was tested for its protective effects on [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammatory responses cause acute liver failure in most cases of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. Tamarixetin (Trx), an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory flavonoid, has not yet been studied in models of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Trx was tested for its protective effects on APAP-induced liver injury in rats using biochemical, histopathological, and oxidative stress parameters. Three groups of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control, APAP + Saline, and APAP + Trx (3 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally for 3 days). A single 300 mg/kg intraperitoneal APAP dose caused hepatotoxicity. ALT, MDA, GSH, HSP-70, and thioredoxin were measured in blood and liver tissues. Liver sections were histopathologically examined. APAP depleted hepatic GSH and Trx and increased serum ALT and MDA. Trx treatment significantly reduced ALT (201.2 → 105.1 U/L), MDA (5.5 → 3.4 nmol/mg), and the percentage of histologically damaged hepatocytes (58.5% → 9.5%), while restoring GSH and thioredoxin levels. Notably, HSP-70 expression exceeded that of APAP and control levels, suggesting the modulation of the stress response. The Trx group showed significant hepatoprotection histologically. Trx reduces APAP-induced hepatic damage, likely through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These findings suggest that Trx may be a natural hepatoprotectant, warranting clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Drugs and Natural Products Discovery)

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13 pages, 273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Barriers to Physical Activity Participation Among University Staff: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Sami Elmahgoub, Hassan Mohamed, Farah Abu Khadra, Aseel Aburub, Mohamed I. Mabrouk, Adel Eltaguri and Ákos Levente Tóth

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(7), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22071085 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Regular physical activity (PA) is crucial for health, yet many individuals face barriers to engage in an active lifestyle. This study aimed to identify and analyze the barriers preventing university staff from participating in PA. A cross-sectional quantitative approach was utilized, distributing surveys [...] Read more.

Regular physical activity (PA) is crucial for health, yet many individuals face barriers to engage in an active lifestyle. This study aimed to identify and analyze the barriers preventing university staff from participating in PA. A cross-sectional quantitative approach was utilized, distributing surveys to a diverse sample of 238 university staff aged 19 to 77 years, with an average age of 40. The survey was designed to identify the barriers that individuals face in adhering to physical PA and collected data on various internal and external factors influencing PA participation. Younger participants reported significantly higher scores for lack of energy and motivation compared to older age groups. Additionally, female participants experienced greater internal and external barriers than their male counterparts. Furthermore, university employees experienced significantly higher internal barriers, namely a lack of energy and lack of motivation. The primary barrier to PA participation among university staff was a lack of time. This study highlights the need for supportive environments that address these obstacles to promote PA participation. The findings offer valuable insights for university administrations and policymakers, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions and supportive policies to enhance the health and activity levels of university staff. Full article

20 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Permeability Prediction Using Vision Transformers

by Cenk Temizel, Uchenna Odi, Kehao Li, Lei Liu, Salih Tutun and Javier Santos

Math. Comput. Appl. 2025, 30(4), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/mca30040071 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accurate permeability predictions remain pivotal for understanding fluid flow in porous media, influencing crucial operations across petroleum engineering, hydrogeology, and related fields. Traditional approaches, while robust, often grapple with the inherent heterogeneity of reservoir rocks. With the advent of deep learning, convolutional neural [...] Read more.

Accurate permeability predictions remain pivotal for understanding fluid flow in porous media, influencing crucial operations across petroleum engineering, hydrogeology, and related fields. Traditional approaches, while robust, often grapple with the inherent heterogeneity of reservoir rocks. With the advent of deep learning, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have emerged as potent tools in image-based permeability estimation, capitalizing on micro-CT scans and digital rock imagery. This paper introduces a novel paradigm, employing vision transformers (ViTs)—a recent advancement in computer vision—for this crucial task. ViTs, which segment images into fixed-sized patches and process them through transformer architectures, present a promising alternative to CNNs. We present a methodology for implementing ViTs for permeability prediction, its results on diverse rock samples, and a comparison against conventional CNNs. The prediction results suggest that, with adequate training data, ViTs can match or surpass the predictive accuracy of CNNs, especially in rocks exhibiting significant heterogeneity. This study underscores the potential of ViTs as an innovative tool in permeability prediction, paving the way for further research and integration into mainstream reservoir characterization workflows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Mathematical and Computational Applications 2025)

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12 pages, 3405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Investigation on the Flow Boiling Heat Transfer Performance of Nanofluid in 3D Printing Minichannel Heat Sinks: A Comparative Study

by Jianyang Zhou and Zhixin Yin

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141054 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

A minichannel heat sink combining flow boiling heat transfer with nanofluid is an ideal solution for the long-term cooling of high-power equipment. In the present paper, three mass fractions for 0.01 wt%, 0.05 wt%, and 0.1 wt% graphene/R141b and Al₂O₃ [...] Read more.

A minichannel heat sink combining flow boiling heat transfer with nanofluid is an ideal solution for the long-term cooling of high-power equipment. In the present paper, three mass fractions for 0.01 wt%, 0.05 wt%, and 0.1 wt% graphene/R141b and Al₂O₃/R141b nanofluids are prepared by ultrasonic vibration. The flow boiling heat transfer performance for graphene/R141b and Al₂O₃/R141b nanofluids was contrastively investigated in a 3D printing 10-minichannel heat sink with a single channel dimension of 198 mm × 1.5 mm × 1.5 mm. The results indicate that the heat transfer performance of graphene/R141b and Al₂O₃/R141b nanofluids are enhanced after adding nanoparticles in pure R141b, and the maximum average heat transfer coefficients of graphene/R141b and Al₂O₃/R141b nanofluids, respectively, increase by 35.4% and 31.7% compared with that of pure R141b. The heat transfer performance of graphene/R141b and Al₂O₃/R141b nanofluids increases nonlinearly with the increase in mass concentration; the heat transfer coefficient reaches its maximum at the mass concentration of 0.02 wt%, and then, it decreases slightly, which is mainly caused by nanoparticle deposition, leading to silted channel surface cavities during the flow boiling experiment. Moreover, it has been discovered that the heat transfer coefficient of graphene/R141b is larger than that of Al₂O₃/R141b under the same conditions. The average heat transfer coefficient of graphene/R141b increased by 19.7% compared with that of Al₂O₃/R141b. The main reason for this is that graphene nanosheets have a larger contact area with the liquid working medium compared with nanoparticle Al₂O₃, and the graphene/R141b thermal conductivity is also significantly higher than that of Al₂O₃/R141b nanofluids. The research results can provide a basis for the practical application of nanofluids in heat sinks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theory and Simulation of Nanostructures)

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8 pages, 181 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Rethinking Student Wellbeing in Higher Education: A Multifaceted Approach to Stress Management

by Jinjing Fang, Xin Ren and Valerie Ann Sotardi

Educ. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15070872 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of psychological distress among students has prompted global concern about how educational systems might promote student wellbeing [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress Management and Student Well-Being)

14 pages, 2643 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of a Miniature Fiber-Optic Inorganic Scintillator Detector for Electron-Beam Therapy Dosimetry

by Zhuang Qin, Ziyin Chen, Bo He, Weimin Sun and Yachen Gao

Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4243; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144243 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Over the past few decades, electron beams have been widely used to treat malignant and benign tumors located in the superficial regions of patients. This study utilized an inorganic scintillator (Gd₂O₂S:Tb)-based radiation detector to test its response characteristics in [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, electron beams have been widely used to treat malignant and benign tumors located in the superficial regions of patients. This study utilized an inorganic scintillator (Gd₂O₂S:Tb)-based radiation detector to test its response characteristics in an electron-beam radiotherapy environment, in order to determine the application potential of this detector in electron-beam therapy. Owing to the extremely high time resolution of this inorganic scintillator detector (ISD), it is even capable of measuring the pulse information of electron beams generated by the accelerator. The results indicate that for certain accelerator models, such as the IX3937, the pulse pattern of the output electron beam is notably different from that during the output of X-rays, showing no significant periodicity. The experimental results also demonstrate that this ISD exhibits excellent repeatability and dose linearity (R² of 0.9993) when measuring electron beams. Finally, the PDD (Percentage Depth Dose) curves and OAR (Off-Axis Ratio) curves of the ISD were also tested under electron-beam conditions at 6 MeV and 9 MeV, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fiber Optic and Photonic Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring: Technology and Applications)

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23 pages, 7600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metabolomic and Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal Changes in Active Components During the Growth and Development of Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.)

by Jia Fu, Yuqian Liu, Wenting Gou, Mengxue Liu, Nanyi Zhang, Qiang Si and Hongmei Shang

Plants 2025, 14(14), 2088; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14142088 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) is a traditional medicinal plant, and its growth period has an important effect on the accumulation of active components. Phenolic acids and flavonoids are the most important active components in comfrey, but their accumulation in comfrey has not [...] Read more.

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) is a traditional medicinal plant, and its growth period has an important effect on the accumulation of active components. Phenolic acids and flavonoids are the most important active components in comfrey, but their accumulation in comfrey has not been studied. At present, most research on comfrey focuses on its roots. There is still a lack of systematic research on the comparison of active components and biological activities in the aerial parts of comfrey in different growth periods. To explore the influence of the growth period on the active components of comfrey, non-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to comprehensively analyze the active components of comfrey during the vegetative period, blooming period, and maturity period and compare the dynamic changes in phenolic acid and flavonoid accumulation during different growth periods of comfrey. The results revealed that the vegetative period presented the highest total phenol and flavonoid contents. The predominant secondary metabolites associated with phenolic acids and flavonoids were integral to the phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Critical structural genes governing these metabolic processes—PAL, C4H, 4CL, CHS, FLS, and DFR—exhibited marked upregulation during the vegetative growth stage. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis were used to construct a co-expression network of structural genes and transcription factors that affected the accumulation of specific metabolites, and the transcription factors related to the synthesis of flavonoids and phenols were predicted. These findings elucidate the temporal regulatory mechanisms governing the growth-phase-dependent accumulation of bioactive constituents in comfrey, advancing the understanding of phytochemical dynamics in medicinal plants. Full article

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23 pages, 3045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Type-2 Fuzzy-Controlled Air-Cleaning Mobile Robot

by Chian-Song Chiu, Shu-Yen Yao and Carlo Santiago

Symmetry 2025, 17(7), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17071088 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This research presents the development of a type-2 fuzzy-controlled autonomous mobile robot specifically designed for monitoring and actively maintaining indoor air quality. The core of this system is the proposed type-2 fuzzy PID dual-mode controller used for stably patrolling rooms along the walls [...] Read more.

This research presents the development of a type-2 fuzzy-controlled autonomous mobile robot specifically designed for monitoring and actively maintaining indoor air quality. The core of this system is the proposed type-2 fuzzy PID dual-mode controller used for stably patrolling rooms along the walls of the environment. The design method ingeniously merges the fast error correction capability of PID control with the robust adaptability of type-2 fuzzy logic control, which utilizes interval type-2 fuzzy sets. Furthermore, the type-2 fuzzy rule table of the right wall-following controller can be extended from the first designed fuzzy left wall-following controller in a symmetrical design manner. As a result, this study eliminates the drawbacks of excessive oscillations arising from PID control and sluggish response to large initial errors in typical traditional fuzzy control. The following of the stable wall and obstacle is facilitated with ensured accuracy and easy implementation so that effective air quality monitoring and active PM2.5 filtering are achieved in a movable manner. Furthermore, the augmented reality (AR) interface overlays real-time PM2.5 data directly onto a user’s visual field, enhancing situational awareness and enabling an immediate and intuitive assessment of air quality. As this type of control is different from that used in traditional fixed sensor networks, both broader area coverage and efficient air filtering are achieved. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate the controller’s superior performance and its potential to significantly improve indoor air quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications Based on Symmetry in Control Systems and Robotics)

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24 pages, 2201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TIMA-Net: A Lightweight Remote Sensing Image Change Detection Network Based on Temporal Interaction Enhancement and Multi-Scale Aggregation

by Zhijun Zhou, Xuejie Zhang, Xiaoliang Luo, Lvchun Wang, Wei Yu, Shufang Xu and Longbao Wang

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(14), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17142332 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Remote sensing image change detection (RSCD) holds significant application value in fields such as environmental monitoring, post-disaster assessment, and urban planning. However, existing deep learning methods often face challenges of high computational complexity and insufficient detail capture, particularly demonstrating limited performance in detecting [...] Read more.

Remote sensing image change detection (RSCD) holds significant application value in fields such as environmental monitoring, post-disaster assessment, and urban planning. However, existing deep learning methods often face challenges of high computational complexity and insufficient detail capture, particularly demonstrating limited performance in detecting high-resolution images and complex change regions. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel network architecture, TIMA-Net, which is designed for efficient remote sensing image change detection. By introducing the timing interaction enhancement module and the progressive decoder based on multi-scale fusion, TIMA-Net improves the accuracy of change detection while ensuring efficient computing performance. Specifically, TIMA-Net designs a temporal interaction enhancement module based on dual-branch and coordinate attention and combines channel segmentation and multi-scale features to enhance the representation ability of the changed region. The comparative experimental results show that TIMA-Net outperforms several state-of-the-art methods on multiple remote sensing datasets, especially in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. The ablation experiment results show that each module contributes to the final performance. In summary, TIMA-Net not only provides an efficient and accurate remote sensing image change detection solution but also shows its strong potential and broad application prospects in practical applications. Full article

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19 pages, 18888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum-Fermented Feed on Growth and Intestinal Health in Haliotis discus hannai

by Ling Ke, Chenyu Huang, Song Peng, Mengshi Zhao, Fengqiang Lin and Zhaolong Li

Microorganisms 2025, 13(7), 1603; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13071603 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This study multidimensionally investigates the comprehensive effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)-fermented feed on growth performance, intestinal health, and metabolic regulation in Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). The results demonstrate that LP fermentation significantly alters feed’s physical properties and nutritional profile, softening [...] Read more.

This study multidimensionally investigates the comprehensive effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)-fermented feed on growth performance, intestinal health, and metabolic regulation in Pacific abalone (Haliotis discus hannai). The results demonstrate that LP fermentation significantly alters feed’s physical properties and nutritional profile, softening texture, increasing viscosity, and emitting an acidic aroma. Notably, it enhanced contents of cis-9-palmitoleic acid, α-linolenic acid (ALA), and functional amino acids (GABA, L-histidine, and L-asparagine), indicating that fermentation optimized ω-3 fatty acid accumulation and amino acid profiles through the modulation of fatty acid metabolic pathways, thereby improving feed biofunctionality and stress-resistant potential. Further analyses revealed that fermented feed markedly improved intestinal morphology in abalone, promoting villus integrity and upregulating tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Claudin) to reinforce intestinal barrier function. Concurrently, it downregulated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-16) while upregulating anti-inflammatory factors (TLR4) and antioxidant-related genes (NRF2/KEAP1 pathway), synergistically mitigating intestinal inflammation and enhancing antioxidant capacity. Sequencing and untargeted metabolomics unveiled that fermented feed substantially remodeled gut microbiota structure, increasing Firmicutes abundance while reducing Bacteroidetes, with the notable enrichment of beneficial genera such as Mycoplasma. Metabolite profiling highlighted the significant activation of lipid metabolism, tryptophan pathway, and coenzyme A biosynthesis. A Spearman correlation analysis identified microbiota–metabolite interactions (such as Halomonas’ association with isethionic acid) potentially driving growth performance via metabolic microenvironment regulation. In conclusion, LP-fermented feed enhances abalone growth, immune response, and aquaculture efficiency through multi-dimensional synergistic mechanisms (nutritional optimization, intestinal homeostasis regulation, microbiota–metabolome crosstalk), providing critical theoretical foundations for aquafeed development and probiotic applications in aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome in Fish and Their Living Environment)

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24 pages, 4937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Improvement of Pure Pursuit Algorithm via Online Slip Estimation for Off-Road Tracked Vehicle

by Çağıl Çiloğlu and Emir Kutluay

Sensors 2025, 25(14), 4242; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25144242 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

The motion control of a tracked mobile robot remains an important capability for autonomous navigation. Kinematic path-tracking algorithms are commonly used in mobile robotics due to their ease of implementation and real-time computational cost advantage. This paper integrates an extended Kalman filter (EKF) [...] Read more.

The motion control of a tracked mobile robot remains an important capability for autonomous navigation. Kinematic path-tracking algorithms are commonly used in mobile robotics due to their ease of implementation and real-time computational cost advantage. This paper integrates an extended Kalman filter (EKF) into a common kinematic controller for path-tracking performance improvement. The extended Kalman filter estimates the instantaneous center of rotation (ICR) of tracks using the sensor readings of GPS and IMU. These ICR estimations are then given as input to the motion control algorithm to generate the track velocity demands. The platform to be controlled is a heavyweight off-road tracked vehicle, which necessitates the investigation of slip values. A high-fidelity simulation model, which is verified with field tests, is used as the plant in the path-tracking simulations. The performance of the filter and the algorithm is also demonstrated in field tests on a stabilized road. The field results show that the proposed estimation increases the path-tracking accuracy significantly (about 44%) compared to the classical pure pursuit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue INS/GNSS Integrated Navigation Systems)

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21 pages, 6356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rare Frameshift Mutation of in CmACS7 Alters Ethylene Biosynthesis and Determines Fruit Morphology in Melon (Cucumis melo L.)

by Jiyang Zhou, Xiaobing Ma, Qianqian Deng, Zhicong Zhong, Xuefei Ning, Li Zhong, Xianliang Zhang and Xianlei Wang

Plants 2025, 14(14), 2087; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14142087 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Fruit shape diversity in melon is governed by complex genetic networks, with ethylene biosynthesis playing a pivotal yet poorly characterized role. In this study, we identified a rare CmACS7^{A57V/frameshift} double mutant through fine mapping of the fsq2 locus. Ethylene-mediated ovary growth regulation [...] Read more.

Fruit shape diversity in melon is governed by complex genetic networks, with ethylene biosynthesis playing a pivotal yet poorly characterized role. In this study, we identified a rare CmACS7^{A57V/frameshift} double mutant through fine mapping of the fsq2 locus. Ethylene-mediated ovary growth regulation has been completely lost in the CmACS7^{A57V/frameshift} double mutant, driving a transition from elongated to spherical fruit. Transcriptome analysis was performed to clarify the core role of CmACS7 in the ethylene signaling pathway. The loss of CmACS7 function regulates key genes in the ethylene responsive factor, cytokinin signaling pathway, and auxin-related genes, resulting in an imbalance in hormone levels. This imbalance directly affects the coordination of cell proliferation and expansion and ultimately determines the fruit morphology. A genetic diversity analysis of public melon germplasm resources indicated that while the CmACS7^{A57V/frameshift} mutation accounts for only 0.5% of the germplasm, it is strongly correlated with the round fruit phenotype and is important for breeding in Xinjiang. The results of this study suggest that CmACS7^{A57V/frameshift} could be used as a molecular marker to accelerate the breeding of melon varieties with excellent fruit morphology and, at the same time, reveal the coevolutionary significance of this gene in the domestication of Cucurbitaceae crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural Science and Ornamental Plants)

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18 pages, 1876 KiB

Open AccessReview

Deep Learning in Food Image Recognition: A Comprehensive Review

by Detianjun Liu, Enguang Zuo, Dingding Wang, Liang He, Liujing Dong and Xinyao Lu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7626; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147626 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Food not only fulfills basic human survival needs but also significantly impacts health and culture. Research on food-related topics holds substantial theoretical and practical significance, with food image recognition being a core task in fine-grained image recognition. This field has broad applications and [...] Read more.

Food not only fulfills basic human survival needs but also significantly impacts health and culture. Research on food-related topics holds substantial theoretical and practical significance, with food image recognition being a core task in fine-grained image recognition. This field has broad applications and promising prospects in smart dining, intelligent healthcare, and smart retail. With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, deep learning has emerged as a key technology that enhances recognition efficiency and accuracy, enabling more practical applications. This paper comprehensively reviews the techniques and challenges of deep learning in food image recognition. First, we outline the historical development of food image recognition technologies, categorizing the primary methods into manual feature extraction-based and deep learning-based approaches. Next, we systematically organize existing food image datasets and summarize the characteristics of several representative datasets. Additionally, we analyze typical deep learning models and their performance on different datasets. Finally, we discuss the practical applications of food image recognition in calorie estimation and food safety, identify current research challenges, and propose future research directions. Full article

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17 pages, 3483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Triboelectric–Electromagnetic Hybrid Generator with a Multi-Layered Structure for Wind Energy Harvesting and Wind Vector Monitoring

by Jiaqing Niu, Ribin Hu, Ming Li, Luying Zhang, Bei Xu, Yaqi Zhang, Yi Luo, Jiang Ding and Qingshan Duan

Micromachines 2025, 16(7), 795; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16070795 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

High-efficiency wind energy collection and precise wind vector monitoring are crucial for sustainable energy applications, smart agriculture, and environmental management. A novel multi-layered triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator (TEHG) for broadband wind energy collection and wind vector monitoring was built. The TEHG comprises three functional [...] Read more.

High-efficiency wind energy collection and precise wind vector monitoring are crucial for sustainable energy applications, smart agriculture, and environmental management. A novel multi-layered triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator (TEHG) for broadband wind energy collection and wind vector monitoring was built. The TEHG comprises three functional layers corresponding to three modules: a soft-contact rotary triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TEHG), an electromagnetic generator (EMG), and eight flow-induced vibration triboelectric nanogenerators (F-TENGs), which are arranged in a circular array to enable low-wind-speed energy harvesting and multi-directional wind vector monitoring. The TEHG achieves broadband energy harvesting and demonstrates exceptional stability, maintaining a consistent electrical output after 3 h of continuous operation. The EMG charges a 1 mF capacitor to 1.5 V 738 times faster than conventional methods by a boost converter. The TEHG operates for 17.5 s to power a thermohygrometer for 103 s, achieving an average output power of 1.87 W with a power density of 11.2 W/m³, demonstrating an exceptional power supply capability. The F-TENGs can accurately determine the wind direction, with a wind speed detection error below 4.5%. This innovative structure leverages the strengths of both EMG and TENG technologies, offering a durable, multifunctional solution for sustainable energy and intelligent environmental sensing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Tuning and Self-Powered Energy Harvesting Devices)

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10 pages, 757 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Sensitivity in AI Tree Bark Detection: Identifying Key Factors for Improving Classification Accuracy

by Charles Warner, Fanyou Wu, Rado Gazo, Bedrich Benes and Songlin Fei

Algorithms 2025, 18(7), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18070417 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Accurate tree species identification through bark characteristics is essential for effective forest management, but traditionally requires extensive expertise. This study leverages artificial intelligence (AI), specifically the EfficientNet-B3 convolutional neural network, to enhance AI-based tree bark identification, focusing on northern red oak (Quercus [...] Read more.

Accurate tree species identification through bark characteristics is essential for effective forest management, but traditionally requires extensive expertise. This study leverages artificial intelligence (AI), specifically the EfficientNet-B3 convolutional neural network, to enhance AI-based tree bark identification, focusing on northern red oak (Quercus rubra), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis), and bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) using the CentralBark dataset. We investigated three environmental variables—time of day (lighting conditions), bark moisture content (wet or dry), and cardinal direction of observation—to identify sources of classification inaccuracies. Results revealed that bark moisture significantly reduced accuracy by 8.19% in wet conditions (89.32% dry vs. 81.13% wet). In comparison, the time of day had a significant impact on hackberry (95.56% evening) and northern red oak (80.80% afternoon), with notable chi-squared associations (p < 0.05). Cardinal direction had minimal effect (4.72% variation). Bitternut hickory detection consistently underperformed (26.76%), highlighting morphological challenges. These findings underscore the need for targeted dataset augmentation with wet and afternoon images, alongside preprocessing techniques like illumination normalization, to improve model robustness. Enhanced AI tools will streamline forest inventories, support biodiversity monitoring, and bolster conservation in dynamic forest ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Models and Algorithms for Image Processing)

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15 pages, 470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Why Motor Competence Matters: Fundamental Movement Skills and Their Role in Promoting Physical Activity and Health in Czech Children Aged 9–10 Years

by Jakub Kokstejn, Miroslav Grobar, Jindrich Vampola and Martin Musalek

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030258 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Motor competence (MC) plays a critical role in shaping children’s physical activity, health-related fitness, and weight status. However, few studies have explored these interrelationships during middle childhood. Objectives: The current study aimed to examine the relationships between MC and physical activity (PA), [...] Read more.

Background: Motor competence (MC) plays a critical role in shaping children’s physical activity, health-related fitness, and weight status. However, few studies have explored these interrelationships during middle childhood. Objectives: The current study aimed to examine the relationships between MC and physical activity (PA), health-related fitness (HRF), and weight status (WS) in children during middle childhood (9–10 years). Simultaneously, the study aimed to find possible differences in PA, HRF, and WS between children with different levels of MC. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the TGMD-2 (MC), UNIFITTEST 6–60 (HRF), ActiGraph GT3X (PA), and anthropometry (WS) were administered to 86 children (59 boys, age range of 9–10 years and mean age of 10.1 ± 0.6 years). Results: A significant strong association was observed between MC and HRF (p < 0.01, Cramer‘s V = 0.42). Significant moderate associations were observed between MC and WS (p < 0.05, Cramer’s V = 0.34) and between MC and PA (p < 0.05, Cramer‘s V = 0.25). Children with high MC proficiency demonstrated significantly higher levels of HRF (p < 0.01; large ES) and PA (p < 0.05; moderate ES) and a healthier WS (p < 0.01; moderate ES) than those with low MC proficiency. Similarly, children with moderate MC proficiency outperformed children with low MC in terms of HRF and WS. Conclusions: The strong associations between MC and key health indicators such as PA, HRF, and WS suggest that movement proficiency in middle childhood should be viewed as a cornerstone of health promotion. Although no causal claims can be made, the results emphasize the practical importance of integrating targeted motor skill development—especially FMSs—into school-based physical education and extracurricular programs. Supporting MC at this age may be a decisive step toward fostering long-term engagement in physical activity and improving children’s overall health trajectories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Optimal Health: 2nd Edition)

23 pages, 395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Is Green Fintech?

by Daniel Broby and Zhenjia Yang

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(7), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18070379 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

This paper addresses the definitional ambiguity surrounding the term “green fintech” and its distinction from related concepts such as green finance and sustainable finance. We argue that the lack of clarity impedes accountability and facilitates greenwashing. To resolve this, we develop a conceptual [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the definitional ambiguity surrounding the term “green fintech” and its distinction from related concepts such as green finance and sustainable finance. We argue that the lack of clarity impedes accountability and facilitates greenwashing. To resolve this, we develop a conceptual framework grounded in a six-step “litmus test” that specifies the necessary conditions for an initiative to qualify as green fintech. These include demonstrable environmental objectives, the application of innovative financial technologies, and regulatory alignment. The test functions as a diagnostic tool, enhancing verifiability and reducing the risk of misrepresentation. We illustrate its practical use and integrate the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (DICE) to support the analysis. Green fintech is defined as the implementation of green climate objectives through the medium of financial technology. This contribution provides both definitional precision and a means to assess the credibility of green fintech initiatives, offering clarity in an increasingly complex and contested area of sustainable finance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Financial Technology (Fintech) and Sustainable Financing, 3rd Edition)

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31 pages, 2227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Observer-Linked Branching (OLB)—A Proposed Quantum-Theoretic Framework for Macroscopic Reality Selection

by Călin Gheorghe Buzea, Florin Nedeff, Valentin Nedeff, Dragos-Ioan Rusu, Maricel Agop and Decebal Vasincu

Axioms 2025, 14(7), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14070522 (registering DOI) - 8 Jul 2025

Abstract

We propose Observer-Linked Branching (OLB), a mathematically rigorous extension of quantum theory in which an observer’s cognitive commitment actively modulates collapse dynamics at macroscopic scales. The OLB framework rests on four axioms, employing a norm-preserving nonlinear Schrödinger evolution and Lüders-type projection triggered by [...] Read more.

We propose Observer-Linked Branching (OLB), a mathematically rigorous extension of quantum theory in which an observer’s cognitive commitment actively modulates collapse dynamics at macroscopic scales. The OLB framework rests on four axioms, employing a norm-preserving nonlinear Schrödinger evolution and Lüders-type projection triggered by crossing a cognitive commitment threshold. Our expanded formalism provides five main contributions: (1) deriving Lie symmetries of the observer–environment interaction Hamiltonian; (2) embedding OLB into the Consistent Histories and path-integral formalisms; (3) multi-agent network simulations demonstrating intentional synchronisation toward shared macroscopic outcomes; (4) detailed statistical power analyses predicting measurable biases (up to ~5%) in practical experiments involving traffic delays, quantum random number generators, and financial market sentiment; and (5) examining the conceptual, ethical, and neuromorphic implications of intent-driven reality selection. Full reproducibility is ensured via the provided code notebooks and raw data tables in the appendices. While the theoretical predictions are precisely formulated, empirical validation is ongoing, and no definitive field results are claimed at this stage. OLB thus offers a rigorous, norm-preserving and falsifiable framework to empirically test whether cognitive engagement modulates macroscopic quantum outcomes in ways consistent with—but extending—standard quantum predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Century of Quantum Mechanics: Mathematical Foundations and Computational Applications)

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